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TCL Commands

The COMMIT command permanently saves transactions to the database, as changes from DML commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE are not permanent until committed. The ROLLBACK command restores the database to the last committed state, and can roll back to a SAVEPOINT in a transaction. SAVEPOINT temporarily saves a transaction's state so it can be rolled back to, allowing partial transaction rollbacks.

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Sindhu Sankar
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127 views

TCL Commands

The COMMIT command permanently saves transactions to the database, as changes from DML commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE are not permanent until committed. The ROLLBACK command restores the database to the last committed state, and can roll back to a SAVEPOINT in a transaction. SAVEPOINT temporarily saves a transaction's state so it can be rolled back to, allowing partial transaction rollbacks.

Uploaded by

Sindhu Sankar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMMIT command

COMMIT command is used to permanently save any transaction into the database.


When we use any DML command like INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE, the changes made by
these commands are not permanent, until the current session is closed, the changes
made by these commands can be rolled back.
To avoid that, we use the COMMIT command to mark the changes as permanent.
Following is commit command's syntax,
COMMIT;

ROLLBACK command
This command restores the database to last commited state. It is also used
with SAVEPOINT command to jump to a savepoint in an ongoing transaction.
If we have used the UPDATE command to make some changes into the database, and
realise that those changes were not required, then we can use the ROLLBACK command
to rollback those changes, if they were not commited using the COMMIT command.
Following is rollback command's syntax,
ROLLBACK TO savepoint_name;

SAVEPOINT command
SAVEPOINT command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback
to that point whenever required.
Following is savepoint command's syntax,

Using Savepoint and Rollback


Following is the table class,

id name

1 Abhi
2 Adam

4 Alex

Lets use some SQL queries on the above table and see the results.
INSERT INTO class VALUES(5, 'Rahul');

COMMIT;

UPDATE class SET name = 'Abhijit' WHERE id = '5';

SAVEPOINT A;

INSERT INTO class VALUES(6, 'Chris');

SAVEPOINT B;

INSERT INTO class VALUES(7, 'Bravo');

SAVEPOINT C;

SELECT * FROM class;


NOTE: SELECT statement is used to show the data stored in the table.

The resultant table will look like,

id name

1 Abhi

2 Adam

4 Alex
5 Abhijit

6 Chris

7 Bravo

Now let's use the ROLLBACK command to roll back the state of data to the savepoint B.
ROLLBACK TO B;

SELECT * FROM class;


Now our class table will look like,

id name

1 Abhi

2 Adam

4 Alex

5 Abhijit

6 Chris

Now let's again use the ROLLBACK command to roll back the state of data to
the savepoint A
ROLLBACK TO A;

SELECT * FROM class;


Now the table will look like,

id name
1 Abhi

2 Adam

4 Alex

5 Abhijit

So now you know how the commands COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT works.

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