EET 306 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

LAB 6 REPORT
Three Phase Salient Pole Synchronous Motor (Part 2)

Name Matrix No
Ahmad Luqman bin 171071261
Hassanuddin
Muhammad Fahmi bin Mohd 171071287
Fuad Teoh
Mohammad Hafiizhuddin Bin 171271778
Mukhtar
 INTRODUCTION

In a synchronous generator, a DC current is applied to the rotor winding producing a rotor

magnetic field. The rotor is then turned by external means producing a rotating magnetic
field, which induces a 3-phase voltage within the stator winding. Field windings are the
windings producing the main magnetic field (rotor windings), armature windings are the
windings where the main voltage is induced (stator windings). The rotor of a synchronous
machine is a large electromagnet. The magnetic poles can be either salient (sticking out of
rotor surface) or non-salient construction. Two common approaches are used to supply a
DC current to the field circuits on the rotating rotor is Supply the DC power from an
external DC source to the rotor by means of slip rings and brushes and Supply the DC
power from a special DC power source mounted directly on the shaft of the machine. Slip
rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but insulated from it.
Graphite-like carbon brushes connected to DC terminals ride on each slip ring supplying
DC voltage to field windings. On large generators and motors, brushless exciters are used,
A brushless exciter is a small AC generator whose field circuits are mounted on the stator
and armature circuits are mounted on the rotor shaft. The exciter generator’s 3-phase output
is rectified to DC by a 3-phase rectifier (mounted on the shaft) and fed into the main DC
field circuit. It is possible to adjust the field current on the main machine by controlling the
small DC field current of the exciter generator (located on the stator).

By the definition, synchronous generators produce electricity whose frequency is

synchronized with the mechanical rotational speed. Steam turbines are most efficient when
rotating at high speed; therefore, to generate 60 Hz, they are usually rotating at 3600 rpm
(2-pole). Water turbines are most efficient when rotating at low speeds (200-300 rpm);
therefore, they usually turn generators with many poles. The internally generated voltage in
a single phase of a synchronous machine EA is not usually the voltage appearing at its
terminals. It equals to the output voltage VA only when there is no armature current in the
machine. The reasons that the armature voltage EA is not equal to the output voltage VA are
Distortion of the air-gap magnetic field caused by the current flowing in the stator
(armature reaction), Self-inductance of the armature coils and Resistance of the armature
coils.
 METHODOLOGY

EXPERIMENT 6.1: Connection and Motor Direction Control

1. Set the synchronous generator in delta connection.

2. Turn on the motor and record the direction of rotation when;

a. The reverse switch on the Reversing Switch Module to the FOR position.

b. The reverse switch on the Reversing Switch Module to the REV position.

3. To run the motor;

a. On the Reversing Switch Module, set the reverse switch to the STOP
position.

b. Switch ON all supply and electronic controller.

c. On the Synchronous Machine Exciter Module, slowly turn the voltage

control knob clockwise so that the field voltage is 60V. Then turn off the
Synchronous Machine Exciter.
d. Hold synchronizing button on the panel of motor and turn on the Exciter.

e. Set the reverse switch to FOR position.

f. After 5 seconds, release the start button on the panel of the motor. The motor
should rotate at the rated speed of 1500 rpm for 50 Hz. Observe and record
the direction of rotation.
g. Set the reverse switch to the STOP position. Then turn of Synchronous
Machine Exciter.

h. Repeat steps ‘d to g’ but for REV position.

Construct the circuit in accordance with the circuit diagram in Figure 6.1.1 or the
connection diagram in Figure 6.1.2.
Figure 6.1.1

Figure 6.1.2
EXPERIMENT 6.2: Excitation Characteristic

The synchronous motor operates in delta connection.

2. This experiment need to be done quickly to avoid rise of temperature under the load.
3. Set speed of the motor on 1500 rpm for 50 Hz electrical power.

4. Record the motor output voltage, Eo the motor current, Io, motor power, Po, and power
factor, cos Ɵ for different value of field current, If varied from 0.15 A, 0.3 A and 0.4 A at
rated speed.

Construct the circuit in accordance with the circuit diagram in Figure 6.2.1 and the
connection diagram in
Figure 6.2.2

Figure 6.2.1 Figure 6.2.2

EXPERIMENT 6.3: Load Characteristic.

1. The synchronous motor operates in delta connection.

2. The rated speed of the motor is 1500 rpm for 50 Hz electrical power.

3. Record the motor output voltage, Eo the motor current, Io, motor power, Po, and power
factor, cos Ɵ for different value of field current, If varied from 0.4 A to 0.05 A at rated
speed for each Torque of 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.015 kg-m.
Construct the circuit in accordance with the circuit diagram in Figure 6.3.1 and the
connection diagram in
Figure 6.3.2.

Figure 6.3.1 Figure 6.3.2

RESULT
Result 6.1

Forward anti-clockwise

L M

Reverse anti-clockwise

L M

Table 6.2

TORQUE 0 0.03 0.005

IF=0.1 COS 0.243 0.519 0.580
I (A) 0.715 0.807 0.888
Eo (V) 218.4 217.9 217.3
P (W) 0.020k 0.053k 0.066k

IF=0.2 COS 0.347 0.731 0.789

I (A) 0.396 0.516 0.582
Eo (V) 218.6 218.1 217.9
P (W) 0.017k 0.047k 0.061k

IF=0.3 COS 0.805 -0.964 -0.974

I (A) 0.162 0.376 0.477
Eo (V) 218.2 218.0 217.7
P (W) 0.016k 0.046k 0.057k
Table 6.3

TORQUE 0 0.03 0.005

IF=0.3 COS 0.791 -0.965 -0.974
I (A) 0.160 0.375 0.469
Eo (V) 218.2 217.4 217.0
P (W) 0.016k 0.047k 0.060k

IF=0.2 COS 0.344 0.732 0.803

I (A) 0.385 0.503 0.593
Eo (V) 217.7 217.0 217.9
P (W) 0.017k 0.049k 0.059k

IF=0.1 COS 0.219 0.498 0.573

I (A) 0.714 0.807 0.900
Eo (V) 218.3 217.2 218.2
P (W) 0.020k 0.051k 0.064k
 DISCUSSION

Salient pole is a magnet pole that projects toward the armature of an electric machine.
There are used for the rotors for four or more. The rotor is subjected to changing magnetic
fields that is why it is made of steel laminations to reduce the eddy current losses. Salient
pole rotors have faces to damp out the rotor oscillations during a sudden change in load
conditions. Mostly synchronous motor is of salient pole type machines. The advantage of
salient pole is allow better ventilation and the pole faces are so shaped that radial air gap
length increases from the pole center to the pole tips so that the flux distribution in the air
gap is sinusoidal in shape which will help the machine to generate the sinusoidal
electromagnetic force.

From the experiment 6.1 the connection and direction control of a three phase salient
synchronous motor and the direction of rotation of the motor. During running the motor, the
direction is counter clockwise when the reverse switch on the Reversing Switch Module to
the forward (FOR) position. However, the direction of rotation is clockwise when the
reverse switch on the Reversing Switch Module to the reverse (REV) position. To see the
connection of the motor, start with see from load whether it is counter clockwise or
clockwise.

Next, from the experiment 6.2 the excitation characteristic. From the table 6.2, the
results show with increasing field current, the motor current at will increase and the power
factor also increase. For the ouput voltage also increase after increasing the torque. Then,
motor power also increased at every different value at current field. The frequency and
terminal voltage supply at motor are constant. Power factor correction provide operates at
unity. Power factor can be exploited of the power system for motor connected.

From the experiment 6.3 the load on the shaft of the motor is decreased and the rotor
will also increase. For the figure 6.3 the graph shows the motor current versus field current
slightly increased. The torque angle will increase and the induced torque also increase. The
torque increase because the rotor speed backup and the motor turn at synchronous speed.
The internal generator voltage is depending on the field current and the speed of the
machine. Therefore, the internal generator voltage must constant at the load change.
 CONCLUSION

At the end of this experiment, students are able to demonstrate the connection of a
three phase salient synchronous motor and control the direction of the motor. Beside that
students able to demonstrate the excitation and load characteristic of three phase salient
pole synchronous motor.
Main Features of Synchronous Motors
• Synchronous motors are inherently not self starting. They require some external means to
bring their speed close to synchronous speed to before they are synchronized.
• The speed of operation is in synchronism with the supply frequency and hence for
constant supply frequency they behave as constant speed motor irrespective of load
condition.
• This motor has the unique characteristics of operating under any electrical power factor.
This makes it being used in electrical power factor improvement.