DETERMINATION OF POWER-ANGLE CHARACTERISTIC OF A

TRANSMISSION LINE

Objective:

1. To draw the power -angle characteristic

2. To study the change in power transfer for variations in transfer reactance, and
sending end and receiving-end voltages

Theory:

A transmission line may be considered as a two-terminal pair network and for such
a network the power at the two ends is given by

Sending end

δ -β
Ps = [VsVr Cos (δ β) -D Vr Cos (β
β -∆
∆)]/B

Receiving end

δ +β
Pr = [VsVr Cos (-δ β) -A Vr Cos (β
β-α
α)]/B

Where Vs = Vs ∠δ, sending end voltage,

Vr = Vr∠00, receiving-end voltage. The symbols in bold indicate complex
quantities.
Generalised circuit constants:

A =A∠α
B = B∠β
D =D∠∆

If a lossless line is considered, the generalised circuit constants will be

A= 1∠00, B= X∠900, C =0, D=1∠00

In this case, the power at the two ends will be the same and equal to

δ /X
Ps = Pr = Vs.Vr Sinδ

The expression shows that the transfer of power between sending-end & receiving-
end is directly proportional to the sine of the angle between the voltages at the two
ends. Keeping the magnitude of the voltage constant, a plot between the power and
the phase angle δ, known as the power -angle characteristic can be drawn.
Pre-experimental quiz

1. What is the power-angle curve? Explain briefly its significance in stability

studies.
2. What is synchronising power coefficient? What is its limiting value for system
stability?
3. Formulate the synchronous and load stability criteria for a simple electrical
system.
4. What is the effect of the X/R ratio of a transmission line on the power angle
curve?
5. What is the receiving end power chart of a transmission line? How is it helpful
in determining the steady -state power limit of the line?
6. What are the differences in the normal, faulted and the post-fault curves of a
system?

Precautions

1. The voltmeter across the switch connecting the two systems should have double
the range of Vs( or Vr)
2. Use low power factor wattmeters preferably.
3. If an iron-cored choke is used for the tarnsmission line model, the choke should
not saturate

Procedure:

1. Set the value of the transmission line (a variable inductance may be used as a
transmission line) reactance X = 520 mH(r= 5 ohms). Keeping the switch S
open in Fig.1, adjust the 3-phase & 1-phase variacs to obtain100 V in voltmeters
Vs & Vr. Adjust the 3-phase phase shifter to obtain zero voltage across the
switch S. Close S and check the readings of ammeters & wattmeters. They
should be zero. Set the dial indicator of the phase shifting transformer to zero
value. Increase the phase angle δ up to 180 degrees in steps of 10 degrees with
the help of the phase shifter. Note the ammeter & wattmeter readings for each
value of δ. The value of Vs & Vr should be held constant at 100 V. The current
in the ammeters should not exceed 1.44 A
2. Repeat the experiment for X= 70 mH ( r= 5 ohms00
3. Vary Vs & Vr from 100 V to 120 V in steps of 5 V and note the readings for
ammeters & wattmeters for a fixed value of δ (say, 30 deg.)
4. Find out ∆P/∆V with ∆V = 5 V
Observations:

1. Variation of δ and X with Vs = Vr = 100V

X= 520 mH X=70 mH
S. No. δ, Is Ws Ir Wr Is Ws Ir Wr
Deg.
1 0
2 10
3 20
4 30
5 40
6 50
7 60
8 70
9 80
10 90
11 100
12 110
13 120
14 130
15 140
16 150
17 160
18 170
19 180

2. Variation of Vs and Vr with δ = 30 deg. and X = 520 mH

S. No. Vs Vr Is Ws Ir Wr
1 105 V 105 V
2 110 V 110 V
3 120 V 120 V

Report:

1. Plot the curves: (a) Ws versus δ, (b) Wr versus δ for the two values of
reactances. Are Ws & Wr equal at any value of δ? If not, why not?
2. Find out the steady-state stability limits for the power-angle curve and compare
it with the theoretical value.
3. Find out ∆P/∆V at δ = 30 deg, and Vs=Vr=100V. Discuss the result.
Post-experimental quiz

1. How does the reactance of the transmission line affect the steady-state power
limit?
2. What conclusions can you draw about the system from the experimental values
of ∆P/∆V and ∆P/∆δ at δ = 30 deg?
3. What conclusions can you draw about the system from the experimental values
of ∆Q/∆V and ∆Q/∆δ at δ = 30 deg?
4. If the generator power is kept constant, how will Vs (or Vr) vary with δ? Can
you arrive at the critical condition for steady-state power limit from the above
relation?
5. Enumerate the various methods of increasing the steady-state power limit.
6. What are the various problems associated with series c-compensated lines?
7. A synchronous generator is supplying power to a static impedance load through
a transmission line at a given power factor. Determine the expression for the
steady-state power limit in terms of the sending -end voltage, line reactance, and
the load power factor.
8. Draw the variation of receiving-end power versus receiving -end voltage for
different power factors of the load for a synchronous system supplying a static
load and therefrom determine the steady-state power limit of the system.
9. Study the power -angle curves for the following systems: ( i ) synchronouig
generator supplying power to an induction motor through atransmission line (ii)
synchronouig generator supplying power to a static load through atransmission
line
10. Draw acurve showing the variation of δ versus Vs (or Vr) for constant power
output.

Description of the phase -shifting transformer

The transformer provides convenient means for adjusting he phase angle or power
factor in ac circuits. It comprises a wound stator and rotor similar to an induction
motor. Fig.2 show s the arrangement of the terminal panels and the manner in which
the change from star to delta is made.

A2 B2 C2 A2 B2 C2

C1 A1 B1 N C1 A1 B1 N

Arrangement of links for delta connection Arrangement of links for star connection
 FIG.2

The phase shifter has a capacity of 600 VA and can be wound for any input or
output voltage not exceeding 500 V.
The maximum output available when the input (stator) output (rotor) are connected
in various ways is shown below. The table is based on a transformer wound on the
input side for operation on 440 V and on the output for 254 V.

With Input Volts With Output Volts Output Output

primary Across Phase secondary Across Phase (line ) VA
connected phases to connected phases to Amperes
neutral Neutral
Delta 440 - Delta 254 - 1.36 600
Delta 440 - Star 440 254 0.787 600
Star 440 254 Delta 147 - 1.36 350
Star 440 254 Star 254 147 0.787 350

Regulation of phase angle is effected by means of a worm gear and handwheel,

giving an 80:1 reduction for extremely fine control. A double-ended adjustable
pointer in combination with a scale of large diameter indicates the angle of lag or
lead in electrical degrees. The vernier pointer operating over the degree scale is
subdivided to give a precise scale reading. This pointer can be rotated relative to the
rotor and locked in any position
 Fig.1
Transmission
1-phase, 138.5 V (L-
line
3-phae variac N) supply
V

A Ws Wr A

Vs Vr

3-phase phase
shifting transformer 1-phase
variac
3-phase 240V
L-L) supply