Specifications, Building Codes, and Bridge codes.

Designers must look for appropriate Specification and Codes. National and Local government have published building
codes, bridge and highway codes for the safety purposes of the public, which control the construction of different types of
structures within their country. Actually, these codes are laws or ordinances that specify design loads, design stresses,
construction types, material quality among others. Not many specifications published recommended practices for local and
national use. These codes and specifications are not enforceable legally, nevertheless, unless it is embodied in their national
building code, and made integral part of a particular contract of projects. Among these organizations are;

 ASCE -American Society of Civil Engineers



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AASHTO -American Association of State Highway and Transportation official


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AISC -American Institute of Steel Construction
 ACI -American Concrete Institute
 ASEP -Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

The following specifications published by the above-mentioned organizations oftenly are used to estimate the maximum load and
minimum loads to which the bridges, buildings, and other structures may be subjected during their estimated lifetimes.

TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures, published by ASCE 7-2005 edition;
 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, published by AASHTO;
 Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings- 2010, published by AISC;
 Steel Construction Manual, 14 edition, published by AISC;
 National Structural Code of the Philippines, volume 1 -Buildings, volume 2 -Bridges, published by ASEP.
 Readers of this bolgpost should pay attention that reasonable and clearly written codes are really helpful to designers.
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The great pyramid in Egypt, the Parthenon in Athens, and the great Roman bridges and aqueducts built by ANCIENT
BUILDERS were controlled by few specifications, which precisely is true. It should be spoken that only few number of these great
structures were built over many 100 of years or centuries, and were ostensibly built WITHOUT CONSIDERATION or CARE about
COST OF LABOR, MATERIAL, OR HUMAN LIFE. The were built probably by intuitions, and certain RULES OF THUMBS ("SINUBOK

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LAMANG" at KAWALAN O walang RASYONAL na PROSESO -in local dialect), developed by seeing the minimum size or strength of
members that would fail only under certain given conditions. Their NUMEROUS FAILURES are NOT RECORDED in HISTORY, only
their SUCCESSES ENDURED.

For the information and guidance of all readers of this blogpost, notably the ordinary engineers in the Philippines, I would
like to give emphasis to them, that the national government agencies in the Philippines (DPWH, NIA, DOTC, DSWD-Kalahi) had

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adopted the latest international recommended practices and codes, like the ASCE standards, ACI Codes, AREA Code, AISC
standards, ASTM standards. In view of the fact that ENGINEERING EDUCATION in the Philippines is AMERICAN ORIENTED, the ASEP

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committee decided to recommend the adoption of the Earthquake Regulation as provided in the Uniform Building Code.

Hence, the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) published National Structural Code of the Philippines as a
referral code of the National Building Code of the Philippines. The NSCP code reflects the continuing technical advances in
structural engineering and the latest seismic design practice for earthquake resistant structures, viz:

TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

Reinforced concrete design conforms to the provisions of the American Concrete Institute (ACI-318) Code.

Bridges and highways specifications are patterned after the provisions of the AASHTO. 

The ASEP recommended Earthquake Regulations are patterned after the provisions of the  Uniform Building Code (SEAOC)
of the United States of America.

The Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other structures conforms to the provisions of American Society of Civil
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Steel and Iron specifications are patterned after the provisions of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) and
American Standards for Testing of Materials (ASTM).

The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) issued Department Order No.82-1, 1982;

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"For the guidance and compliance of all concerned and pursuant to section 203 of PD 1096, the National Structural Code for
Buildings a referral code of the NBC (PD 1096) to reflect the following;

In Chapter 2, lateral forces, are revised to reflect the provisions of the Uniform Building Code (UBC-SEAOC)

Chapter 4, Steel and Iron, conforms to the provisions of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC).

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Chapter 5, Concrete, conforms to American Concrete Institute -ACI 318 Code with the equations in SI Units."

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2. STRUCTURAL LOADS

Dead Loads: Weight of the structure under consideration, as well as any fixtures that are permanently attached to it.
Live Loads: They include occupancy loads, warehouse materials, construction loads, overhead service cranes, and equipment
loads. They are gravity induced.

TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

Environmental Loads: For Buildings, they are caused by rain, snow, wind, and earthquake.

2.1 Dead Loads

2.1.1 Weights of Common Building Materials
Reinforced Concrete -150 pcf 
Concrete Hollow blocks (no plaster) -44 psf
G.I. roofing -2.5 psf
Suspended Ceiling -2 psf 
Hardwood flooring -4 psf 
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2.2 Live Loads

2.2.1 Typical Uniformly Distributed Live Loads:

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Residential dwelling areas -40 psf
Classrooms in schools -40 psf
Offices in office buildings -50 psf 
Retail stores -first floor -100 psf
Retail stores -upper floor -75 psf
Dance hall and ballrooms -100 psf

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Library reading rooms -60 psf

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2.3. Lateral Loads:
There are certain loads that are almost always applied horizontally.
Wind Loads, soil pressures, hydrostatic pressures, forces due to earthquakes, centrifugal forces, and longitudinal forces.
2.3.1 Wind Loads

A.1 The basic reference equivalent static pressure in the critical local wind speed.

TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

Formula:
QS = 2 ^ 0.0000483V 
Where:
V = wind velocity in KPH
qs = in kPa

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Applicable to Duchemin formula (developed in 1829 by French Army Officer, Col. Duchemin)

1. Duchemin Formula..

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Pn = p (2 sinϴ/1 + sin^2ϴ) -- Wind Pressure normal to an inclined roof surface.

2. ASCE Recommendation..

2.3.2 Earthquakes Loads or Forces E

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TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

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2.3.2.1 Static Lateral Force Procedure

Formulas:

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A. Uniform Building Code

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1988 -1994 UBC Formula for Base Shear

Where:

TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

Z = Seismic Zone Coefficient
I =Importation factor
C =Coefficient depending on the Soil condition and the period of
the structure
Rw =response modification factor which represents the ductility of
the structural system
W =Weight of the structure or seismic dead load
1997 UBC Formula for Base Shear
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ASCE 7-2005 Base Shear, V Formula

Ramela Ramirez TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION Eng

B. ASCE and IBC Code (International Building Code)

3. SYSTEM LOADING

3.1 Tributary Area

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3.2 LOADING CONDITIONS for STRENGTH DESIGN

3.2.1 Load Combinations

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A. ACI 318 Code -1989 up to 1995 U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H ------------------------9-6

U = 1.4D + 1.7L ---------------------------- 9.2.1

U = 0.75 [ 1.4D +1.7 L (+ -) 1.7WL] ------- 9.2.2

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U = 0.9D (+-) 1.3WL

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U = 0.9D (+ -) 1.0E + 1.6H --------------------- 9-7
U = 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.7L (+ -) 1.7 * 1.1E ] ---- 9.2.3
C. ASCE 7-95 and ASCE 7-05 Recommended Load
U = 0.9D (+-) 1.3*1.1E  Combinations for Building Structures and adopted in the ACI
318-2002.

TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

B. ACI 318-2002 Code
LRFD = 1.2D + 1.6L
U = 1.2D + 1.6L ---------------------------------9-2 LRFD = 1.2D + 1.6W + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
LRFD = 1.2D + 1.0E + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.2S
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) --- 9-4 LRFD = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
LRFD = 0.90D + 1.0E +1.6H
U = 1.2D + 1.0E +1.0L + 0.2S ----------------- 9-5
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3.3 PLACING LOADS on the STRUCTURES

3.3.1 Uniformly Distributed Loaded

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TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

3.3.2 Point Loads

Simple Beam with Multiple Point Loads

4. REACTIONS, SHEAR and MOMENT DIAGRAMS

The most important phase in Structural Engineering is the knowledge of Reactions and understanding of Shear and Moment
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diagrams and their formations, and/or the FBD diagram sketches.

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TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

Reaction equation for Simple Beam with Uniform Load
Reaction for Simple Beam with Triangular Load

Simple Beam with Overhang at one support - uniformly distributed load:

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Beam overhanging at one support, Shear and Moment diagram, V, M -Equations

5. TWO and THREE DIMENSIONAL TRUSSES (this subject will not be discussed in this blogpost)

TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

5.1 Types of Trusses

1. Howe Truss (William Howe -patented in 1840, iron truss was introduced in 1844, Jacoby-p10)
2. Warren Truss (Originated in England about 1840)
3. Whipple Truss (Squire Whipple -1847)
4. Fink Truss (introduced by American Albert Fink, Jacoby1 -p170)
5. Pratt Truss -(patented in 1844, Jacoby1-p155)
6. Bollman Truss - (Wendall Bollman-patented in 1851, Jacoby1-p152)

6. LIVE LOADS for HIGHWAY BRIDGES

 AASHTO - Bridges and Specifications, 1944 to 2005 standard and specifications
 NSCP Code -Volume 2 -Bridges.
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7. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

7.1 Classical Method of Analysis:

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These methods are basically of HISTORICAL interest and are almost never used in practice.

1. Method of Consistent distortion or Maxwell-Mohr method,

2. Influence Line method by Heinrich Muller-Breslau,

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3. Three-Moment Theorem,
4. Slope Deflection -Displacement Method of Analysis, 
Slope Deflection method of analysis

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7.2 Modern Method of Analysis

TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

A. Approximate Method:

1. Portal and Cantilever Method -For Earthquake and Wind Forces,

2. ACI Moment Coefficient - For ACI 318-2005-8.9.1,

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TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

ACI Coefficient -Approximate Method

B. EXACT METHOD OF ANALYSIS:

1. - Moment Distribution by Hardy Cross.... Link to my Hardy Cross blogpost

2. - Matrix Method or Advance method -Using Computer software.
 ETABS software
 PCA Beams software
 MS Spreadsheets software
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8. STRESSES Calculations: (NSCP 1.4.2, ACI Code 8.3)

8.1 Bending Moments (Beams, Columns):

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8.2 Shear Forces:

8.3 Axial Forces:

8.4 Torsion Forces

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References:

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1. Structural Analysis by Jack C. McCormac, 1997,
2. Structural Analysis by R. C. Hibbeler-2012,
3. Structural Analysis by Aslam Kassimali -2011,
4. Elementary Structural Analysis by C. H. Norris, J.B. Wilbur, S. Utku, 3rd edition-1976,
5. Design of Concrete Structures by Arthur H. Nilson, 12th edition -1997,

TITLE: NSCP CODE FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

NAME: JERICO R. DE LEON

6. Reinforced Concrete Design by Chu-Kia Wang and Charles G. Salmon, 6th edition -1998,
7. ACI 318-2002, 2008-Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, American Concrete Institute.

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