Kubernetes

From Orchestration of Containers

to New Age Complex Workloads
CONTENTS
What is Kubernetes ………............................................................................................. 1

How Kubernetes Works? …...………………………………….......................................... 5

Where to get Kubernetes? ….…………………………………........................................ 7

Kubernetes Vs Docker ………….……............................................................................ 8

Kubernetes and Microservices .……………..……………….......................................... 9

Kubernetes and AI/Machine Learning …..…………………......................................... 11

Kubernetes and NFV …...…………………………………………..................................... 14

Commercial Distributions ………………..……………………......................................... 17

About Calsoft Inc. …………………………………………………………………………… 23

References …………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
1. What is Kubernetes?
Kubernetes is an open source system that allows you to run docker and other containers across
multiple hosts, effectively offering the co-location of containers, service discovery, and replication
control. It was originally called K8s and was designed by Google and donated to the Cloud Native
Computing Foundation.
The primary functions of Kubernetes are:
• schedule, start, manage, and scale containers across multiple hosts; and
• add a higher-level API to define how containers are logically grouped to define container
pools and handle load balancing.
Its features include the following.
• Deploy containers and manage rollout control: With this complex system you can describe
your containers and define how many you want in a single deployment. Kubernetes will not
only manage the running of those containers (even across multiple hosts), but it will also
handle deploying changes (e.g., updating images, changing variables, etc.) to your
containers.
• Resource Bin packing allows you to declare minimum and maximum computer resources
(CPU and memory) for all containers.
• Built-in service discovery: Automatic exposure of containers to the internet or other containers
in the Kubernetes cluster.
• Autoscaling: Kubernetes automatically load balances traffic across matching containers.
• Heterogeneous clusters: Kubernetes allows you to build a cluster with a mixture of virtual
machines, on-premises servers, or bare metal in your company data center.

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 • Persistent storage support is available to Kubernetes, with support for Amazon Web Services
EBS, Google Cloud Platform persistent disks, and more. Vendors, including Red Hat, Dell EMC,
and NetApp, provide persistent storage for Kubernetes.
• High availability, such as multi-master and cluster federation, allowing the linking of clusters
together for load balancing.
Kubernetes aids to:
• deploy containerized applications quickly and predictably;
• scale containerized applications on the fly;
• seamlessly roll out new features to your containerized applications; and
• optimize your hardware specifically for your containerized applications.
Kubernetes, at its minimum, can schedule and run containerized applications on clusters of physical
machines or virtual machines or a combination of physical and virtual machines; this allows
developers to leave behind the traditional method of working with physical and virtual machines.
Although this can be achieved with the simpler Docker Swarm, Kubernetes allows the deployment
of much larger clusters, which can include docker containers. In other words, create your docker
containers and then deploy them over a massive, load balanced cluster with Kubernetes.
Kubernetes consists of the following components.
• Pods: Containers are placed into pods to be managed by Kubernetes.
• Labels and selectors: Key-value pairs used to identify and group resources within Kubernetes.
• Controllers: A reconciliation loop that drives actual cluster state toward the desired cluster
state.
• Services: A way to identify elements used by applications (name-resolution, caching, etc.).
• Kubernetes control plane: Main controlling unit of the cluster that manages workload and
directs communication across the system.
• etcd: Persistent, lightweight, distributed key-value data store.
• API server: Serves the Kubernetes API using JSON over HTTP.
• Scheduler: Pluggable component that selects which node a pod should run on based on
resource availability.

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 • Controller manager: The process that runs the Kubernetes controllers such as DaemonSet and
Replication.
• Kublet: Responsible for the running state of each node (starting, stopping, and maintaining
application containers).
• Kube-proxy: The implementation of a network proxy and load balancer that supports the
service abstraction.
• cAdvisor: An agent that monitors and gathers resource usage.

Source: Kubernetes – The Smart Persons Guide ~ Techrepublic

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 Fig – Basic Kubernetes Architecture

Source: Kubernetes - Wikipedia

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2. How Kubernetes Works?

Kubernetes’s architecture makes use of various concepts and abstractions. Some of these are variations
on existing, familiar notions, but others are specific to Kubernetes.
The highest-level Kubernetes abstraction, the cluster, refers to the group of machines running Kubernetes
(itself a clustered application) and the containers managed by it. A Kubernetes cluster must have a
master, the system that commands and controls all the other Kubernetes machines in the cluster. A highly
available Kubernetes cluster replicates the master’s facilities across multiple machines. But only one
master at a time runs the job scheduler and controller-manager.
Each cluster contains Kubernetes nodes. Nodes might be physical machines or VMs. Again, the idea is
abstraction: whatever the app is running on, Kubernetes handles deployment on that substrate. It is also
possible to ensure that certain containers run only on VMs or only on bare metal.
Nodes run pods, the most basic Kubernetes objects that can be created or managed. Each pod
represents a single instance of an application or running process in Kubernetes, and consists of one or
more containers. Kubernetes starts, stops, and replicates all containers in a pod as a group. Pods keep the
user’s attention on the application, rather than on the containers themselves. Details about how
Kubernetes needs to be configured, from the state of pods on up, is kept in Etcd, a distributed key-value
store.
Pods are created and destroyed on nodes as needed to conform to the desired state specified by the
user in the pod definition. Kubernetes provides an abstraction called a controller for dealing with the
logistics of how pods are spun up, rolled out, and spun down. Controllers come in a few different flavors
depending on the kind of application being managed.
For instance, the recently introduced “StatefulSet” controller is used to deal with applications that need
persistent state. Another kind of controller, the deployment, is used to scale an app up or down, update
an app to a new version, or roll back an app to a known-good version if there’s a problem.

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Because pods live and die as needed, we need a different abstraction for dealing with the
application lifecycle. An application is supposed to be a persistent entity, even when the pods running
the containers that comprise the application aren’t themselves persistent. To that end, Kubernetes
provides an abstraction called a service.
A service describes how a given group of pods (or other Kubernetes objects) can be accessed via the
network. As the Kubernetes documentation puts it, the pods that constitute the back end of an
application might change, but the front end shouldn’t have to know about that or track it. Services
make this possible.
A few more pieces internal to Kubernetes round out the picture. The scheduler parcels out workloads
to nodes so that they’re balanced across resources and so that deployments meet the requirements
of the application definitions. The controller manager ensures the state of the system—applications,
workloads, etc.—matches the desired state defined in Etcd’s configuration settings.
It’s important to keep in mind that none of the low-level mechanisms used by containers, like Docker
itself, are replaced by Kubernetes. Rather, Kubernetes provides a larger set of abstractions for using
them for the sake of keeping apps running at scale.
Source: What is Kubernetes? Container orchestration explained ~ Infoworld

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3. Where to get Kubernetes?
Kubernetes is available in such a wide variety of environments, and by so many delivery
mechanisms, that the best way to figure out where to get it is by use case.
 If you want to do it all yourself: This is worth mentioning from the start. The source code, and
pre-built binaries for most common platforms, can be downloaded from the GitHub repository
for Kubernetes.
 If you’re using Docker Community or Docker Enterprise: Docker’s most recent editions come
with Kubernetes as a pack-in. This is ostensibly the easiest way to get a leg up with Kubernetes,
since it comes by way of a product you’re almost certainly already familiar with.
 If you’re deploying on-prem or in a private cloud: Chances are good the infrastructure you’re
using for your private cloud or for your on-prem systems has Kubernetes built in. For instance,
CoreOS Tectonic pairs a container-centric Linux distribution with Kubernetes, providing an
automated way to set up and deploy Kubernetes on one’s hardware of choice. Red Hat
Enterprise Linux Atomic Host and Mirantis Cloud Platform, a distribution of OpenStack, also
provide Kubernetes in a standard-issue, supported offering.
 If you’re deploying in a public cloud: The three major public cloud vendors now offer
Kubernetes as a service. Google Cloud Platform offers Google Kubernetes Engine. Microsoft
Azure offers the Azure Container Service, with Kubernetes as one of several possible choices
of orchestrator. And Amazon recently announced support for Kubernetes in conjunction with
its existing Elastic Container Service, now in preview and set to go live sometime in 2018.
Source: What is Kubernetes? Container orchestration explained ~ Infoworld

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4. Kubernetes Vs. Docker
Kubernetes isn’t a replacement for Docker. However, Kubernetes is a replacement for some of the
higher-level technologies that have emerged around Docker.
One such technology is Docker Swarm, an orchestrator bundled with Docker. It’s still possible to use
Swarm instead of Kubernetes, but Docker Inc. has chosen to make Kubernetes part of the Docker
Community and Docker Enterprise editions going forward.
Not that Kubernetes is a drop-in replacement for Swarm. Kubernetes is significantly more complex
than Swarm, and requires more work to deploy. But again, the work is intended to provide a big
payoff in the long run—a more manageable, resilient application infrastructure. For development
work, and smaller container clusters, Docker Swarm presents a simpler choice.

Source: What is Kubernetes? Container orchestration explained ~ Infoworld

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5. Kubernetes and Microservices

The impact of a microservices framework to the development of IT solutions in today’s enterprises is

clear. At a high level, microservices allow for applications to be engineered into smaller, independent
services that are not dependent upon a specific coding language. This means that when we are
building a monolithic application, a microservices architecture allows an engineering organization to
decouple the application into disparate components that are not dependent on each other. Instead,
the components can be combined to offer the full breadth of functionality of that monolithic
application.
These components or microservices communicate with each other through an API. And since it is not
dependent on a programming language, we can have multiple teams building various components
across languages without any compatibility issues. For example, we can have a team running a
microservice in Ruby with a container running on Kubernetes communicate seamlessly with a
microservice built in Python running in a container via Kubernetes.
As we adopt a microservices architecture, it’s also important to figure out how to monitor across the
different services. This is where Kubernetes and its growing ecosystem of tools comes into the picture.
Kubernetes provides organizations with more options to transition from virtual machines to containers.
Kubernetes has done a great job promoting an ecosystem around itself so that when we use
Kubernetes, we know that out of the box, there are monitoring tools, CI/CD tools, and many platforms
all that natively support Kubernetes.
As a result, the decision to use Kubernetes is not solely based on which container orchestration tool to
use to further an organization’s microservices strategy. What organizations are considering is also what
the complementary ecosystem of tools looks like.

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 The Kubernetes ecosystem offers all the building blocks for everything we need to leverage containers
to build out a rock solid microservices architecture.
Source: Kubernetes – The Future of Infrastructure

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 6. Kubernetes and AI/Machine Learning
Kubeflow – A Kubernetes Project for ML Stacks

One of the fastest growing use cases is to use Kubernetes as the deployment platform of choice for
machine learning.
Building any production-ready machine learning system involves various components, often mixing
vendors and hand-rolled solutions. Connecting and managing these services for even moderately
sophisticated setups introduces huge barriers of complexity in adopting machine learning.
Infrastructure engineers will often spend a significant amount of time manually tweaking
deployments and hand rolling solutions before a single model can be tested.
Worse, these deployments are so tied to the clusters they have been deployed to that these stacks
are immobile, meaning that moving a model from a laptop to a highly scalable cloud cluster is
effectively impossible without significant re-architecture. All these differences add up to wasted
effort and create opportunities to introduce bugs at each transition.
To address these concerns, Kubernetes announced the creation of the Kubeflow project, a new
open source Github repository dedicated to making using ML stacks on Kubernetes easy, fast and
extensible. This repository contains:
 JupyterHub to create & manage interactive Jupyter notebooks
 A Tensorflow Custom Resource (CRD) that can be configured to use CPUs or GPUs, and
adjusted to the size of a cluster with a single setting
 A TF Serving container Because this solution relies on Kubernetes, it runs wherever
Kubernetes runs. Just spin up a cluster and go!

Source: Introducing Kubeflow

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 The Kubeflow project is dedicated to making deployments of machine learning (ML) workflows on
Kubernetes simple, portable and scalable. Our goal is not to recreate other services, but to provide a
straightforward way to deploy best-of-breed open-source systems for ML to diverse infrastructures.
Anywhere you are running Kubernetes, you should be able to run Kubeflow – Kubeflow.org

Source: https://www.kubeflow.org/

Xin Zhang, CEO of startup Calcloud, said artificial intelligence required a new way to think about
operating systems. “Every business is data-driven,” he said. “A new operating system is needed for
the AI age.”

Many components are needed to make an effective AI-driven application. For Zhang, the challenge
for data scientists is that it is not just about the code. “The algorithm is only a fraction of the solution.
You need to manage all the GPUs and CPUs, and retuning of the AI model, as well as distributed
training,” he said.

Data scientists are generally not well placed to manage all the infrastructure requirements for
machine learning and AI. Kubernetes offers a way to connect these infrastructure components
through an open source project called Kubeflow. “By leveraging Kubeflow, you can lower the barrier
for data scientists,” he said.

Source: How Kubernetes is becoming a platform for AI ~ ComputerWeekly

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 Use case for AI/Machine Learning
eBay:

Xinglang Wang, a principal engineer at eBay, said AI had a high barrier to entry, but packaging
tools in a Kubernetes cluster made it easier for businesses to get started on an AI project. At eBay,
he said Kubernetes was used to create a unified AI platform, which enables data sharing and
sharing of AI models. The AI platform also provides automation to enable eBay to train and deploy
AI models.
JD.com:

Explaining the use of AI at JD.com, principal architect Yuan Chen described how the the
company was running one of the largest Kubernetes clusters in the world.
While it was traditionally used to support a microservices architecture, he said: “Everything is now
driven by AI, so we have to use Kubernetes for AI. It is the right infrastructure for deep learning to
train the AI models. AI scientists are expensive, so they should focus on their algorithms and not
have to worry about deploying containers.”
One example of JD.com’s application of AI is the use of a containerised Kubernetes cluster for
machine learning to manage product image quality control, identification and categorisation.
Chen said the company uses dynamic workload management to balance workloads between
expensive GPUs and processing that can be done on cheaper CPUs. s
Chen said machine learning could also be applied to Kubernetes itself for administering container
management. “It is all about efficiency and saving costs by using machine learning to improve
Kubernetes,” he said. At JD.com, machine learning is being used for efficient workload scheduling
and maximising utilisation of IT resources.
Source: How Kubernetes is becoming a platform for AI ~ ComputerWeekly

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7. Kubernetes and NFV

Kubernetes is being used in NFV architecture to enable the cloud native feature and lifecycle
management for virtual network functions. With involvement of Kubernetes in NFV a completely
dynamic and zero touch orchestration can be achieved. Typically, Kubernetes can be integrated into
NFV to manage VNFs i.e. AS VNF manager. Kubernetes can also be used as Virtual Infrastructure
Manager (VIM) along with other VIM options like OpenStack. While enablement of emerging cloud
native approach in NFV, VNFs can be deployed in containers wherein Kubernetes is extensively used
to manage and orchestrate those. There are two cases where NFV architecture built using VNF
deployed in both VMs and containers and other can be containerized only (but that is quite far
away). In that case, Kubernetes can be used as VNF manager along with other VNF manager options.
Development
Intel
Intel released a whitepaper summarizing development of 4 plugins to enable Kubernetes to fit with
NFV architecture. Initially, Kubernetes lacks a number of features that are important for the
management and performance of container-based virtual network functions (VNF) in an NFV
environment. To help address this, Intel Corporation recently made public four new repositories
containing features that are compatible plugins to Kubernetes: 1) Multus Container Networking
Interface (CNI) Plugin 2) Single Root I/O virtualization (SR-IOV) CNI Plugin 3) Node Feature Discovery
(NFD) 4) CPU Core Manager for Survey
More details on whitepaper: Enabling new features of Kubernetes for NFV

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CableLabs
CableLabs in conjuction with Aricent released the SNAPS-Kubernetes to accelerate the adoption of
NFV, enabling cloud native and performance features.
• Automated installation and configuration of the Kubernetes cluster
• Support and choice of multiple cluster networking and CNI plugins, i.e., Weave, Flannel, Calico,
MACvLAN and DHCP. Support for SR-IOV and multi-homed PODs
• Support for CEPH based persistent storage boot volumes for PODs
• Kubernetes dashboard POD. POD health notification and visualization of network topology
• Resource management solutions like CPU Pinning, huge page support, POD/node affinity and
anti-affinity and Availability zones
• Authentication and role based access. Support for logging and diagnostics. Additional
capabilities for CPU, memory and network usage monitoring
Source: SNAPS-Kubernetes: Launch, Manage and Configure a Cloud-native Platform in Minutes

Nokia
Nokia introduced an updated version of its NFV infrastructure Cloud Band Infrastructure Software
(CBIS) with addition of Kubernetes to manage containerized VNFs along with OpenStack to be used to
manage virtual machines.
Details here: Nokia upgrade NFVi for Edge, Containers ~ LightReading

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FD.io
FD.io, one of Linux Foundation’s open source projects, has introduced its 18.01 software release with a
focus on improving Kubernetes Networking, Istio and cloud native NFV. By allowing cloud native
networking in Kubernetes to run entirely as a high-performance microservice in a Kubernetes pod,
FD.io said its pure user space networking technology can improve performance, latency, efficiency,
maintainability and innovation.
Source: FD.io improves Kubernetes networking in sixth software release

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8. Commercial Distributions
CoreOS Tectonic
CoreOS is the provider of a container-focused Linux distribution, compatible with Docker but with an
opinionated image format and runtime of its own, and an “enterprise-grade Kubernetes” distribution.
Together they form the foundation of the CoreOS Tectonic stack.

Canonical Distribution of Kubernetes

Canonical, makers of Ubuntu Linux, provides its own Kubernetes distribution. One of the big selling
points for the Canonical Distribution of Kubernetes is the widely respected, well-understood, and
commonly deployed Ubuntu Linux distribution underneath. Canonical claims that its stack will work in
any cloud or on-prem deployment, with support included for both CPU- and GPU-powered workloads.
Paying customers can have their Kubernetes cluster remotely managed by Canonical engineers.

Docker Community Edition / Docker Enterprise

For many of us, Docker is containers. And since 2014, Docker has had its own clustering and
orchestration system, Docker Swarm, which until recently stood as a competitor to Kubernetes. Then in
October 2017, Docker announced it would be adding Kubernetes—in its unmodified, vanilla state—as
a standard pack-in with both Docker Community Edition and Docker Enterprise 2.0.

Heptio Kubernetes Subscription

Two of Kubernetes’s creators, Craig McLuckie and Joe Beda, founded Heptio to offer services and
products around Kubernetes. Their first major offering is the Heptio Kubernetes Subscription (HKS), a
Kubernetes deployment with paid, 24/7 support provided by Heptio. Pricing starts at $2,000 per month.

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The main pitch with Heptio is enterprise-grade Kubernetes without vendor lock-in. Deployments can
run on public clouds or private hardware. All the tools offered by Heptio to manage Kubernetes
configurations are open source, and fixes are delivered directly to the supported clusters.

Mesosphere DC/OS
Mesosphere DC/OS uses Apache Mesos to turn a cluster of machines into a single resource that can
be dynamically partitioned for multiple applications. Kubernetes is supported as one of many
application packages on DC/OS, allowing you to install, run, and update Kubernetes across a DC/OS
cluster.

Mirantis Cloud Platform

Mirantis Cloud Platform incorporates OpenStack, Kubernetes, or a combination of the two as the
substrate for an “agile infrastructure platform,” as Mirantis puts it. In a nutshell, Mirantis Cloud Platform is
a single, integrated solution for orchestrating VMs, containers, and bare-metal servers. Apps deployed
on the platform are managed across the lifecycle in “devops style,” using Salt as the configuration
management tool, with integrated CI/CD support to ensure apps deploy correctly.

Platform9 Managed Kubernetes

Most Kubernetes distributions focus on making Kubernetes manageable from the inside out and the
top down. Platform9 Managed Kubernetes runs in whatever environment you deploy it in—local bare
metal, remote public cloud—but is remotely managed as a service by Platform9’s engineers.

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Rancher 2.0
Rancher Labs has incorporated Kubernetes into its container management platform—called, simply,
Rancher—with version 2.0, currently in beta. Rancher 2.0 works on a higher level than other Kubernetes
distributions, sitting atop your Linux hosts, Docker containers, and Kubernetes nodes, managing all of
them at arm’s length regardless of location or infrastructure. It can even manage Kubernetes clusters on
Amazon EKS, Google Kubernetes Engine, Azure Container Service, and other Kubernetes-as-a-service
clouds.

Red Hat OpenShift

Red Hat OpenShift, Red Hat’s PaaS product, originally used Heroku buildpack-like “cartridges” to
package applications, which were then deployed in containers called “gears.” Then Docker came
along, and OpenShift was reworked to make use of the new container image and runtime standard.
Inevitably, Red Hat also adopted Kubernetes as the orchestration technology within OpenShift.

Stackube
HyperHQ, providers of the Hyper.sh cloud service for running containers, have developed Stackube, a
“Kubernetes-centric OpenStack distro.” Normally, OpenStack uses a component called Nova to
provision and manage compute nodes; Stackube uses Kubernetes instead. But other than that, it uses
“vanilla” OpenStack and Kubernetes, with all the additional details handled by OpenStack plugins.

SUSE Cloud as a Service Platform

Best known for a Linux distribution widely popular in Europe, SUSE also offers the SUSE CaaS Platform.
Conceptually, it’s reminiscent of CoreOS Tectonic—a bundling of a bare-metal “micro” OS that runs
containers, Kubernetes as the container orchestration system, a built-in image registry, and cluster
configuration tools.

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Telekube
Gravitational, maker of the Teleport SSH server, also produces Telekube, a “production hardened”
Kubernetes distribution that runs on local or remote clusters. Telekube is positioned as a solution for a
private SaaS platform, or for running Kubernetes as a service throughout multiple regions or hosting
providers.

Source: 12 Kubernetes distributions leading the container revolution ~ Infoworld

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9. Recent Announcements and News
The most significant Kubernetes-related vendor announcements were the following:
 Announcement of the Open Hybrid Architecture Initiative by Hortonworks, IBM, and Red Hat,
under which is an attempt to modularize and containerize Hadoop in its entirety, orchestrate
This document is collation of information f
Hadoop-based DevOps pipelines and workloads over Kubernetes, and evolve those vendors’
content rights in this e-book. If you have a
respective solution portfolios toward full implementation of the emerging framework for hybrid,
edge, and streaming deployments;
 Launch of the new Apache Hadoop Ozone subproject, which is developing scalable distributed
object store that is designed for containerized environments such as Kubernetes in which storage
and compute have been decoupled;
 NVIDIA’s release of its TensorRT inference server, a software solution that containerizes and uses
Kubernetes for orchestrated deployment of TensorRT, TensorFlow, or ONNX models to
heterogeneous clusters of GPUs and CPUs in premises-based data centers and clouds;
 Dataiku’s release of version 5 of its ML pipeline automation tool, which, among other new
features, adds full containerization capabilities for in-memory processing of Python & R code, with
automatic deployment to Kubernetes clusters for computation elasticity, allowing for more scaling
and easier isolation of resources;
 Announcement of IBM’s deal with MayaData to bring OpenEBS, which provides, hyperconverged
block storage for stateful applications on Kubernetes, to its Cloud Private environment; and
 Announcement by Lightbend of a Kubernetes-optimized version 2.0 of its Fast Data Platform for
designing, building, and deploying Reactive streaming microservices on Kafka, Spark, Akka, HDFS,
and other environments.

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  VMware’s acquisition of Heptio
 Nokia upgrades the NFVi plarform to support containers and NFV. Where Kubernetes will be used
to orchestrate containers.
Source: Kubernetes Is a Prime Catalyst in AI and Big Data’s Evolution

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10. About Calsoft

CALSOFT IS A LEADER IN PRODUCT ENGINEERING SERVICES

Calsoft is a leading software product engineering services company in Storage, Networking,
Virtualization and Cloud domains; and new age areas like Big data, IoT, analytics and ML. Calsoft
provides End-to-End Product Development, Quality Assurance Sustenance, Solution Engineering and
Professional Services expertise to assist customers in achieving their product development and business
goals. Our deep domain knowledge of Storage, Virtualization, Networking and Cloud verticals helps in
delivering high quality products and services at the right time and cost. Our customer focused
engagement models and innovative Accelerator IPs speed up time-to-market and accelerate
revenue growth for our customers.

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11. References
• https://www.techrepublic.com/article/kubernetes-the-smart-persons-guide/

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes

• https://www.infoworld.com/article/3268073/kubernetes/what-is-kubernetes-container-orchestration-explained.html

• https://konghq.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Kubernetes-The-Future-of-Infrastructure.pdf

• https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/12/introducing-kubeflow-composable/

• https://www.kubeflow.org/

• https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252452499/How-Kubernetes-is-becoming-a-platform-for-AI

• https://connect.aricent.com/2018/07/snaps-kubernetes-launch-manage-and-configure-a-cloud-native-platform-

in-minutes/

• https://www.lightreading.com/open-source/openstack/nokia-upgrades-nfvi-for-edge-containers/d/d-id/747627

• https://builders.intel.com/docs/networkbuilders/enabling_new_features_in_kubernetes_for_NFV.pdf

• https://www.fiercetelecom.com/telecom/fd-io-improves-kubernetes-networking-sixth-software-release

• https://www.infoworld.com/article/3265059/kubernetes/12-kubernetes-distributions-leading-the-container-

revolution.html

• https://www.datanami.com/2018/10/10/kubernetes-is-a-prime-catalyst-in-ai-and-big-datas-evolution/

This document is collation of information from different sources with URL references. Calsoft Marketing Team does not own any
content rights in this e-book. If you have any queries, you can mail us on [email protected]

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