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Lecture 4 Outline Review of Last Lecture: Announcements

The document outlines a lecture on signal processing and Fourier analysis. It discusses key topics like Fourier series, Fourier transforms, filtering of periodic signals, and properties of important transform pairs. Important functions introduced include the unit step, unit impulse, and sinc functions. Filtering properties are examined including exponential eigenfunctions and using the Fourier transform to analyze how periodic signals are affected by linear time-invariant systems.

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eivadmorales
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24 views

Lecture 4 Outline Review of Last Lecture: Announcements

The document outlines a lecture on signal processing and Fourier analysis. It discusses key topics like Fourier series, Fourier transforms, filtering of periodic signals, and properties of important transform pairs. Important functions introduced include the unit step, unit impulse, and sinc functions. Filtering properties are examined including exponential eigenfunctions and using the Fourier transform to analyze how periodic signals are affected by linear time-invariant systems.

Uploaded by

eivadmorales
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 4 Outline Review of Last Lecture

  Announcements:   Performance metric


  HWs today moved to tomorrow 10:30-11:30   For analog systems, metric is fidelity: f(m(t),m(t)),
^ e.g. MSE
  Makeup lecture Friday 12:15-1:05 (this room), pizza outside at 12.   For digital systems, it is data rate and bit error probability Pb=p(b≠b).
  1st HW assignment due Thursday
  Special Functions: Unit and Step   Without noise or distortion, or without concern for Pb, can
transmit at an infinite data rate
  Fourier Series
  Data rates over channels with noise (and distortion) have a
  Fourier Transforms fundamental capacity limit: In AWGN, C=Blog(1+SNR)
  Key Fourier Transforms Properties   Signal energy and power determine resistance to noise
  Sampling   Communication system shift, scale, and invert signals
  Typo: g(t-T) shifts signal by T seconds: g(t) g(t-T)
  Filtering 0 T
  Correlation measures the “sameness” of two signals. Signals
  Ideal Filters with a correlation of zero are called orthogonal

Unit Impulse Response δ(t)


(Dirac Delta Function) Unit Step Function u(t)
  Defined by two properties
  Defined as
u(t)
δ(t)

0 0

  Also limit of unit area pulse with vanishing width   Properties


  Properties:

1
Fourier Series Transform Pair Filtering and Power
Let g(t) be a periodic signal with period T0=1/f0=1/(2πω0) of Periodic Signals
h(t)

|G(f)| ∠G(f)
LTI Filter
|D-2|
|D-1| |D1| |D2| ∠c-1 ∠c2
∠c-2 ∠c1
|D0| ∠c0   Exponentials are filter eigenfunctions
  An exponential input yields a scaled output at the
-2f0 -f0 0 f0 2f0 -2f0 -f0 0 f0 2f0 frequency of the exponential
  By linearity, we can use this property to determine
the output of a filter to a periodic input
  This can be used to derive the convolution operation
associated with filtering
  Parseval’s Relation:

Fourier Transform Pair Rectangular Pulse Example


AΠ(t/τ) Infinite Frequency Content
A

-.5τ
.5τ
t
-1/τ
1/τ
f

  Rectangular pulse is a time window


|G(f)| ∠G(f)
  Shrinking time axis causes stretching of frequency axis
  Signals cannot be both time-limited and bandwidth-limited
  Bandwidth of rectangular pulse defined as first null
f f
|G(f)|2 B=1/τ

Real signals have |G(f)|=-|G(f)| and <G(f)=-<G(-f)
0

2
Important Transform Pairs Key Transform Properties
  Duality
  1 ⇔δ(f)   Operations in time lead to dual operations in frequency
  Fourier transform pairs are duals of each other
  δ(t)⇔1
  Time scaling
  Contracting in time yields expansion in frequency
  cos(2πf0t) ⇔.5[δ(f+f0)+δ(f-f0)]
  Delay
  sin(2πf0t) ⇔.5j[δ(f+f0)-δ(f-f0)]   Leads to a linear phase shift

  Frequency shifting
  exp(j2πf0t) ⇔ δ(f-f0)   Multiplying in time by an exponential leads to a
frequency shift.
  Rectangular pulse: Π(t/τ) ⇔τsinc(πfτ)
  Convolution and Multiplication
  Sinc pulse: 2Βsinc(2πBt) ⇔ Π(f/(2Β))   Multiplication in time leads to convolution in frequency
  Convolution in time leads to multiplication in frequency

Main Points
  Unit step and impulse functions important constructs
  Fourier series represents periodic signals in terms of exponential
basis functions
  Exponentials are eigenfunctions of LTI filters
  Fourier transform is the spectral components of a signal
  Rectangle in time is sinc in frequency
  Time-limited signals are not bandlimited and vice versa
  Duality, time-scaling, time-delay, freq. shifting, multiplication,
and convolution are key FT properties

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