STRUCTURAL DESIGN

REPORT
OF
THE PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SN. Title Page No.

1 Introduction 1

2 Design Approach and Methodology 3

3 Analysis 5

4 Analysis Outputs 8

5 Design of Members 16

- Design of column and beam 16

- Design of foundation 24

- Design of slab 28

- Design of staircase 31

- Design of strap beam 34

6 Annex 36
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:
This report presents the structural analysis and design of the residential building. It is
designed to meet both strength and serviceability requirements when subjected to gravity and
earthquake loads.
The analysis and design has been based on the prevailing codes that are in practice in Nepal,
the National Building code of Nepal and the IS code at places. This report consists of the
design assumptions, design methodology, design inputs and outputs, and sample design of
structural members.

1.2 Salient Features:

1.2.1 Project Information
Client : Mr. ……………………..
Building Type : Residential
Location : ………………………….
Plinth Area : 724.84 Sq. ft.

1.2.2 Building Features

Type of Structure : RCC Framed Structure
Storey : Three storey
Storey Height : 9’4”
Dimension : 28’-0” × 38’-5”

1.2.3 Material Specification

Concrete : 2500 Kg/m3
Reinforcement : 7850 Kg/m3
Brick Masonry : 1900 Kg/m3

1.2.4 Site Condition

Soil Type : Medium Soil, Type II (IS-1893(Part 1):2000)
Seismic Zone Factor : 0.36
Allowable bearing capacity : 120 KN/m2(Assumed)

1
Grid according to structure modeling

2
2. DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 General:
After completion of Architectural design, the layout of columns and beams are done without
affecting the Architectural functions of building so far. Structure is modeled using finite
element method.
The structure is analyzed by the linear elastic theory to calculate internal actions produced by
anticipated design loads. The analysis is carried out using state of art three dimensional
structural analysis programs. The design loads considered as per the relevant codes of
practice comprise dead load due to permanent structures, live load due to occupancy of the
structure and seismic load due to anticipated earthquake possible at the proposed location. A
number of load combinations are considered to obtain the maximum values of design
stresses.
Following considerations is made during modeling, analysis and design.
 The structures are Special Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF)
type. Beams and columns are considered as the structural load resisting elements.
Although non-structural components like wall plaster, infill walls, floor finishing etc.
has comes effects on structural performance, they are considered only as loading.
 For all structural elements, M20 grade concrete are used.
 Centre-line dimensions are followed for modeling, analysis and design.
 Floor slabs are assumed to be rigid in their own plane. The slab action has been
modeled by rigid floor diaphragms. Slabs are also considered in modeling. Slab is
modeled as shell element.
 Beam and columns are modeled as frame elements.
 The main beams rest centrally on columns to avoid local eccentricity.
 Foundation is assumed to be fully rigid at the plinth level.
 The beam-column joint is not modeled in detail.
 At ground floor, slabs are not provided and the floor will directly rest on ground.
Therefore, only ground beams passing through columns are provided as tie beams. The
floor beams are thus absent in the ground floor.
 Seismic loads were considered acting in the horizontal direction (along either of the
two orthogonal directions of building) and not along the vertical direction, since it is
not considered to be significant for design of structural members suitable load
combinations as suggested by IS 1893– 2002 are used.
 As per IS 1893(Part 1):2002, the seismic zoning of Nepal can be taken as ZONE IV
and ZONE V , most severe zone of India. For our case, we take the site lies on Zone V.
Hence the building is designed with great consideration towards earthquake resistant
practices
 The analysis and design has been based on the prevailing codes that are in practice in
India and Nepal

3
2.2 Codes and Standard used:
For the structural analysis and design, the following codes and standard are followed:
 IS 456- 2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
 IS 875-1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings
and structures
 IS 1893-2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures,
 IS 13920-1993 Code of practice for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures
subjected to seismic forces
 NBC Nepal Building Code

2.3 Software Used:

The analysis for the structural system was carried out using ETABS 2015 Version 15.0.0
build 1221 Integrated Building Design Software, is a product of Computers and Structures.
Inc. It is a FEM based software having facility of RC Design based on IS- 456:2000.

4
3. ANALYSIS
3.1 Material properties:
Concrete : M20
Rebar : Fe500

3.2 Section Properties:

Beam : 230mm x 355mm
Column : 305mm x 305mm
Slab : 127mm

3.3 Loadings:
Dead Load: A constant load in a building structure that is due to the weight of the members,
the supported structure, and permanent attachments or accessories. This analysis deals with
dead loads to be assumed in the design of buildings and same is given in the-form of unit
weight of materials. These loads are calculated as specified in IS875-1987(part I).

Live Load : The load assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building,
including the weight of movable partitions, distributed, concentrated loads, load due to
impact and vibration, and dust load but excluding wind, seismic, snow and other loads due to
temperature changes, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, etc. This analysis covers
imposed loads (live loads) to be assumed in the design of buildings. These loads are
calculated as specified in IS875-1987 (part II)

Seismic Load: The force on a structure caused by acceleration induced on its mass by an
earthquake. This load is included in design to determine the extent of seismic reinforcing.
The seismic loads on the structure during an earthquake result from inertia forces which were
created by ground accelerations. The magnitude of these loads is a function of the following
factors: mass of the building, the dynamic properties of the building, the intensity, duration,
and frequency content of the ground motion, and soil-structure interaction. The analysis
method and earthquake loads are calculated as specified in IS1893-2002.

3.3 Load Cases:

The following load cases were used for loading during the analysis:
NUMBER NAME TYPE Description
1 EQX Seismic Earthquake load in X-direction
2 EQZ Seismic Earthquake load in Y-direction
3 DEAD Dead Self-weight of the structure
4 WALL Dead Wall Load
5 STAIR Dead Staircase Dead Load
6 LIVE Live Imposed Load
7 FLOOR FINISHING Dead Floor Finish Load
8 PARTITION WALL Dead Partition Wall Load

3.4 Load Combination:

The following load combinations are specified by IS 1893 -2000
1) 1.5(TDL+IL)
2) 1.2(TDL+IL ± EQL)
3) 1.5(TDL ± EQL)
4) 0.9TDL ± 1.5EQL

5
3.5 Load Calculation:
The loads on the building are based on Indian codes of Practices. The unit weights of
different structural and non-structural elements are derived from IS 875 Part 1. The load
calculations are based on actual measured drawings. The self-weight of beams, columns and
slabs are calculated by the program. Similarly the imposed loads are applied on the slab as
area load in KN/m2.
 The weight of infill walls are calculated and applied on beams as line weight in
KN/m.
 Partition wall load are assigned as uniformly distributed area load in slab as area load
in KN/m2.
 Floor finishing load are assigned as area load in slab.
 Single type of Live load is assigned in each panel of slab.
 A frame load is applied as parapet loading on the exterior frame of the roof level.
 The roof is assumed accessible and loaded with roof live load as per Indian Standard,
IS 875 -1987(part2) but this load is not considered during seismic load.

3.6 Load Calculation:

3.6.1 Dead load
Wall Load calculation:
Floor height: 2.8448 m (9’-4”)
Beam depth: 0.3556 m (1’-2”)
Load
Wall Unit
Width(m Load (KN/m) % of Final
SN Description Height Weight
) (KN/m) With opening Load
(m) (KN/m3)
Plaster
1 Wall Plaster 0.025 2.49 20.4 1.3
2 Wall Plaster 0.025 0.90 20.4 0.5
3 Full Brick Wall 0.23 2.49 19 10.9 12.1 0 12.1
4 Full Brick Wall 0.23 2.49 19 10.9 12.1 20 9.7
5 Full Brick Wall 0.23 2.49 19 10.9 12.1 30 8.5
6 Full Brick Wall 0.23 2.49 19 10.9 12.1 50 6.1
7 Half Brick Wall 0.115 2.49 19 5.4 6.7 0 6.7
8 Half Brick Wall 0.115 2.49 19 5.4 6.7 15 5.7
9 Half Brick Wall 0.115 2.49 19 5.4 6.7 25 5.0
10 Parapet Wall 0.115 0.90 19 2.0 2.4 0 2.4

3.6.2 Live Load:

S.N Area type Load Unit
1 Rooms, Kitchen, Toilet and Bathroom 2 KN/m2
2 Terrace (Accessible) 1.5 KN/m2
3 Terrace (Inaccessible) 1 KN/m2
4 Staircase, Balconies and Passage 3 KN/m2

6
3.6.3 Seismic Load:
The seismic load is applied to the building with auto lateral load pattern in ETABS 2013 as
per IS 1893-2000. This load case is assumed static linear and all the necessary data are given
as per the following conditions.
Ta = 0.075h0.75 [Cl.7.6.1, IS 1893 -2002 ]
(Other factors considered for seismic load calculations are as follows)
Zone factor, Z = 0.36 for Zone V [Table 2, Cl6.4.2, IS 1893 -2002]
Importance factor, I = 1 [Table 6, Cl6.4.2, IS 1893 -2002]
Response Reduction Factor = 5 for (SMRF) [Table 6, Cl6.4.2, IS 1893 -2002]
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient (Sa/g) = [Soil Type and Time period ]
The coefficient is given by, 𝐴
Base shear is given by, 𝑉 𝐴 𝑊

The seismic weight is determined based on the following mass source. (Table 8, Cl.7.9.2, IS
1893 (Part 1):2002)
S.N Load Type Scale Factor
1 Dead Load 1
2 Live Load < 3KN/m2 0.25
3 Live load > 3KN/m2 0.5
4 Roof Live Load Nil

7
Fig: First floor (wall load)

8
Fig: Second floor (wall load)

9
Fig: Top floor (wall load)

10
Fig: First floor (Stair load)

11
Fig: Second floor (Stair load)

12
Fig: First floor (live load)

13
Fig: Second floor (live load)

14
Fig: Top floor (live load)

15
Fig: First floor (Floor finish)

16
Fig: Second floor (Floor finish)

17
Fig: Top floor (Floor finish)

18
Fig: First floor (partition wall)

19
Fig: Second floor (partition wall)

20
4. ANALYSIS OUTPUT
The major discussion are focused on the eccentricity, story shear, inter story drift, maximum
displacement and base shear along two orthogonal directions. The column and beam size and
reinforcement are then checked. The analysis results are discussed in this chapter.
4.1 Seismic Coefficient Method:
The seismic lateral load is calculated using the IS 1893:2002. The base shear is applied with
the coefficient as calculated here under:
Site Sub-soil category Type II(Medium)
Time Period Tx 0.263sec
Time Period Ty 0.224 sec
Seismic Zoning Factor 0.36
Importance Factor 1.0
Response Reduction Factor 5.0
Sa/g (X) 2.5
Sa/g (Y) 2.5
Ah 0.09
Calculated Base Shear
Period Period
W Vb W Vb
Direction Used Direction Used
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
(sec) (sec)
X 0.263 2528.2785 227.5451 Y 0.224 2528.2785 227.5451
X + Ecc. Y 0.263 2528.2785 227.5451 Y + Ecc. X 0.224 2528.2785 227.5451
X - Ecc. Y 0.263 2528.2785 227.5451 Y - Ecc. X 0.224 2528.2785 227.5451

Applied Story Forces

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir

m kN kN m kN kN
Story3 8.5344 106.9667 0 Story3 8.5344 0 106.9667
Story2 5.6896 93.464 0 Story2 5.6896 0 93.464
Story1 2.8448 27.1143 0 Story1 2.8448 0 27.1143
Base 0 0 0 Base 0 0 0

21
4.2 Story Response - Maximum Story Displacement
Plot

Tabulated Plot Coordinates

Story Response Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m mm mm
Story3 8.5344 Top 23.6 18.2
Story2 5.6896 Top 17.5 12.9
Story1 2.8448 Top 7.7 5.9
Base 0 Top 0 0

22
4.3 Story Response - Maximum Story Drifts Along X
Plot

Tabulated Plot Coordinates

Story Response Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story3 8.5344 Top 0.001402 0.000255
Story2 5.6896 Top 0.002242 0.000515
Story1 2.8448 Top 0.001786 0.000369
Base 0 Top 0 0

23
4.4 Story Response - Maximum Story Drifts Along Y
Plot

Tabulated Plot Coordinates

Story Response Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story3 8.5344 Top 0.000108 0.00128
Story2 5.6896 Top 0.000138 0.001667
Story1 2.8448 Top 0.000112 0.00138
Base 0 Top 0 0

24
4.6 Axial Force Diagram (for Envelop)
 
 
 

25
4.7 Shear Force Diagram (For Envelop)
 
 

26
 4.8 Bending Moment Diagram (for envelop) 
 

27
4.9 Modal time period and mass participation
IS 1893: 2002 clause 7.8.4.2 states that number of modes to be used in the analysis should be
such that the sum total of modal masses of all modes considered is at least 90 percent of the
total seismic mass of the structure. Analysis was carried out for first 10 modes so that the
mass participation satisfies this criterion in both orthogonal directions. ticipation ratio for all
modes.
shows time period and mass participation ratio for all modes.

Modal time period and mass participation

Sum  Sum 
Case  Mode  Period  UX  UY  UZ  UX  UY 
sec
Modal 1 0.541 0.6504 0.0434 0 0.6504 0.0434
Modal 2 0.527 0.0467 0.818 0 0.697 0.8614
Modal 3 0.426 0.1759 0.0046 0 0.8729 0.866
Modal 4 0.196 0.0008 0.094 0 0.8737 0.9599
Modal 5 0.188 0.1003 0.0009 0 0.9741 0.9608
Modal 6 0.171 2.697E-05 0.0106 0 0.9741 0.9715
Modal 7 0.128 0.0058 0.0192 0 0.9799 0.9906
Modal 8 0.123 0.0191 0.0067 0 0.9989 0.9973
Modal 9 0.11 0.0011 0.0027 0 1 1
Modal 10 0.006 0 0 0 1 1
Modal 11 0.006 0 0 0 1 1
Modal 12 0.006 0 0 0 1 1

28
 5.0 DESIGN OF MEMBERS
Design of Beams and Columns
The design of beams and columns are done from the software itself. However, it is
to be notified that the limitations of the design by the software have been
evaluated and the adjustments have been made accordingly.
Due to very huge and detailed explanation of ETABS output for each and every
column and beam, we have shown a design results below showing the amount of
load, moments, amount of steel required, section adopted etc.
The samples (summary) of the design through the software based on IS456: 2000
has been presented here under.

29
 ETABS 2015 Concrete Frame Design
IS 456:2000 Column Section Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Story1 C11 100 Column12x12 UDCon7 0 2844.8 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
304.8 304.8 63 35

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
307.6204 9.5659 71.1789 6.1524 6.1524 1935 2.08

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major Bend(M3) 0.758773 2489.2 28.4716 0 6.1524
Minor Bend(M2) 0.737115 2489.2 6.4281 0 6.1524

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 47.0207 75.2844 29.4798 47.0207 337.85
Minor, Vu3 32.6288 75.2844 29.4798 32.6288 337.85

30
 Joint Shear Check/Design
Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear
Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless
Major Shear, Vu2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Minor Shear, Vu3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

(1.1) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
N/A N/A

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
929 19.3 1561.6432 276.7113 307.6204 0.975945

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 1 of 2)

Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.875 304.8 6.197 12 No
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.875 304.8 6.02 12 No

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 2 of 2)

Ma
Moment (kN-m)
0
0

31
 Column Reinforcement Summary
Column Column Reinforcement Lateral Ties
SN Floor
Name Size AR Bars AP Dia./Leg Side Mid
GF 1558 4-ф16 + 4-ф20 2061 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
1 A2 12" X 12" 1F 980 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F 762 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

GF 1434 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

2 A3 12" X 12" 1F 1426 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F 979 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

GF 1304 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

3 A4 12" X 12" 1F 812 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F

GF 1773 4-ф16 + 4-ф20 2061 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

4 B1 12" X 12" 1F 1567 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F 818 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257

GF 1918 4-ф16 + 4-ф20 2061 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

5 B2 12" X 12" 1F 1491 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F 792 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

GF 1511 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

6 B3 12" X 12" 1F 1296 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F 828 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

GF 1141 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

7 B4 12" X 12" 1F 1050 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F

GF 1728 4-ф16 + 4-ф20 2061 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

8 C2 12" X 12" 1F 2039 4-ф16 + 4-ф20 2061 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F 1171 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257

GF 1341 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

9 C3 12" X 12" 1F 1461 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F 980 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

GF 1138 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

10 C4 12" X 12" 1F 821 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F

GF 1935 4-ф16 + 4-ф20 2061 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

11 D1 12" X 12" 1F 1427 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F 798 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

GF 1762 4-ф16 + 4-ф20 2061 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c

12 D2 12" X 12" 1F 1085 4-ф16 + 4-ф16 1608 8/4L 4" c/c 6" c/c
2F 743 4-ф16 + 4-ф12 1257

32
 ETABS 2015 Concrete Frame Design
IS 456:2000 Beam Section Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Story1 B23 23 Beam14x9 UDCon7 3200.4 3352.8 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
228.6 355.6 228.6 0 25 25

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-95.6333 1.8579 89.9647 0

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-95.6333 2.7929 0 -98.4262

33
 Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, Mu3 & Tu
Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -98.4262 812 0 812 203
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 406 0 246 406

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
124.2424 47.9889 89.2569 58.5147 748.15

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, Tu & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN mm mm mm²/m
1.8579 89.9647 198.6 325.6 460.84

34
 BEAM DETAILS
REINFORCEMENT

FLOOR Beam Top bottom area total Stirrups

Grids
portion of
Dimension no. φ no. φ no. φ no. φ Top Bottom end ties mid ties beam
3 12 3 12 339.3 339.3 8ɸ@ 8ɸ@ Left end
Ground
12"x9" All 3 12 3 12 339.3 339.3 120 mm 150 mm Mid
Tie
3 12 3 12 339.3 339.3 c/c c/c Right end
3 16 2 12 3 16 829.4 603.2 8ɸ@ 8ɸ@ Left end
First 14"x9" 1-1 3 16 3 16 603.2 603.2 100 mm 150 mm Mid
3 16 2 12 3 16 829.4 603.2 c/c c/c Right end
2 16 3 12 2 16 1 12 741.4 515.2 8ɸ@ 8ɸ@ Left end
First 14"x9" REST 2 16 1 12 2 16 1 12 515.2 515.2 100 mm 150 mm Mid
2 16 3 12 2 16 1 12 741.4 515.2 c/c c/c Right end
2 16 3 12 2 16 1 12 741.4 515.2 8ɸ@ 8ɸ@ Left end
Second 14"x9" 1-1 2 16 1 12 2 16 1 12 515.2 515.2 100 mm 150 mm Mid
2 16 3 12 2 16 1 12 741.4 515.2 c/c c/c Right end
2 16 2 12 2 16 1 12 628.3 515.2 8ɸ@ 8ɸ@ Left end
Second 14"x9" REST 2 16 2 16 402.1 402.1 100 mm 150 mm Mid
2 16 2 12 2 16 1 12 628.3 515.2 c/c c/c Right end
2 16 3 12 402.1 339.3 8ɸ@ 8ɸ@ Left end
Top 14"x9" All 2 16 3 12 402.1 339.3 100 mm 150 mm Mid
2 16 3 12 402.1 339.3 c/c c/c Right end
3 12 3 12 339.3 339.3 8ɸ@ 8ɸ@ Left end
Sec Beam 14"x9" All 3 12 3 12 339.3 339.3 100 mm 150 mm Mid
3 12 3 12 339.3 339.3 c/c c/c Right end

35
Diagram Showing Reinforcement output From Etabs 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Fig: First floor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

36
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Fig: Second floor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

37
  
 
 
 

 
Fig: Top floor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

38
  
 
 
 

 
Fig: Grid A-A

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

39
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Fig: Grid B-B

 
 
 
 
 

40
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Fig: Grid C-C

 
 
 
 
 

41
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Fig: Grid D-D
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

42
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

43
 Fig: DL+LL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

44
 Design of Foundation
Foundations are structure elements that transfer loads from building or individual
column to earth this loads are to be properly transmitted foundations must be
designed to prevent excessive settlement are rotation to minimize differential
settlements and to provide adequate safety isolated footings for buildings.
The choice of type of foundation to be used in a given situation depends on a
number of factors.
1.) Bearing capacity of soil
2.) Type of structure
3.) Type of loads
4.) Permissible differential settlements
5.) Economy

Types of Footings
a) Isolated Footing: used for single column and may have square rectangular or
circular shapes
b) Strip Footing: Wall footing
c) Combined footing: supports two or more columns
d) Raft/Mat foundation: Support all columns. Used when soil bearing capacity is
low and sum of individual footing area is more than 50% of plinth area.
e) Pile/Well foundations: minimum three piles are capped to support the
structures. Well foundations are used in bridge foundations.

Modeling, analysis and design is carried out using the software. Design of the
individual elements is carried out manually. The sample calculation of the
individual elements is presented below.

45
 Design of Sloped Isolated footing
(Limit State Method as per IS 456-2000)

1.0 Foundation Condition

Unfactored Axial load of Column: 447.83 kN
Column Width: 304.800 mm
Column Depth: 304.800 mm
Concrete Grade: 20 N/mm2
Steel Grade: 500 N/mm2
Soil Bearing Capacity: 120 kN/m2

2.0 Size of the Footing

Net load from Column 447.831 kN
Assumed footing weight % 10.000
Gross Footing weight 492.614 kN
Footing width 2.026 m
Adopted width/length 2.134 m Footing size 7 '- 0.0''
Providing a square ledge around the coulmn 508.077 mm Ledge size 1 '- 8.0''

3.0 Ultimate loads from column

Factored load 671.747 kN
Upward pressure 0.148 N/mm2

4.0 Depth from moment consideration

Taking moment about face of the column,
For a conservative estimate of (d)
𝑃
𝑀 𝐵 𝑏
8𝐿
Length of footing (B) 2134.000 mm
Depth of Column (b) 304.800 mm
Mxx 1.317E+08 N/mm2
Breadth for resisting moment 508.077 mm
2
Mu=0.133fckbd ,(For Fe 500)
Required depth at column face 312.116 mm
Provided effective depth at column face 350.000 mm
Provide depth at edge of footing 200.000 mm
Provided cover 50.000 mm

5.0 Check depth from one way shear

Take section at effective depth from the face of
the column minimum dimension of column 304.800
(Along
minimum dimension of column) 406.523 mm
Breadth of column face at this section with
45o diagonal (b1) 1320.954 mm
Shear force (V1) 103.589 kN
Effective depth of section (d1) 268.362 mm
Ʈc(required) 0.292 N/mm2
2
For M20, Concrete design shear strength 2.800 N/mm OK

46
6.0 Check for Two way shear
Section at d/2 from face of column (d/2) 175.000 mm
Distance of section from edge of footing 739.600 mm
Breadth at column face (b2) 654.800 mm
Effective depth of section (d2) 324.372 mm
Shear force (V2) 608500.4 N
Ʈc(required) 0.716 N/mm2
2
Shear Capacity of concrete,Ʈc=0.25√fck 1.118 N/mm OK

7.0 Area of steel required

For a economical solution is to take moments of
the pressures inside the diagonals
2
Mx=P/24LB(2L+a)(B-b)
Mx: 94.04 kN-m
2
M/(fck b d ) 0.076 mm2
Lever Arm factor 0.90 mm
Ast=Mu/0.87fydLa 686.3 mm2
Assume bar dia meter 12 mm
No. of bars 13 nos.
Steel provided 1470.3 mm2 OK
Spacing 169.500 mm OK

8.0 Check for development Length

Required Development Length (Ld) 684.000 mm
Available Development Length (Ld) 812.962 mm OK

9.0 Check for sufficiency of area of steel

Overall depth of footing at the edge 250.000 mm
Overall depth of footing at the face of column 400.000 mm
Mean depth considering the whole width 292.856 mm
M/bd2: 0.514
p: 0.131 %
2
As: 818.692 mm
Bar diameter 12.0 mm
No. of bars 13.0 nos.
2
Provided Area of total bars 1470.3 mm OK
Spacing 169.500 mm 0 '- 6.7''

47
 FOOTING DESIGN SUMMARY
Soil Bearing Capacity 120 KN/m2 (Assumed)
Footing Type Isolated footing
Foundation wt. 10%
Load Combination DL+LL
SIZE OF FOOTING ɸ Spacing

Total depth at

Column (mm)
edge of footing
Depth at the
AREA

face of
(mm)
Grid N0. FY (kN) 2 L/B (m) L/B (m)
m Name L/B (ft) AREA (m2) of bar (Inch)
Req. Provided

A2 283.82 2.602 F1 1.61 1.68 5 '- 6.0'' 2.8 200 400

A3 269.00 2.466 F2 1.57 1.68 5 '- 6.0'' 2.8 200 400
A4 133.08 1.220 F1 1.10 1.52 5 '- 0.0'' 2.3 200 400
B1 169.14 1.550 F1 1.25 1.52 5 '- 0.0'' 2.3 200 400
B2 447.83 4.105 F2 2.03 2.13 7 '- 0.0'' 4.6 200 400
B3 390.82 3.582 F3 1.89 1.98 6 '- 6.0'' 3.9 200 400
12 6
B4 209.88 1.924 F4 1.39 1.52 5 '- 0.0'' 2.3 200 400
C2 272.39 2.497 F5 1.58 1.68 5 '- 6.0'' 2.8 200 400
C3 236.24 2.166 F6 1.47 1.68 5 '- 6.0'' 2.8 200 400
C4 107.11 0.982 F7 0.99 1.52 5 '- 0.0'' 2.3 200 400
D1 185.34 1.699 F8 1.30 1.52 5 '- 0.0'' 2.3 200 400
D2 138.84 1.273 F9 1.13 1.52 5 '- 0.0'' 2.3 200 400

Provide Double Tie Beam along X-X direction and Y-Y direction throughout the all footing. Also provide Strap Footing for
eccentric footing.

48
 COMBINED FOOTING DESIGN SUMMARY
Soil Bearing Capacity 120 KN/m2
Footing Type Isolated Square
Foundation wt. 10%
Load Combination DL+LL
SIZE OF FOOTING ɸ Spacing

of footing

depth at
the edge
Depth at

Column
AREA

face of
Node

Total

(mm)
(mm)
FY (kN) L (m) W (m) AREA
Force m2 Name L(m) Req. of bar (Inch)
Prov. Prov. (m2)
C2 272.39
411.23 3.770 CF1 2.06 2.44 1.83 4.5 300 450 12 6
D2 138.84

49
Design of Slab
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and it supports
mainly transverse loads and transfers them to supports primarily by bending action
in one or more directions. The behavior and strength of slab depends upon, the
shape and geometry (span), support and boundary conditions, loading level
(service load, ultimate load) the state stress (elastic, in elastic, plastic).

One way slab:

One way slab are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth it can
be simply supported beam or continuous beam.
Two way slab:
When slabs are supported to four sides two ways spanning action occurs. Such as
slab are simply supported on any or continuous or all sides the deflections and
bending moments are considerably reduces as compared to those in one way slab.

A sample design of the critical slab is carried out in Excel. The calculation is shown
here under.

50
 Slab Design Detail
(Limit State Method as per IS 456-2000)

1 SLAB CONDITION: Two way slab

Total depth (D) 127.00 mm
Cover 15 mm
Assumed bar dia 8.00 mm
Eff. Depth (d) 108 mm
Short span (lx) 3.353 m
Long Span (ly) 4.623 m
Ratio (lx/ly) 1.379
Design udl (W) 11.513 kN/m2
Concrete Grade (fck) M 20
Steel Grade (fy) Fe 500

2 LOAD CALCULATION
Dead load of Slab = 3.175 kN/m2
Floor Finish = 1.5 kN/m2
Partition Wall Load = 1 kN/m2
Total Dead Load = 5.675 kN/m2

2
Live Load = 2 kN/m
2
Total UDL = 7.675 kN/m
2
Total Factored UDL = 11.5125 kN/m

3 MOMENTS CALCULATION :
Short span coefficient:
For Neg moment at cont. edge (αx-) = 0.057
For Pos mom at mid span (αx+) = 0.044

Long span coefficient:

For Neg moment at cont. edge (αy-) = 0.037
For Pos mom at mid span (αy+) = 0.028

Short Span Moments :

at cont edge (Mx-) 7.37666 kN-m/m
at mid span (Mx+) 5.694264 kN-m/m
Long Span Moments :
at cont edge (My-) 4.788359 kN-m/m
at mid span (My+) 3.623623 kN-m/m

51
 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 0.87𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑. 1
𝑏. 𝑑. 𝑓𝑐𝑘
4 AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED :
Short Span :
2
at cont edge (Ast x-) 163.181 mm
2
at mid span (Ast x+) 124.812 mm
Long Span :
2
at cont edge (Ast y-) 104.449 mm
2
at mid span (Ast y+) 78.560 mm

Min area of steel required (Ast min=0.15% bd) = 190.500 mm2

Required Ast = 163.18 mm2
Pt required = 0.128 %
Provide Ast = 335.10 mm2 (For spacing 150 mm)
Pt prov = 0.264 %

5 CHECK FOR SHEAR

Shear Force (Vu) = 19.300 kN
Shear Stress (Tv) = 0.152 N/mm2
From Table 19 of IS-456
Shear Strength of concrete (Tc) = 0.360 N/mm2
Depth factor (K) = 1.300
Max Shear Strength of slab (T'c) = 0.468 N/mm2 OK

6 CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

Total Depth 127.000 m
Effective Depth 108.000 m
fs = 141.218
Basic L/d Ratio (α) 23.00
Span correction factor (β) 1.00
Tension reinforcement percent factor(γ) 2.00
Compression reinforcement percent factor(δ) 1.00
Flange correction factor(λ) 1.00
Modification factor 46.00
Provide L/d Ratio 31.044
Allowable L/d Ratio 46.000
Provide Factor (Required factor for tension
reinforcement) 1.350 OK

7 SPACING OF BARS REQUIRED : Spacing Provided

Short Span :
at cont edge (S x-) 308.035 mm 150.00 mm
at mid span (S x+) 402.729 mm 150.00 mm
Long Span :
at cont edge (S y-) 160.700 mm 150.00 mm
at mid span (S y+) 639.837 mm 150.00 mm

Area Req. Area Prov. Bar Dia,Φ Spacing req. Spacing Prov.
Boundary condition
mm2 mm2 mm mm mm
Short Span: at cont edge (x-) 163.181 335.10 8 308.035 150.00
at mid span (x+) 124.812 335.10 8 402.729 150.00
Long Span: at cont edge (y-) 104.449 335.10 8 160.700 150.00
at mid span (y+) 78.560 335.10 8 639.837 150.00

52
Design of Staircase
A staircase can be considered to be an inclined slab. Staircase is an important
component of a building providing access to different floors and roof of the
building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate
landing slabs between the floor levels.
Different structural systems are possible for the staircase, depending on the
spanning direction. The slab component of the stair spans either in the direction of
going i.e., longitudinally or in the direction of the steps, i.e., transversely.
Similarly, the Sample design of Staircase with calculation of loading of staircase is
also carried out in Excel. The calculation is shown here under.

53
 DESIGN OF STAIR- CASE
(Limit State Method as per IS 456-2000)

1 Geometry of staircase
Riser of each step (Rise) 0.178 m
Tread of each Step (Tread) 0.254 m
Width of the Step (Width) 1.067 m
Thickness of structural waist slab 0.152 m
Length from Beam to the Start of the Flight Span (L1) 1.219 m
Length of Flight Span(L2) 1.016 m
Length from end of flight to landing beam Span (L3) 1.219 m
Total length of span (L1+L2+L3) 3.454 m

L1 L2 L3

T
R

2 Material Properties
Grade of concrete (Fck) = M 20
Grade of steel (Fy) = Fe 500

3 Load Calculation
Unit weigh of reinforced concrete = 25 KN/m3

Dead load of Flights(going)

Factor for slope 1.221
Dead Load of structural staircase waist slab on slope 3.81 KN/m2
Dead load of structural inclined staircase slab on plan 4.651 KN/m2
Dead Load of floor finishing 1.5 KN/m2
Dead load of floor finishing inclined staircase slab on plan 1.831 KN/m2
Dead load of steps 2.223 KN/m2
Total dead load of Flight 8.704 KN/m2

Dead load of Landing

Dead Load of structural landing slab 3.81 KN/m2
Dead Load of floor finishing 1.5 KN/m2
Total dead load on landings 5.31 KN/m2

Live load in staircase 3 KN/m2

54
4 Moment Calculation
Loading on Spans L1 and or L3 per metre run (Landing Portion) :
Factored Wl1 = Wl3 = 1.5(dead load +live load) 12.47 kN/m
Loading on Span L2 per metre run (Flight Portion)
Factored Wl2 = 1.5(dead load +live load) 17.56 kN/m
Load here given in factored (i.e. multiplied with 1.5)

12.47 17.56 12.47

A 1.22 1.02 1.22 B

Ra L1 L2 L3 Rb
24.12 24.12
Reactions Ra and Rb
Ra + Rb = 48.23 KN
Taking moments of all forces about B
Ra X 3.45 = 83.30 KN
Ra = 24.12 KN
Reaction at the support A
Rb = 24.12 KN
Maximum BM Occurs at the point 'x' where SF is Zero or Changes its sign.

Point of Maximum Moment = 1.73 m

Max factored BM: = 22.40 kNm

Required Effective Depth from Bending Point of View:

2
Mu limit = 0.1338 fck bd
d (reqd) = 91.770 mm

Provide an Effective depth of = 133.40 mm OK

Provide an overall depth of = 152.40 mm
Factor Mu/bd2 ('R) = 1.26 Mpa
Required percentage of steel (pt) = 0.314 %
Area of Steel Required = 418.96 mm2/m
Provided Bar dia. 12 at spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided = 753.98 mm2/m
%Ast prov. = 0.565 %
Min area of steel required (Ast min=0.12% bd) = 182.88 mm2/m
Provided Bar dia. 8 at spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided = 335.10 mm2/m

5 Check for Serviciebility Requirement

The effective depth provided (deff) = 133.40 mm
Steel stress at service load (fs) = 161.14
% of reinforcement (pt) = 0.314 %
Modification factor = 2.00
Basic L/d ratio= = 23
Provided L/d ratio= = 25.89
Modification factor required = 1.126
Permissible L/d ratio= = 46.00 SAFE in Deflection
dmin (mm) = 75.1 SAFE

55
Design of Strap Beam:
A cantilever or strap footing normally comprises two footing connected by a beam
called a strap footing is a special case of combine footing. A strap footing is used
to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing close to the property line to an
interior column.
The footing areas are proportioned in such a way to keep the pressure under the
two footings uniform and equal and for the centroid of the combined footing areas
to coincide with the resultant of the two column loads.
It is assumed that the strap beam is rigid and does not transfer any load by bearing
on the soil at its bottom contact surface.

56
 Design of Strap Beam
1 Footing condition
Depth of concentric column = 0.305 m A2 B2
Depth of eccentric column = 0.305 m 283.82 447.83
Concentric footing length = 2.134 m 3.35
Concentric footing width = 2.134 m
Eccentric footing length = 1.676 m
Eccentric footing width = 1.676 m
Spacing between columns = 3.353 m 0.69
Dist. from edge of ecc. footing to column center = 0.15 m 356.80 374.85
Load on concentric footing = 447.83 KN Eccentric footing Concentric footing
Load on eccentric footing = 283.82 KN
Reaction on concentric footing = 374.85 KN
Reaction on eccentric footing = 356.80 KN

2 Properties
Grade of concrete (Fck) M 20
Grade of steel (Fy) Fe 500

3 Design of Strap Beam

Assume, Width of strap beam = 355 mm
Assume, Depth of Strap beam = 510 mm
Max. B.M. = 145.98 KNm
Max. S.F. = 72.98 KN
K = M/bd2fck = 0.089 N/mm2
Z = 399.93 mm
Ast' required = 0 mm2
Ast required = 839.13 mm2
Provide Steel of
Top Steel 3 no.s of 16 mm dia bar
3 no.s of 12 mm dia bar
Bottom Steel 3 no.s of 16 mm dia bar
3 no.s of 12 mm dia bar
Provided Ast
Top Steel = 942.478 mm²
Bottom Steel = 942.478 mm²
2
Design Shear = 0.400 N/mm
2
Design concrete shear = 0.50728 N/mm
Diameter of stirrups = 8 mm
Spacing of stirrups reqd. = 200 mm

57
 6. ANNEX
References

IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and
structures (second revision)
Part 1 – Dead loads
Part 2 – Imposed loads
NBC 105: 1994 Code of practice for Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

IS: 1893 – 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic
forces - Code of Practice
SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

SP: 34 – 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing

Pillai Pillai, S. Unnikrishna, Marie A. Erki, and Donald Wayne Kirk. Reinforced
concrete design. Whitby, Ont.: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1999.
Sinha,S.N. Sinha, S. N. (2002). Reinforced concrete design. Tata McGraw-Hill
Education.

58