Communication System

• Communication Simple Radio communication

system
↳
Information that carried from one place to another

Communication
•
system
↳ tools to transferred signal of communication

Communication channels .

↳ wire
pairs disadvantage :

•
early days :
copper wire connected directly 1 .

Only one
system could operate in an area

low ↳ receiving aerial wouldn't selective

•
modern : used for short distance and frequencies
eg .

telephone door , bell 2 . Aerial required for transmission of low frequencies ( 20 Hz -

15kHz)

↳ coaxial cable ↳ long sound wave ,

electrical power very large .

• central inner conduction to

inner
r
,
metal transmit any electrical signal •
Amplitude Modulation ( AM)

braids " "

↳ The wave has constant amplitude made to
• wire as return
for signal carrier
frequency ,

and is earthed vary This variation

.

synchronize with displacement of

• coaxial cable provide better security due to inner conduction covered information signal .

by earthed outer
braiding shields ( less distorsion ) •
Frequency Modulation ( FM)

↳ Radio waves ↳ The amplitude of carrier wave remain constant .

frequency
3GHz
electromagnetic waves in
freq range 30kHz to Vare in
synchrony with
displacement of Information signal
• .

• Morse code → switch on { of • Bandwidth

radio that has low

frequency } very long wavelength ↳
Range of frequencies occupied by the amplitude -
modulated

↳ Microwaves wave -

form .

that considered alongside other radio bandwidth

Electromagnetic waves •
greater
•

• used :
point -
to -

point communication -

Advantage : has wide

range frequencies for music

↳
optic fibres broadcast

fine strand pure glass surrounded by protective Disadvantage very high frequencies make music
•
of very - :
may
covering .

not be broadcast → some

quality lost

•
pulses that travel along the
fibre carry digital information

early 100MHz Radio wave

Frequencies
• :
frequency

.ve/.n+. .on. /rwe: iaerwi: 9I: i!: 7e: : ts

-
"
10 s duration Name
Range Distance

spacewave73omtlzline-OF-sightbetweentransmittef.in frequencies
•
by
-

the -

time : 800MHz

staved in communication too " '"

"
yw

Modulation .

from ionosphere and

ground or sea

↳ variation of either amplitude or

frequency of carrier wave .

SurpacewaveC3MH2Uptol000l#

Radio bands
frequency
-

Amira N 131×1-3
 /
Relative Advantage AM & FM
Decimal Number Binary Number
•

* AM O 0000

.co?:.a. . /.more '

Pros Cons I 0007

•smaHerbandwith→more•requirehighpowertransmi 2 0010

.÷÷÷÷!!! o o !!!
"" " "" " interference

!
•
cheaper radio sets 6 0110
③

A FM 7 0111

:::÷:::"""÷::i.
Pros Cons 8 1000

band with
greater → convert
-1
•
• more
expensive :

better sound quality 13 -

- Ot 4 to ti → so : 1101

→
Analogue - to -

Digital converters

↳ convert
Analogue and
Digital Signals sample voltages into digital signal
•
Analogue signal
→
Digital to
Analogue converters
-

with time as the

↳
information signal that has same variations ↳ convert back
digital signal that has been transmitted into an

information itself .

analogue signal .

•
Digital signal
" " "

signal of series of highs and lows with

"
↳ that consists How to

no values between a
sample analogue signal

Advantage of digital signal 1 .

convert sampled signal to
four
-
bit number

transmitted long distance with

•
Digital signal can be over
e.g .
5V →
0101

regular regenerations without degraded .

17.4 V → 7011

• Modern
digital circuit more reliable and cheaper to
produce note :
whole number that represent sample must be below the

than circuit actual value

analogue .

• Extra informations or data can be added to transmitter of 2 .

Convert digital signal ( four -
bit number )

digital systems .
to analogue signal again .

•
Regeneration a) Sinusoidal analogue signal

÷µ
↳
Reshape of signal to its
original form due to noises and
""
%
transmitted d) Recovered analogue signal
attenuation while
signals being .

q
-

z
-

time Its
Binary Number

↳ Number that has the base 2 ,

whereas decimal number has b) sample voltages
the base 10 n

④
.

"
10
g 10
g
↳ consists of number of digits ( bits ) 7 7

1¥11
5

•
Four -
bit numbers .

,
joo Yoo Joo Goo
↳ Most significant bit ( MSB ) : highest value of
digital number

on left - hand side

↳ Least bit ( LSB ) least value of

digital number
significant
-
:

on right -
hand side

AMIRA N 131×13
 Nyquist .

Signal Attenuation

To Attenuation
analogue signal of frequency f the signal must be
•
recover an
•
,

sampled at
frequency greater than zf
↳ losses
power
when
signal passes along a wire or a fibre .

faithful reproduction
ratio
• Greater sampling frequency ,
more of original
•
Signal -
to -

noise

↳ To be
power of signal must be number
signal .
detected ,
a minimum
of times

the
greater than noise
power

sampling rate ↳ e.g 50 to 100

→ Music
production
:
up to 20kHz •
Amplifier gain

CDs ↳ when
→ :
44 . I kHz signals amplified , output of amplifier is a certain number of

times than the 105

→
Telephone system : 8kHz
greater input →

Relative Merits Attenuation per unit

length
of Channels of communication

↳ wire -

pairs : •
for short distance communication .
↳ in transmission line . amount of attenuation depends on
length of
•
high attenuation line .

( FT)
easily pick up
(÷ )
• noise attenuation =
W '9

•
suffer from cross -

talk 4 low security per unit length

• Limited bandwidth .

↳ coaxial cable : • More costly

• less attenuation

a less noisy 4 more secure

•
larger bandwidth
↳ Radio and Microwave links

these are electromagnetic waves with wide range

•
of frequencies .

• mode of use and range depends on

frequency .

achieved only by encoding information

•
security can .

↳ Optic fibres

bandwidth
large large transmission capacity
: →
• .

• much lower cost than metal wire

diameter and cable much less than metal cable

weight
•
of

much less attenuation

•
signal .

do not
pick up electromagnetic interference
• .

Communication Satellites

•
Geostationary satellites

↳ satellite that orbits the Earth in a

geostationary orbits .

↳
period :
24 Hours

height
"
: 3.6×10 km above Earth 's surface

↳ direction of Earth and the orbit above

same equator
• Polar satellites

↳ satellites that have low orbits and the

pass over
poles .

↳ Period :
100 minutes

height : order of 105M .

AMIRA N 131×1-3
 AMIRA
11

5 (a) A digital signal is produced by sampling an analogue signal and passing the samples through
an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC).

(i) State what is meant by a digital signal.

values
"

with no intermediate
" "

of highs and lows

"

series
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) State one change to the sampling or to the ADC that will improve the accuracy of
reproduction of the original analogue signal.
use
higher sampling frequency
...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The least significant bit of the four-bit digital number 1100 represents a signal voltage of
2.5 mV. Determine the signal voltage, in mV, represented by this digital number.

1100 ,
0000 =
0×2.5 -

-
0mV

0100 =
4×2.5 -

10mV
30
-

1000 =
8×2.5 : 20mV voltage = .................................................... mV [1]
- t

30mW [Total: 4]

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 AMIRA
12

5 The variation with time t of the voltage level of part of an analogue signal is shown in Fig. 5.1.

16

14

voltage level 12

10

0
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
time t / ms

Fig. 5.1

The signal is sampled at 0.25 ms intervals. Each sample is converted into a four-bit digital number.

Fig. 5.2 lists various times t at which the voltage level is sampled.
The digital number for time t = 0 is shown.

time t / ms 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50

digital number 1011 0110 1000 1170 0101 0011 0001

-

Fig. 5.2

(a) (i) On Fig. 5.2, underline the most significant bit (MSB) for the digital number at time t = 0.
[1]
(ii) Complete Fig. 5.2 for the times shown. [2]

(b) After transmission of the digital numbers, the signal is passed through a digital-to-analogue
converter (DAC).

On Fig. 5.3, plot the transmitted analogue signal from the DAC.

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9702 p4 14-18 F Communication 106

 AMIRA
13

16

14

THT
voltage level 12

10

6
-

H
4

0
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
time t / ms

Fig. 5.3
[3]

(c) The transmitted signal in (b) has less detail than the original signal in Fig. 5.1.

Suggest and explain two means by which the level of detail in the transmitted signal could be
increased.
sampling frequency increase so step width reduced
1. ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
Number of bits ( in each) increase so step high reduced
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total: 10]

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 AMIRA

10

5 The signal from a radio station is amplitude modulated.

(a) State what is meant by amplitude modulation (AM).

but amplitude may varies in
Frequency of carrier wave constant
...................................................................................................................................................

synchrony with displacement of information

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The variation with frequency of the intensity of the signal from the radio station is shown in
Fig. 5.1.

intensity

0
193 198 203
frequency / kHz

Fig. 5.1

State, for this signal,

(i) the bandwidth,

203 70
bandwidth = ................................................. kHz [1]
-
I 93

(ii) the maximum audio frequency that is broadcast.

5
maximum frequency = ................................................. kHz [1]
203 -

15h

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 AMIRA
11

(c) A transmission line of length 45 km has an attenuation per unit length of 2.0 dB km−1.

The input power to the transmission line is 500 mW.

The minimum acceptable signal-to-noise ratio is 24 dB for background noise of 5.0 × 10−13 W.

(i) Calculate the minimum acceptable power output from the transmission line.

24 10 is
(¥ )
:
-

.
.
.

P2 : 1.26×10-10 W

-
10
I 2×10
-

power = .................................................... W [2]

(ii) Use your answer in (i) to determine whether it is possible to transmit the signal along the
transmission line.

45×2 10 Ig ( 500×10-3
-

' °
Pc 5×10
-
-

Pc > Pm in so it can be
[2]

[Total: 8]

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 AMIRA

11

4 (a) Signals may be transmitted in either analogue or digital form. One advantage of digital
transmission is that the signal can be regenerated.

Explain

(i) what is meant by regeneration,

Removing noise from the signal then the original signal
is
...........................................................................................................................................
reformed .

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) why an analogue signal cannot be regenerated.

analogue Is continuous so
cannot be
regenerated then noise is
...........................................................................................................................................
amplified with the signal
...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Digital signals are transmitted along an optic fibre using infra-red radiation. The uninterrupted
length of the optic fibre is 58 km.

The effective noise level in the receiver at the end of the optic fibre is 0.38 W.
The minimum acceptable signal-to-noise ratio in the receiver is 32 dB.

(i) Calculate the minimum acceptable power PMIN of the signal at the receiver.

32 i
101g ( Pm in )
-

'
O 3h10
-

t min : 6×10-4

-
q
6×10
PMIN = .................................................... W [2]

(ii) The input signal power to the optic fibre is 9.5 mW. The output power is PMIN.
Calculate the attenuation per unit length of the optic fibre.

Attenuation 10 191 g. saw D

-

-
.

- = 12
602×10-9
12
- : O . 21
58

0.21
attenuation per unit length = ........................................... dB km [2]

[Total: 8]
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 AMIRA

4 A coaxial cable is frequently used to connect an aerial to a television receiver. Such a cable is
illustrated in Fig. 4.1.

plastic
insulator
covering
copper
core

copper
braid

Fig. 4.1

(a) Suggest two functions of the copper braid.

Act as return for signal
1. ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
Shielding from noise and any interference
2. ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Suggest two reasons why a wire pair is not usually used to connect the aerial to the receiver.
Has small bandwidth
1. ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Large attenuation or energy toss

2. ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) The coaxial cable connecting an aerial to a receiver has length 14 m.

The cable has an attenuation per unit length of 190 dB km .

Calculate the fractional loss in signal power during transmission of the signal along the cable.

Att : 190×14×10-3 = 2.66 dB

I 0.59
2.66 Ig ( ) Fmc loss
pg
- -

lo
-

: -
.

O 96
-

K
- =
O .
59

Pc

0.46
fractional loss = ......................................................... [4]
[Total: 8]
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