Electrostatics Cheat Sheet: / Positively Charged Particles: In this type of particles, numbers of positive ions are larger than

the numbers of negative ions. In other words numbers of protons are larger than the number of
electrons. p+>e- ||Negatively Charged Particles:In this type of particles, numbers of negative ions are larger than the numbers of positive ions. In other words numbers of electrons are larger than the number of protons.
e+>p- ||Neutral Particles:These types of particles include equal numbers of protons and electrons. Be careful, they have both protons, neutrons and electrons however, numbers of “+” ions are equal to the numbers of “-”
ions. e+=p- ||Atoms having same charge repel each other and atoms having opposite charges attract each other.
Types of Charging: Charging means gaining or losing electron. Matters can be charged with three ways, charging by friction, charging by contact and charging by induction.
When you rub one material to another, they are charged by friction. Material losing electron is positively charged and material gaining electron is
negatively charged. Amount of gained and lost electron is equal to each other.
Charging by Contact
There are equal numbers of electrons and protons in a neutral matter. If something changes this balance we can say it is charged.
1. When charged object touches to a neutral object, they both have same charge.
2. When two charged matter touch each other, total charge of the system is conserved and they share the total charge according to their
capacities. If they have same amount of different charges, when we touch one another they become neutral. If the amount of charges is
different then, after flow of charge they are both negatively or positively charged. Having opposite charges after contact is impossible.

A and B conductors are neutral at the beginning. When we put a positively charged plate near them, it attracts the electrons in the conductors. Electrons move to the left part and protons
stays. Thus, when we separate plates A and B they are charged by induction, A is negatively charged and B is negatively charged. Be careful, there is no contact; they are charged only by
induction.
Electroscope: It is a device that is used for detecting whether an object is charged or uncharged. It is also determine the type of charge.
Electrical Forces Coulomb’s Law: Coulomb made some experiments and find following equation of electrical forces.

If the objects have same type of charge then the force is repulsive, if they have
opposite charges then force is attractive. ||· Repulsive or attractive electrical forces
is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, it does not depend on the
magnitudes of charges. || F1=-F2 *1

Electric Field: A charged particle exerts a force on particles around it. We can call the influence of this force on surroundings as electric field. ||Electric field is a vector quantity. And it
decreases with the increasing distance. k =9.109N.m2/C2 ||Force Acting on a Charged Particle inside Electric Field || E=F/q || F=E.q where; F is the force acting on the charge inside the electric field E.
Using this equation we can say that;||If q is positive then F=+E.q and directions of Force and Electric Field are same || If q is negative then F=-E.q and directions of Force and Electric Field are opposite.
:
|| Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy We learned that in work power energy chapter, objects have potential energy because of their positions. In this case charge in an electric field has also
potential energy because of its positions.

Electric Potential: Electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge. It is known as voltage in general, represented by V and has unit volt (joule/C). |||
V=k.q/d || V is a scalar quantity. If q is negative then V becomes negative, or if q is positive then V becomes positive. || Surfaces having equal potentials are called equipotential surfaces.
Capacitance and Capacitors: Capacitance is the ratio of charged gained per potential gained of the conductors. Unit of capacitance is Coulomb per Volt and it is called as Farad (F).
Capacitance is a scalar quantity. ||| Capacitors are devices designed for storing charge. They are commonly used in computers or electronic
systems. Dielectric constant between the plates εº depends on the type of material. For example, vacuum has ε=8, 85.10 -12 F/m and water
has ε=717.10-12F/m.
Grounding :Grounding means making objects neutral or uncharged. If it is negatively charged than taking its electrons or if it is positively charged than
make it gain electrons. Universe has excess amount of electrical charges, electrons and protons. This huge resource makes all charged particles neutral we call this
.

process as grounding. Look at the given example that shows grounding process of positively charged matters and negatively charged matters. || First
…

sphere is negatively charged. When we connect it to ground excess amount of electrons flow to the ground and sphere becomes neutral. In the second sphere, it is positively charged. As
you learned before, protons cannot move, thus electrons with the same amount of protons must come to the sphere to make it neutral. Sphere attracts the electrons from the ground and
becomes neutral. || In the first picture, there is a neutral sphere. We want to charge it positively. First, we put a negatively charged rod near the sphere that repels the electrons right side of the sphere and protons stay at left side of
the sphere. After separation of the electrons and protons we apply grounding to the sphere and make electrons flow through the earth. Finally, after the completion of electron flows we break the grounding and take the negatively
rod away. We negatively charge the sphere with the help of grounding and induction.
*1 If the objects have same type of charge then the force is repulsive, if they have opposite charges then force is attractive. || Repulsive or attractive electrical forces is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, it does not depend
on the magnitude || F12=-F21

Picture given above shows the forces acting on the charges. F 21 is the force of repulsion of F2 on F1; F12 is the force of F1 on F2. As I said before; F12=-F21
|| Example: If the q2 charge does not move, find the charge of q 3 in terms of q?

Example: If the net force acting on q2 is F2 find the charge of q3 in terms of q? Example: If the system given below is in equilibrium, find the q in terms of given quantities and tension in the rope in terms of mg.

ELECTRIC FIELD: A charged particle exerts a force on particles around it. We can call the influence of this force on surroundings as electric field.
It can be also stated as electrical force per charge. Electric field is represented with E and Newton per coulomb is the unit of it.
Electric field is a vector quantity. And it decreases with the increasing distance.k=9.10 9Nm2/C2 ||· Electric field cannot be seen, but you can observe the effects of it on charged particles inside electric field. ||To
find the electric field vector of a charge at one point, we assume that as if there is a +1 unit of charge there. ||If you want to find the total electric field of the charges more than one, you should find them one
by one and add them using vector quantities.
Electric Field Lines: Motion path of the “+” charge in an electric field is called electric field line. Intensity of the lines shows the intensity of the electric field. Pictures given below show the drawings of field line of the positive
charge and negative charge. || Electric field lines; Are perpendicular to the surfaces || Never intercept || If the electric field lines are parallel to each other, we call this regular electric field and it can be possible
between two oppositely charged plates. E is constant within this plates and zero outside the plates. || We can find the E in these plates by connecting a power supply having potential difference V using following
formula;

Example: Find the electric field created by the charges A and B at point C in terms of k.q/d 2?
Force Acting on a Charged Particle
inside Electric Field || E=F/q ||
F=E.q where; F is the force acting on
the charge inside the electric field E.
Using this equation we can say that; ||
If q is positive then F=+E.q and directions
of Force and Electric Field are same ||
If q is negative then F=-E.q and

directions of Force and Electric Field

are opposite

Capacitors in Series and Parallel: In this circuit capacitors are connected in parallel. We find the charge of each capacitor as; Q1=C1.V || Q2=C2.V || Q3=C3.V || Ceq=C1+C2+C3
Each capacitor has same charge with batter. || C1.V1=Q ||C2.V2=Q , || V=V1+V2+V3 and || Q=Ceq.V || C3.V3=Q

Electric Current Cheat Sheet: Electric Battery || Electric battery is a device that converts chemical energy to the electrical energy. || Electric Current and Flow of Charge: If we connect the
conductor to a battery, potential difference between the ends of the conductor occurs. This potential difference creates an electric field towards to the positive end of the conductor to the
negative end. Free charges inside this electric field are exerted a force F=q.E in this field. Under the effects of this force electrical charges starts to flow. This flow of charge is called electric
current.

Average current I is found with the following formula; Where; I is the current, Q is the charge and t is the time || The unit of electric current is Coulomb per second, and we give specific name Ampere (A).
Ohm’s Law Resistance and Resistors ||Resistance is the difficulty applied by the conductor to the current flowing through it. Each material has different resistance. We show resistance with R and unit of it is ohm (Ω).
1 Ω=resistance of the conductor when 1 A current flows under the 1 V potential difference.
Ohm’s Law: Ohm’s law gives the relation between voltage, current and resistance.
Combination of Resistors
Resistors can be combined in two ways; series and parallel. Combination of more than one resistor is called equivalent resistor. We first look at the resistors in
series;
Resistors in Parallel
a. In this types of circuit, amount of currents passing through the
resistors are equal and this current comes from the battery.
i=i1=i2=i3
b. Sum of the potential differences of each resistor is equal to total
potential difference of the circuit or potential difference
between the ends of battery.
V=V1+V2+V3
We substitute these values into the ohm’s law and get
equivalent resistance;
Req=Rwhen
EMF: It is the energy given by the battery to the unit charge 1+R2+R3
it passes from one end to the other end of the battery. If
a. Sum of the currents in each branch is
the battery gives W joule to a charge Q, then; ||ε=W joule
equal to the current coming from
We can say that, if the EMF of the closed circuit is known then EMF is directly proportional to the charge in the circuit.
battery. it=i1+i2+i3
Common Electric Circuits and Combination of Batteries
W=ε.Q where|| Q=i.t
1. Batteries: Device which supplies energy to the circuit is called battery. We show it in the circuit as;
||| W=ε.i.t
b. Since the two ends of each resistor are
connected to the same points, potential
differences of each resistor are equal.
V=V1=V2=V3
Substituting these values into the ohm’s law,
we get the equivalent resistance equation
as;

Total internal resistance of the batteries is;

Batteries in Series: In this type of Batteries in Parallel: In this
combination + end of the battery is type of circuits, batteries
connected to the – end of the must be identical. Picture
other battery. Pictures given below given below shows the
show the examples of this type of example of batteries in
Diodes
combination.
Electric Power and Energy || E=V.i.t || Where, E is the heat, V is the potential difference of the battery and t isparallel;
the time. If we substitute i.R in terms of V then we find following energy equation. || E=i².R.t=V²/R.t
Diodes are kinds of device that allow current
Electric Power || It is the energy emitted in a unit of time by the conductor.
flow
Total only in
Power=Electricone direction
EMF of the circuit
Energy/time
is; in circuits. Thus,
|| P=V.i.t/t || P=i.V or if we put i.R in terms of V (ohm’s law) || P=i².R=V²/R || Finding
Total EMF
the of
Potential
the circuit;
Difference between the Two Points in Circuits with Examples
εeqonly half
=ε1+ε of+...+ε
the cycles
2+ε3difference
Potential n
of alternating
between current
two points in circuit is the energy lost by the charge in being transferred from oneεeqpoint
=ε1=εto
2=εanother. For example, potential difference between A and B is found with following formula;
can pass
VAB=V from the diodes.
B-VA=∑ε-∑i.R

Magnets exist always in dipoles North Pole (represented by N) and South Pole (represented by S). If you break the rock into pieces you get small magnets and each magnet also has two poles N and S. Same poles of the magnet like in the
electricity repel each other and opposite poles attract each other.
Coulomb’s Law for magnetism = F = k (m1+m2/d^2) and F1 = -F2 where k is constant m1 and m2 are magnetic intensities of the poles and d is the distance between them.
k = 1.3806503 x 10^-23 m^2kg s^-2K^-1
Magnets show repulsion or attraction force around itself. This area affected from the force of magnets called magnetic field.

Direction of the magnetic field lines shown Magnetic field lines around a wire are shown
Magnetic field is a vector quantity and showed with the letter B. Unit of B is Tesla. When we calculate magnetic field of a magnet we assume that there is a 1 unit of m at the point we want to find. We find the magnetic field with following formula.
B = F/M
Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface placed in a magnetic field. || We show magnetic flux with the Greek letter; Ф. We find it with following formula;
Ф=B.A.cosӨ || Where Ф is the magnetic flux and unit of Ф is Weber (Wb) || B is the magnetic field and unit of B is Tesla || A is the area of the surface and unit of A is m2 ||Magnetic Permeability
Diamagnetic matters: If the relative permeability f the matter is a little bit lower than 1 then we say these matters are diamagnetic.
Paramagnetic matters: If the relative permeability of the matter is a little bit higher than 1 then we say these matters are paramagnetic.
Ferromagnetic matters: If the relative permeability of the matter is higher than 1 with respect to paramagnetic matters then we say these matters are ferromagnetic matters.
Magnetic Effect of Current || If you move the magnet placed near the circuit you produce current or, if you change the current of circuit you can get current in another circuit placed near it.
Magnetic Field around a Wire ||Current flowing in a linear wire produces magnetic field B=2k.i/d at a distance d.
We show the current in two ways, if the current towards to us we show it with a dot, if the current is outward we show it with cross.
Magnetic Field around a Circular Wire: Circular wire produces magnetic field inside the circle and outside the circle. Magnetic field around a circular wire is calculated by the
formula;B=2πk.i/r

Magnetic Field around a Solenoid: Picture given below shows the solenoid. A typical solenoid behaves like a bar magnet. Magnetic field produced by solenoid
is constant
inside the solenoid and parallel to the axis of it.::::
We find the magnetic field produced by solenoid with the following formula; B=4pi*k*(i*N/l) ::: Where: i is the current, N is the number of loops and l is the
length of the solenoid.
Force Acting on Moving Particle and Current Carrying Wire:::Experiments done on this subject show that we can find the force exerted on the current
carrying wire with following formula; ::: F=B.i.l.sinß ::: We find direction of the force by right hand rule. Picture given below shows the direction of magnetic
field current and force;
Force Acting on Charged Particle ::: If the particle has charge q, velocity v and it is placed in a magnetic field having strength B force acting on this particle and ß is the agle between the velocity
and magnetic field is found with following formula;:::F=q.v.B.sinß

Experiments done on this subject showsInthat concave

currents
mirrors;
in the same
direction attract each other since they produce
· Rays coming
opposite
parallel
magnetic
to the principal axis pass from the focal point
fields. On the contrary currents in opposite
· Raysdirections
coming repel
from the
eachfocal
other
point travel parallel to the principal axis
since they produce magnetic fields having· Ray
samecoming
directions.
from the
Wecenter
find of curvature turn back on itself
the force exerted on each of them with following
· Ray hitsformula,
the mirror at vertex, it reflects with the same angle it does with principal axis
F=B1*i2*l=2*k*(i1*i2/d)l where l is length
· If the
of wires
objectand
is placed
d is distance
between focal point and the vertex then image is virtual, behind the mirror, erect and larger than the object.
between them In other conditions, image is real and inverted.
In convex mirrors;
* Light rays follow the same path given above for concave mirrors.
* Image of the object is always located between focal point and vertex, behind the mirror, and it is virtual and magnified in size.

Mirror EQN: 1) Ho/Hi = f/k ::: 2) Ho/Hi = Do/Di ::: 1/f = 1/Do + 1/Di ::: Refraction na = Speed of the light in vacuum / Speed of light in a medium = c/Va ::: Critical Angle = sin*c = n1/n2 ::: n = refractive index :::
Da = Dr* (nobserver/nobject) ::: Da is apparent depth, Dr is the real depth, nobserver is the refractive index of the medium observer, nobject is the refractive index of the medium object
CH22 CQ: 1) Two charged particles move at right angles to a magnetic field and deflect in opposite directions. Can one conclude that the particles have opposite charges? ::: No. Particles may have a charge of the same sign but move in opposite
directions along the same line. In this way, they would both move perpendicular to the field, but would deflect in the opposite direction.
CQ3)An electron moves with constant velocity through a region of space that is free of electric fields. Can one conclude that the magnetic field is zero in this region? Explain::: No. If the electron moves in the same direction as the magnetic field,
or opposite to the direction of the field, the magnetic force exerted on it will be zero. As a result its velocity remains constant.
CQ5) Explain how a charged particle moving in a circle of small radius can take the same amount of time to complete an orbit as an identical particle orbiting in a circle of a larger radius ::: The raidus of curvature is proportional to the speed of the
particle. It follows that the particle moving in a circle of a large radius has a proportionally larger speed than the particle moving in the circle of small raidus. Therefore, the time required for an orbit (t=d/v) is the same for both particles.
CH23 CQ1) Explain the difference between a magnetic field and a magnetic flux::: Magnetic field = It is the amount of magnetic force experienced by a charged particle moving with a velocity at a given point in space ::: Magnetic flux = It is a
measure of the amount of magnetic field passing through a given area of any coil.
CQ3) In a common classroom demonstration, a magnet is dropped down a long, vertical copper tube. The magnet moves very slowly as it moves through the tube, taking several seconds to reach the bottom. Explain the behavior::: The eddy
current in the copper tube produces a magnetic field that opposes the direction of the fall. Due to this repulsion, the magnet falls slowly taking much time to reach the bottom.
CQ5) Figure shows a vertical iron rod with a wire coil of many turns wrapped around its base. A metal ring slides over the rod and rests on the wire coil. Initially the switch connecting the coil to a battery is open, but when it is closed, the ring
flies into the air. Explains why this is happens ::: When the switch is closed, the current in the wire coil produces a magnetic field in the iron rod. This increases the magnetic flux through the metal ring and a corresponding induced emf. The
current produced by the induced emf generates a magnetic field opposite in direction to the field in the rod causing the ring to fly in the air.
CQ7) A metal rod of resistance R can slide without friction on two zero resistance rails. The rod and the rails are immersed in a region of constant magnetic field pointing out of the page. Describe the motion of the rod when the switch is closed.
Include effects of motional emf::: The rod initially moves to the left due to the downward current. As it moves, the motional emf which it generates will begin to oppose the emf of the battery. When both emfs are balanced, the current stops
flowing in the rod, from this point it moves with constant speed.
CQ9) Recently, NASA tested a power generation system that involves connecting a small satellite to the space shuttle with a conducting wire several miles long. Explain how such a system can generate electrical power ::: Since the emf is given as a
product of length of the wire, speed of the shuttle and perpendicular component of the magnetic field. The long conducting wire connected to the shuttle moves through a field can generate an induced emf. Which large value of speed and legth
the induced emf is great enough to provide electrical power.
CQ11) The inductor in an RL circuit determines how long it takes for the current to reach a given value, but it has no effect on the final value of the current. Explain ::: When current reaches a given value in an RL circuit, it stops changing, the pack
emf in an inductor vanishes. So the final current in the circuit is determined by the resistor and the emf of the battery. The inductor heaves like an ideal wire with zero resistance when the current reaches a given value.
CH25 CQ1) Explain why the invisible man would be unable to see::: He would be invisible if light passed through him without any absorption or reflection. In order for a person to see, some light must be absorbed by the retina. This absorption
causes the invisible man to visible.
CQ3) Explain why radiation pressure is more significant on a grain of dust in interplanetary space when the grain is very small ::: As a grain of dust becomes smaller, its volume and mass decreases more rapidly than does it area. The radiation
pressure which acts on the surface of the grain, becomes increasingly important as the size of the grain is decreased. So the gravity which acts on the mass of the grain becomes less important.
CQ5) You want to check the time while wearing your polaroid sunglasses. If you hold your forearm horizontally, you can read the time perfectly. Vertically, display is black::: Light coming through display is polarized. If the display and the
polarization direction is 90 degrees, the display will appear black.
CQ7) The electromagnetic waves we pick up on our radios are typically polarized. In contrast indoor light we see every day is typically unpolarized. Explain::: Indoor light is unpolarized because atoms from emitting light have any orientation
relative to one another. Hence, even if individual atoms emit polarized light, the net result from the group of atoms is light with no preferred direction. Radio stations generate their electromagnetic waves with the large vertical antennas. These
waves are polarized in the vertical direction.
CQ9) Can sound waves be polarized? Sound waves are longitudinal waves, so they cannot be polarized. Longitudinal waves can only move one direction. For a wave to be polarized there must be two directions of propagations.
CQ11) Explain how 3D movies work:::: Two projected images give a view of a scene from slightly different angles. Just as our eyes view 3d object from different angles. Without headsets, the screen is confusing superposition of two images. With
headsets, our right eye sees one view of the scene and the left eyes sees the other. These images are combined in our brain and we experience 3D.