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Grade 7 Science Sound and Waves Reviewer

1. Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium or vacuum by propagating in a wave motion. They can be classified as mechanical waves, which require a medium, or electromagnetic waves, which do not. 2. Mechanical waves include transverse waves, which move particles perpendicular to the direction of propagation like light or water waves, and longitudinal waves, which move particles parallel to propagation like sound waves. 3. Electromagnetic waves include visible light, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. They propagate through a vacuum at 300,000 km/s.

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889 views4 pages

Grade 7 Science Sound and Waves Reviewer

1. Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium or vacuum by propagating in a wave motion. They can be classified as mechanical waves, which require a medium, or electromagnetic waves, which do not. 2. Mechanical waves include transverse waves, which move particles perpendicular to the direction of propagation like light or water waves, and longitudinal waves, which move particles parallel to propagation like sound waves. 3. Electromagnetic waves include visible light, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. They propagate through a vacuum at 300,000 km/s.

Uploaded by

yenz
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SCIENCE LONGTEST 2.

2  Passes through solids, liquids, and


gases
WAVES AND SOUND  6 m/s
WAVES
- Disturbances or vibrations that travel
through a medium or in a vacuum
(space empty of matter) that carry
energy
 Wave pulse – single distrubance
 Wave train – succession of periodic
(regular) disturbances
- Can be classified according to their 2. Transverse Waves
nature or direction of propagation  Move particles up and down
 Perpendicular to the direction of the
ACCORDING TO NATURE wave
 Major parts:
1. Mechanical Waves
- Crest – highest point
 Need a medium/particle in order to
- Trough – lowest point
be transmitted
 Example:
 Examples:
- Light
- Heat-conduction and convection
 Passes through solids
- Sound
 3.5 m/s
- Seismic waves
- Water waves

2. Electromagnetic Waves
 Do not need a medium
 Examples:
- Visible light
- Microwave
- Infared ray
- Ultraviolet
- Cosmic rays
SEISMIC WAVES
- Gamma rays
 Propagate in a vacuum at 300 000 - Waves generated by earthquakes and
000 m/s explosion
- Both longitudinal and transverse waves
ACCORDING TO DIRECTION OF - 2 classifications:
PROPAGATION 1. Body waves – originate from the
interior of the earth
1. Longitudinal Waves - P-waves
 Vibrate particles back and forth - S-waves
 Parallel to the direction of the wave 2. Surface Waves – are found in the
 Major parts: surface
- Compression - the particles are - Most destructive
closest together - Rayleigh waves
- Rarefaction - particles are  Named after Lord Rayleigh
furthest apart  Transverse
 Examples: - Love waves
- Sound waves  Named after A.E.H. Love
- P-waves/primary waves  Fastest waves
- Audible range for humans is 20 to 20
000 Hz
 Sound detection deteriorates with
age
- Categories of sound:
 Infrasonic
 audible range
 ultrasonic

Classification of Characteristics
Sound wave
Audible sound Varies from person to person
20 – 20 000 Hz
Ultrasonic waves - Many reach human ears but
Above 20 000 Hz cannot be detected
ANATOMY OF WAVES/WAVE PROPERTIES - Some animals use this
 dogs – 50 000 Hz
Frequency (f)  bats – 100 000 Hz
 dolphins
v = fλ - used in the field of medicine
(ultrasound)
- Number of waves produced per unit of Infrasonic waves - vibrating machines,
Below 20 Hz earthquakes, thunder,
time volcanoes
- Measured in Hertz - inaudible but can cause
damage to the human body
- The reciprocal of its period (T), is the - animals who use this
time for the particles to make one  elephants, whales,
rhinoceroses, cassowaty
complete vibrational cycle birds

T = 1/f - mechanical wave – needs a medium


Wavelength (λ) Characteristics of Sound
- It is the distance between any 2 Loudness
successive points in a wave that are in
- greater intensity means greater sound
phase with each other // distance
- 1 Bel = 10 decibels (dB)
between any 2 consecutive crests or
troughs Pitch
- Crest adjacent to trough is ½ of
- Highness or lowness of sound
wavelength
- High frequency means high energy
Velocity (v) - Low frequency means low energy

- Displacement travelled by the wave per Quality


unit of time - Property of tone that distinguishes it
from the other tone of the same pitch
Amplitude
and intensity
- Distance from equilibrium to trough or
Properties of Sound Waves
crest
- The greater the amplitude, the higher
the total energy carried by the wave
Intensity/Loudness
SOUND WAVES - Amount of energy flowing each second
through a unit area perpendicular to the
SOUND is a longitudinal wave created by direction of propagation
vibrating objects capable of producing a
sensation in our auditory system Reflection of Sound Waves
- Echo is a reflected sound
- Reflecting surface has to be 17 m away f = frequency
from the source
- Repeated or multiple echo: if sound unit - Hz
waves strike parallel reflecting surfaces equation – 1/T
at different distances (roll of thunder)
- Application: λ = wavelength
 Sonic altimeter
 SONAR unit - m

Refraction of Sound Waves equation – v/f

- Sound waves are bended due varying T = period


temperature and pressure
- Occurs as it passes from one medium to unit - s
another with a different property (due to equation – 1/f
temperature
LIGHT WAVES
- Transverse waves that can propagate
through vacuum with a speed of 300
000 000 m/s or 3x108 m/s
- Predicted by Maxwell in 1862
- Proved by Hertz in 1887
- Classified according to
 Frequencies
 Wavelengths
 Entire range of em radiations
arranged in order of frequency or
wavelength
Properties of Light
Rectilinear propagation
- Light travels in a straight line
Reflection
- When light hits smooth abject
 Smoothness – smoother, shinier
 Medium
 Angle – angle of reflection = angle of
incidence
Refraction
- When ligth enters a transparent
medium, changing path
Diffraction
- Bending of light as it passes around an
edge of an object
FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
V = wave speed
unit - m/s
equation - fλ

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