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Bhavin S. Sedani · Komal R.

Borisagar
Rohit M. Thanki

WiMAX
Modeling:
Techniques and
Applications
WiMAX Modeling: Techniques and Applications
Bhavin S. Sedani • Komal R. Borisagar
Rohit M. Thanki

WiMAX Modeling: Techniques

and Applications
Bhavin S. Sedani Komal R. Borisagar
E. C. Department Mobile Computing and Networking
L. D. Engineering College Technology
Ahmedabad, India Graduate School of Engineering and
Technology
Rohit M. Thanki Gujarat Technological University
Faculty of Technology and Engineering Ahmedabad, India
C. U. Shah University
Wadhwan City, Gujarat, India

ISBN 978-3-030-22459-2 ISBN 978-3-030-22460-8 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22460-8

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

The world without wires is constantly popular and it is developing at a gigantic

speed on account of the most significant element of being exceptionally portable in
nature. Wireless gadgets, for example, cell phones have been accomplishing increas-
ingly more fascination principally on account of their mobility. Despite the fact that
at first, the early telephones were perfect with voice applications just, as an inven-
tive information benefits as far as content have been included and the most recent
errand is toward mixed media administrations, for example, move of recordings and
pictures have exceptionally included into it. The utilization and implementation of
an innovative data services in real life are continuously growing. The most signifi-
cant property of any fast growing wireless communication system is to give the
perpetual progression high information rate, high capacity and less time utilization,
which is turning into the neediest necessity for the future age wireless frameworks.
However the primary obstruction that is experienced by the emerging wireless net-
works is to develop the wireless framework with sufficiently high speed that requires
a high amount of bandwidth and lower Bit Error Rate. The other major occurrences
of wireless communication that makes the problem challenging and fascinating are
fading and interference. To beat the above expressed issues, possibly one has to rely
on the wired system which isn’t anything but difficult to deploy in remote rustic
territories in view of absence of versatility, or needs to build up the wireless system
with adequately requires a high measure of data transfer capacity.
To overcome the above stated problems, either one has to rely on the wired net-
work which is not easy to deploy in remote rural areas because of lack of mobility,
or has to develop the wireless network with sufficiently high speed that requires a
high amount of bandwidth. Mobile broadband wireless access offers an elastic and
gainful solution to these problems. In recent years, the WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access) standard has materialized to harmonies the
wide variety of different BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) technologies. To fulfill
every aspect of the modern wireless communication systems, i.e., higher bit rate,
lower bit error rate, and greater capacity, the most emerging networking standard
WiMAX is the best solution. WiMAX is the most promising wireless network-
ing standard having the unique features of 50 km of coverage range as well as

v
vi Preface

throughput up to 70 Mbps to cope up with the current requirement. Alongside the

higher information rate, the above expressed two significant occurrences of wireless
communication for example fading and interference can be limited by means of the
implementation of antenna diversity schemes in the WiMAX framework as the
WiMAX framework is supporting advanced antenna systems.
Be that as it may, in the present situation, the WiMAX framework has been prac-
tically implemented with the traditional single transmitter-receiver system. For the
real-time transmission of image and speech signals rather than just data with higher
quality and faster data rate, under any kind of environments for example, AWGN,
Rayleigh, or Rician, it is important to refresh the acknowledgment of WiMAX
framework. This is the requirement of antenna diversity schemes at the transmitter
and/or at the receiver side to be implemented in a WiMAX system along with the
Alamouti coding scheme. As a whole to provide endless mobility with ultimate
capacity and reduced bit error rate, the most promising fourth-generation technique
is WiMAX system with the implementation of antenna diversity techniques such as
MIMO technique along with the most sophisticated space-time coding, i.e.,
Alamouti coding for real-time data or image or speech transfer. This book gives
fundamental information about the modeling of WiMAX framework. Also the vari-
ous techniques such as antenna diversity algorithms and Alamouti coding technique
are discussed for WiMAX frame work. The WiMAX modeling utilizing these strat-
egies is as a rule delightfully discussed and presented. The presentation of WiMAX
framework is tested utilizing different sorts of information, for example, speech and
image signal transmission under different kinds of channel environments.

Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Bhavin S. Sedani

Rajkot, Gujarat, India Komal R. Borisagar
Rohit M. Thanki
Acknowledgments

It has been a fun writing this book. My task has been easier, and the final version of
the book is considerably better because of the help we have received. Acknowledging
that help is itself a pleasure. We would extend many thanks to all persons whose
assistance helped achieve the final version of this book. This book is a Ph.D. research
work and extension work of Dr. Bhavin Sedani, submitted to the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal
Tibrewala University (JJTU), Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan in 2012. The authors are
indebted to numerous colleagues for valuable suggestions during the entire period
of the manuscript preparation. We would also like to thank the publishers at Springer,
in particular Mary James, senior publishing editor/CS Springer, for their helpful
guidance and encouragement during the creation of this book.

vii
Contents

1 Introduction to WiMAX System�� 1

1.1 Basic of System Modeling�� 1
1.2 WiMAX System and Various Design Technique of It�� 3
1.3 Limitations of Existing Wireless System�� 6
1.4 Motivation and Important Points Covered in the Book�� 7
1.5 Organization of Book�� 9
References�� 11
2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling�� 13
2.1 Introduction�� 13
2.2 Relationship with Other Wireless Technology�� 15
2.3 WiMAX Standards�� 15
2.4 Technical Overview of WiMAX Standards�� 17
2.4.1 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer�� 17
2.4.2 Physical Layer�� 18
2.5 Important Features of WiMAX Standards�� 19
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling�� 20
2.6.1 WiMAX Transmitter �� 21
2.6.2 WiMAX Channel�� 33
2.6.3 WiMAX Receiver �� 34
2.7 Testing of Traditional WiMAX System Model�� 40
2.7.1 Testing of Model for Channel with SNR = 20 dB�� 41
2.7.2 Testing of Model for Channel with SNR = 27 dB�� 43
2.8 Modeling of Traditional WiMAX System for Transmission
of Real-Time Image�� 44
References�� 51
3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling�� 53
3.1 Introduction�� 53
3.2 Diversity Techniques�� 54

ix
x Contents

3.2.1 Time Diversity�� 55

3.2.2 Frequency Diversity�� 57
3.2.3 Antenna Diversity �� 58
3.3 Various Antenna Diversity Systems�� 58
3.3.1 Single Input Single Output (SISO) System�� 59
3.3.2 Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) System �� 60
3.3.3 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) System �� 61
3.3.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) System�� 64
3.4 Designing of Antenna Diversity Systems with Alamouti
Coding Scheme �� 69
3.4.1 Implementation of SISO Antenna Diversity System�� 70
3.4.2 Implementation of SIMO Antenna Diversity System �� 72
3.4.3 Implementation of MISO Antenna Diversity System
Along with Alamouti Coding�� 72
3.4.4 Implementation of MIMO Antenna Diversity System
Along with Alamouti Coding�� 75
3.4.5 Performance Comparison of Antenna Diversity
Systems �� 77
3.5 Designing of OFDM System�� 77
3.5.1 Basic Concept of OFDM�� 78
3.5.2 Working of OFDM System�� 80
3.5.3 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications
of OFDM System�� 80
3.5.4 Designing of OFDM System�� 81
References�� 84
4 WiMAX System Modeling�� 85
4.1 Modeling of WiMAX System Based on Antenna Diversity
System and OFDM System�� 85
4.1.1 Modeling of WiMAX Transmitter�� 87
4.1.2 Modeling of WiMAX Receiver�� 91
4.2 Designing and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based
on SISO Antenna Diversity System�� 94
4.3 Designing and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based
on SIMO Antenna Diversity System�� 95
4.4 Designing and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based
on MISO Antenna Diversity System�� 96
4.5 Designing and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based
on MIMO Antenna Diversity System �� 97
4.6 Comparison of Performance for WiMAX System Model
Based on All Antenna Diversity Systems �� 98
References�� 98
Contents xi

5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission�� 99

5.1 Basic WiMAX System Model with System Parameters�� 99
5.2 Modeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time Image
Transmission �� 99
5.3 Modeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time
Speech Signal Transmission �� 107
6 Summary of Book and Future Direction in WiMAX System
Modeling �� 113
6.1 Important Points Highlighted in the Book�� 113
6.2 Future Research Direction in WiMAX Modeling�� 114

Index�� 115
List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Basic structure of system modeling�� 2

Fig. 1.2 Evolution of cellular and wireless technologies �� 4
Fig. 1.3 Scenarios of wireless system generation�� 7
Fig. 2.1 WiMAX scenario�� 14
Fig. 2.2 Relationship of WiMAX with other wireless technologies�� 16
Fig. 2.3 Comparison of various wireless technologies�� 16
Fig. 2.4 Basic architecture of WiMAX system�� 21
Fig. 2.5 Traditional WiMAX system model�� 22
Fig. 2.6 WiMAX transmitter�� 22
Fig. 2.7 Input data and MAC layer standards�� 23
Fig. 2.8 Initialization of PN sequence�� 24
Fig. 2.9 PN sequence initialization in WiMAX modeling �� 24
Fig. 2.10 Simulation model for RS encoder�� 26
Fig. 2.11 Simulation model for convolution coder�� 26
Fig. 2.12 Simulation model for Quadrature Amplitude Modulator (QAM)�� 27
Fig. 2.13 (a) 2-QAM, (b) 4-QAM, (c) 16-QAM constellation maps�� 29
Fig. 2.14 Simulation model for generation of OFDM symbols �� 30
Fig. 2.15 Formation of OFDM symbols�� 30
Fig. 2.16 Rearranged OFDM burst structure�� 31
Fig. 2.17 OFDM symbol structure with shuffled guard interval�� 31
Fig. 2.18 OFDM symbol with rearranged guard band �� 32
Fig. 2.19 Cyclic prefix�� 32
Fig. 2.20 Simulation model for WiMAX channel�� 33
Fig. 2.21 WiMAX channel parameters�� 34
Fig. 2.22 Block diagram of WiMAX receiver�� 34
Fig. 2.23 Simulation model for OFDM demodulator�� 35
Fig. 2.24 Simulation model for QAM demodulator�� 36
Fig. 2.25 Simulation model for Viterbi decoder�� 37
Fig. 2.26 Simulation model for RS decoder�� 38
Fig. 2.27 Simulation model for de-randomizer�� 39

xiii
xiv List of Figures

Fig. 2.28 Simulation model for output data �� 39

Fig. 2.29 Simulation model for BER calculator�� 40
Fig. 2.30 Simulated model for traditional WiMAX system �� 40
Fig. 2.31 Input QAM symbols of WiMAX system for channel
with SNR = 20 dB�� 42
Fig. 2.32 Output QAM symbols of WiMAX system for channel with
SNR = 20 dB�� 42
Fig. 2.33 BER calculation of WiMAX system for channel
with SNR = 20 dB�� 42
Fig. 2.34 Input QAM symbols of WiMAX system for channel
with SNR = 27 dB�� 43
Fig. 2.35 Output QAM symbols of WiMAX system for channel with
SNR = 27 dB�� 44
Fig. 2.36 BER calculation of WiMAX system for channel
with SNR = 27 dB�� 44
Fig. 2.37 WiMAX system model for real-time image transmission�� 45
Fig. 2.38 Input image of WiMAX system model for real-time image
transmission�� 46
Fig. 2.39 Input QAM symbols for testing of WiMAX system�� 46
Fig. 2.40 Input image data with MAC layer standards for
WiMAX system�� 47
Fig. 2.41 Input image viewer�� 47
Fig. 2.42 Output data for WiMAX system for real-time image
transmission�� 48
Fig. 2.43 Output image viewer�� 49
Fig. 2.44 Simulation model for traditional WiMAX system for real-time
image transmission�� 49
Fig. 2.45 Output QAM symbols of WiMAX system model for real-time
image transmission�� 50
Fig. 2.46 Output image of WiMAX system model for real-time image
transmission�� 50
Fig. 2.47 BER calculation of WiMAX system model for real-time
image transmission�� 50
Fig. 3.1 Mechanism for wave propagation�� 54
Fig. 3.2 Multipath components of wave propagation�� 54
Fig. 3.3 An example of time diversity�� 56
Fig. 3.4 Antenna diversity systems (a) SIMO, (b) MISO, (c) MIMO �� 58
Fig. 3.5 Single Input Single Output (SISO) antenna system�� 59
Fig. 3.6 Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) antenna system�� 60
Fig. 3.7 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) antenna system�� 61
Fig. 3.8 Mathematical model of MISO System �� 62
Fig. 3.9 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna system�� 64
Fig. 3.10 Matrix A MIMO system�� 65
Fig. 3.11 Matrix B MIMO System �� 66
List of Figures xv

Fig. 3.12 Mathematical model for MIMO system �� 66

Fig. 3.13 Generalized designing flowchart for antenna diversity
system �� 70
Fig. 3.14 Designing algorithm for SISO antenna diversity system�� 71
Fig. 3.15 BER vs. SNR for SISO antenna diversity system�� 72
Fig. 3.16 Designing algorithm for SIMO antenna diversity system�� 73
Fig. 3.17 BER vs. SNR for SIMO antenna diversity system �� 73
Fig. 3.18 Designing algorithm for MISO antenna diversity system with
Alamouti coding�� 74
Fig. 3.19 BER vs. SNR for MISO antenna diversity system with
Alamouti coding�� 75
Fig. 3.20 Designing algorithm for MIMO antenna diversity system
with Alamouti coding�� 76
Fig. 3.21 BER vs. SNR for MIMO antenna diversity system with
Alamouti coding�� 77
Fig. 3.22 Performance comparison of antenna diversity systems (a)
between SISO and SIMO, (b) between SISO and MISO, (c)
between SISO and MIMO, (d) all diversity systems�� 78
Fig. 3.23 Bandwidth saving in OFDM system�� 79
Fig. 3.24 Basic model for OFDM system�� 80
Fig. 3.25 Implementation steps for OFDM system�� 82
Fig. 3.26 Simulation results for OFDM system with (a) data symbol per
frame = 64 and (b) data symbol per frame = 32 �� 83
Fig. 4.1 Algorithm for WiMAX system model. (a) For WiMAX
transmitter. (b) For WiMAX receiver �� 86
Fig. 4.2 Initialization for modeling of WiMAX system�� 93
Fig. 4.3 Initialization of WiMAX system model based on SISO
antenna diversity system �� 94
Fig. 4.4 BER vs. SER curve of WiMAX system model based on SISO
antenna diversity system �� 94
Fig. 4.5 Initialization of WiMAX system model based on SIMO antenna
diversity system�� 95
Fig. 4.6 BER vs. SER curve of WiMAX system model based on SIMO
antenna diversity system �� 95
Fig. 4.7 Initialization of WiMAX system model based on MISO antenna
diversity system�� 96
Fig. 4.8 BER vs. SER curve of WiMAX system model based on MISO
antenna diversity system �� 96
Fig. 4.9 Initialization of WiMAX system model based on MIMO antenna
diversity system�� 97
Fig. 4.10 BER vs. SER curve of WiMAX system model based on MIMO
antenna diversity system �� 97
Fig. 4.11 Comparative comparison of performance for WiMAX system
model based on all antenna diversity systems�� 98
xvi List of Figures

Fig. 5.1 Test input image�� 102

Fig. 5.2 Test speech signal �� 102
Fig. 5.3 QAM symbols for testing of performance of designed
WiMAX system model �� 103
Fig. 5.4 Modeling of WiMAX-MIMO system for transmission
of digital image �� 104
Fig. 5.5 Model for Alamouti encoder�� 104
Fig. 5.6 Basic structure of OFDM transmitters�� 105
Fig. 5.7 Basic structure of AWGN channel�� 106
Fig. 5.8 Basic structure of OFDM receivers�� 107
Fig. 5.9 Alamouti decoder for WiMAX-MIMO system�� 108
Fig. 5.10 Deframing for WiMAX-MIMO system�� 109
Fig. 5.11 Simulated WiMAX-MIMO system for transmission of
real-time image �� 109
Fig. 5.12 Output QAM symbols for transmission of real-time image �� 110
Fig. 5.13 Received image �� 110
Fig. 5.14 BER calculator for transmission of real-time image�� 110
Fig. 5.15 Simulated WiMAX-MIMO system for real-time speech
signal transmission�� 111
Fig. 5.16 Output QAM symbols for transmission of real-time
speech signal �� 111
Fig. 5.17 Original and received speech signal�� 112
Fig. 5.18 BER calculator for transmission of real-time speech signal�� 112
List of Tables

Table 2.1 WiMAX standards�� 17

Table 2.2 MAC layer header fields �� 18
Table 2.3 Puncturing vectors for different rates�� 27
Table 2.4 Parameters for testing of traditional WiMAX system model�� 41
Table 3.1 Simulation results of SISO antenna system�� 71
Table 3.2 Simulation results of SIMO antenna system�� 73
Table 3.3 Simulation results of MISO antenna diversity system with
Alamouti coding�� 74
Table 3.4 Simulation results of MIMO antenna diversity system with
Alamouti coding�� 76
Table 4.1 Default modeling parameters for various modulation schemes�� 90
Table 4.2 Default parameters for modeling of WiMAX system�� 93
Table 5.1 Parameters for WiMAX system model �� 100

xvii
About the Authors

Bhavin S. Sedani is working as a professor in Electronics and Communication

Department at L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India. He has teaching
experience of 16 years. He has presented more than 46 research papers in various
international and national conferences. His 21 research papers are published in vari-
ous international journals and IEEE Xplore. He has achieved best paper presenta-
tion awards seven times for his research articles. He is awarded pedagogical award
for continuing efforts toward teaching-learning methodology, research, and innova-
tion in 2017 by Gujarat Technological University and Young Researcher Award in
2018 by Integrated Intelligent Research, ISTE Professional Center, Anna University
Campus, Chennai—India. He has filed Indian patent with title Brain Machine
Technology based Wireless Blazing of Traditional Indian Wick Lamp. His area of
research is wireless communication and speech processing.

Komal R. Borisagar is working as an Associate Professor in Electronics and

Communication Department at Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science, Rajkot,
India. She has teaching experience of 16 years. She has published 3 books, 3 book
chapters, and more than 50 research papers to her credit in referred and indexed
journals, conferences at international and in IEEE digital library. She has achieved
best paper award five times for her research articles and presentation. Her areas of
interest are wireless communication, speech processing, signal and system, and
image processing.

Rohit M. Thanki received his Ph.D. in Electronics and Communication

Engineering from C. U. Shah University, M.E. in Communication Engineering from
G. H. Patel College of Engineering and Technology, and B.E. in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science,
India. He has more than 3 years of experience in academic and research. He has
published 9 books with Springer and 1 book with CRC press. He has published 13
book chapters in edited books which are published by Elsevier, Springer, CRC
Press, and IGI Global. He has also published 19 research articles; out of these, four
articles in SCI-indexed journal and 18 articles in Scopus indexed journal. He is a

xix
xx About the Authors

reviewer of renowned journals such as IEEE Access, IEEE Consumer Electronics

Magazine, IET Image Processing, IET Biometrics, Soft Computing, Imaging
Science Journal, Signal Processing: Image Communication, and Computers and
Electrical Engineering. His current research interests include Image Processing,
Multimedia Security, Digital Watermarking, Artificial Intelligence, Medical Image
Analysis, Biometrics and Compressive Sensing.
Chapter 1
Introduction to WiMAX System

The accomplished development in the utilization of advanced systems has prompted

the requirement for the plan of new correspondence systems with higher capacity
and data rates. The main inspiration has been the requirement of more bandwidth
with lower latency in the operations. While throughput is the actual rate of data
transfer, latency depends mostly on the processing speed of each node data streams
go over through. While developing the new mobile technology, along with
throughput-related performance enhancements, some similar parameters, like jitter,
connectivity, scalability, interchannel interference, energy-efficiency, and compati-
bility with heritage networks, are also taken into consideration. The gigantic take-up
rate of cell phone advancements, WLANs, and the exponential development that is
encountering the utilization of the web has brought about an expanded interest for
new techniques to acquire high limit remote systems. If too little detail is included
in the model, one takes the risk of missing relevant exchanges and the resultant
model does not provide up to the mark sympathetic.

1.1 Basic of System Modeling

This part portrays the exceptionally fundamental data of wireless system modeling
which has been utilized for real data applications. A model is a disentangled show
of the genuine framework planned for comprehension. Regardless of whether a
model is a decent model or not relies upon the dimension to which it encourages the
comprehension of the fundamental idea. Since all models are rearrangements of the
real world, there is dependably an exchange off about what dimension of stuff is
incorporated into the model. Simulation model should be reasonable fit for the
understanding of the concepts which designer wants to demonstrate. Model should
have sufficient number of concept blocks as well it should be self explanatory to
justify flow of the process.

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1

B. S. Sedani et al., WiMAX Modeling: Techniques and Applications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22460-8_1
2 1 Introduction to WiMAX System

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Figure 1.1 demonstrates the proportionality between the real-time system and its
prototype model displaying. Here it can be seen that by building up the model of a
particular system, the virtual reality be accomplished. Fundamentally, the model is
comparable to a virtual framework that is considered as a genuine element. For a
continuous framework, the conduct can be determined by performing constant tests
over it and its result can be seen as its reaction to specific information. Presently for
any rising innovation which has been made sense of still on paper, the ongoing
experimentation is absurd in the underlying phase of structuring. For that issue, the
displaying would be the most appropriate model to investigate its conduct to a great-
est degree. By developing the model of a system and performing simulation of it is
more or less analogous to the experimentation performed in a real time system. In
the event that the model satisfies every single imaginable detail, if the determined
reproduction results surmised towards the test consequences of a framework then
the model is said to have unsurpassed legitimacy and its yield results are viewed as
practically same to that of the constant framework.
A simulation is the utilization of a model in such a means that it operates on time
or space to compress it, thus facilitating one to make out the interactions that would
not otherwise be clear because of their separation in time or space. It typically refers
1.2 WiMAX System and Various Design Technique of It 3

to a computerized translation of the model that is run over time to grasp the implica-
tions of the outlined interactions. Simulations are typically unvarying in their style.
Here model is prepared and simulated to showcase given concept. Simulated model
has been prepared conceptual block wise. Each block performs iterations as per
requirement and pass over data in proper matrix to next block and all together stipu-
late output is generated. Simulation model gives actual idea of the real background
and in that scenario how system may affect output that can be predicted virtually in
the model.
Modeling and simulation are a method for developing grade of understanding of
the interface of the elements of a system as well input output relationship shows
performance of the system as a whole. The dimension of understanding which
might be created by means of this procedure is only from time to time feasible
through some other procedure. It is the utilization of models, including emulators,
prototypes, simulators, and stimulators to develop data as a basis for making super-
visory or technical decisions. The utilization of modeling and simulation inside
engineering is all around perceived. Simulation technology belongs to the toolset of
engineers of all application domains and has been incorporated into the body of data
of engineering management. Modeling and simulation give complete idea regarding
effect of present environment through which signal is going to pass. Moreover, it
also gives detail idea of utilized frame work for all testing without implementing it
in the hardware form [1].

1.2 WiMAX System and Various Design Technique of It

WiMAX might be viewed as the most developing remote systems administration

standard endorsed by IEEE for understanding the improved portable framework
situation as the union of cell communication, registering, Internet get to, and pos-
sibly numerous media applications becomes a genuine certainty. WiMAX is an
IEEE 802.16 standard-based innovation in charge of carrying the broadband wire-
less access to the world as an option in contrast to wired broadband. It gives a proper
answer for certain provincial access zones that are today kept from approaching
wide band web as a result of cost thought.
Figure 1.2 demonstrates the WiMAX standard as an intermingling of two current
wireless and cellular systems. At the end of the day, WiMAX fills the hole between
the two rising patterns of things to come age. In a fixed wireless communication,
WiMAX can replace the telephone company’s copper wire networks, the cable TV’s
coaxial cable infrastructure while offering Internet Service Provider services. The
WiMAX standard 802.16e gives fixed, traveling, convenient and versatile wireless
broadband availability without the requirement for direct viewable pathway with
the base station. Thus, WiMAX system which is becoming the perfect solution to
meet the current demands of the future wireless networks thereby provides the
tough competition to the existing 3G standards [2]. The diversity techniques and
space-time coding (STC) are utilized to display the WiMAX framework.
4 1 Introduction to WiMAX System

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Fig. 1.2 Evolution of cellular and wireless technologies

Diversity is a ground-breaking correspondence transmitter-recipient system that

gives wireless link improvement at a generally minimal effort. It exploits the
irregular nature of radio spread by discovering independent signal path for corre-
spondence. While managing the multi-way condition, the individual signal landing
at the receiver faces free or profoundly uncorrelated fading. Today’s reality, the
principle objective of any wireless technology is to achieve highest system capacity
with lower bit error rate which is unimaginable with a solitary transmitter and single
getting reception apparatus since it cannot beat the impacts of fading. On the off
chance that one radio way experiences a profound fading, another path may have a
solid signal.
This development of independent fading in varied ways is exploited as a bonus
to attain improved performance in wireless communication only if out of multiple
paths; a minimum of one path is obtained with minimum distortion and maximum
signal strength. This development leads towards the conception of diversity which
can noticeably improve the performance over fading channels.
In a channel with multiple transmit or receive antennas spaced sufficiently so
much enough; diversity may be obtained over area referred to as antenna diversity.
Two sorts of space diversity can be acquired to improve the limit of the frame-
work. Transmit diversity in which multiple transmit antennae are used for the signal
transmission which in term results in Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) diver-
sity (n × 1 system). While receive Diversity in which multiple receive antennae are
used for the signal reception which in term results in Single Input Multiple Output
(1 × n system). By utilizing various reception apparatuses at the two sides, the
advantages of both the previously mentioned strategies can be experienced. This
strategy is known as MIMO innovation.
1.2 WiMAX System and Various Design Technique of It 5

In MIMO, by spatially allotting increasingly a greater number of antennas with

adequate separation, the most extreme throughput can be acquired with least error
rate. On the off chance that indistinguishable information will be transmitted
through every one of the antennas, then at least one robust path may be recognized
through which data would be received with the lowest errors and that is how the
diversity gain can be achieved. Through this implementation of MIMO, the BER
can be improved. To improve spatial limit regarding improved multiplexing gain,
multiple antennas will have to pass various no. of data through spatial multiplexing
process which is another encouraging element of the MIMO method.
Space-Time Coding (STC) is associate degree economical approach to use the
diversity offered by the Multiple Input Single Output and Multiple Input Multiple
Output. It is used to obtain gains due to spatial diversity via multiple transmit and
receive antennas. Moreover, diversity gains proportional to the quantity of antennas
at each transmit and receive side are often achieved. One well-liked illustration of
these codes is the Alamouti scheme for two transmit antennas.
It has been as of now examined that the MIMO framework improves the perfor-
mance of the system definitely by taking the benefit of antenna diversity techniques
in the wireless communication system with a multipath situation. By transmitting
the signal through numerous transmitter antennas which are set at a practically iden-
tical separation, the same signal can go in an alternate way and reach towards the
receiver with the autonomous measure of fading relying upon the channel condi-
tions that it has experienced. So out of two, one way may have offered less fading to
information and it can be received with comparatively better accuracy which is what
the unique feature of transmitter diversity. In any case, the upside of this component
can be increased except if and until the antennas are put adequately far separated so
that there would be no interference among the same information transmitted by
multiple antennas. Presently, this factor puts the constraint on the limit of the frame-
work. Because of some base separation necessity between two successive antennas,
no. of antennas cannot be expanded beyond some limit and thus the diversity gain
would be limited to that degree as it were. Here what the idea of Alamouti coding
comes into the image.
In the execution of Alamouti coding with transmitter diversity, before transmis-
sion of same data through different multiple antennas, they get coded by taking their
complex conjugates and afterward get transmitted. So now in the event that the
partition between antennas is getting brought down, at that point additionally data
cannot be interfered as a result of the coding and this is the manner by which diver-
sity gain can be increased thereby anticipating much-improved execution. In this
way, Alamouti coding technique with transmit diversity provides massive time and
space diversity to the wireless communication system.
As the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the essential
technology utilized in the WiMAX frameworks in the physical layer, it is basic to
understand the nuts and bolts of this innovation and how it empowers high data rates
to be supported in a wireless domain with NLOS task. All things considered, trans-
mission conditions, multipath spread, and echoes from objects lead to arrive at the
6 1 Introduction to WiMAX System

receiver in a time delayed fashion. These signals endure frequency selective fading
because of the multi-path propagation impacts. At the point when a carrier is uti-
lized to convey high information rates, which introduces enough delay and causes
inter-symbol interferences by spreading symbols. Now in the situation of a single
carrier modulation, this sort of engendering limits the information rates that can be
utilized in Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) situations. The technique of OFDM depends
on the utilization of a large number of carrier’s symbols spread in predefined band-
width, with every carrier being modulated by a proportionately lower information
rate than would be the situation with the single carrier transmission scenario. OFDM
system hypothetically saves the bandwidth about 50% and gives a vigorous trans-
mission strategy for NLOS situations.

1.3 Limitations of Existing Wireless System

There are two key wonders of wireless communication system that makes the issue
challenging and intriguing. First is the phenomenon of fading: the varieties in the
phase as well as time variation of the channel strengths due to the small-scale effect
of multipath fading, as well as larger scale effects such as path loss via distance
attenuation, shadowing, refraction or reflections by obstacles. Second, not at all like
in the wired communication where every transmitter-recipient pair can frequently
be recognized as an isolated point-to-point interface, wireless clients impart over
the air range and there is interference between them in wireless communication.
The interference can be between transmitters speaking with the single receiver,
between sign from a single transmitter to multiple receivers or between various
transmitter-receiver sets [3].
The WiMAX systems structure a significant piece of the wireless rollout of the
future generation systems. They additionally give a substitution to major wired
extensions of broadcast services, broadcast content feeder networks, and news-
gathering networks accessible today by improving them with the new broadband
highlights. Thusly, the WiMAX might be viewed as the last mile solution furnishing
extremely high information rate alongside huge inclusion zone.
These days, different wireless administrators are currently looking for WiMAX
innovation as the filling span between the current cellular framework and the future
interest of high-speed communication with lower bit error rate. In general, WiMAX
is arranged with the customary method for single transmitter and receiver antenna;
however, it cannot actually frame the state of 4G technology. Now is the point at
which the capability of WiMAX to grow an entirely new age of utilizations is at its
prime. As talked about in the starting situation of the WiMAX framework, the most
extreme research work is done in Single Input Single Output WiMAX system physi-
cal layer model and maximum data throughput received accordingly. However, in the
present situation, during the period of real-time voice or image transmission through
1.4 Motivation and Important Points Covered in the Book 7

WiMAX framework, the accessible bit error rate and signal to noise ratio and conse-
quently the capacity of system are serious limitations for the implementation. So, in
the 4G transmission system, link reliability and maximum data throughput are the
need for transmitting the real-time voice as well as the image information at high
speed. Implementation of various antenna diversity techniques along with OFDM
technique is one of the promising solutions for this. So, it is very important to design
WiMAX system available for real-time data transmission (such as image and speech)
to achieve the lower bit error rates, higher signal to noise ratio, and higher system
capacity.

1.4 Motivation and Important Points Covered in the Book

These days, life does not appear to be doable without wireless systems in either
structure. Wireless technologies will not be limited only for the mobile communica-
tion system but it will cover almost all the sectors such as various industries, semi-
conductor vendors, various manufacturing firms and many more. Next generation,
technologies will reach not only for cell phones but also it will reach to almost all
industries which are connected with wireless transmission. Huge demand for wire-
less based services such as to carry video and other rich content services and IoT
(internet of things) based services are the major push towards the race to next gen-
eration technology. To fulfill these major objectives, next generation technology
will provide large broadband speed, ultrareliable connectivity, and ultralow latency
for minimum delay in the communication. Wireless is becoming the leader in com-
munication choices among users as justified from Fig. 1.3 which depicts the growth
of wireless communication on the scale of time in terms of generations. It is not
anymore, a backup solution for nomadic travelers but really a mind-set normally

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8 1 Introduction to WiMAX System

used everywhere even when the wired communications are possible. Wireless
access has been accessible to us for a long time now. It’s most obvious indication
that it is in the form of remote LANs and the Wi-Fi hotspots. Usage of Wi-Fi and
wireless LANS are with PCs, PDAs and different gadgets in the various premises in
certain distance.
The clients can peruse the web; make VoIP calls utilizing programming, for
example, Skype, get to mail, or transfer pictures and recordings from computerized
cameras. They can likewise watch the video by gushing from any of the video
sources or downloading video files. The guarantee for broadband portable
administrations keeps on developing. Normally, rapid broadband arrangements
depend on wired-get to advances, for example, computerized endorser line (DSL).
This kind of arrangement is not anything but difficult to send in remote rustic
regions, and besides, it needs support for terminal versatility. Likewise, the continu-
ous advancement in the utilization of remote systems has prompted the prerequisite
for the structure of new present-day correspondence systems with higher limit and
lower mistake rate. The media transmission industry is likewise updating, with a
necessity for a more prominent scope of administrations, for example, video gather-
ings, or applications with sight and sound substance. The expanded reliance on PC
organizing and the internetwork has brought about a bigger interest for associations
with be distributed whenever, prompting an expansion in the prerequisites for more
noteworthy limit and extremely dependable broadband wireless communication
systems.
Presently in the cutting edge for wireless communication, portable terminals will
face mass information administration. Along these lines, the signal procedure in the
portable terminal is expected to economize power, while high spectrum efficiency
and network reliability should be ensured in the meantime. For this issue, new
advancements with high throughput with less requirement on bandwidth have been
planned. In actuality, the prerequisites on bandwidth and spectrum availability are
unending.
Thus, the different firms associated with the area of wireless communication
faces troubles to satisfy the necessity of transfer speed for effective and exact trans-
mission and reception. Additionally, the issues of time-varying nature of channels,
for example, fading and multipath, put the confinement on the performance of high
information rate with good quality of service. The demands for greater capacity,
high reliability as well as accuracy are the prime imperatives for the anticipated ages
of the wireless systems, for example, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and so on.
The book displayed a presentation examination of the latest wireless system
innovations, for example, WiMAX alongside its physical layer working which
depends on the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique.
In spite of being an almost 50-year-old idea, it is just in the most recent decade that
OFDM turns into the decision of the modem in wireless applications. One of the
biggest advantages of an OFDM is the capacity to change over dispersive broad-
band channels into parallel narrowband sub-channels, in this manner essentially
simplifying equalization at the receiving end. The fundamental OFDM method
1.5 Organization of Book 9

alongside MIMO implementation is utilized to build the system capacity by lessen-

ing the impacts of ISI.
First of all, the simulation and performance analysis of OFDM technique is pre-
sented for the physical layer functioning of WiMAX system in this book. Then after
the modeling of physical layer, single antenna WiMAX system is presented and
simulation results are displayed mainly in terms of input data, coding techniques as
per IEEE 802.16 standards, digital modulation techniques, OFDM technique, and
channel SNR and bit error rate.
After modeling of WiMAX system along the physical layer for the OFDM
technique, the simulation and performance analysis of various diversity tech-
niques for WiMAX system is presented in this book. Transmit diversity is one the
best scheme to improve system capacity and reduce BER. The space time coding,
i.e. Alamouti coding can be utilized to implement that and for performance
improvement. Also, critical comparative analysis of traditional single antenna
system and multiple antenna systems for real-time modeling of WiMAX system
are presented in this book. Finally, to enhance the BER and the capacity of the
WiMAX framing, the different transmitter and receiver diversity techniques are
presented in WiMAX model with the Alamouti coding method. The software
implementation of the WiMAX model for real-time transmission of image and
speech signals is also presented in this book. The important points covered in this
book are listed below:
• Provide information about various designing techniques for WiMAX system
modeling as per 4G standard requirements.
• Provide a complete WiMAX system model according to the IEEE 802.16
standards.
• Provide analysis of different features of antenna diversity techniques in wireless
communication to overcome limitations due to multipath fading.
• Provide a simulated WiMAX system using transmitter and receiver diversity
techniques along with Alamouti coding scheme for the improvement of bit error
rate, thereby rising system reliability.
• Provide virtual reality of WiMAX system by modeling the IEEE 802.16 standard
for transmission of real-time data such as digital images and speech signals.

1.5 Organization of Book

The present section talks about the fundamental comprehension of modeling and
simulation of system alongside a review of WiMAX framework using antenna
diversity techniques and Alamouti coding method. The remaining chapters talk
about the modeling and simulation of WiMAX framework dependent on IEEE
802.16 standard and software implementation of various antenna diversity tech-
niques in it.
10 1 Introduction to WiMAX System

Chapter 2 incorporates the total hypothetical investigation of the WiMAX frame-

work along with Wi-Fi and cellular system. The distinctive WiMAX guidelines
alongside the highlights have been talked about. At the last phase of this section, the
conventional model of WiMAX framework has been actualized by the IEEE
802.16-2004 standard as a centerpiece of this part in which the impact of time
diversity can be seen by simulating the model with and without the effect of FEC
coder. Besides, the impact of frequency diversity can be examined by changing the
cyclic prefix of OFDM sub-block of the WiMAX framework. As the most signifi-
cant comment, it very well may be found from the modeling of traditional WiMAX
framework that the performance of WiMAX system in terms of BER is absolutely
reliant on channel SNR and it is unrealistic to build the SNR beyond certain break-
ing point to improve the performance of system. This impediment defeats by plan-
ning model exhibited in Sect. 1.3.
Section 1.3 presents execution of different antenna diversity techniques and
OFDM for WiMAX framework model. The principle confinement of WiMAX
found from second section that its performance is limited to channel SNR range.
This impediment has been overwhelmed with the implementation of space diver-
sity. The utilization of multiple antennas at the transmitter as well as at the recipient
in a communication connection opens another measurement in reliable wireless
communications, improving the performance of the framework generously. This
section incorporates the MATLAB algorithms and simulations of various antenna
diversity strategies. Based on the number of transmitting and receiving antennas
used in the wireless system Alamouti coding can be modified and implemented in
effective way. Additionally, the impact of changing modulation order over system
BER has been observed. Finally, the analysis of OFDM, which is the base of physi-
cal layer, has been carried out.
Section 1.4 manages the designing and simulation of quality-based WiMAX
framework alongside the impact of time, frequency, and space diversity strategies.
In this part, the SNR bound impediment of traditional WiMAX framework has been
overwhelmed by the execution of antenna diversity algorithms. In general, this sec-
tion assesses the different impacts of various diversity techniques and their param-
eters over BER of WiMAX framework so as to obtain the optimum values of the
same for the real-time implementation of WiMAX system.
Chapter 5 includes the entire WiMAX framework by-passing real-time image
and speech signals along with the implementation of various diversity techniques
like time, frequency, and space. The creative touch to the total model has been given
by-passing real-time image and speech signals through it. In the following back to
back stages, the impact of antenna diversity techniques with/without Alamouti cod-
ing over system BER has been observed with again real-time image and speech
transmission. All in all, towards the finish of this section, the total WiMAX frame-
work demonstration can be gotten with the most efficient methodology with least
error rate. At last, the concluding summary of book and future research heading are
discussed in Chap. 6.
References 11

References

1. Petrone, G., & Cammarata, G. (2008). Recent advances in modelling and simulation. Vienna:
I-Tech Education and Publishing.
2. Yarali, A., Mbula, B., & Tumula, A. (2007, March). WiMAX: A key to bridging the digital
divide. In Proceedings 2007 IEEE SoutheastCon (pp. 159–164). IEEE.
3. Tse, D., & Viswanath, P. (2005). Fundamentals of wireless communication. Cambridge:
Cambridge university press.
Chapter 2
WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

2.1 Introduction

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is the very projected

innovation that means to give business and consumer wireless administrations in
type of Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). The mobile WiMAX is a brilliant cre-
ation which is satisfying the most recent interest. Through its high coverage and
information rate qualities, it satisfies total system design in this manner giving an
adaptable and cheap solution for the last mile. The interoperability is an extremely
critical issue, on which gear cost and volume of sales will be based. Administrators
won’t be bound to a sole hardware provider, as the radio base stations will probably
interact with terminals created by various providers. From the perspective of
expense and exactness, the clients must get the advantage of the provider’s competi-
tion. WiMAX might be viewed as advanced fourth generation (4G) of mobile sys-
tem as the convergence of cellular communication, Internet access, and possibly
numerous interactive media applications becomes a genuine certainty [1].
WiMAX’s ascribes open the innovation to a wide variety of utilizations. With its
enormous range and high transmission rate, WiMAX can fill in as a spine for 802.11
hotspots for connecting to the Internet. Then again, clients can interface mobile
devices, for example, PCs and handsets straightforwardly to WiMAX base stations
without utilizing 802.11 which can be all around seen from Fig. 2.1. Designers ven-
ture this setup for the WiMAX portable form, which will give clients broadband
availability over large coverage areas compared with 802.11 hotspots’ moderate
coverage. Mobile devices associated legitimately to WiMAX base stations likely
will accomplish a range of 5–6 miles and the technology can also provide fast and
cheap broadband access to markets that lack infrastructures (fiber optics or copper
wire), such as rural areas and unwired countries.
Currently, several companies offer proprietary solutions for wireless broadband
access, many of which are expensive because they use chipsets from adjacent tech-
nologies, such as 802.11. Manufacturers of these solutions use the physical layer

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 13

B. S. Sedani et al., WiMAX Modeling: Techniques and Applications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22460-8_2
14 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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and bypass the medium access control layer by designing a new one. Unlike these
proprietary solutions, WiMAX’s standardized approach offers economies of scale
to vendors of wireless broadband products, significantly reducing costs and making
the technology more accessible. Many companies that were offering proprietary
solutions, however, have participated in the WiMAX forum and now offer WiMAX-
based solutions. WiMAX can be used in disaster recovery scenes where the wired
networks have broken down. Similarly, WiMAX can be used as backup links for
broken wired links. Additionally, WiMAX will represent a serious competitor to 3G
cellular systems as high-speed mobile data applications will be achieved with the
802.16e specification [2]. The main operators have concentrated their interests and
efforts on the future applications of this new technology. The WiMAX forum cre-
ated in April 2002 is a no-profit organization that groups companies promoting the
broadband access based on the wireless communication standard, point to multi-
point IEEE 802.16 for Metropolitan Area Network. WiMAX forum activities aim to:
• Support the standardization process of IEEE 802.16 for MAN
• Select and promote some of the WiMAX profiles defined in the 802.16
• Certificate the interoperability between WiMAX equipment of different
suppliers
• Make WiMAX a universally accepted technology
Several corporations that were providing proprietary solutions, however, have
participated within the WiMAX forum and currently supply WiMAX based mostly
solutions. WiMAX are often employed in disaster recovery scenes wherever the
wired networks have counteracted. Similarly, WiMAX are often used as backup
links for broken wired links. The WiMAX forum created in Apr 2002, could be a
no-profit organization that teams corporations promoting the broadband access
2.3 WiMAX Standards 15

supported the wireless communication normal, purpose to multipoint IEEE 802.16

for Metropolitan space Network. WiMAX forum activities aim to:
• Hold up the standardization of IEEE 802.16 for MAN
• Support a number of the WiMAX framework outlined within the 802.16
• Design WiMAX technology in such a way that it can be accepted universally [2]

2.2 Relationship with Other Wireless Technology

Wireless access to information systems is relied upon to be a territory of quick

development for versatile communication frameworks. The immense take-up rate of
cell phone advances, WLANs, and the exponential development that is encounter-
ing the utilization of the web has brought about an expanded interest for new tech-
niques to get high capacity wireless systems. WiMAX is expected to have an
explosive growth, as well as the Wi-Fi, but compared with the Wi-Fi, WiMAX pro-
vides broadband connections in greater areas, measured in square kilometers, even
with links not in LOS. Hence WiMAX is a MAN, featuring that “metropolitan” is
alluded to the expansion of the territories and not to the density of populace. Be that
as it may, Wi-Fi and WiMAX are not competing for technologies. While WiMAX
can give high limit web access to homes and business seats, Wi-Fi permits the
expansion of such associations inside the corporate site’s buildings [3].
Figure 2.2 set out the relative stage among three present-day wireless innova-
tions for example, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and 3G cell communication. Regardless, both
WLAN and cellular applications are extended to offer the requested wireless access.
In any case, they experience a few troubles for achieving total versatile broadband
access, limited by factors, for example, transmission capacity, coverage area, and
foundation costs.
As appeared following Fig. 2.3, Wi-Fi gives a high data rate, however just on a
short scope of separations and with a slow movement of client. Then again, cellular
system offers high ranges and vehicular versatility; however rather, it gives lower
data rates and requires high speculations for deployment. WiMAX attempts to
adjust this circumstance which is pictorially portrayed in Fig. 2.3. WiMAX fills the
gap between Wi-Fi and cellular, hence giving vehicular mobility, high service areas,
and high information rates.

2.3 WiMAX Standards

WiMAX is an innovation institutionalized by IEEE for wireless MANs conforming

to parameters which empower interoperability. WiMAX improvements have been
moving forward at a quick pace since the underlying institutionalization endeavors
in IEEE 802.16. Meanwhile, the metropolitan area wireless systems improvement
16 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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Fig. 2.3 Comparison of

various wireless
technologies

work was advancing under the IEEE 802.16 advisory group which developed
benchmarks for wireless MANs. The IEEE 802.16 standard was firstly specified to
address correspondences with direct visibility in the frequency band from 10 to
66 GHz. Because of the way that NLOS transmissions are troublesome when
imparting at high frequencies, the correction 802.16a was determined for working
in a lower frequency band, somewhere in the range of 2 and 11 GHz [4].
The IEEE 802.16d determination is a variety of the fixed standard (IEEE 802.16a)
with main benefit of improving the power utilization of the cell phones. Standards
for fixed WiMAX (IEEE 802.16-2004) were announced in 2004, trailed by mobile
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) in 2005. Then again, the IEEE 802.16e standard is a cor-
rection to the 802.16-2004 base determination with the aim of targeting the mobile
market by adding portability. WiMAX standard-based items are intended to work
with IEEE 802.16-2004 as well as with the IEEE 802.16e in particular. While the
2.4 Technical Overview of WiMAX Standards 17

Table 2.1 WiMAX standards Definition

WMAN standard year Frequency band (GHz)
IEEE 802.16 2001 10–66
IEEE 802.16(a) 2003 2–11
IEEE 802.16(b) 2003 5–6
IEEE 802.16(c) 2003 10–66
IEEE 802.16(d) 2003 2–11
IEEE 802.16-2004 2004 2–11
IEEE 802.16(e) 2005 2.3–3.4

802.16-2004 is fundamentally proposed for stationary transmission, the 802.16e is

arranged to both stationary and mobile organizations. The WiMAX forum, an
industry body established in 2001 to elevate conformance to models and interoper-
ability among remote MAN systems, at that point delivered the WiMAX as today is
usually known. In Europe, the gauges for wireless MANs were formalized as Hiper
MANs. These were likewise founded on IEEE 802.16 principles yet did not at first
utilize similar parameters, (for example, frequency or number of subcarriers). These
were later blended with the WiMAX models. The IEEE 802.16d measures accom-
modate fixed and traveling access, while the 802.16e principles likewise give versa-
tility up to velocities of 120 km for every hour. The short outline of WiMAX
benchmarks is given in Table 2.1.

2.4 Technical Overview of WiMAX Standards

In this section, technical information on WiMAX standards is discussed. The

WiMAX standard specifies the air interface for the IEEE 802.16-2004 specification
working in the frequency band 2–11 GHz. This air interface describes the definition
of the medium access control (MAC) and the physical (PHY) layer.

2.4.1 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer

A few functions are devoted to giving administration to supporters that incorporate

transmitting information in edges and controlling access to the common wireless
medium. The medium access control (MAC) layer, which is arranged over the phys-
ical layer, bunches the referenced functions. The first MAC is upgraded to make
various physical layer specifications and services, tending to the requirements for
various situations. It is commonly intended to work with point-to-multipoint topol-
ogy systems, with a base station controlling independent sectors all the while.
Access and bandwidth allotment calculations must almost certainly require many
terminals per channel, with terminals that might be shared by various end clients. In
this manner, the MAC convention characterizes how and when a base station (BS)
18 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

Table 2.2 MAC layer header fields

Length
Type (bits) Function
CI 1 CRC bit indicator
1 = CRC incorporated in the PDU by appending it to the PDU payload
after encryption, if any
0 = no CRC is included
CID 16 Connection identifier
EC 1 Encryption control
1 = means encrypted payload
0 = payload is not encrypted
EKS 2 Encryption Key Sequence
HCS 8 Header Check Sequence
Detection of errors
HT 1 Header type
Shall be set to zero
LEN 11 The length in bytes of the MAC PDU as well as the MAC header and
the CRC if present
Type 6 This field describes the subheaders and special payload types

or subscribers’ station (SS) may start the transmission on the channel. To accom-
plish synchronization during the transmission-gathering process, an aggregate of 48
overhead bits condensed in Table 2.2 are included alongside the data frame as a
preamble.
The “CI” bit specifies the presence of a CRC code for the error checking task.
“CID” forms the 16-bit data for determining the connection. “EC” bit justifies
whether the data is encrypted or not. “HCS” and “HT” specify the characteristic of
the header field. “LEN” shows the length of whole MAC PDU. The last field “Type”
describes the subheader.

2.4.2 Physical Layer

The IEEE 802.16-2004 standard characterizes three distinctive PHYs that can be
utilized related to the MAC layer to give a reliable end-to-end link. This PHY layer
characterizes the accompanying determinations:
1. Randomizer: Randomization is the primary procedure done in the physical
layer after the data packet is gotten from the MAC layer. Randomizer drives on
a bit by bit premise. Each burst in transmitter and receiver is randomized. The
reason for the scrambled data is to change over long arrangements of 0’s or 1’s
in its irregular grouping to improve the coding performance. The primary seg-
ment of the data randomization is a pseudo random binary sequence generator.
This generator is implemented by utilizing a linear feedback shift register.
2.5 Important Features of WiMAX Standards 19

2. Time Diversity with Forwarded Error Correction: Diversity in time is given

through forward error correction which is done in transmitter and receiver and
comprises of the connection of Reed–Solomon external code and a rate compat-
ible convolutional inner code. The reason for utilizing a Reed–Solomon code to
the information is to add the redundancy to the data sequence. This redundancy
helps in correcting block errors that happen during transmission of the signal. In
WiMAX physical layer, the Reed–Solomon outer code is encoded by the inner
convolutional encoder. Convolutional codes are utilized to correct random errors
in information transmission.
3. Block Interleaving: Interleaving in its most fundamental structure can be
depicted as randomizer yet it is very unique in relation to the randomizer as it
does not change the condition of the bits; however, it basically works on the posi-
tion of bits. Interleaving is finished by spreading the coded symbols in time
before the modulation process in transmitter, and de-interleaving is completed at
receiver side after the demodulation process.
4. M-QAM Technique: The interleaver reorders the information and sends the
information frame to the M (Modulo)-QAM block. The function of the M-QAM
is to map the approaching bits of information from interleaver onto a group of
signals, i.e., constellation. In the transmitter stage, the coded bits are mapped to
the IQ constellation and data bursts are transmitted with equivalent power by
utilizing a normalization factor.
5. Frequency Diversity with OFDM Technique: Frequency diversity is master
vided by OFDM method which permits the transmission of multiple signals
using different subcarriers simultaneously. Since the OFDM waveform is made
out of numerous narrowband orthogonal carriers, selective fading is localized to
a subset of carriers that are relatively easy to equalize.
6. Space Diversity in Fading Environments: Optional help of both transmitter
and receiver to enhance the performance in fading situations through spatial
diversity, enabling system to increase capacity. The transmitter executes space-
time coding (STC) to give transmit source independence, decreasing the fading
margin necessity, and battling interference. The receiver, notwithstanding,
utilizes Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) techniques to improve the accessi-
bility of the system.

2.5 Important Features of WiMAX Standards

The important features of WiMAX standards are pointed out as per below:
1. OFDM Based Physical Layer: The WiMAX physical layer depends on OFDM,
which is an exquisite and viable strategy for defeating multipath distortion.
2. Very High Peak Data Rates: WiMAX is equipped for supporting high informa-
tion rates. Truth be told, the peak PHY information rate can be as high as 70 Mbps
when working utilizing a 20 MHz wide spectrum.
20 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA): Mobile WiMAX

utilizes OFDM as a various access strategy, whereby various user in the network
can be allotted with various subsets of the OFDM tones. OFDMA encourages
the exploitation of frequency diversity and multi-user diversity to fundamentally
improve the framework capacity.
4. Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC): WiMAX bolsters various propelled
signal-preparing procedures to improve overall system capacity. These tech-
niques incorporate adaptive modulation and coding, spatial multiplexing, and
multi-user diversity.
5. Link Layer Re-transmissions: For data connections that require enhanced reli-
ability, WiMAX bolsters automatic re-transmission request (ARQ) at the link
layer. ARQ empowered connections require each transmitted parcel to be
acknowledged by the receiver; unacknowledged bundles are thought to be lost
and are re-transmitted.
6. Support for Advanced Antenna Techniques: The WiMAX arrangement has
various guides incorporated with the physical layer plan, which takes into con-
sideration the utilization of numerous radio antenna techniques. WiMAX offers
high spectral proficiency, especially when utilizing higher order MIMO
arrangements.
7. Quality-of-Service Support: The WiMAX MAC layer has a connection situ-
ated design. WiMAX has a truly adaptable MAC layer that can accommodate a
variety of traffic types, including image, speech, video, and multimedia by pro-
viding strong quality of service.
8. Robust Security: Robust security capacities, for example, solid encryption and
mutual authentication, are incorporated with the WiMAX standard.
9. Internet Protocol (IP) Based Architecture: WiMAX characterizes an adapt-
able all-IP based architecture that allows for the exploitation of all the advan-
tages of IP. The reference system model requires the utilization of IP-based
protocols to convey end to end capacities, for example, QoS, security, and mobil-
ity management.
As yet, every part of WiMAX structure, layering approach, functions of every
individual subsystem just as their characteristics have been very much talked about.
Presently dependent on this talk, the forthcoming sections described the real dem-
onstration and experimentation of the WiMAX framework for seeming well and
good. In segment 2.6, the fundamental modeling of the physical layer for traditional
WiMAX framework has been examined while in Sect. 2.7, the image has made to
go through the WiMAX model envisioning that the future age WiMAX framework
is likewise skilled to pass picture alongside just information.

2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling

In this part, traditional WiMAX framework displaying is examined by utilizing

Simulink tool of MATLAB. Exhibited model in this section is a straightfor-
ward traditional WiMAX framework and after that it will be extended towards
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 21

implementation of advanced antenna system by reproducing different antenna

diversity strategies in essential WiMAX framework. Figure 2.4 demonstrates a
basic structure of WiMAX framework which has been broadly utilized. The model
itself comprises of three primary segments to be specific transmitter, receiver, and
channel. Transmitter and receiver segments comprise of source encoder and
decoder, channel encoder and decoder, modulator and demodulator sort of sub-
frameworks while channel is demonstrated as Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) channel. The accompanying subsections delineate the block by block
description of every subsystem for conventional WiMAX framework with a single
transmitter and single receiver antenna.
Figure 2.5 illustrates the basic architecture of a traditional WiMAX system. The
WiMAX framework includes transmitter, receiver, and wireless channel. Here the
experimentation has been done by selecting random data from a randomizer. The
performance analysis of the WiMAX framework has been evaluated in terms of
BER v/s SNR.

2.6.1 WiMAX Transmitter

The WiMAX transmitter contains mostly two layers activity. One is the MAC layer
for the different security algorithms and second is the physical layer which is the
inside purpose of this book. Figure 2.6 demonstrates the snapshot of WiMAX trans-
mitter framework which includes the input information unit as a piece of MAC layer
and randomizer, series of coders, QAM as a coder, and OFDM unit as parts of the
physical layer.

Fig. 2.4 Basic architecture of WiMAX system

22 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

Fig. 2.5 Traditional WiMAX system model

Fig. 2.6 WiMAX transmitter

2.6.1.1 Input Data

This unit essentially goes about as a data generator unit which is exceedingly
required for the virtual transmission of information through the WiMAX system. As
appeared in Fig. 2.7, the random integer block creates the double integer informa-
tion data with the measurement (29 × 1) which would be changed over (232 × 1) bits
by integer to bit converter that would be combined with 46 overhead bits plus two
reserved bits possessed by the MAC layer of the WiMAX system. MAC layer man-
ages the security algorithms. In Fig. 2.7, the header arrangement of MAC informa-
tion is additionally demonstrated where every single field is described by their
distinct function and length. Prior to transmission of data bits, the information
would be appended with 48 bits as a piece of MAC header for the security purposes.
At that point after the processing of bit stream of dimension (280 × 1) as a transmit
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 23

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Fig. 2.7 Input data and MAC layer standards

information further stream would be prepared further. Moreover, it is indicated by

the block of WiMAX transmitter.

2.6.1.2 Randomizer

The role of the source in the WiMAX framework is played by the unit known as
randomizer. The data bits must be randomized before the process of real-time trans-
mission. The randomization procedure is utilized to limit the likelihood of transmis-
sions of non-modulated subcarriers. Figures 2.8 and 2.9 demonstrate the PN
sequence instatement alongside the structure of actual randomizer in the WiMAX
framework model, respectively. The procedure of randomization is performed on
each burst of information on the downlink and uplink, and on every allocation of an
information block.
For this situation, rather than performing out a randomization procedure, a binary
source that produces arbitrary groupings, i.e., random sequency of bits, is utilized.
24 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

6HTXHQFHLQLWLDOL]DWLRQ

5DQGRPL]HGGDWD

'DWDLQSXW

Fig. 2.8 Initialization of PN sequence

316HTXHQFH >@
31BEHJLQ
*HQHUDWRU >@

>@ >@
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>@ >@
,Q /RJLFDO 2XW
=HUR3DG
2SHUDWRU

31B;RUHG 31B;RUSDG
>@ >@

Fig. 2.9 PN sequence initialization in WiMAX modeling

The quantity of bits that are created is indicated to outline based and is determined
from the packet size required in every circumstance. The bundle size relies upon the
quantity of transmitted OFDM images and the general coding rate of the frame-
work, just as the tweak letters in order. The flood of downlink parcels will be ran-
domized by modulo-2 expansion of the information with the yield of pseudo random
binary sequence generator. Here, the size of the information bit produced is 280 bits
in the PRBS. Towards the start of each burst, the PRBS register is cleared and the
seed estimation of 100101010000000 is stacked. Pseudo random binary sequence
generator creates a profoundly arbitrary code and it is used for making the informa-
tion excessively extremely random so just the similar sequence can decode the code;
some other unauthentic client cannot get a handle on the data after the information
has been converged with this code. The seed worth can be utilized to calculate the
randomization bits, which are consolidated in an XOR activity with the serialized
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 25

bit stream of each burst. These (280 × 1) bits are padded with 8 zero bits for the
further procedure of encoding and modulation.

2.6.1.3 Reed–Solomon (RS) Encoder

The encoding procedure comprises of a connection of an outer Reed–Solomon (RS)

code and an inner Convolutional Code (CC) as a FEC conspires. That implies that
first information goes in square arrangement through the RS encoder, and after that,
it goes over the convolutional encoder.
It is an adaptable coding process because of the puncturing of the signal and
permits distinctive coding rates. The last part of the encoder is a procedure of inter-
leaving to stay away from long error bursts. The properties of Reed–Solomon codes
make them appropriate to applications where the errors occur in burst. Reed–
Solomon error rectification is a coding plan which works by first building a polyno-
mial from the information symbols to be transmitted, and after that sending an
oversampled version of the polynomial rather than the original symbols themselves.
A Reed–Solomon code is indicated as RS (n, k, t) with l-bit symbol. This implies
that the encoder takes k information symbols of l bits each and adds 2t parity sym-
bols to develop an n-symbol codeword. In this way, n, k, and t can be charac-
terized as:
• n: number of bytes after encoding process
• k: number of data bytes before encoding process
• t: number of data bytes that can be corrected
The blunder adjustment capacity of any RS code is controlled by (n − k), the
proportion of redundancy. In the event that the location of the wrong symbol is not
known ahead of time, at that point a Reed–Solomon code can correct up to t sym-
bols, where t can be communicated as t = (n − k)/2. As indicated in the standard, the
Reed–Solomon encoding will be derived from a systematic RS (n = 255, k = 239,
t = 8) code utilizing a Galois field determined as GF (28). The primitive and genera-
tor polynomials utilized for the systematic code are communicated as pursues:
Primitive Polynomial: Р(x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1
Generator Polynomial: g(x) = (x + λ0)(x + λ1)(x + λ2)…(x + λ2t−1)
Now as shown in snapshot of the block shown in Fig. 2.10, initially the (288 × 1)
bits have been converted into (36 × 1) integers because the RS encoder can route
over the integer information. This information would be padded with zero bits to
form data of (239 × 1) double values as the data length of RS encoder is taken to be
k = 239.
According to the way towards coding clarified over the yield of (255 × 1) whole
integers would be obtained. These data tests have been basically changed over to
vector of (40 × 1) by the help of block “U-Y selector” on the grounds that after that
(320 × 1) bits can be acquired through the block “integer to bit converter” as the
number of bits per integer has been set to 8 as a particular parameter. These data bits
26 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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3DG 8 <
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Fig. 2.10 Simulation model for RS encoder

Fig. 2.11 Simulation model for convolution coder

have been additionally prepared to inner coding through the block of convolution
encoder that has been clarified in the following subsection.

2.6.1.4 Convolution Encoder

After the completion of RS encoding procedure, the data bits are additional encoded
by a binary convolutional encoder, which has a native rate of 5/6 and a constraint
length of 7. Now in this case, the generator polynomials used to derive its two out-
put code bits represented as X and Y are defined in the following expressions:

G1 = 17OCT forX
G 2 = 133OCT forY

A convolutional encoder receives information of length k0 bits and produces
codewords of n0 bits. Generally, it is designed of a shift register of L segments,
where L denotes the constraint length. Figure 2.11 represents the construction of the
inner convolution code.
Here as the native rate of the coder has been chosen as 5/6, so by applying input
(320 × 1), the output of (640 × 1) has been observed. These (640 × 1) bits are given
to the block of “puncture vector” which gives output as (384 × 1). Puncturing is the
process of systematically deleting bits from the output stream of a low rate encoder
in order to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted, thus forming a high-rate
code. The bits are deleted according to a perforation matrix, where a “zero” means
a discarded bit. The process of puncturing is used to create the variable coding rates
needed to provide various error protection levels to the users of the system. The dif-
ferent rates that can be used are rate 1/2, rate 2/3, rate 3/4, and rate 5/6. The punctur-
ing vectors for these rates are given in Table 2.3. This punctured output has been
modulated by quadrature amplitude modulation block.
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 27

Table 2.3 Puncturing vectors Rate Puncture vector

for different rates
1/2 [1]
2/3 [1 1 1 0]
3/4 [1 1 0 1 1 0]
5/6 [1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0]

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Fig. 2.12 Simulation model for Quadrature Amplitude Modulator (QAM)

2.6.1.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulator (QAM)

When the sign has been coded, it enters the modulation block. All wireless com-
munication frameworks utilize a modulation scheme to map coded bits to a struc-
ture that can be successfully transmitted over the wireless channel. In this manner,
the bits are mapped to a subcarrier amplitude and phase, which is represented by a
complex In-phase and Quadrature-phase (IQ) vector. The IQ plot for a modulation
scheme demonstrates the transmitted vector for all information word blends. Gray
coding is a technique for this designation so that adjacent points in the constellation
only differ by a single bit. This coding technique helps to minimize the overall bit
error rate as it reduces the chance of different bit errors producing from a single
symbol error.
Figure 2.12 demonstrates the essential structure of quadrature amplitude modu-
lation (QAM) technique which includes various no. of blocks that can process inte-
ger type of data only. Before changing over the approaching double bits (384 × 1)
into the integer value (192 × 1) with the end goal of quadrature amplitude modula-
tion, the bits are experienced through the way towards interleaving. This block of a
framework can also be projected as a piece of the encoder sequence.
Information interleaving is commonly used to scatter error bursts and, in this
manner, reduce the error focus to be remedied to expand the efficiency of FEC by
spreading burst error presented by the transmission channel over a longer time. At
the point when the block of errors is consistently experienced, around then the
impacts of errors can be limited by the way towards interleaving where the data in
form of the matrix will be manipulated by interchanging lines into segments, i.e.,
rows into column and the other way around. Interleaving is ordinarily executed by
utilizing a two-dimensional array buffer to such an extent that the information enters
the buffer in lines, which indicate the number of interleaving levels, and after that,
it is read out in specific columns. The outcome is that a burst error in the channel
subsequent to interleaving becomes few scarcely spaced single symbol errors,
which are more easily correctable.
28 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

WiMAX utilizes an interleaver that consolidates information utilizing 12 inter-

leaving dimensions. The impact of this procedure can be comprehended as a spread-
ing of the bits of the various symbols, which are consolidated to get new symbols,
with a similar size yet with rearranged bits. The interleaver of the test system has
been actualized in two stages. In the first place, information goes through a matrix
interleaver which performs block interleaving by filling a matrix with the informa-
tion symbols row by row, and after that sending the content column by column. The
parameters utilized for this block are number of rows and columns that make the
matrix: Nrows = 12, total no. of coded bit, i.e., Ncbps = 384, and the quantity of coded
bits per subcarrier for example Ncpc = 2 for 4-QAM modulation strategy according
to the code of the exhibited framework.

N tcb
N columns = (2.1)
N rows

The second step consists of a block interleaver. It rearranges the elements of its
input according to an index vector. This vector is defined as:

N tcb −1
 i  iN rows  
I= ∑  s s + mod  i + N tcb − ,s  + 1 
N tcb  
(2.2)

i =0  
In this case, Ntcb describes the total number of coded bits, Ntcb = Ncpc × Ntx is a
data, Ncpc describes the number of coded bits per subcarrier, and s = Ncpc/2.
MATLAB logic behind the implementation for this presented work is as
per below:

Ncbps = 384; Ncpc = 2;

k = 0: Ncbps - 1
mk = (Ncbps/12) * mod(k,12) + floor(k/12);
s = ceil (Ncpc/2);
jk = s * floor(mk/s) + mod (s, mk + Ncbps - floor (12 * mk/Ncbps));.

After the process of block interleaving, the manipulated information regarding

bits gets changed over into (192 × 1) integers with the end goal of quadrature modu-
lation as it is the essential of QAM block. The “number of bits per integer” param-
eter of the block characterizes what numbers of bits are mapped for each output. In
this case, this parameter equivalent to 2 has been chosen that is the reason the vector
of (384 × 1) has been changed over to a vector of (192 × 1) which would be the
output of QAM block for the modulation purpose. 2-PAM, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, and
64-QAM modulations are bolstered by the framework. The constellation maps for
2-PAM, 4-QAM, and 16-QAM modulation techniques are appeared in Fig. 2.13a, b,
and c individually.
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 29

D E

Fig. 2.13 (a) 2-QAM, (b) 4-QAM, (c) 16-QAM constellation maps

2.6.1.6 OFDM Symbols

WiMAX specifications for the 256-point FFT OFDM PHY layer characterize three
kinds of subcarriers; information, pilot, and null, as appeared in Fig. 2.14. Two
hundred of the complete 256 subcarriers are utilized for information and pilot sub-
carriers, 8 of which are pilots forever spaced all through the OFDM range. The
remaining 192 carriers take up the information subcarriers. The remainders of the
potential carriers are set aside for guard bands and removal of the center frequency
subcarrier. Once the information from the source is mapped into QAM symbols, the
OFDM symbols must be developed. An OFDM image is made by 192 information
subcarriers, 8 pilot subcarriers, 1 zero DC subcarrier, and 55 guard carriers which is
equivalent to 256 that can be adequately envisioned from the inner structure of
OFDM obstruct as appeared in Fig. 2.14.
It tends to be seen from the Simulink preview of OFDM internal structure which
has the (192 × 1) whole numbers from the QAM have been connected to the multi-
port selector block where different lines would be chosen as a type of output vectors
30 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

Fig. 2.14 Simulation model for generation of OFDM symbols

'DWD '& 3LORU

XDUGEDQG &KDQQHO XDUGEDQG

Fig. 2.15 Formation of OFDM symbols

with the measurements (24 × 1) and (12 × 1). Alongside this vector of measurement
(192 × 1), some no. of guard subcarriers are embedded to the following block of
network concatenator. Figure 2.15 contains the structure of OFDM symbols where
(28 × 1) lower frequency guard subcarriers and (27 × 1) higher frequency subcarri-
ers are included with information bits. Eventually the structure of OFDM symbol is
the mix of information carriers, guard bands, and DC just as pilot carriers.
So as to develop an OFDM symbol, a procedure to revise these carriers is
required. With this reason, the assembler block is embedded in the simulator. It
completes this task in two stages by first embedding the pilot tones and the zero DC
subcarrier between information with a procedure of vertical concatenation, and
after that affixing the training symbols towards the start of each burst in a horizontal
manner, as appeared in Fig. 2.16.
The procedure referenced as the arrangement of OFDM symbol has been exe-
cuted in this given work. Here the block matrix is with 21 contributions with dimen-
sion of (256 × 1) that incorporates 192 information subcarriers, 8 pilot carrier, 1 dc
subcarrier and remaining 55 are zero subcarriers annexed towards the end of the
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 31

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=HUR'& I

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Fig. 2.16 Rearranged OFDM burst structure

'DWD
'&

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Fig. 2.17 OFDM symbol structure with shuffled guard interval

cited structure, and guard bands are also inserted to enable the natural decay of the
signal. The entire structure is demonstrated in Fig. 2.17.
Here the concatenation is picked to be 1 in light of the fact that the input arrays
are getting concatenated vertically. For horizontal concatenation, it needs to pick 2.
The (256 × 1) subcarriers are given to the IFFT block which is utilized to deliver a
time domain signal, as the symbols acquired after modulation can be viewed as the
amplitudes of a specific scope of sinusoids. This implies that every one of the dis-
crete samples before applying the IFFT algorithm relates to an individual subcarrier.
Besides ensuring the orthogonality of the OFDM subcarriers, the IFFT shows to a
rapid path for modulating these subcarriers in parallel, and along these lines, the
utilization of multiple modulators and demodulators which spend a lot of time and
resources to perform this operation is avoided. Before doing the IFFT operation in
the test system, i.e., simulator, the subcarriers are rearranged. For this introduced
work, the 256-point IFFT has been picked by the gotten information subcarriers.
Figure 2.18 demonstrates the subcarrier structure that enters the IFFT block after
performing the above-mentioned rearrangement. As found in Fig. 2.18, zero subcar-
riers are kept in the focal point of the structure.
The output vector of the IFFT block has been connected to the “U-Y selector”
block which chooses the approaching subcarrier sequence and includes some addi-
tional stream that is known as a cyclic prefix. The vigor of any OFDM transmission
32 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

Fig. 2.18 OFDM symbol Data

with rearranged guard band
Guard
DC Interval

12 101102 156 157 256

Fig. 2.19 Cyclic prefix

Tg Tb

Tsym

against multipath delay spread is accomplished by having a long symbol period to

minimize the ISI. Figure 2.19 delineates one approach to perform the cited long
symbol period, making a cyclically extended guard interval where each OFDM
symbol is preceded by a periodic extension of the signal itself. This guard interval,
that is really a duplicate of the last portion of the information symbol, is known as
the cyclic prefix (CP).
Copying the end of a symbol and appending it to the start results in a longer
symbol time. Hence, the total length of the symbol is

Tsym = Tb + Tg (2.3)

In above equation, Tsym is the OFDM symbol time, where Tb is the useful symbol
time and Tg shows the CP time.
The parameter G characterizes the proportion of the CP length to the helpful
symbol time. When wiping out ISI, it must be considered that the CP must be longer
than the dispersion of the channel. In addition, it ought to be as small as conceivable
since it costs vitality to the transmitter. Hence, G is generally under 1/4 which can
be justified from the index vector choice of the model parameter. As it very well
may be seen from the snapshot preview of the “U-Y selector,” the input data dimen-
sion is (256 × 1) and the output data dimension is (320 × 1) which shows the expan-
sion of 64 bits as a cyclic prefix. This can be set in the “index vector” parameter of
the “U-Y selector” block. Consequently, it very well may be said that with respect
to an effective data stream of (256 × 1), the cyclic prefix amount is 64, for example,
¼ of the effective data. The OFDM modulated (320 × 1) subcarriers have been
essentially transmitted through the communication medium signified as “WiMAX
Channel” in this model, which has been examined in the following subsection.
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 33

2.6.2 WiMAX Channel

The most significant unit of any communication framework is the link layer that
associates transmitter and receiver unit, for example, wireless communication chan-
nel. In wireless communication framework channel assumes the most basic role that
is the reason why modeling of channel and decision of appropriate channel is the
exceedingly attractive assignment. For the situation where transmitter and receiver
both are effective however the natural condition is not ideal then the productive
capacity cannot be performed by the framework. Along these lines, to build up the
model for such a communication framework, the prime objective ought to be
towards determination and modeling of the wireless communication channel.
Here, the fundamental modeling of the WiMAX framework has been finished by
considering the ideal AWGN channel which is appeared in Fig. 2.20 by expecting
that the signal to noise ratio stays constant all through the long channel. This is the
genuine piece of the WiMAX modeling whereby setting the various estimations of
required channel SNR, the impact of BER can be determined. The significant devel-
opment of this examination work is the varieties in the determination of channel
types just as modeling of multipath structure inside the channel in a manner to
improve the system capacity as well as the reduction in bit error rate. Figure 2.21
demonstrates is the snapshot of the function block showing the channel parameters?
The output of the WiMAX system channel is the similar no. of subcarriers, i.e.,
(320 × 1), which are received by the multiple blocks of the WiMAX system receiver.
The subsequent subsection details the WiMAX receiver blocks.

Fig. 2.20 Simulation
model for WiMAX channel ,Q

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$:*1B'DWD
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2XW
34 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

Fig. 2.21 WiMAX channel parameters

Fig. 2.22 Block diagram of WiMAX receiver

2.6.3 WiMAX Receiver

The WiMAX receiver essentially carries out the reverse operation as the transmitter
as well as channel estimation necessary to reveal the unknown channel coefficients.
This section usually carries out the reverse task to reconstruct the transmitted infor-
mation bits. Figure 2.22 shows the snapshot of the WiMAX receiver. Further, the
subsequent subsection indicates the block by block explanation.

2.6.3.1 OFDM Demodulator

The modulated and coded data got from the WiMAX channel are received through
the reception antenna with or without diversity over which the OFDM demodula-
tion would be performed. The primary block of OFDM demodulator is
FFT. Figure 2.23 demonstrates the fundamental structure of the OFDM demodulator.
The precise process which is done in OFDM demodulator have been performed
in this segment example
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 35

Fig. 2.23 Simulation model for OFDM demodulator

• Removal of cyclic prefix from the captured information

• Fast Fourier Transform of the time domain information
• Framing and reordering of information
• Seperation of 56 zero subcarriers from the received 256 input data that were
embedded as guard bits at the transmitter side by “U-Y’ selector” block
• Separation of 8 pilot carriers and 192 information subcarriers from the received
200 subcarriers
The referenced arrangement of errands has been performed by numerous sub-
blocks of OFDM demodulator as showed in the snapshot. The 320 subcarriers are
the generated by combining various carrier like 192 information subcarriers, 56
zero padding subcarriers, 8 pilot carriers, and 64 carriers of the cyclic preﬁx. The
underlying “U-Y’ selector” block essentially expels 64 cyclic prefix carriers and
creates 256 double integers from 320 approaching carriers. These are given to FFT
block basically to get the reverse fuction IFFT for example to change over the time
domanin sequence to frequency domain. From this arrangement, the reframing and
reordering would be performed by zero padding known as zero subcarriers for guard
band reason. Out of this 200 subcarriers, the the row selector matrix would play out
the exact opposite function to that of the input side for example to 192 information
subcarriers and 8 pilot carriers. These would be forwarded to next process of
receiver, for example, demodulation and decoding.

2.6.3.2 QAM Demodulator

The information from OFDM demodulator would go to the demodulation procedure

by experiencing quadrature amplitude demodulation block where the symbol get
changed over to original bits back.From the snapshot of QAM demodulator or
demapper as appeared in Fig. 2.24, it tends to be seen that the absolute reverse pro-
cedure has been performed by the numerous no. of blocks like math function for
example “u bar” block, QAM demapper, and integer to bit converter.
The 192 information subcarriers got from the last block of OFDM demodulator
are connected to the gain bolck whose output remains as before as 192 subcarriers.
36 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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Fig. 2.24 Simulation model for QAM demodulator

As these are in the form of conjugate numbers, they ought to be connected to the
math function represented as “u bar” block. From that, the 192 subcarriers are con-
nected to the procedure of demapping where through denormalization process the
192 integer complex quantities of a structure

0.7071 + 0.7071i
0.7071 − 0.7071i
−0.7071 + 0.7071i
−0.7071 − 0.7071i

get changed into a matrix of 192 complexes number with the algebraic summation
of real component and imaginary component in a form of

1.0000 + 1.0000i − 1.0000 + 1.0000i

1.0000 − 1.0000i − 1.0000 − 1.0000i

These 192 double integers as a blend of real and imaginary segments are com-
bined as (192 × 1) whole numbers by the MATLAB directions which are finally
changed over into 384 bits (for 4-QAM) by the block of integer to bit converter.
These (384 × 1) bits are additionally given to the last procedure of WiMAX receiver
system, for example, sequence of decoding by methods for convolution decoder and
RS decoder.

2.6.3.3 Viterbi Decoder

The Viterbi decoder decodes the convolutional coded information and diminishes
the computational burden by exploiting the exceptional structure of the trellis code.
Another favorable position is its multifaceted nature, which is not a component of
the quantity of symbols that make the codeword sequence. Figure 2.25 shows the
essential design of the Viterbi decoder.
The Viterbi calculation performs approximate most extreme probability decod-
ing. It involves calculating a measure of likeness or separation between the received
signal at a time and all the trellis ways entering each state in the meantime. The
algorithm works by expelling those trellis ways from the thought that could not pos-
sibly be candidates for the maximum likelihood choice. At the point when two ways
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 37

Fig. 2.25 Simulation model for Viterbi decoder

enter in same state, the one that has the best metric is picked as the “surviving” way.
The determination of the distinctive “surviving” ways is performed for every one of
the states. The decoder proceeds thusly to progress advance deeper into the trellis
making decisions by eliminating the least likely paths. The early dismissal of
unlikely path is the way that decreases the complexity. The goal of selecting the
optimum path can be communicated equivalently as choosing the codeword with
the maximum likelihood metric, or as choosing the codeword with the base separa-
tion metric.
Here as appeared in the depiction of Viterbi decoder, the mix of numerous blocks
plays out the precise invert function to that of the convolution encoder. At the trans-
mitter side, the “block interleaver” was the part of QAM modulator while here at the
recipient side, in place of QAM demodulator, the invert of interleaving, for exam-
ple, block de-interleaving has been performed by sub-block of Viterbi decoder
which reorders the grouping of (384 × 1) bits. The de-interleaver revamps the bits
from each burst in the right path by requesting them sequentially as before the inter-
leaving procedure. The yield of (384 × 1) bits is given to the block of “insert zero.”
The block named “Insert Zeros” manages the task of reversing the procedure per-
formed by the “Puncture” block. As recently clarified in the transmitter section, the
puncturing procedure comprises of erasing bits from a stream. The receiver does not
know the estimation of the erased bits but rather it can know their situation from the
puncturing vectors. Along these lines, zeros are utilized to fill the relating hollows
of the stream so as to get a similar code rate as before playing out the puncturing
process. It again changes over approaching (384 × 1) bits into (640 × 1) bits which
are connected to Viterbi decoder block for performing convolution decoding and
lastly creates bit vector of size (320 × 1). Now the convolutionally decoded data is
given to the external decoding by RS decoder logic and that logic has been incorpo-
rated into the accompanying subsection.

2.6.3.4 RS Decoder

The final part of the WiMAX system decoding process is the Reed–Solomon decod-
ing shown in following Fig. 2.26. It carries out the required operations to decode the
signal, and get, in the end, the original information transmitted by the transmit-
ter source.
38 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

Fig. 2.26 Simulation model for RS decoder

Therefore, the RS decoder captures codewords of length n, and, after completion

of decoding the signal, it proceeds messages of length k, being n = 255 and k = 239,
the same as the ones mentioned in the RS encoder.
The input part of the RS decoder system of Simulink accepts vectors, with a
length that are multiple of ln. Its output is, for this situation, a vector with a length
that is the same integer multiple of lk. Subsequently, a procedure to get the right
number of bytes that enter the RS decoder block, and later, revamps these bytes,
should be performed initially. The structure that will enter the decoder block must
be equivalent to the one that outputs the encoder block, before discarding the cor-
responding included bytes from the shortening and puncturing process. “pad” block
deals with the procedure of rearranging the information in a matrix structure, with
the predetermined size (k + 2t) × NRS, being k and t the particular parameters. The
block “inserts zeros 1” includes 239 − k zero-bytes towards the start of the structure
with the point of building the zero prefix. The 16 − 2k parity bytes for example
(255 × 1) are received from second “pad” block. At long last, through “RS decoder”
and “U-Y selector” block (36 × 1) integers are received that are changed over to
(288 × 1) bits from integer to bit converter block which has been really produced
after randomization process at the transmitter side for the transmission.

2.6.3.5 De-randomizer

This block of the receiver as shown in following Fig. 2.27 restores the original trans-
mitted information bits back and these information bits are applied as one of the
inputs of bit error rate calculator for identifing the performance of the overall
WiMAX framework.
Now (288 × 1) bits have been passed via “U-Y selector” block to take away the
additional zeros that have been padded at the WiMAX transmitter side. So the out-
put would be (280 × 1) bits that have been XORed with the stream produced by PN
sequence generator (same as transmitter) block to get back the original information.

2.6.3.6 Output Data

Figure 2.28 shows the basic logic of the output block. The (280 × 1) bits have been
given to the bit to integer block to produce (35 × 1) integers which have been termi-
nated right now in this traditional model of WiMAX framework. But in real-time
2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling 39

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Fig. 2.28 Simulation
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implementation of the WiMAX system, a model with real-time image transmission,

output has not been terminated but has been used to retrieve the original image back.

2.6.3.7 BER Calculation

This is the block of the WiMAX model demonstrated in Fig. 2.29 whose yield deter-
mines the computations of BER values. The justification behind the realization of
this block is to compare the stream of bits got from the last block of the receiver
with the input bit stream and get the proportion of erroneous bits to the total no. of
transmitted bits. This block takes two input information sources, one is the contribu-
tion of randomizer with (280 × 1) information carriers and the other is the output of
de-randomizer with the equivalent no. of data, for example, (280 × 1). The diagrams
of BER v/s referenced SNR will legitimize the framework execution regarding
capacity and precision.
By considering the above examined principal parts of traditional WiMAX frame-
work modeling, the following section of the chapter manages one of the advance-
ments of the introduced work, for example, modeling of WiMAX transceiver
40 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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Fig. 2.29 Simulation model for BER calculator

Fig. 2.30 Simulated model for traditional WiMAX system

framework utilizing real-time data in form of image transmission. Around there of

wireless communication, many researchers have worked hard for the advancement
and examination of the conventional model of WiMAX framework with summed up
ideal channel approach. Be that as it may, this is the thing that the phase of this
exhibited work gives incredible knowledge towards the real-time modeling of
WiMAX framework with image transmission alongside the practical scenario of the
wireless communication channel. This is the thing that the most significant advance-
ment of this exhibited work has been expounded in the consecutive sections.

2.7 Testing of Traditional WiMAX System Model

The traditional modeling of WiMAX framework setup shown in following Fig. 2.30

includes Matlab R2009a and Communications Block set 3 running on Windows XP
SP2. On the process of simulation of traditional WiMAX model by considering vari-
ous system parameters as discussed in the previous sections, the following simula-
tion outcomes have been carried out for the specific fixed values of channel signal to
2.7 Testing of Traditional WiMAX System Model 41

Table 2.4 Parameters for testing of traditional WiMAX system model

Constant parameter Value
RS encoder primitive polynomial Р(x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1
RS encoder generator polynomial g(x) = (x + λ0)(x + λ1)(x + λ2)…(x + λ2t−1)
Convolution encoder native rate 5/6
QAM modulation order 4
N FFT 256
N-IFFT 256
Cyclic prefix ¼

noise ratio. Figure 2.30 demonstrates the snapshot of the traditional WiMAX model
with random data after the MATLAB simulation. Each and every block of the whole
framework has been specified with their input-output data status at individual ports.
In this case, the simulation has been performed and presented by considering
the two different values of the wireless channel with SNR = 20 dB and
SNR = 27 dB. Again, the rest of the other parameters have been set constant as
shown in following Table 2.4.
By setting every one of these parameters, the impact of channel SNR over the
framework performance is shown as the simulation results about terms of the mag-
nitude spectrum and bit error rate with reference to total transmitted bits for the
output from the transmitter. Again, by the assessment of WiMAX framework in an
above referenced way, one can pass judgment on the decision of optimized block
parameters for the best WiMAX framework where it is required to set the ideal
estimations of square parameters for ongoing investigation by transmitting actual
image rather than arbitrary information.

2.7.1 Testing of Model for Channel with SNR = 20 dB

At the fixed estimation of channel SNR = 20 dB, the straightforward examination

between information and output can be assessed by methods for input and output
scatter plot alongside BER calculator appeared in Figs. 2.31, 2.32, and 2.33 sepa-
rately. From the scattering diagram of input information, it tends to be seen that the
symbols are situated in an exceptionally precise way in each of the four quadrants
as a 4-QAM technique for modulation has been picked in this model. Now as these
(280 × 1) bits are transmitted through the WiMAX channel, the noise would be
experienced as a real-time prototype and a portion of the bits are getting ruined by
the state of the wireless channel and that can be all around seen from changes of the
information bits in the diagram of output data.
Because of the wireless channel noise, justified by the significantly low value of
channel SNR, the bits of all the quadrants are now no more concentrated to their
original stable positions of the quadrants. They are fluctuating and getting interfered
with one another that result in the bit stream errors as shown in following Fig. 2.33a, b.
42 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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Fig. 2.31 Input QAM symbols of WiMAX system for channel with SNR = 20 dB

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Fig. 2.32 Output QAM symbols of WiMAX system for channel with SNR = 20 dB

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Fig. 2.33 BER calculation of WiMAX system for channel with SNR = 20 dB
2.7 Testing of Traditional WiMAX System Model 43

The near investigation among information and out bits of the WiMAX model can
be numerically demonstrated by the utility of BER calculator appeared in Fig. 2.33.
As can be seen from the snapshot of the BER calculator appeared in Fig. 2.33, it
very well may be seen that under 20 dB channel SNR, 250,003 bits are getting
ruined while transmitting 526,680 bits. Along these lines, the BER of the WiMAX
system would come around 0.47 which is nearly exceptionally huge worth and sys-
tem performance can be viewed as very poor.

2.7.2 Testing of Model for Channel with SNR = 27 dB

The past subsection demonstrates that exhibition of WiMAX framework for the
channel with SNR = 20 dB is exceptionally poor. Therefore, the performance of the
WiMAX framework is expanded by utilizing a channel with higher channel SNR
value. In this area, testing of a model for the channel with SNR = 27 dB is shown
and talked about. The graphs for input information and output information appeared
in Figs. 2.34, 2.35, and 2.36 have been determined by setting channel
SNR = 27 dB. When contrasted with input QAM symbols, the output QAM sym-
bols are scattered in an amount which is truly not as much as that of if there should
arise an occurrence of channel SNR equivalent to 20 dB. Additionally, the estima-
tions of BER calculator likewise legitimizes the improvement in BER as out of
526,680 bits, just 2468 bits are getting lost that outcomes in the BER of around
0.0046 as it were.
In this case, the improvement in BER is due to the fact that at very low SNR the
symbols are not easy to recognize. Finally, one can conclude that the WiMAX

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Fig. 2.34 Input QAM symbols of WiMAX system for channel with SNR = 27 dB
44 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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Fig. 2.35 Output QAM symbols of WiMAX system for channel with SNR = 27 dB

[280×1] 0.0046859573175363 BER

DATA_TX Tx
Error Rate 3 2468 Bit Loss
[280×1] Calculation 526680
DATA_RX Rx Total Bits

Fig. 2.36 BER calculation of WiMAX system for channel with SNR = 27 dB

system throughput is directly proportional to the SNR of the efficient wireless chan-
nel provided that the remaining parameters of the WiMAX transmitter and WiMAX
receiver block must remain at the same value.

2.8 M
odeling of Traditional WiMAX System
for Transmission of Real-Time Image

The traditional framework for WiMAX system demonstrated in Fig. 2.37 is built on

a QAM modulation technique. The modeling setup includes MATLAB R2009a and
Communications Block set 3 running on Windows XP SP2. The model itself con-
sists of three main components namely WiMAX transmitter, WiMAX receiver, and
WiMAX channel. Transmitter and receiver block comprise of channel coding and
modulation sub-components, whereas channel is denoted as WiMAX channel which
is, for this real-time image transmission section, considered as the most generalized
channel, i.e., AWGN channel.
2.8 Modeling of Traditional WiMAX System for Transmission of Real-Time Image 45

Fig. 2.37 WiMAX system model for real-time image transmission

The key difference among the traditional model of WiMAX system discussed in
the earlier section and this model is the presence of two blocks, i.e., “image input”
block and “image output” block, through which image information samples from
MATLAB workspace are obtained at consecutive sample times and the matrix is
shown in form of the image, respectively. Here as an image input 256 × 256 leaf
image shown in following Fig. 2.38 has been taken whose 29 samples are succes-
sively taken at an interval of 1/29 so as to make this model compatible with the
traditional model of WiMAX which passes data in matrix form only.
Figure 2.39 shows the scattered diagram of input QAM symbols that looks very
decent, i.e., steady state position in their placement before transmission. After trans-
mission through the wireless channel, these data symbols fluctuate in their position
due to the channel disturbances which will be pointed by a disturbance in the out-
put image.
As examined already in the traditional model, whatever function the random
integer block was performing, here it is performed by the input information sub-
block of the image input block as appeared in the snapshot of Fig. 2.40. Through the
MATLAB command: Image input_data = uint8(reshape(test_img, 256∗256,1))
image of the measurement (256 × 256) would be fetched and sampled in terms of
29 sample consecutively which are then changed over into (232 × 1) bits by means
of integer to bit converter. At that point after these (232 × 1) bits are joined with
error controlling, checking and synchronization bits which will as a whole form the
information of (280 × 1) bits that are additionally prepared through indistinguishable
46 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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Fig. 2.38 Input image of WiMAX system model for real-time image transmission

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Fig. 2.39 Input QAM symbols for testing of WiMAX system

block as a traditional WiMAX model, for example, randomizer, RS encoder, convo-

lution encoder, QAM and OFDM modulation.
Another advancement of this model is the occurrence of the block “input image
viewer” for the reason of displaying the image signal. The internal structure has
been shown in the following snapshot of Fig. 2.41.
In this case, the (29 × 1) integer samples of the image are applied to buffer of the
size 256 whose output is fed to the input image viewer block where by method of
two-stage matrix transposition and delay, the image of the dimension (256 × 256)
2.8 Modeling of Traditional WiMAX System for Transmission of Real-Time Image 47

Fig. 2.40 Input image data with MAC layer standards for WiMAX system

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has been displayed by “matrix viewer” sub-block. To explain the MATLAB logic at
the back of “image input” block, the methodology has been prepared as follows.

Program Flow
Step 1: Read the input image from a specific file.
Step 2: Resizing the image in 256 × 256 size matrix and send to the image in the viewer.
Step 3: Rearrange the 256 × 256 size matrix into 65,536 × 1 single array matrix for serial pixel
transmission.
Step 4: At receiver, convert 65,536 × 1 matrix into 256 × 256 size matrix and send to image out
the viewer.

Presently once the underlying period of image acquisition and processing on it to

change over it into the form of bit is over, the data having (280 × 1) bits are handled
by the blocks of randomizer, RS encoder, convolution encoder, QAM and OFDM
modulation which is actually the replica of the procedures formed into the traditional
WiMAX framework with random information instead of image signal transmission.
48 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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Fig. 2.42 Output data for WiMAX system for real-time image transmission

The randomizer joins the approaching (280 × 1) bits with the arbitrary PN
sequence bits by methods for XORing and produces output of (288 × 1) matrix that
has been gone through the cascading of RS encoder and convolution encoder as
examined as of now in traditional WiMAX model whose last output is bit sequence
of (384 × 1) bits. Further, the encoded information have been modulated by QAM
block and connected to the procedure of OFDM modulation that at long last give
output in terms of (320 × 1) integer subcarriers which are the complex no. formed
by real and imaginary components that have experienced through the way towards
interleaving, complex conjugation, the inclusion of a cyclic prefix, and so forth. The
information of (320 × 1) would be gone through the WiMAX channel. Channel
reaction on the data results in degradation of information by means errors relying
upon SNR of the channel.
Usually reverse operation of transmitter is done by the receiver and signal is
reconstructed again. This model is differing mainly by one block at output side as
compares to traditional model, i.e., “image output” block. The rest of the blocks,
i.e., OFDM demodulation, QAM demodulation, convolution decoding, RS decod-
ing, and de-randomization, have processed over the data in the same fashion to that
discussed in the traditional WiMAX model. After the above all processes, the “out-
put image” block, the last block of the WiMAX receiver acquires (280 × 1) bits
which have been further processed through the multiple blocks as explained in the
snapshot Fig. 2.42.
The received incoming (280 × 1) bits are further under medication and process
through “U-Y selector” block which extract the extra 48 bits that have been added
at the transmitter side for security, synchronization, and error checking purpose.
The out (232 × 1) bits are converted into (29 × 1) integer stream which were not
terminated here as with the case of traditional WiMAX modeling with random
input-output data but they have been given to buffer which gives output a matrix of
(256 × 1) that has been further processed through the block of “output image viewer”
to generate the original image back for the comparative analysis purpose. The inter-
nal logic of “output image viewer” block has been explained in Fig. 2.43.
Here through two-stage matrix transposition process and delay output image
with the dimension of (256 × 256) has been constructed. This has been explained in
terms of program flow as shown below.

Program Flow
Step 1: At receiver, convert 65,536 × 1 matrix into 256 × 256 size matrix.
Step 2: Resizing the image in 256 × 256 size matrix and send to image out the viewer.
2.8 Modeling of Traditional WiMAX System for Transmission of Real-Time Image 49

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Fig. 2.44 Simulation model for traditional WiMAX system for real-time image transmission

According to the logic developed by program flow WiMAX model with the
transmission of the real-time image signal has been simulated. The output image
can be obtained which will be compared with the original input image signal to
reduce the performance of the WiMAX system.
One of the main uniqueness of this presented work is the real-time transmission
of the image rather than random data through the traditional model of
WiMAX. Obtained result for the real-time data is satisfactory. Figure 2.44 shows
the snapshot of the updated WiMAX model with real-time image transmission after
the MATLAB simulation. Each and every block of the whole system has been speci-
fied with their input-output data status at individual ports. To evaluate the system
performance in terms of BER, all the block parameters have been set at the optimum
values as experimented and analyzed in the previous section except channel
SNR. Here the simulation of traditional WiMAX system for real time image trans-
mission has been performed by taking channel with SNR = 28 dB in model.
The snapshots of Figs. 2.45, 2.46, and 2.47 indicate scattering diagram of output
OFDM symbols, output image, and BER calculator, respectively, of the WiMAX
model for real-time image transmission. Here the 256 × 256 input image gets
50 2 WiMAX Introduction and Modeling

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References 51

converted into a data matrix of (280 × 1) and then after encountering various pro-
cesses of modulation and encoding when transmitted through the WiMAX channel
having SNR equal to 25 dB, the output image gets disturbances in terms of noise at
the receiver side. The above phenomenon can be very well observed by comparing
input and output images as well as their constellation diagrams. The fact is also sup-
ported by a reading of BER calculator where by transmitting 635,880 bits, 1304 bits
are lost during transmission and because of that BER is 0.002.
It can be clearly observed by comparing the output image with the original image
that by increasing channel SNR, thereby the reading of BER calculator has been
improved. The total bit loss is of just 1304 bits with respect to same no. of 635,880
transmitted bits as compared to case 1.
Here again, the similar conclusion can be derived that wireless system perfor-
mance is highly SNR dependent of wireless channel, i.e., what amount of distur-
bance applied by the channel on data which is flowing through the channel. To
improve the performance of the system, higher value of SNR should be achieved by
its not feasible solution every time because it can be achieved by increasing signal
strength of transmitted signal. To overcome this limitation, various antenna diver-
sity algorithms should be used in the WiMAX system with data and image at the
lower value of channel SNR which has been analyzed, simulated, and proved in the
next chapters.

References

1. Yarali, A., & Rahman, S. (2008, May). WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access Technology:
Services, architecture and deployment models. In 2008 Canadian Conference on Electrical
and Computer Engineering (pp. 000077–000082). IEEE.
2. Saeed, R. A., Mabrouk, A. A., Mukherjee, A., Falcone, F., & Wong, K. D. (2010). WiMAX,
LTE, and WiFi interworking. Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, 2010, 1–2.
3. Liangshan, M., & Dongyan, J. (2005). The competition and cooperation of WiMAX, WLAN
and 3G. Mobile Technology, Applications & Systems. In The 2nd International Conference.
4. Kumar, A. (2014). Mobile broadcasting with WiMAX: Principles, technology, and applica-
tions. London: CRC Press.
Chapter 3
Various Techniques for WiMAX System
Modeling

3.1 Introduction

The main purpose of this book is to produce the WiMAX system along with the
implementation of various antenna diversity techniques coupled with Alamouti
scheme in it to improve the capacity of the system without changing the bandwidth
requirement of system. Nowadays no hardware is produced without positive con-
cern of strong simulation tool on the high-speed computer.
The purpose of this chapter is to explain some steps in bridging the gaps between
system and hardware level simulation supported MATLAB. The goal is to be able
to directly see the impact of component utility and design along with its internal
structure and its effect on system level performance measures. The motivation to
describe this chapter is to design wireless communication system with the various
implementation of antenna diversity systems, and also the performance of that on
the given system in terms of the bit error rate (BER) or another Quality-of-Service
(QoS) measure.
This chapter is principally divided into three major parts. In the initial part intro-
duction of various diversity techniques. The second half is restricted to one of the
foremost promising and widely used space diversity systems with its advantages
and design to existing communication system. Last phase describes various coding
and flow of implementation of various diversity techniques, i.e., single input multi-
ple output (SIMO), multiple input single output (MISO), and multiple input multi-
ple output (MIMO) along with its critical comparative analysis by taking many
parameters under consideration has been administered so final outcome in the form
of BER and system capability.

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 53

B. S. Sedani et al., WiMAX Modeling: Techniques and Applications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22460-8_3
54 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

3.2 Diversity Techniques

In wireless communication, radio waves traveling along different paths arrive at the
receiver at different times with random phases and combine constructively or
destructively as shown in Fig. 3.1.
In the wireless link, different signal will travel with different type of channels.
Some channel forms direct line of sight path, and other path components are due to
various obstacles in the channel. Because of that obstacles, signal needs to travel
through the various paths towards the receiver. Because of various paths in the wire-
less channel, delay is different. Different delay in the component generates phase
delay among them. Vector summation would be carried out to find out resultant
signal at the receiver. Figure 3.2 shows vector combination of that.

7UDQVPLW
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6FDWWHUHUV $UUD\

Fig. 3.1 Mechanism for wave propagation

Fig. 3.2 Multipath
components of wave
propagation
3.2 Diversity Techniques 55

When two or more multipath components are arrived at the receiver with the
same access delay at the same time, the received signal is the vectorial addition of
two multipath signals. Let’s assume that two signals S1 and S2 arrive at the same
time at the receiver and R is the combined signal at the receiver.

S1 = a1e jθ1 , S2 = a2 e jθ2

(3.1)
R = S1 + S2 = a1e jθ1 + a2 e jθ2

The actual outcome is a frequent variation in the amplitude of the received signal
in a very small period of time or distance traveled known as fading. At the same
time, the large-scale average path loss leftovers constant. Diversity takes advantage
of multipath propagation to strengthen the signal. Conventionally, the design of
wireless systems has been focused on increasing the reliability of the air interface;
in this context, fading and interference are viewed as nuisances that are to be coun-
tered. Recent focus has shifted more towards increasing the spectral efficiency;
associated with this shift is a new point of view that fading can be viewed as an
opportunity to be exploited.
While dealing with the multipath environment, the individual signal path arriving
at the receiver faces independent or highly uncorrelated fading. This means that when
a particular signal path is in a fade there may be another signal path not in any fade.
This phenomenon of independent fading in various paths can be exploited as an
advantage to achieve improved performance in wireless communication provided that
out of multiple paths, at least one path can be obtained with minimum distortion and
maximum signal strength. This phenomenon leads towards the concept of diversity
which can dramatically improve the performance over fading channels.
In practice, diversity systems can be applied in space, frequency, or time domains.
Diversity over time can be obtained via coding and interleaving: information is
coded and the coded symbols are dispersed over time in different coherence periods,
so that different parts of the codewords experience independent fades. Analogously,
one can also exploit diversity over frequency if the channel is frequency selective.
In a channel with multiple transmit or receive antennas spaced sufficiently far
enough, diversity can be obtained over space as well. In a cellular network, macro-
diversity can be exploited by the fact that the signal from a mobile can be received
at two base stations. Since diversity is such an important resource, a wireless system
typically uses several types of diversity. The following subsections illustrate the
various types of diversity systems.

3.2.1 Time Diversity

Time diversity means transmitting identical messages in different time slots as shown
in Fig. 3.3. This yields two unrelated signals at the receiving finish. A similar informa-
tion is repeatedly transmitted at totally different time slots with the hope that they are
going to suffer fading effect in individual channel at different level and therefore the
receiver will club them properly to generate the strengthened signal at last.
56 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

OKO

*HQHUDO6WUXFWXUH

&: &: &: &:

; ; ; ;

,QWHUOHDYLQJ6WUXFWXUH

Fig. 3.3 An example of time diversity

Time division multiple access schemes are relied on the principal of time diver-
sity which is widely used in GSM structure. Frequency division duplex system is
used in GSM and uses two 25 MHz bands. Forward as well as reversed channel uses
25 MHz for assigning channels. The GSM bands are at 890–915 MHz (uplink) and
at 935–960 MHz (downlink). Each traffic channel uses 200 KHz for data transmis-
sion and each channel is divided into 8 time slots in time division fashion. The data
of each user are sent over time slots of length 577 μs and the time slots of the 8 users
together form a frame of length 4.615 ms [1]. GSM generates 20 ms frame of
encoded data. Other data is processed by convolution encoder with ½ rate and
finally 456 bits are prepared at different level of encoding. To get benefit of time
diversity, coded bits are rearranged and interleaved across eight time slots given to
that user in specified manner. Graphically process is explained in Fig. 3.3.
For simplicity, let us consider a flat fading channel has been taken. Transmitted
data is codeword x = [x1…xL]t of length L symbols and the received signal is given by:

yl = hl ⋅ xl + wl (3.2)

where l = 1, 2, …, L.
Ideal interleaving is considered so that consecutive symbols x′ are transmitted
sufficiently far apart in time, and it can be assumed that the hl’s are not dependent.
L parameter can be identified as numbers of diversity branches. w0, …,wl are ran-
dom variables and are taken as the additive noises.
Main motive of block interleaving is to reduce burst errors occurred while trans-
mission of signal in noisy channel. In the WiMAX system also, this type of block
interleaving scheme is used to improve signal quality after reception. In the p revious
chapter, it has been demonstrated that physical layer of WiMAX uses this kind of
interleaving and time diversity advantages can be taken perfectly.
3.2 Diversity Techniques 57

3.2.2 Frequency Diversity

To analyze the concept of frequency diversity, consider first the one-shot communi-
cation situation when one symbol x[0] is sent at time = 0, and no symbols are trans-
mitted after that. The receiver observes

y [l ] = hl [l ] ⋅ x [ 0 ] + w [l ] (3.3)

where l = 0, 1, 3, …, L.
Channel has been assumed with response of finite number of taps L, then the
delayed replicas of the signal are providing L branches of diversity in detecting x[0]
since the tap gains hl[l] are assumed to be independent. This diversity is known as
frequency diversity as this diversity is achieved by the ability of resolving the multi-
paths at the receiver due to the wideband nature of the channel. A straightforward
communication scheme can be established on the above concept by sending an
information symbol every L symbol time. The highest diversity gain of L can be
obtained at a cost of transmitting one symbol at every delay spread but this scheme
results in wasteful degree of freedom. This scheme is analogous to the repetition of
codes used for both time and spatial diversity purpose in which one information
symbol is repeated L times. In this arrangement if symbols are transmitted more
frequently then intersymbol interference occurs. Now the issue is how to deal with
intersymbol interchange while at the same time exploiting the inherent frequency
diversity in the channel. Mainly three common approaches to deal with mentioned
problem are per as below:
• Single Carrier Systems with Equalization: ISI can be controlled at some level
by using linear and nonlinear processing at the receiver. Optimal ML detection
of the transmitted symbols can be implemented using the Viterbi algorithm.
Viterbi algorithm only can be used when a smaller number of taps are there in the
system else it increases exponentially. Alternatively, linear equalizers attempt to
detect the current symbol while linearly suppressing the interference from the
other symbols.
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum: This method represents that information
symbols are modulated by a pseudo-noise sequence and transmitted over a band-
width W much larger than the data rate. As the symbol rate is very low, ISI can
be reduced and receiver structure can be simpler. Although this leads to an inef-
ficient utilization of the total degrees of freedom in the system from the perspec-
tive of one user, this scheme allows multiple users to share the total degrees of
freedom, with users appearing as pseudo noise to each other.
• Multi-carrier Systems: In this method, transmit pre-coding is prepared to con-
vert the ISI channel into a set of non-interfering, orthogonal subcarriers, each
experiencing narrowband flat fading. Diversity can be obtained by coding across
the symbols in different sub-carriers. This method is also called Discrete Multi-
Tone (DMT) or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).
58 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

D E F

Fig. 3.4 Antenna diversity systems (a) SIMO, (b) MISO, (c) MIMO

3.2.3 Antenna Diversity

To implement time diversity, interleaving and coding of data set over several coher-
ence time periods are necessary. When there is a specified delay constraint and/or
the coherence time is large, this may not be possible. In this case, other forms of
diversity, i.e., antenna diversity or space diversity, have to be obtained. Figure 3.4a–c
show various types of antenna diversity systems. Two kinds of space diversity help
to improve system and its capacity named Tx-Diversity and Rx-Diversity. Tx-Diversity
uses multiple transmit antennas which are implemented for the signal transmission
which in turn results in Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) diversity (n × 1 sys-
tem) while Rx-Diversity uses multiple receive antennas which are implemented for
the signal reception which in turn results in Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)
(1 × n system). Channels with multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas so-
called Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) (n × n) channels provide even more
potential.
Antenna diversity, or spatial diversity, can be obtained by placing multiple anten-
nas at the transmitter and/or the receiver. The antenna separation is decided by local
scattering environment along with carrier frequency values. In most of the cases,
mobiles are nearer to ground level with many scatters around, so that the channel
de-correlates over shorter spatial distances, and typical antenna separation of the
half to one carrier wavelength is proper. Larger antenna separation of several to 10’s
of wavelengths is required for the base stations on high tower. Following section
describes various features and parameters of antenna diversity system with critical
performance analysis point of view in context with real environment.

3.3 Various Antenna Diversity Systems

The idea behind antenna diversity is that if the antennas are spaced sufficiently way
apart, they fade severally. By invariably choosing the antenna with the most effec-
tive channel, or (better) combining the two with applicable weights, the chance of
3.3 Various Antenna Diversity Systems 59

poor reception (signal outage) is dramatically reduced. Diversity will increase the
average amplitude, which successively improves capability. Though the capability
increase is considerably less with diversity than if spatial multiplexing was used, it
is, in general, additional strong and may be used at lower signal to noise ratios. A
very efficient approach for achieving space diversity at the transmitter, while not
knowing response of the channel at the transmitter, is termed space-time coding,
i.e., Alamouti coding. Before approaching the various antenna diversity systems, it
is quite necessary to grasp the normal antenna systems together with its
limitations.

3.3.1 Single Input Single Output (SISO) System

Figure 3.5 shows the conventional antenna system with single transmitter and single
receiver antenna known as SISO system. The advanced antenna arrangement is
based on the principle of antenna diversity. In the starting stages, the different mod-
ulation schemes like coherent BPS, coherent QPSK, coherent 4-PAM, and coherent
16 QAM were there in which error probability reduces very slowly and is propor-
tional to 1/SNR. All mentioned techniques were not used the principle of antenna
diversity. They all were single antenna system at both end of communication sys-
tem. However, diversity can be taken in such situation by implementing the OFDM
technique in the form of frequency diversity while transmitting symbols. In these
techniques, poor performance may be there as strength of the signal is decided by
one path only.
Basically, it is experimented that bit error rate (BER) performance of such a
system is decided only on channel SNRs. In this situation, there is a significant
probability that taken path may be affected with highest amount of fading and inter-
ference. Such systems can be designed better by introducing a greater number of
antennas in the transmitting side and/or receiver side. As Shannon theorem says, in
any given channel corrupted by an additive white Gaussian noise at a level of SNR
the capacity can be calculated as follows.

C = B ⋅ log 2 [1 + SNR ] ( bps / Hz ) (3.4)

7[ 5[

Fig. 3.5 Single Input Single Output (SISO) antenna system

60 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

where C is the Shannon limits on channel capacity, SNR is signal to noise ratio, and
B is the bandwidth of the channel.
It can be concluded that theoretically capacity increases as the bandwidth or
SNR is increased which is not a feasible case beyond certain limits. Therefore, to
increase the capacity, a diversity mechanism is implemented on the transmitter and
receiver side. The following sections illustrate the same mechanism [1].

3.3.2 Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) System

The basic step towards diversity is to implement single input multiple output
(SIMO) system configuration, which implies one transmit and two receive anten-
nas. This is shown in Fig. 3.6. For example, a base station with one transmit and two
receive antennas would be a SIMO system (1 × N system).
In a flat fading channel with 1 transmit antenna and 2 (N) receive antennas, the
channel model is as follows:

yl [ m ] = hl [ m ] ⋅ x [ m ] + wl [ m ] (3.5)

where l = 1, 2, …, N, and the noise wl[m] is independent across the antennas.
System would like to detect x[1] based on y1[1], … yN[1]. If the antennas are
spaced sufficiently far apart, then it can be assumed that the gains hl[1] are indepen-
dent Rayleigh, and we get a diversity gain of N. For SIMO system, with N = 2
receiving antennas for our case, the channel capacity can be given by:

CSIMO = B ⋅ log 2 [1 + N ⋅ SNR ] ( bps / Hz ) (3.6)

where the value of SNR will be increased by factor L, i.e., SNR = L × SNR.
Main advantage is that capacity has been improved and it is not only decided by
SNR but also by the number of antennas. By this way advantage of diversity can be
taken. SIMO performance is better than SISO.

7[ 5[

Fig. 3.6 Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) antenna system

3.3 Various Antenna Diversity Systems 61

3.3.3 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) System

One more step towards diversity principle is to implement two transmit antennas
and one receive antenna. This configuration is called multiple inputs single output
(MISO) system which is shown in Fig. 3.7. For example, a base station with two
transmit and one receive antennas would be MISO (M × 1 system).
M transmit antennas and one receive antenna is common to all downlink of a
cellular system since it is often cheaper to have multiple antennas at the base station
than to having multiple antennas at every handset. It is easy to get a diversity gain
of M: simply transmit the same symbol over the M different antennas during M
symbol times. The channel capacity of the MISO system is given by:

CMISO = B ⋅ log 2 [1 + M ⋅ SNR ] ( bps / Hz ) (3.7)

where again SNR increases by the factor M which is now number of transmitting
antennas of the system. Compared to the SISO system, the capacity of SIMO and
MISO system shows improvement. The increase in capacity is due to the spatial
diversity which reduces fading and SNR improvement. However, the SNR improve-
ment is limited, since the SNR is increasing inside the log function.
To increase the capacity further by increasing the number of antennas within the
same physical dimension, the transmit diversity scheme can be imposed for channel
coding. Space-time code is the most suitable solution proposed by Alamouti, which
was known as the Alamouti scheme [2]. This is the transmit diversity scheme pro-
posed in several third-generation (3G) cellular standards. Alamouti scheme is
designed for 2 transmit antennas. Here the detail of the Alamouti coding scheme
with MISO antenna diversity has been discussed.

7[ 5[

Fig. 3.7 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) antenna system

62 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

3.3.3.1 M
athematical Modeling of MISO System Using Alamouti Coding
Scheme

Most efficient approach to exploit diversity is space-time coding (STC) given by the
Multiple Input Single Output and Multiple Input Multiple Output. It is used to
obtain gains due to spatial diversity via multiple transmit and receive antennas. One
popular representation of these codes is the Alamouti scheme for two transmit
antennas. STC coding is used to improve the performance of the MISO system.
Main focus is the utilization of multipath effects in order to achieve very high spec-
tral efficiencies. With this motive, the principal aim of the space-time coding lies in
the design of 2D signal matrices which is prepared for the transmission during a
specified time period on a number of antennas. By this way, redundancy in space
can be increased through the addition of multiple antennas, enabling us to exploit
diversity in the spatial dimension, as well as obtaining a coding gain. Therefore, the
transmit diversity plays an integral role in the STC design. Alamouti introduced a
very simple scheme of space-time block coding (STBC) allowing transmissions
from two antennas with the same data rate as on a single antenna [3].
The Alamouti algorithm uses the space and the time domain to encode data as
shown in Fig. 3.8, the Alamouti algorithm uses the space and the time domain to
encode data, increasing the performance of the system by coding the signals over
the different transmitter branches. Thus, the Alamouti code achieves high diversity
gain with full data rate as it transmits two symbols in two-time intervals.
In the first time slot, transmit antennas Tx1 and Tx2 are sending symbols s0 and s1,
respectively. In the next time slot, symbols −s1∗ and s0∗ are transmitted, where (·)∗
denotes complex conjugation. Each symbol is multiplied by a factor of a squared
root of 2 in order to achieve a transmitted average power of 1 in each time step.
Furthermore, it is supposed that the channel, which has transmission coefficients h1
and h2, remains constant and frequency flat over the two consecutive time steps. The
received vector, r, is formed by stacking two consecutive received data samples in
time, resulting in

1
r= Sh + n (3.8)
2

,QSXW K 2XWSXW
6 6 6 6 6 1RLVH U U U
$ODPRXWL
5HFHLYHU
&RGLQJ

K
6 6

Fig. 3.8 Mathematical model of MISO System

3.3 Various Antenna Diversity Systems 63

where r = [r0, r1]T represents the received vector, h = [h0, h1]T is the complex channel
vector, n = [n0, n1]T is the noise at the receiver, and S defines the STC:

S S1 
S =  0∗  (3.9)
 S1 −S0∗ 

The vector equation in Eq. (3.8) can be explicit as

1 1
r0 = S0 ⋅ h1 + S1 ⋅ h2 + n0 (3.10)
2 2
−1 1
r1 = S1∗ ⋅ h1 + S0∗ ⋅ h2 + n1 (3.11)
2 2
At the receiver, the vector y of the received signal is formed according to y = [r0,
r1]T, which is equivalent to

1 1
r0 = S0 ⋅ h1 + S1 ⋅ h2 + n0 (3.12)
2 2
1 1
r2∗ = S0 ⋅ h2∗ − S1 ⋅ h1∗ + n1∗ (3.13)
2 2
These both Eqs. (3.11) and (3.13) can be rewritten in a matrix system as specified
in the below equation.

 r1  1  h1 h2   S0   n0 
 ∗=  ∗   +   (3.14)
 r2  2  h2 −h1∗   S1   n1∗ 

The Hermitian of the virtual channel matrix is

 h∗ h2 
H vH =  1∗  (3.15)
 h2 −h1 

Finally, the estimated transmitted signal is given by Ŝ = H vH ⋅ y and therefore,

 Ŝ0  H  0 
r
  = H v  ∗  (3.16)
 S1  r
 1 

64 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

 Sˆ0   S0   n0 
  = H v ⋅ H v   + H v  ∗ 
H

 S1   S1   n1 
 Sˆ0  1  h1 h2   h1 h2   S0   h1∗ h2   n0 
∗

  =  ∗ ⋅ ∗ ⋅
∗  + ∗ ⋅ ∗ 
 S1  2  h2 −h1   h2 −h1   S1   h2 −h1   n1 
(3.17)
 Sˆ0  1
  =
 S1  2
( 2
h1 + h2  )
2 1 0   S0   h1∗ n0 + h2 n1∗ 
  ∗
 0 1   S1   h2 n0 − h1n1 
∗ 

 Sˆ0  1 2
  = h I 2 S + n
 S1  2

Once the corresponding operations for estimating the transmitted signal have
been performed, the result is represented in Eq. (3.17), where
• h2 = |h1|2 + |h2|2 is the power gain of the channel.
• I2 is the 2 × 2 identity matrix.
• S = [S0, S1]Trepresents the transmitted symbols.
 h∗ n + h n∗ 
• n =  1∗ 0 2 1∗  is some modified noise.
 h2 n0 − h1n1 

3.3.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) System

MIMO introduces the transmission of two streams using two or more than two spa-
tially separated antennas. The streams are received at the receiver by using spatially
separated antennas. The streams are then separated by using space-time processing,
which forms the core of the MIMO technology. A base station using two transmit
antennas and two receive antennas is referred to as MIMO (n × n). Figure 3.9 shows
the schematic of the MIMO system.
The main attraction of MIMO channels over SISO channels is the various gains
like array, diversity, and the multiplexing. Array gain and diversity gain are also
associated with SIMO and MISO channels [3]. Multiplexing gain, however, is a

7[ 5[

Fig. 3.9 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna system

3.3 Various Antenna Diversity Systems 65

unique characteristic of MIMO channels. Array gain is the improvement in SNR

obtained by coherently combining the signals on multiple transmit or multiple
receive dimensions and is easily characterized as a shift of the BER curve due to the
gain in SNR. Diversity gain is the improvement in link reliability obtained by
receiving replicas of the information signal through independently fading links,
branches, or dimensions. It is characterized by a steeper slope of the BER curve in
the low BER region. As discussed in MISO, the improvement of BER can be
achieved using 2 × 1 Alamouti coding scheme, multiple input multiple output sys-
tem also exploits the averaging at receiver (Like 1 × 2 SIMO) and hence the dra-
matical improvement of BER performance can be achieved. Basically, two kinds of
MIMO diversity schemes have been identified that are discussed below.

3.3.4.1 Matrix A MIMO System

One technique to use 2 × 2 MIMO is to send identical data streams on both the
transmit antennas and use space time coding techniques (STC) to take advantage of
the space and time diversity achieved. The effective SNR seen by the receiver can
be improved by using STC with 2 × 2 and thus permits the use of the highest modu-
lation coding with relatively low FEC. This effectively increases the data transmis-
sion rate. This mode of operation using space-time coding is called MIMO Matrix
A which has been represented by Fig. 3.10.

3.3.4.2 Matrix B MIMO System

In an elevated SINR environment, the two transmit antennas can carry independent
data streams by using a technique called spatial multiplexing (SM). Thus, each of
the two streams and the peak data rate handled over the physical layer can go up to
nearly double of a single stream in ideal transmission conditions. The transmission
rate is very high nearer to 50% improvement than a single transmitting antenna even
in characteristic field conditions. This technique of using MIMO (i.e., by using spa-
tial multiplexing) is called MIMO Matrix B that can be viewed from Fig. 3.11.

7[
+I
,QSXW +I
6 6 6 6 6
$ODPRXWL
&RGLQJ 7[
+I

+I
6 6

Fig. 3.10 Matrix A MIMO system

66 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

7[
+I
,QSXW +I
6 6 6 6
$ODPRXWL
&RGLQJ 7[
+I

+I
6

Fig. 3.11 Matrix B MIMO System

Fig. 3.12 Mathematical model for MIMO system

In this book, Matrix A MIMO system model is being implemented for the critical
performance demonstration of transmitter and receiver diversity system and for the
implementation of the antenna diversity system in the WiMAX system.

3.3.4.3 M
athematical Model for MIMO System Using Alamouti Coding
Scheme

As per the theoretical aspect of MIMO given in above sections, one mathematical
model of the MIMO system has been developed and can be visualized from the
inspection of Fig. 3.12.
The received signal from a 2 × 2 Alamouti scheme as depicted from Fig. 3.12 is

 r0 (1)   h11 h21   n0 (1) 

     
 r0 ( 2 )  1  h12 h22   S0   n0 ( 2 ) 
y= ∗ =  + ∗ (3.18)
 r1 (1)  2  h21 −h11   S1   n1 (1) 
∗ ∗

 ∗   ∗ ∗   ∗ 
 r1 ( 2 )   h22 −h12   n1 (1) 
3.3 Various Antenna Diversity Systems 67

The estimated transmitted signal can be calculated from S = HYH ⋅ y , where

y = r0 (1) r0 ( 2 ) r1 (1) r1 ( 2 )  . The virtual channel matrix Hv is expressed as,
∗ ∗ T

 h11 h21 
 
 h12 h22 
Hv = ∗ (3.19)
 h21 −h11∗ 
 ∗ ∗ 
 h22 −h12 
Therefore, the Hermitian of the virtual channel matrix is

 h∗ h12∗ h21 h22 

HYH =  11∗ ∗  (3.20)
 h21 h22 −h11 −h12 

The estimation of the transmitted symbols is performed as follows:

 Sˆ0  1 2
 = h I 2 S + n (3.21)
 Sˆ  2
 1
Equation (3.21) expresses the obtained result for the process of estimating the
transmitted symbols.
• h 2 =|| h1 ||22 + || h2 ||22 =|| h21 ||2 + || h22 ||2 is the power gain of the channel.
• I2 is the 2 × 2 identity matrix.
• S = [S0, S1]Trepresents the transmitted symbols.
 h∗ n (1) + h12∗ n0 ( 2 ) + h21n1∗ (1) + h22 n1∗ ( 2 ) 
• n =  11∗ 0 is some modified noise.
 h n (1) + h∗ n ( 2 ) − h n∗ (1) + h n∗ ( 2 ) 
 21 0 22 0 11 1 12 1 
In order to take the channel correlation into account, which has a strong impact
on the achievable performance of the system, different spatial channel models are
considered.

3.3.4.4 Channel Capacity of MIMO System

Channel capacity of MIMO system with reference to Eqs. (3.6) and (3.7) for SIMO
and MISO respectively, the channel capacity of MIMO system is given by:

CMIMO = B ⋅ log 2 [1 + M × N × SNR ] ( bps / Hz ) (3.22)

Here M is no. of transmitting antennas and N is no. of receiving antennas. MIMO
offers highest capacity among all diversity techniques.
68 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

3.3.4.5 Various Channel Models for MIMO System

Here various channels have been discussed which can be part of the MIMO wireless
transmission. They are as under as per their characteristics.
• Narrowband vs. Wideband: If the channel coherent bandwidth is larger than
the baseband signal, then the channel is called a narrowband channel. It is also
called a flat channel because each transmitted frequency component undergoes
the same fading. The radio channel is considered as wideband channel when
the channel coherent bandwidth is less than the baseband signals. It is some-
times called frequency selective fading channel because each transmitted fre-
quency component undergoes different fading. The channel medium is very
dispersive in a frequency selective fading channel. In this environment, the
received signal suffers from a delayed, distorted, and attenuated version of the
transmitted signal. This generates intersymbol interference (ISI) which results
in decrement in channel performance. In MIMO also two types of channel can
be introduced. First is the wideband channel model which takes propagation
channel as frequency selective which gives different response to various fre-
quency band of transmitted bandwidth. Other channel may assume as the nar-
rowband models which is flat fading channel and therefore the channel has the
same response over the entire system bandwidth.
• Physical vs. Non-physical Models: The MIMO channel models can also be
divided into physical and non-physical models. Some typical parameters are
identified in this channel which include an angle of arrival, the angle of depar-
ture, and time of arrival. However, under many propagation conditions, the
MIMO channels are not well described by a small set of physical parameters, and
this limitation makes difficult to identify and validate the models. Another kind
is non-physical models. They are based on the channel statistical characteristics.
In general, the non-physical models are easy to simulate under which they were
identified as they provide limited propagation characteristics, such as the band-
width, configuration, and aperture of the arrays, and the heights of the transmit
and receive antennas in the measurements.
• Measurement vs. Scattering Models: Another crucial approach to design
MIMO channel is to measure the real MIMO channel responses through real
field measurements. Some important parameters through the reading and mea-
surement of the MIMO channel can be listed from recorded data, and the
MIMO channel can be modeled to have similar statistical characteristics. A
different approach is to assume a model that attempts to capture the channel
characteristics. Such a model can often demonstrate the important character-
istics of the MIMO channel as long as the constructed scattering environment
is acceptable.
3.4 Designing of Antenna Diversity Systems with Alamouti Coding Scheme 69

3.3.4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of MIMO System

In this section, the merits and demerits of the MIMO system are described.
• Advantages of MIMO System: Any wireless system is designed with motive to
increase throughput and transmission quality. MIMO systems can take multipath
propagation positively and signal can be strengthened. Multipath random fading
and multipath delay spread can be used to increase throughput. BER can be
improved in MIMO systems without the need to increase bandwidth and/or
power. MIMO improves throughput as well as transmission quality. Diversity is
a technology used in MIMO for this purpose. Multiple antennas can be used to
minimize the effect of fading caused by multipath propagation. When the anten-
nas at the receive side are adequately spaced, then several copies of the transmit-
ted signal are received through different channels and with different fading [4].
Because of multipath propagation, all the components cannot be affected by
deep fading equally. Thus, diversity can improve signal quality.
• One obvious disadvantage of MIMO is that they contain more antennas:
MIMO increases complexity, volume, and hardware costs of the system com-
pared to SISO. MIMO systems are not always beneficial knowing that channel
conditions depend on the radio environment. When there is Line of Sight (LOS),
a higher LOS strength at receive will result in better performance and capacity in
SISO system, while in MIMO systems capacity is reduced with higher LOS
strength. This is beacuse strong contributions from LOS lead to higher correla-
tion among antennas, which reduce the advantage of using a MIMO system.
By considering the all above facts, the following section of the chapter describes
the real-time implementation of antenna diversity algorithms with Alamouti coding
scheme so as to realize the system performance in the presence of diversities by
analyzing relationships between BERs and SNRs.

3.4 D
esigning of Antenna Diversity Systems with Alamouti
Coding Scheme

The practical implementation of various antenna diversity systems is discussed in

this section. The performance of systems is evaluated using parameters like a signal
to noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) based on user-defined values.
Figure 3.13 shows the designing flow of a wireless communication system with
these antenna diversity systems. This system performs and contains various types of
subsystems such as synchronization of data, estimation of the channel, decoding of
source and channel. The implementation of this system is done with the help of
MATLAB software where the simulation results of the system are generated and
based on it, various curves of BER/SNR are plotted.
70 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

Fig. 3.13 Generalized
designing flowchart for
antenna diversity system

3.4.1 Implementation of SISO Antenna Diversity System

The implementation steps for SISO antenna diversity system is shown in Fig. 3.14.
For the implementation of this system, various parameters such as no. of transmit-
ting and receiving antennas, input values of data, type of modulation technique, the
order of modulation, and signal to noise ratio need to set as per system requirement.
Here, the M-ary PSK method and Rayleigh are used as a modulation method and
channel, respectively. The values of signal, noise, and channel are generated in
terms of a matrix with the help of MATLAB. For easy understanding of system
working, a small number of user-defined values as input data are used. The same
implementation can be used for a large amount of data.
The development of a system is initiated with the help of MATLAB as per the
description given in Fig. 3.14. Here, ten user-defined symbols as input data are
taken for checking of errors produced at the receiver side due to the wireless com-
munication system. The sample data like 10 symbols or 20 bits are transmitted using
SISO antenna system with single-channel matrix and single noise matrix. These
numerical values are summarized in Table 3.1. With no diversity method, the same
number of symbols are received by receiver with some errors. For analysis purpose,
the channel SNR value is set to fix as 0.75 dB.
During transmission, the channel generates noise in the input symbols/bits which
has been shown by red colored font. Under no diversity scenario, the receiver
receives four correct symbols out of ten transmitted symbols. This indicated that six
symbols are corrupted due to the multipath property of the wireless communication
3.4 Designing of Antenna Diversity Systems with Alamouti Coding Scheme 71

Fig. 3.14 Designing algorithm for SISO antenna diversity system

Table 3.1 Simulation results of SISO antenna system

Transmission symbols 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 2 Total no. of symbols: 10
Received symbols 1 2 3 2 3 0 2 2 3 2 Error in received symbols: 6
Matrix value for −0.151110462752079 Addition of signal matrix
channel + 0.0598519466936464i and noise matrix
Transmission bits 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 Total no. of bits: 20
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
Received bits 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Error in received bits: 11
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
SNR 0.75 dB Fix
Symbols to error rate 0.6 dB
(SER)
Bit error rate (BER) 0.55 dB

system. It is also indicated that BER is less than SER which happens due to each
symbol has two bits for representation and it might be the case that one bit is cor-
rupted out of two bits. Now, this system is simulated with the help of 10,000 input
bits and obtained BER vs. SNR graph which is shown in Fig. 3.15. This graph gives
real-time data analysis of the SISO system.
As can be seen from Fig. 3.15, in case of no diversity, i.e. using single transmit-
ting and single receiving antenna, initially the BER can be obtained around 0.1 at
lower SNR = 1dB and at higher value of SNR, i.e. at SNR = 21dB, the achievable
BER decreases around 0.02. In fact throughput of the system totally depends on the
channel SNR.
72 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

%(5

615LQG%

Fig. 3.15 BER vs. SNR for SISO antenna diversity system

3.4.2 Implementation of SIMO Antenna Diversity System

The implementation steps for SIMO antenna diversity system are shown in Fig. 3.16.
For the implementation of this system, one transmitting antenna and two receiving
antennas along with M-ary modulation method and Rayleigh channel are used.
Here, two noise matrices along with single-channel matrix are generated with the
help of MATLAB. At the receiver side, as per the value of modulation order, sym-
bols are received by the receiver which may be converted in bits for proper analysis.
Finally, the BER and SER are calculated as per received symbols and plot the graph
between BER and SNR. In this system, one transmitting antenna and two receiving
antennas are used. The simulation results of this system are summarized in Table 3.2.
Here, 10 symbols are transmitted and 6 symbols got an error at the receiver side,
which indicates that this system has SER = 0.6 dB, while 9 bits are corrupted out of
20 received bits, which indicates that this system has BER = 0.45 dB.
Now, this system has been implemented for 10,000 input bits and obtained BER
value with different range of SNR. The simulation result for this scenario is realized
in terms of BER vs. SNR graph which is shown in Fig. 3.17. This graph indicates
that using this system, the value of BER is improved for a single communication
channel. For the same input data, the SIMO system provides BER value of 0.45 dB,
while the SISO system provides BER value of 0.55 dB. This situation indicates that
this system provides better performance compared to SISO system.

3.4.3 I mplementation of MISO Antenna Diversity System

Along with Alamouti Coding

The implementation steps of MISO antenna diversity system along Alamouti cod-
ing are shown in Fig. 3.18. Here, two transmitting antennas and one receiving
antenna along with random input symbols are taken for analysis of the system. The
Alamouti coding is used where diversity of transmitter is taken place in the system.
3.4 Designing of Antenna Diversity Systems with Alamouti Coding Scheme 73

Fig. 3.16 Designing algorithm for SIMO antenna diversity system

Table 3.2 Simulation results of SIMO antenna system

Transmission 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 2 Total no. of symbols: 10
symbols
Received symbols 1 2 1 1 1 3 0 1 3 0 Error in received symbols: 6
Matrix value for 0.379772440973511 + 0.851240453939351i Addition of channel matrix
channel 0.578727415914267 – 0.0541236602159802i and two noise matrices
Transmission bits 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 Total bits: 20
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
Received bits 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Error bits: 9
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
SNR 0.75 dB Fix
SER 0.6 dB
BER 0.45 dB

%(5

615LQG%

Fig. 3.17 BER vs. SNR for SIMO antenna diversity system
74 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

Fig. 3.18 Designing algorithm for MISO antenna diversity system with Alamouti coding

Table 3.3 Simulation results of MISO antenna diversity system with Alamouti coding
Transmission symbols 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 2 Total no. of
2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 2 symbols: 20
Received symbols 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 Error in received
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 symbols: 9
Matrices values for −1.04429266452263 − 0.0993077287635684i ( −S1∗ ) Alamouti coding
channel technique
−0.696253522655436 + 0.290063644892930i (S0)
−0.696253522655436 − 0.290063644892930i ( S0∗ )
1.04429266452263 – 0.0993077287635684i (S1)
Transmission bits 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 10 Total bits: 40
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 10
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Received bits 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Error bits: 12
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
SNR 0.75 dB Fix
SER 0.45 dB
BER 0.30 dB

Here, the complex conjugate of input symbols is taken and transmitted with the help
of two antennas. For analysis purpose, signal matrix, two noise matrices which are
complex conjugate, and two channel matrices are generated with the help of
MATLAB. The simulation results of this system are summarized in Table 3.3.
3.4 Designing of Antenna Diversity Systems with Alamouti Coding Scheme 75

%(5

615LQG%

Fig. 3.19 BER vs. SNR for MISO antenna diversity system with Alamouti coding

In this MISO system, 20 symbols are transmitted with the help of two antennas
along with two channel matrices and two noise matrices. The SER of this system is
around 0.45 dB which indicated that 9 symbols are corrupted due to this system out
of 20 input symbols, while BER of this system is 0.3 dB which indicated that 12 bits
got corrupt out of 40 input bits. The BER vs. SNR of this system for 10,000 input
bits is shown in Fig. 3.19. As per seen from this figure, the BER value is very low
like 0.048 at a low value of SNR and decreases around 0.001 at a high value of SNR
such as 21 dB. This indicated that this system performs better than the previous two
systems such as SISO and SIMO.

3.4.4 I mplementation of MIMO Antenna Diversity System

Along with Alamouti Coding

The implementation steps of MIMO antenna diversity system along Alamouti cod-
ing are shown in Fig. 3.20. Here, two transmitting antennas and two receiving
antennas along with random input symbols are taken for analysis of the system.
Here, the complex conjugate of input symbols is taken and transmitted with the help
of two antennas. For analysis purpose, two signal matrices, two noise matrices
which are complex conjugate, and two channels matrices are generated with the
help of MATLAB. The simulation results of this system are summarized in Table 3.4.
This system uses advantages of SIMO and MISO system to achieve good perfor-
mance and improved BER by utilization of more transmitting antennas and r eceiving
antennas. Here, two types of data such as 20 user-defined symbols or 40 bits and
second applying the same phenomenon to stream of 10,000 bits for taking real time
transmission analogy. As indicated in Table 3.4, only 8 received bits are corrupted
out of 40 bits due to the use of 4 noise matrices and 2 channel matrices. This error
rate is low compared to the other three systems. Also, BER = 0.2 and SER = 0.4 for
this system is good compared to other diversity systems. The graph between BER
76 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

Fig. 3.20 Designing algorithm for MIMO antenna diversity system with Alamouti coding

Table 3.4 Simulation results of MIMO antenna diversity system with Alamouti coding
Transmission 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 2 Total no. of
symbols 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 2 symbols: 20
Received symbols 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Error in received
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 symbols: 8
Matrices values 1.09980602264884 − 0.852422471464323i ( −S1∗ ) Alamouti coding
for channel 0.579729420304971 – 0.615471441657012i(S ) technique
0

0.579729420304971 + 0.615471441657012i ( S0∗ )

−1.09980602264884 – 0.852422471464323i(S1)
0.0984368049147121 − 0.127313051276969i ( −S1∗ )
0.637261486427597 – 0.481568123719595i(S0)
0.637261486427597 + 0.481568123719595i ( S0∗ )
0.0984368049147121 – 0.127313051276969i(S1)
Transmission bits 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 10 Total bits: 40
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 10
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Received bits 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Error bits: 8
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
SNR 0.75 dB Fix
SER 0.4 dB
BER 0.2 dB
3.5 Designing of OFDM System 77

%(5

615LQG%

Fig. 3.21 BER vs. SNR for MIMO antenna diversity system with Alamouti coding

vs. SER for real-time data is shown in Fig. 3.21. In this graph, BER value is very
low around 0.04 for the low value of SNR and near to 0 for the high value of SNR
like 21 dB. This is indicated that reliable communication of data can be possible
using this type of system.

3.4.5 Performance Comparison of Antenna Diversity Systems

This section gives a comparative analysis of various antenna diversity systems. The
performance of systems is compared with the help of BER vs. SNR graph.
Figure 3.22 shows a comparison of the performance of antenna diversity systems in
terms of BER values. For example, at 5 dB of SNR, the BER of the SISO system is
0.08 while BER of SIMO is around 0.04. Similarly, the BER of MISO is around
0.035 for the same SNR value 0f 5 dB. The BER of MIMO is near 0.02 which is low
along with all types of diversity system. This is indicated that MIMO system pro-
vides good performance compared to other diversity systems.

3.5 Designing of OFDM System

In this section, the basic information regarding of OFDM system along with its
designing is discussed. This system provides a physical platform to build any
WiMAX system. The basic model of a transceiver for OFDM along with its imple-
mentation is also discussed in this section.
78 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

3.5.1 Basic Concept of OFDM

The multi-carrier modulation (MCM) is the main idea behind OFDM, and OFDM
obeys this concept. The basic of MCM is that it divides input bit stream into several
parallel bit streams and they are used for modulation of subcarriers. The concept of
OFDM is shown in Fig. 3.23. In this figure, each subcarrier is separated by guard
band to avoid interference between them. In the receiver side, the bandpass filters
are used to separate these parallel bit streams from the individual subcarriers.
OFDM is a special version of MCM where subcarriers with orthogonal spaced and
overlapping spectrums are used. Here, the bandpass filter is not used due to the
orthogonality property of subcarriers.
The requirement of channel bandwidth can be reduced by the OFDM system
which is clearly seen in Fig. 3.23. The orthogonality of input data streams can be
achieved by applying FFT on it [5]. OFDM provides a high data rate for a large
duration of symbol and eliminates the risk of intersymbol interference based on
channel coherence time.

a
0.12

0.1

0.08
BER

SISO
0.06
SIMO
0.04

0.02

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
SNR in dB
b
0.12

0.1

0.08
SISO
BER

0.06
MISO
0.04

0.02

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
SNR in dB

Fig. 3.22 Performance comparison of antenna diversity systems (a) between SISO and SIMO, (b)
between SISO and MISO, (c) between SISO and MIMO, (d) all diversity systems
3.5 Designing of OFDM System 79

c
0.12

0.1

0.08
SISO
0.06
BER

MIMO
0.04

0.02

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
SNR in dB
d
0.12

0.1

0.08 SISO
BER

SIMO
0.06
MISO
0.04 MIMO
0.02

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
SNR in dB

Fig. 3.22 (continued)

Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4 Ch.5 Ch.6 Ch.7 Ch.8 Ch.9 Ch.10

Frequency
Normal Multi-Carrier Technique

Ch.2 Ch.4 Ch.6 Ch.8 Ch.10

Ch.1 Ch.3 Ch.5 Ch.7 Ch.9
Bandwidth saving

OFDM Technique Frequency

Fig. 3.23 Bandwidth saving in OFDM system

80 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

Add
Input Bit N Add
S/P QAM P/S Guard
Stream IFFT C. P.
Band

OFDM Transmitter

S/P and Remove

Received Bit QAM N
P/S Demod. Remove Guard
Stream FFT
C. P. Band

OFDM Receiver

Fig. 3.24 Basic model for OFDM system

3.5.2 Working of OFDM System

The basic block diagram of the OFDM system is shown in Fig. 3.24. The OFDM
transmitter comprises of basic blocks of QAM, IFFT and addition of cyclic prefix to
evaluate the performance. The receiver possesses exactly opposite blocks of the
system. Here, the single to parallel converter is used to convert single input data
stream into the multi-dimensional stream. Then this stream gets modulated with the
help of QAM and passes through the IFFT process. At the end of the transmitter
side, the additional bit is added by cyclic prefix (CP) block to improve the perfor-
mance of the system [5]. At the receiver side, the totally opposite process of trans-
mitter is performed. After receiving that data, total opposite processes of cyclic
prefix removal, FFT, QAM demodulation and parallel to serial conversion will
take place.

3.5.3 A
dvantages, Disadvantages, and Applications
of OFDM System

The OFDM system is mainly used for reducing the effect of ICI and combats the
ISI. There are few advantages of this system which are discussed as per below:
• This system has high spectral efficiency due to overlapping spectrum.
• Simple implementation by fast Fourier Transform.
• The complexity of the receiver system is lower compared to the transmitter
system.
• It can be used for transmission where the high data rate is required.
3.5 Designing of OFDM System 81

This system has some disadvantages which are discussed as per below:
• This system is very sensitive to high changes in times and frequency.
• This system used large no. of subcarriers which increase the power consumption
of system compared to a single carrier system.
OFDM has gained a big interest since the beginning of the 1990s as many of the
implementation difficulties have been overcome. OFDM has been in used or pro-
posed for a number of wired and wireless applications. This is the first commercial
users of this system. This system is also used for transmission of digital video sig-
nals [6]. After that, this system is accepted by worldwide researcher community and
it is used as physical layer architecture for wireless LAN standards such as IEEE
802.11 a/g and IEEE 806.16 [7].

3.5.4 Designing of OFDM System

The main purpose of designing of OFDM system is to reduce data rate in subcarrier
system. Hence, when the symbol rate increases then effects due to multipath are
decreased. The insertion of higher valued CP will bring good results against com-
bating multipath effects but at the same time it will increase loss of energy. Therefore,
the tradeoff between these two parameters must be done before designing of OFDM
system. The designing of the OFDM system requires some assumption which is
discussed below:
• Design Requirements for OFDM System
–– Bandwidth: The channel bandwidth has a significant role in designing of
OFDM system. The high bandwidth provides large no. of subcarriers which
reduce the effect of the addition of CP.
–– Bit Rate: This is a no. of bit required as an input data stream.
–– Delay: The value of delay may be calculated by the length of CP and it is
based on system requirement.
–– Value of Doppler: The effect of Doppler shifting must be taken into account
for system designing.
The designing parameters required for OFDM system are discussed below:
• Design Parameters for OFDM System
–– No. of Subcarriers: The large no. of subcarriers reduces the effect of mul-
tipath but increases complexity in synchronization at the receiver side.
–– Duration of Symbol and Length of CP: The suitable value must be chosen
which gives perfect ratio between symbol duration and length of CP.
–– Spacing of Subcarrier: The value of this parameter depends on the available
channel bandwidth and no. of subcarriers.
–– Type of Modulation: The performance requirement will decide the selection
of modulation scheme.
82 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

Fig. 3.25 Implementation steps for OFDM system

–– FEC Coding: This coding provides robustness to the system against errors
occurred in channels.
The implementation of OFDM system has been done with the help of MATLAB
software. The steps for implementation of the OFDM system are shown in Fig. 3.25.
For the initialization stage of implementation, first, set the value of symbol rate,
symbol duration, no. of bit required for symbols, and guard band is selected. Based
on these values, the input data stream is generated and after that, the process of the
OFDM system is performed as shown in Fig. 3.24. The data stream is generated
using “MODMAP” command in MATLAB and the orthogonal complex conjugate
of the stream is generated using “AMODCE” command in MATLAB. By consider-
ing specific length of the symbols and length of the guard interval, IFFT of that
stream is taken so as to convert the discrete frequency domain data into discrete time
domain for making it compatible for real time transmission through the wireless
channel.
Figure 3.26 shows the simulation results for the OFDM system with symbol per
frame = 64 and 32, respectively. The time domain graphs in figures show orthogo-
nality property of the system which requires less space and has low interference. It
also indicated that due to orthogonality, the system requires less bandwidth for high
3.5 Designing of OFDM System 83

E
Fig. 3.26 Simulation results for OFDM system with (a) data symbol per frame = 64 and (b) data
symbol per frame = 32
84 3 Various Techniques for WiMAX System Modeling

symbol rate. The system performance also indicated that it provides limited data
rate, a significant amount of ISI and bandwidth saving for a different size of symbols.

References

1. Tse, D., & Viswanath, P. (2005). Fundamentals of wireless communication. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.
2. Alamouti, S. M. (1998). A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications.
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 16(8), 1451–1458.
3. Kansal, L., Kansal, A., & Singh, K. (2011). Performance of Alamouti Space-Time Coding in
Fading Channels for IEEE 802.16 e protocol. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, 2(7), 1–8.
4. Blum, R. S., Winters, J. H., & Sollenberger, N. R. (2001). On the capacity of cellular systems
with MIMO. In IEEE 54th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Fall 2001. Proceedings
(Cat. No. 01CH37211) (Vol. 2, pp. 1220–1224). IEEE.
5. Liu, H., & Li, G. (2005). OFDM-based broadband wireless networks: Design and optimiza-
tion. New York: Wiley.
6. Jiang, T., Xiang, W., Chen, H. H., & Ni, Q. (2007). Multicast broadcast services support in
OFDMA-based WiMAX systems [Advances in mobile multimedia]. IEEE Communications
Magazine, 45(8), 78–86.
7. Teo, K. H., Tao, Z., & Zhang, J. (2007). The mobile broadband WiMAX standard [standards in
a nutshell]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 24(5), 144–148.
Chapter 4
WiMAX System Modeling

4.1 M
odeling of WiMAX System Based on Antenna
Diversity System and OFDM System

The complete physical modeling of the WiMAX system is discussed in the previous
chapter. Figure 4.1 shows the modeling of the transmitter section and the receiver
section of the WiMAX system. This system was the implementation with the help
of antenna diversity technique and OFDM. The following points must be a consid-
eration for designing this system.
• Set the values of system parameters such as order of modulation, cyclic prefix,
no. of antennas for the transmitter as well as the receiver, OFDM symbols, and
input data for the processing of the system.
• The random input data is generated using a random number generator and
encoded using FEC coder for the secure transmission of data. After encoding the
data, the block interleaver process is applied to it for reducing errors in it.
• OFDM transmitter transmits this modulated data by taking advantage of orthog-
onality to save bandwidth and reduce ISI effects.
• Now based on used diversity method, this data is transmitted over a wireless
channel using various transmission methods such as different paths or channel
estimation or Alamouti coding.
• At the receiver side, modulated and encoded data is given to OFDM demodulator
and decoder to obtain original value of input random data.
• After obtaining received input random data, the distortion in this data is calcu-
lated with the help of bit error rate by comparing with original input data. Based
on this comparison, the performance of the system will be judged.
The above-mentioned brief points must be thoroughly evaluated to design an effi-
cient WiMAX system. The following subsections have discussed all steps in detail along
with its specification. The designing and modeling flow for transmitter section and
receiver section of the WiMAX system with a wireless channel is explained as follows.

B. S. Sedani et al., WiMAX Modeling: Techniques and Applications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22460-8_4
86 4 WiMAX System Modeling

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receiver
4.1 Modeling of WiMAX System Based on Antenna Diversity System and OFDM… 87

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Fig. 4.1 (continued)

4.1.1 Modeling of WiMAX Transmitter

In this section, designing the flow of various subsystems of the WiMAX transmitter
is explained with their design specifications.
(A) Data Initialization:
The steps for data initialization are as per below:
88 4 WiMAX System Modeling

Step 1: Set the value of input parameters of the system such as no. of antennas for
transmitter section and receiver section, the value of cyclic prefix, and rate
value.
Step 2: Set the rate value for the selected modulation scheme.
Step 3: Set the cyclic prefix value for OFDM technique. The default value is 0.25,
0.125, 0.0625, and 0.03125.
Step 4: Set the symbol value for the OFDM technique.
Step 5: Finally, set the no. of antenna for transmitter and receiver as per chosen
antenna diversity system.
(B) Data Generation and Randomization:
The steps for data generation are as per below:
Step 1: The input data is generated using a data generator. This data has a sequence
of 1’s and 0’s. The size of this data depends on the rate value of the modu-
lation scheme and it is a fixed value.
Step 2: The random stream of data is generated using a pseudo random sequence
generator.
Step 3: After that, XOR process is performed between the output of data generator
and the output of PN sequence generator for ciphering purpose.
Step 4: One byte of 0’s is added after this process for modulation and encoding
process.
Step 5: The padding of one byte is added to this random data after the encoding
process.
(C) Reed–Solomon Encoding:
The steps for Reed–Solomon encoding are as per below:
Step 1: The encoding of input data is performed using the RS encoding method
where different rate value is used for security purpose according to the
modulation scheme. For this process, “RSENC” command is used in
MATLAB.
Step 2: Here, two modes are defined for either transmission or reception such as
“10” or “01.” The value of TxRx is set “10” for encoding purpose.
Step 3: The value of codeword length (n) and data length (k) are also required for
the encoding process. The value of these parameters is set according to the
modulation scheme.
Step 4: For the implementation of Reed–Solomon encoding, the decimal number
is required as input. Therefore, binary input data is converted into decimal
using below polynomial functions such as primitive (p) and generator (g):

p ( x ) = x8 + x 4 + x3 + x 2 + 1 (4.1)

(
g ( x) = x + λ0 ) ( x + λ ) ( x + λ ) …( x + λ )
1 2 2 t −1
(4.2)

Step 5: The encoded decimal data is generated using a command like CodeRS
(msg, n, k).
4.1 Modeling of WiMAX System Based on Antenna Diversity System and OFDM… 89

Step 6: Finally, the encoded decimal data is again converted into binary coded data
for further process.
(D) Convolution Encoding:
The steps for convolution encoding are as per below:
Step 1: After RS encoding, the convolution encoding is applied on RS encoded
data for better performance and transparency.
Step 2: Here, two modes are defined for either transmission or reception such as
“10” or “01.” The value of TxRx is set “10” for encoding purpose. Also, set
parameters such as the rate for coding, bit values for generator polynomial,
and constraint length according to the modulation scheme. For this param-
eter, poly2trellis command is used in MATLAB.
(E) Data Interleaving:
The steps for data interleaving are as per below:
Step 1: Reordering of the encoded data is performed using different interleaving
levels. Here, the value of interleaving level is set 12.
Step 2: According to modulation scheme, no. of bits allocated to subcarrier for
OFDM symbol (Ncbps) and no. of code per carrier (Ncpc) are set. Data
interleaving is performed using below MATLAB commands:

k=0: Ncbps-1
mk = ((Ncbps/12) ∗ mod(k,12)) + floor (k/12);
jk = s∗floor(mk/s) + mod (mk + Ncbps-floor(12∗mk/Ncbps), s);

Step 3: After this process, the data is transmitted to modulation block for further
process.
(F) M-QAM Modulation:
The steps for M-QAM modulation are as per below:
Step 1: Set the value of modulation order M according to the modulation scheme.
Here, modulation schemes such as QPSK and QAM with different order
are used. The no. of bits per symbol (Xsym) is also defined according to
the modulation scheme.
Step 2: The following MATLAB commands are used to generate modulated data
according to the modulation order and Xsym.

pskmod (xsym,M); for QPSK

qammod (xsym, M); for M-ary QAM

Step 3: The output of this process is complex data which is based on the used
modulation scheme.
90 4 WiMAX System Modeling

Table 4.1 Default modeling parameters for various modulation schemes

Actual block
Modulation of data (in Encoded block Coding Sequence for Convolution
scheme bytes) of data (in bytes) rate RS coding encoding
BPSK 12 24 1/2 (12,12,0) 1/2
QPSK 24 48 1/2 (34,24,4) 2/3
QPSK 36 48 3/4 (40,36,2) 5/6
16-QAM 48 96 1/2 (64,48,8) 2/3
16-QAM 72 96 3/4 (80,72,4) 5/6
64-QAM 96 144 2/3 (108,96,6) 3/4
64-QAM 108 144 3/4 (120,108,6) 5/6

In step no. D to F, various combinations of modulation technique along with

specific coding technique according to the IEEE 802.16 standard can be imple-
mented in the system to verify its performance in terms of variation in BER
with respect to SNR. Table 4.1 shows the default parameters for various modu-
lation schemes as per IEEE 802.16 standard [1–3].
(G) Implementation of Diversity Schemes:
The steps for implementation of diversity schemes are as per below:
Step 1: For SISO scheme, one data matrix for transmitting antenna and one noise
matrix for receiving antenna are defined.
Step 2: For SIMO scheme, one data matrix for transmitting antenna and two noise
matrices for two receiving antennas are defined.
Step 3: For the MISO scheme, two complex conjugate channels for two transmit-
ting antennas and two noise matrices according to Alamouti coding for one
receiving antenna are defined.
Step 4: For MIMO scheme, two complex conjugate channels for two transmitting
antennas and four noise matrices according to Alamouti coding for two
receiving antennas are defined.
(H) OFDM Transmitter:
The steps for OFDM transmitter are as per below:
Step 1: Set the value for transmission mode such as “10” and initialize the param-
eters for cyclic prefix, guard band, and points for FFT.
Step 2: The 256 points FFT based OFDM scheme for WiMAX system is designed
using three types of data such as input data, pilot carrier, and subcarrier.
Step 3: Create OFDM symbols using three data types. Then take inverse FFT of
this OFDM symbols using below command in MATLAB:

symbol_ofdm = sqrt (Nfft). ∗ ifft (symbol_ofdm, Nfft);

Step 4: Transmit the complete OFDM symbols through the wireless channel.
4.1 Modeling of WiMAX System Based on Antenna Diversity System and OFDM… 91

(I) Transmission through AWGN Channel:

The steps for transmission through AWGN channel are as per below:
tep 1: Set the fixed value for SNR.
S
Step 2: Generate channel matrix and noise matrix according to used diversity
scheme for effective wireless communication.

4.1.2 Modeling of WiMAX Receiver

In this section, the designing flow of various subsystems of the WiMAX receiver is
explained with their design specifications.
(A) OFDM Receiver:
The steps for OFDM receiver are as per below:
Step 1: Set reception by setting value “01” and get transmit OFDM symbol. After
that, the cyclic prefix is removed from received data which are added dur-
ing transmission.
Step 2: Perform the inverse of IFFT (FFT) to convert symbol into frequency
domain by using the below command to get modulated data:

symbol_rx = fft (symbol_ofdm_rx, Nfft). / sqrt (Nfft);

Step 3: After this process, the data are estimated using position information of the
pilot carrier and subcarrier. This estimated data is sent to demodulation
block for further process.
(B) M-QAM Demodulation:
The steps for M-QAM demodulation are as per below:
tep 1: Set the value of modulation order M according to the modulation scheme.
S
Step 2: The following MATLAB commands are used to get demodulated data
according to the modulation order and Xsym.

zsym = pskdemod (yrx, M); QPSK

zsym = qamdemod (yrx, M); for M-ary QAM

Step 3: Perform symbol to bet mapping to retrieve the original coded bits.
(C) Data De-interleaving:
The steps for data de-interleaving are as per below:
Step 1: This is a reverse process of data interleaving.
92 4 WiMAX System Modeling

Step 2: According to modulation scheme, no. of bits allocated to subcarrier for

OFDM symbol (Ncbps) and no. of code per carrier (Ncpc) are set. Data
de-interleaving is performed using below MATLAB commands:

j = 0: Ncbps-1
mj = s∗floor(j/s) + mod ((j + floor(12∗j/Ncbps)), s);
kj = 12∗mj-(Ncbps-1) ∗floor(12∗mj/Ncbps);

Step 3: Finally, the data is rearranged and given to convolution decoder block for
further process.
(D) Convolution Decoding:
The steps for convolution decoding are as per below:
Step 1: For decoding purpose, set TxRx = “01,” and take the value of parameters
such as the rate for coding, bit values for generator polynomial, and con-
straint length according to a modulation scheme. The decoding of data is
performed using below the instruction:

decoded_data = vitdec (data_in, t,12);

Step 2: Remove the puncturing vector. Apply the decoded data to next stage of RS
decoding.
(E) Reed–Solomon Decoding:
The steps for Reed–Solomon decoding are as per below:
Step 1: This is the reverse process of RS encoding. Convert decoded data into a
decimal number for the proper working of RS decoder.
Step 2: For decoding purpose, set TxRx = “01,” and the value of codeword length
(n) and data length (k) are also required for the decoding process. The val-
ues of these parameters are the same as generating at the transmitter
section.
Step 3: The decoding of the data is performed using the below instruction:

decodeRS = rsdec (msg, n, k);

Step 4: Finally, the decoded decimal data is converted into binary data.
(F) Data De-randomization:
The steps for data de-randomization are as per below:
Step 1: This process removes padded one byte of zero bits from the decoded binary
data.
Step 2: After that, XORing between random data and decoded binary data is per-
formed to get actual bits of received data at the receiver side.
4.1 Modeling of WiMAX System Based on Antenna Diversity System and OFDM… 93

(G) BER Calculation:

The steps for BER calculation are as per below:
Step 1: The decoded data stream will be compared with original data stream of the
transmitter side and Bit Error Rate will be calculated using MATLAB
function ‘BITERR’.
Step 2: Based on the calculated BER, the graph between SNR and BER will be the
plot for the evaluation of system performance.
After discussion on complete designing and modeling of the WiMAX system,
the MATLAB platform is used for testing of this model. Figure 4.2 shows the ini-
tialization of simulation parameters for the WiMAX system.
The default parameter values for the WiMAX system model are summarized in
Table 4.2. These parameters are set as default for all antenna diversity schemes for
better performance comparison of system.

Fig. 4.2 Initialization for modeling of WiMAX system

Table 4.2 Default parameters for modeling of WiMAX system

Parameters Value
Cyclic prefix 1/16
OFDM symbols 256
Modulation order 16 QAM 3/4 (M = 4)
Parameters of RS encoder (80,72,4)
The rate of the convolution encoder 5/6
No. of transmitting antenna According to antennae diversity scheme
No. of receiving antenna According to antennae diversity scheme
94 4 WiMAX System Modeling

4.2 D
esigning and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based
on SISO Antenna Diversity System

The modeling of the WiMAX system for SISO antenna diversity scheme is pre-
sented along with its performance in this section. Figure 4.3 shows the initialization
of the WiMAX system model for SISO antenna diversity scheme. The value of SNR
would be selected in such a way that valid BER value can be obtained for the
designed system.
After the set value of parameters for a WiMAX system model based on SISO
antenna diversity scheme, the performance of the system in terms of the graph between
BER versus SNR is shown in Fig. 4.4. Figure 4.4 shows that BER value is high for low
SNR value but BER value is decreased when SNR value is increased. This figure also
shows that the performance of this system is good when the SNR value is 1 dB.

Fig. 4.3 Initialization of WiMAX system model based on SISO antenna diversity system

0.6
0.5
0.4
BER

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SNR in dB

Fig. 4.4 BER vs. SER curve of WiMAX system model based on SISO antenna diversity system
4.3 Designing and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based on SIMO Antenna… 95

4.3 D
esigning and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based
on SIMO Antenna Diversity System

The modeling of the WiMAX system for SIMO antenna diversity scheme is pre-
sented along with its performance in this section. Figure 4.5 shows the initialization
of the WiMAX system model for SIMO antenna diversity scheme. The value of
SNR would be selected in such a way that valid BER value can be obtained for the
designed system.
After the set value of parameters for a WiMAX system model based on SIMO
antenna diversity scheme, the performance of the system in terms of the graph
between BER versus SNR is shown in Fig. 4.6. Figure 4.6 shows that BER value is
high for low SNR value but BER value is decreased when SNR value is increased.
This figure also shows that the performance of this system is good when the SNR
value is 1 dB and shows that BER value is near to zero or zero after the SNR value
is 9 dB or more.

Fig. 4.5 Initialization of WiMAX system model based on SIMO antenna diversity system

0.6

0.5

0.4
BER

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SNR in dB

Fig. 4.6 BER vs. SER curve of WiMAX system model based on SIMO antenna diversity system
96 4 WiMAX System Modeling

4.4 D
esigning and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based
on MISO Antenna Diversity System

The modeling of the WiMAX system for MISO antenna diversity scheme is pre-
sented along with its performance in this section. Figure 4.7 shows the initialization
of the WiMAX system model for MISO antenna diversity scheme. The value of
SNR would be selected in such a way that valid BER value can be obtained for the
designed system.
After the set value of parameters for a WiMAX system model based on MISO
antenna diversity scheme, the performance of the system in terms of the graph
between BER versus SNR is shown in Fig. 4.8. Figure 4.8 shows that BER value is
high for low SNR value but BER value is decreased when SNR value is increased.
This figure also shows that the performance of this system is good when the SNR
value is 1 dB and shows that BER value is near to zero or zero after the SNR value
is 9 dB or more.

Fig. 4.7 Initialization of WiMAX system model based on MISO antenna diversity system

0.6

0.5

0.4
BER

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SNR in dB

Fig. 4.8 BER vs. SER curve of WiMAX system model based on MISO antenna diversity system
4.5 Designing and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based on MIMO Antenna… 97

4.5 D
esigning and Analysis of WiMAX System Model Based
on MIMO Antenna Diversity System

The modeling of the WiMAX system for MIMO antenna diversity scheme is pre-
sented along with its performance in this section. Figure 4.9 shows the initialization
of the WiMAX system model for MIMO antenna diversity scheme. The value of
SNR would be selected in such a way that valid BER value can be obtained for the
designed system.
After the set value of parameters for a WiMAX system model based on the
MIMO antenna diversity scheme, the performance of the system in terms of the
graph between BER versus SNR is shown in Fig. 4.10. Figure 4.10 shows that BER
value is high for low SNR value but BER value is decreased when SNR value is
increased. This figure also shows that the performance of this system is good when
the SNR value is 1 dB and shows that BER value is near to zero or zero after the
SNR value is 7 dB or more.

Fig. 4.9 Initialization of WiMAX system model based on MIMO antenna diversity system

0.6

0.5

0.4
BER

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SNR in dB

Fig. 4.10 BER vs. SER curve of WiMAX system model based on MIMO antenna diversity
system
98 4 WiMAX System Modeling

0.7
0.6
0.5 WiMAX SISO
0.4 WiMAX SIMO
BER

0.3 WiMAX MISO

0.2
WiMAX MIMO
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SNR in dB

Fig. 4.11 Comparative comparison of performance for WiMAX system model based on all
antenna diversity systems

4.6 C
omparison of Performance for WiMAX System Model
Based on All Antenna Diversity Systems

Sections 4.2–4.5 give the performance of a WiMAX system model for different
antenna diversity schemes for various values of SNR. Here, the comparative analy-
sis of different antenna diversity schemes for WiMAX system with parameter val-
ues such as cyclic prefix = 0.0625, 256 OFDM symbols, and M = 16 QAM 3/4 is
given. Figure 4.11 shows the comparative analysis of modeling a WiMAX system
for different antenna diversity schemes.
The comparison shows that the BER value for each scheme is obtained in the
range of SNR values from 1 to 14 dB. The performance SISO scheme is very bad
compared to other schemes in terms of obtained BER values. The performance of
the MIMO scheme is best compared to other schemes. The highest BER values can
be achieved using the SISO scheme.
The WiMAX system is capable of providing very huge coverage area of approxi-
mately 50 Km. But when the distance of communication increases, the performance
of this system is decreased. Under such environment, implementation of MIMO is
opening the great voyage towards highly efficient transmission at lower values of
SNRs in WiMAX system. As per the presented work, just 6 dB SNR is required to
reduce the errors in the received signal.

References

1. Eklund, C., Marks, R. B., Stanwood, K. L., & Wang, S. (2002). IEEE standard 802.16: A
technical overview of the Wireless MAN™ air interface for broadband wireless access. IEEE
Communications Magazine, 40(6), 98–107.
2. Khan, M. N., & Ghauri, S. (2008). The WiMAX 802.16 e physical layer model. In IET
International Conference on Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (pp. 117–120).
3. Alim, O. A., Abdallah, H. S., & Elaskary, A. M. (2008). Simulation of WiMAX systems. In
IEEE Communication Workshop (pp. 11–16).
Chapter 5
WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time
Data Transmission

5.1 Basic WiMAX System Model with System Parameters

In the previous chapter, the modeling of WiMAX system for different antenna diver-
sity schemes is discussed using random binary data. The basic modeling of tradi-
tional WiMAX system along with detailing of every block has been already
discussed in the Chap. 2. The ideal AWGN channel with no fading effects is used in
this model. Table 5.1 summarized the default parameters used for modeling of
WiMAX system based on different antenna diversity schemes.
Table 5.1 indicated that the parameters such as cyclic prefix and modulation
order are treated as important parameters. As such these parameters can have mul-
tiple no. of values but after certain experimentations that have been discussed in
Chap. 4, their optimum value can be derived. As further, this chapter discussed the
transmission of digital image and speech signal using a WiMAX system. Figures 5.1
and 5.2 show the sample test image with 256 × 256 pixels and a sample speech
signal with 2 s, respectively. Figure 5.3 shows the QAM symbols for transmission
of original data.

5.2 M
odeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time
Image Transmission

The modeling of WiMAX-MIMO system for transmission of the digital image is

discussed in this section. Figure 5.4 shows the WiMAX-MIMO system for image
transmission. A brief working of this model is explained in the following hierarchy.
1. An input image (256 × 256) is taken and converted into binary bits and added
addition overhead bits (280 × 1) for proper processing of the system.

B. S. Sedani et al., WiMAX Modeling: Techniques and Applications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22460-8_5
Table 5.1 Parameters for WiMAX system model
100

Model parameter WiMAX-SISO system WiMAX-SIMO system WiMAX-MISO system WiMAX-MIMO system
Model setup MATLAB MATLAB MATLAB MATLAB
SNR value of 24 24 24 24
AWGN channel
(dB)
Power rating of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
AWGN channel (W)
Image matrix size 256 × 256 256 × 256 256 × 256 256 × 256
Samples/frame 35 35 35 35
Generator [1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1] [1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1] [1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1] [1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1]
polynomial of PN
sequence generator
Initial states of PN [0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1] [0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1] [0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1] [0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1]
sequence generator
Codeword length N 255 255 255 255
of RS encoder
Message length K of 239 239 239 239
RS encoder
RS encoder rate 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4
Convolution encoder 171 171 171 171
input vector length k
Convolution encoder 131 131 131 131
output vector length
n
Native rate of 5/6 5/6 5/6 5/6
convolution coder
Puncture vector ([1 0 1 0 1;1 1 0 1 0], 10, 1) ([1 0 1 0 1;1 1 0 1 0], 10, 1) ([1 0 1 0 1;1 1 0 1 0], 10, 1) ([1 0 1 0 1;1 1 0 1 0], 10, 1)
5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission
Model parameter WiMAX-SISO system WiMAX-SIMO system WiMAX-MISO system WiMAX-MIMO system
QAM modulation 4 4 4 4
order
QAM normalization 1/√2 1/√2 1/√2 1/√2
factor
OFDM symbol time 64 μs 64 μs 64 μs 64 μs
Channel bandwidth 1.5–20 MHz 1.5–20 MHz 1.5–20 MHz 1.5–20 MHz
NFFT 256 256 256 256
No. of the cyclic 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
prefix
OFDM training N.A. N.A. 200 bits 200 bits
sequence
OFDM pilot carriers 55 bits 55 bits 55 bits 55 bits
No. of transmitter – – 2 2
antenna for alamouti
encoding
No. of receiver – – 1 2
antenna for
Alamouti decoding
Samples of the 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000
speech signal
Amount of noise AWGN_PWR∗0.1∗((randn AWGN_PWR∗0.1∗((randn AWGN_PWR∗0.1∗((randn AWGN_PWR∗0.1∗((randn
generated by noise (20000,1) + j∗randn (20000,1))/ (20000,1) + j∗randn (20000,1))/ (20000,1) + j∗randn (20000,1))/ (20000,1) + j∗randn (20000,1))/
generators 1 and 2 sqrt (AWGN_SNR)) sqrt (AWGN_SNR)) sqrt (AWGN_SNR)) sqrt (AWGN_SNR))
5.2 Modeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time Image Transmission
101
102 5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission

<D[LV

=D[LV

;D[LV

Fig. 5.1 Test input image

2ULJLQDO6SHHFK

[

Fig. 5.2 Test speech signal

2. The random data (280 × 1) is generated using a randomizer and then encrypted
using RS encoder and convolution encoder to get encrypted output data with a
size of 384 × 1.
3. This encrypted data is modulated with the help of QAM modulator to get mod-
ulated data with a dimension of 192 × 1.
4. Here MIMO diversity scheme is used for transmission of data. Therefore, the
modulated data is reframed to get original data with the dimension of 201 × 1.
5. After getting framed data, the main task of the system is performed using
Alamouti encoder which is based on the logic of Alamouti coding. Figure 5.5
shows the basic model for Alamouti encoder. This model consists of OSTBC
encoder and two U-Y selectors. Here, the logic of two-stage conversion is per-
formed and the output of the model is data with dimension 201 × 2. Here, the
output of Alamouti encoder is two data streams which are complex conjugation
5.2 Modeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time Image Transmission 103

6FDWWHU3ORW

4XDGUDWXUH$PSOLWXGH

,QSKDVH$PSOLWXGH

Fig. 5.3 QAM symbols for testing of performance of designed WiMAX system model

of each other. After that, these data are separated and sent using two OFDM
transmitters.
6. Figure 5.6 shows the detailed model of the OFDM transmitter. Here, two trans-
mitters worked on the same function of two different sequences by adding some
guard bands and cyclic prefix in the data stream to reduce the ISI error during
transmission. This process converts 3-D data in a 1-D matrix with a dimension
of 864 × 1.
7. After that, two data streams with two different sequences are transmitted using
two different channels. The nature of channels is AWGN and the basic structure
of these channels is shown in Fig. 5.7. Here, the effect of multipath fading is not
considered. The noise is added into data streams using two adders and the out-
put of two channels is fed to two different OFDM receivers. If the first two
adders are not used in the channels, then data can travel in different directions
or paths and never combined which overrule the Alamouti logic. So that, by
using the top two adders, the combination of data is performed and after that
noise is added in the combined data using the other two adders.
8. The output of the channel is fed to two separate OFDM receivers. Figure 5.8
shows the basic structure of the OFDM receiver. The important functions of the
receiver are to remove the guard bands and cyclic prefix.
9. The received data streams are fed to Alamouti decoder. Figure 5.9 shows the
basic structure of this decoder which uses maximum likelihood concept for data
decoding. It decoded original data with dimension 200 × 2 using the estimation
of channel and STB combination. Here, for estimation of the channel, two
training sequences are required along with the original data matrix which gives
two-dimension output data.
104 5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission

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10. After obtaining decoding data, the deframing of decoded data with dimension
200 × 2 is performed using parallel to serial conversion and removes the
additional zero bits from the decoded data to obtain original decoded data with
dimension 192 × 1.
5.2 Modeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time Image Transmission 105

Fig. 5.6 Basic structure of OFDM transmitters

11. After this, viterbi decoding is applied to obtain original image at the receiver
side.
12. At last, the comparison between output and input image is performed to calcu-
late the Bit Error Rate.
Figure 5.11 shows the WiMAX-MIMO system after simulation. The model
shows the input data values and output data values at each block with its justifica-
tion. The variations in QAM symbols, received image, and BER value for system
performance for transmission of the image are given in Figs. 5.12, 5.13, and 5.14,
respectively.
The performance of the system shows that the number of bits for an image such
as 635,880 is successfully transmitted using this model. This situation indicated that
the BER of this model is very low around 0.00009 which fulfills the criteria of
image data transmission.
106 5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission

WiMAX
MIMO
Channel

[864x1]
1
In1
2 [864x1]

In2

Noise Noise
Generation-1 Generation-2

+ + + +
[864x1] Adder1 Adder2 [864x1]

[864x1] [864x1]

[864x1]

+ +
Adder3 Adder4

[864x1] [864x1]

AWGN AWGN

[864x1] [864x1]

2 Out2 1 Out1

Fig. 5.7 Basic structure of AWGN channel

5.3 Modeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time Speech Signal Transmission 107

Fig. 5.8 Basic structure of OFDM receivers

5.3 M
odeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time
Speech Signal Transmission

In this section, modeling of the WiMAX system based on the MIMO antenna diver-
sity system for real-time speech signal transmission is discussed. The steps for
transmission of the real-time speech signal are the same as discussed for transmis-
sion of the image, only changes taken place in input data and output data. The simu-
lated WiMAX-MIMO system model for real-time speech signal transmission is
shown in Fig. 5.15.
The variations in QAM symbols, received speech signal, and BER value for
system performance for speech signal transmission are given in Figs. 5.16, 5.17, and
5.18, respectively. The performance of the system shows that the number of speech
signal bits such as 280,280 are successfully transmitted using this model. This situ-
ation indicated that the BER of this model is very low around 0.0004 which fulfills
the criteria of signal transmission.
108 5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission

Fig. 5.9 Alamouti decoder for WiMAX-MIMO system

5.3 Modeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time Speech Signal Transmission 109

Fig. 5.10 Deframing for WiMAX-MIMO system

Fig. 5.11 Simulated WiMAX-MIMO system for transmission of real-time image

110 5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission

6FDWWHU3ORW

4XDGUDWXUH$PSOLWXGH

,QSKDVH$PSOLWXGH

Fig. 5.12 Output QAM symbols for transmission of real-time image

<D[LV

=D[LV

;D[LV

Fig. 5.13 Received image

>[@ H %(5

'$7$ 7; 7;
(UURU5DWH
%LW/RVV
>[@ &DOFXODWLRQ
'$7$ 5; 5; 7RWDO%LWV

Fig. 5.14 BER calculator for transmission of real-time image

5.3 Modeling of WiMAX-MIMO System for Real-Time Speech Signal Transmission 111

Fig. 5.15 Simulated WiMAX-MIMO system for real-time speech signal transmission

6FDWWHU3ORW

4XDGUDWXUH$PSOLWXGH

,QSKDVH$PSOLWXGH

Fig. 5.16 Output QAM symbols for transmission of real-time speech signal
112 5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission

Original Speech

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
4
x 10
Received Speech

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x 104

Fig. 5.17 Original and received speech signal

>[@ %(5

'$7$ 7; 7;
(UURU5DWH

>[@ &DOFXODWLRQ %LW/RVV
'$7$ 5; 5;
7RWDO%LWV

Fig. 5.18 BER calculator for transmission of real-time speech signal

Chapter 6
Summary of Book and Future Direction
in WiMAX System Modeling

This chapter covers a summary of the book and future direction in WiMAX system
modeling.

6.1 Important Points Highlighted in the Book

Wireless communication plays an important role in the long range transmission of

data. One of the famous wireless standards such as WiMAX system has been used
for effective communication in 4G mobile communication systems. The complete
modeling of the WiMAX system according to IEEE 802.16 standard has been dis-
cussed with the help of MATLAB platform in this book. The performance of this
designed system is judged by obtaining BER for specific SNR. For example, at
SNR = 20 dB, the traditional WiMAX system possesses BER of 0.47 i.e. almost
50% bits are getting lost during the transmission. The same system gives BER of
0.004 at SNR = 27 dB, which indicates that the performance of WiMAX system is
good for higher values of SNR. The multipath signal propagation and fading effects
have affected the performance of WiMAX system. To combat this challenge, the
channel SNR must be as high as possible which leads to the higher amount of signal
power requirement against the existing noise level. But this solution is not feasible
for an effective communication system.
This book is mainly developed for modeling of WiMAX system with different
parameters such as coding rate, modulation order, and cyclic prefix. In this book, the
model for the WiMAX system with the help of antenna diversity scheme along with
Alamouti coding is discussed. The performance of different types of model for
WiMAX system is analyzed and results show that MIMO antenna diversity scheme
based WiMAX system is performed better than other antenna diversity schemes
such as SISO, SIMO, and MISO based WiMAX systems. This book covers the real-
time transmission of data using the WiMAX system. The designing model for this
purpose is discussed with the help of digital image and speech signal. The results

B. S. Sedani et al., WiMAX Modeling: Techniques and Applications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22460-8_6
114 6 Summary of Book and Future Direction in WiMAX System Modeling

show that this model is effectively used for transmission of digital images and
speech signals. More specifically, research work inside this book evaluates the com-
plete physical layer of WiMAX system along with the implementation of various
antenna diversity techniques on the platform of MATLAB.

6.2 Future Research Direction in WiMAX Modeling

The main focus of WiMAX system modeling is to achieve the lowest BER i.e. to
achieve high quality system performance. The performance of the system in terms
of BER and capacity can be improved by increasing a greater number of antennas
and through spatial multiplexing and transmission of signals through various which
lead to the designing and implementation of BLAST structure in WiMAX frame
work. Furthermore, the performance of the system will be evaluated and analyzed
with the help of the OFDM system and different modulation schemes. For the same
purpose, various models would be implemented with the help of DSP processor and
the performance of these models would be analyzed.
Index

A C
Adaptive Modulation and Coding Cellular and wireless technologies, 4
(AMC), 18 Cyclic prefix (CP), 68
Alamouti algorithm, 61
Alamouti coding, 6, 66, 85, 89
Alamouti decoder, 106 D
Alamouti encoder, 103 Data de-interleaving, 91
Alamouti scheme, 60 Data de-randomization, 91
Antenna diversity systems, 57, 67, Data transmission, 113
87–92 Default modeling parameters, 90
BPS, 58 Designing algorithm, 66
MISO, 59–61 Direct sequence spread spectrum, 56
OFDM technique, 58 Discrete multi-tone (DMT), 57
SISO, 58
SNR, 59, 60
Antenna diversity technique, 85 F
Antenna separation orientation, 57 Fourth generation (4G), 13
Automatic Re-transmission Request Frequency division duplex system, 55
(ARQ), 20
AWGN channel, 90
BER calculation, 91 G
convolution decoding, 90 Gaussian noise, 59
initialization, 92
MISO antenna diversity, 93
M-QAM demodulation, 90 I
OFDM receiver, 90 Interleaving scheme, 56
SIMO antenna diversity system, 93 Internet protocol (IP), 19
Intersymbol interference (ISI), 56, 62

B
BER calculator, 109, 110 M
Bit error rate (BER), 58, 64 Matrix A MIMO system, 61
SER, 64 Matrix B MIMO system, 62
SNR graph, 65, 66 Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC), 18

B. S. Sedani et al., WiMAX Modeling: Techniques and Applications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22460-8
116 Index

Medium access control (MAC) formation, 22

convention characterization, 16 horizontal concatenation, 23
layer header fields, 16 IFFT block, 31
point-to-multipoint topology systems, 15 index vector, 23
M-QAM modulation, 89 pilot carriers, 22
Multi-carrier modulation (MCM), 67 shuffled guard interval, 31
Multi-carrier systems, 56 simulation model, 21
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) U–Y selector, 23
advantages, 64 vertical concatenation, 22
antenna system, 61, 113
BER/SNR, 64
channel capacity, 62 Q
characteristics, 63 Quadrature amplitude modulator
design, 63 (QAM), 67
disadvantages, 64 demodulator
mathematical model, 62 MATLAB, 26
physical and non-physical models, 62 simulation model, 26
SIMO, 61 information interleaving, 21
SISO channels, 61 interleaver, 22
wideband channel, 62 modulation purpose, 21
Multiple input single output (MISO) parameters, 21
system, 59 simulation model, 21
diversity, 57 structure, 21
implementation steps, 66 wireless channel, 20
performance, 61
SIMO, 66
R
Real-time speech signal, 107
N Real-time speech signal transmission, 110
Next generation technology, 5 Real-time system, 1
Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations, 4 Reed–Solomon (RS) encoder
blunder adjustment capacity, 20
indication, 20
O property, 25
OFDM receiver, 90 simulation model, 20
OFDM transmitter, 89 systematic code, 20
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Reed–Solomon decoding, 91
(OFDM), 5, 8, 57 Reed–Solomon encoding, 88
basic model, 68
concept, 67
demodulator S
arrangement, 25 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 64
FFT, 25 SIMO antenna diversity system, 65
performing, 25 SIMO antenna system, 65
simulation model, 26 Simulation technology, 3
designing, 67–69 Single input multiple output (SIMO)
designing parameters, 69 system, 58, 60
disadvantages, 68 Single input single output (SISO), 58
implementation steps, 69 SISO antenna diversity scheme, 92
simulation results, 70 Space-time block coding (STBC), 61
symbols Space-time coding (STC), 3, 4, 17,
block matrix concatenation, 23 60, 61
burst structure, 23 System modeling, 2
Index 117

T WiMAX-MIMO system, 99
Test input image, 102 Wireless communication, 3, 5, 113
Test speech signal, 102 Wireless system generation, 5
Time diversity, 54, 55 Wireless technologies, 5
Worldwide interoperability for microwave
access (WiMAX)
V backup links, 14
Vector summation, 53 channel
Viterbi decoder BER, 21
“block interleaver”, 28 framework, 24
information and diminishes, 27 parameters, 25
“Insert Zeros”, 27 simulation model, 25
simulation model, 27 SNR, 25
WGN, 24
chipsets, 14
W IEEE 802.16 for metropolitan area
Wave propagation, 53, 54 network, 14
Wi-Fi hotspots, 5 IEEE 802.16 for metropolitan space
WiMAX system, 113 network, 15
algorithm, 85 MAC, 17
antenna diversity, 99 MAN, 14
AWGN channel, 104 physical layer
BER vs. SER curve, 93 block interleaving, 17
communication, 94 forward error correction, 17
convolution encoding, 88 frequency diversity, 17
data generation, 88 M-QAM technique, 17
data initialization, 87 OFDM technique, 17
data interleaving, 89 randomization, 16
deframing, 107 space diversity, 17
framework, 2 time diversity, 17
fundamental data, 1 proprietary solutions, 14
IEEE, 3 real-time image transmission
MIMO antenna diversity, 93 BER calculation, 39
MIMO framework, 4 channel disturbances, 45
MIMO innovation, 4 comparing, 51
mobile technology, 1 example, 32
NLOS task, 5 framework, 47
OFDM receivers, 105 input image, 31
OFDM transmitters, 103, 105 input image data, 47
OFDM, 5 input image viewer, 32
parameters, 25, 100–101 input QAM symbols, 31
performance, 94 methodology, 32
prototype model, 2 output data, 32
QAM symbols, 99, 103, 108, 110 output image, 35
real-time speech signal output image viewer, 34
transmission, 109 output QAM symbols, 44
real-time speech signal, 105 simulation model, 34
SIMO antenna diversity, 92 system model, 50
simulation, 2 receiver
transmission, 5 BER calculation, 28, 29
WiMAX-MIMO system, 104 de-randomizer, 28, 38
wireless and cellular systems, 3 output data, 28
wireless channel, 85 QAM demodulator, 26, 27
118 Index

Worldwide interoperability for microwave simulated model, 30

access (WiMAX) (cont.) SNR= 20 dB, 41
RS decoder, 36, 37 SNR= 27 dB, 30
Viterbi decoder (see Viterbi decoder) transmitter
scenario, 13 convolution encoder, 20
setup, 13 data generator, 19
standards, 15 OFDM (see Orthogonal
advanced antenna techniques, 18 frequency division
AMC, 18 multiplexing (OFDM))
data rates, 18 PN sequence, 19
IP based architecture, 19 puncturing vectors, 26
link layer re-transmissions, 18 QAM (see Quadrature amplitude
OFDM, 19 modulator (QAM))
OFDMA, 20 randomizer, 19
robust security, 19 RS encode (see Reed–Solomon (RS)
service support, 19 encoder)
testing Wi-Fi, 15
MATLAB simulation, 29 wireless administrations, 13
parameters, 40 wireless technology, 15

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WiMAX Modeling Techniques and Applications PDF

Uploaded by

WiMAX Modeling Techniques and Applications PDF

Uploaded by

Bhavin S. Sedani · Komal R.

WiMAX Modeling: Techniques

ISBN 978-3-030-22459-2 ISBN 978-3-030-22460-8 (eBook)

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

The world without wires is constantly popular and it is developing at a gigantic

throughput up to 70 Mbps to cope up with the current requirement. Alongside the

Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Bhavin S. Sedani

1 Introduction to WiMAX System������������������������������������������������������������ 1

3.2.1 Time Diversity���������������������������������������������������������������������� 55

5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission������������ 99

Fig. 1.1 Basic structure of system modeling���������������������������������������������������� 2

Fig. 2.28 Simulation model for output data ������������������������������������������������������ 39

Fig. 3.12 Mathematical model for MIMO system �������������������������������������������� 66

Fig. 5.1 Test input image���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102

Table 2.1 WiMAX standards������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 17

Bhavin S. Sedani is working as a professor in Electronics and Communication

Komal R. Borisagar is working as an Associate Professor in Electronics and

Rohit M. Thanki received his Ph.D. in Electronics and Communication

reviewer of renowned journals such as IEEE Access, IEEE Consumer Electronics

The accomplished development in the utilization of advanced systems has prompted

1.1 Basic of System Modeling

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1

Fig. 1.1 Basic structure of system modeling

1.2 WiMAX System and Various Design Technique of It

WiMAX might be viewed as the most developing remote systems administration

Fig. 1.2 Evolution of cellular and wireless technologies

Diversity is a ground-breaking correspondence transmitter-recipient system that

In MIMO, by spatially allotting increasingly a greater number of antennas with

1.3 Limitations of Existing Wireless System

1.4 Motivation and Important Points Covered in the Book

Fig. 1.3 Scenarios of wireless system generation

alongside MIMO implementation is utilized to build the system capacity by lessen-

1.5 Organization of Book

Chapter 2 incorporates the total hypothetical investigation of the WiMAX frame-

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is the very projected

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 13

Fig. 2.1 WiMAX scenario

supported the wireless communication normal, purpose to multipoint IEEE 802.16

2.2 Relationship with Other Wireless Technology

Wireless access to information systems is relied upon to be a territory of quick

2.3 WiMAX Standards

WiMAX is an innovation institutionalized by IEEE for wireless MANs conforming

Fig. 2.2 Relationship of WiMAX with other wireless technologies

Fig. 2.3 Comparison of

Table 2.1 WiMAX standards Definition

802.16-2004 is fundamentally proposed for stationary transmission, the 802.16e is

2.4 Technical Overview of WiMAX Standards

In this section, technical information on WiMAX standards is discussed. The

2.4.1 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer

A few functions are devoted to giving administration to supporters that incorporate

Table 2.2 MAC layer header fields

2.4.2 Physical Layer

2. Time Diversity with Forwarded Error Correction: Diversity in time is given

2.5 Important Features of WiMAX Standards

3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA): Mobile WiMAX

2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling

In this part, traditional WiMAX framework displaying is examined by utilizing

implementation of advanced antenna system by reproducing different antenna

2.6.1 WiMAX Transmitter

Fig. 2.4 Basic architecture of WiMAX system

Fig. 2.5 Traditional WiMAX system model

Fig. 2.6 WiMAX transmitter

2.6.1.1 Input Data

Fig. 2.7 Input data and MAC layer standards

information further stream would be prepared further. Moreover, it is indicated by

Fig. 2.8 Initialization of PN sequence

Fig. 2.9 PN sequence initialization in WiMAX modeling

2.6.1.3 Reed–Solomon (RS) Encoder

The encoding procedure comprises of a connection of an outer Reed–Solomon (RS)

>@ %LWWR,QWHJHU >@ >@ >@ >@ ,QWHJHUWR%LW >@

56B 5VB 56B 56B 56B

Fig. 2.10 Simulation model for RS encoder

Fig. 2.11 Simulation model for convolution coder

2.6.1.4 Convolution Encoder

Table 2.3 Puncturing vectors Rate Puncture vector

%LWBLQW 4$0 8EDU .B

Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Bhavin S. Sedani

1 Introduction to WiMAX System�� 1

3.2.1 Time Diversity�� 55

5 WiMAX System Modeling for Real-Time Data Transmission�� 99

Fig. 1.1 Basic structure of system modeling�� 2

Fig. 2.28 Simulation model for output data �� 39

Fig. 3.12 Mathematical model for MIMO system �� 66

Fig. 5.1 Test input image�� 102

Table 2.1 WiMAX standards�� 17

1.1 Basic of System Modeling

1.2 WiMAX System and Various Design Technique of It

1.3 Limitations of Existing Wireless System

1.4 Motivation and Important Points Covered in the Book

1.5 Organization of Book

2.2 Relationship with Other Wireless Technology

2.3 WiMAX Standards

2.4 Technical Overview of WiMAX Standards

2.4.1 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer

2.4.2 Physical Layer

2.5 Important Features of WiMAX Standards

2.6 Traditional WiMAX System Modeling

2.6.1 WiMAX Transmitter

2.6.1.1 Input Data

2.6.1.3 Reed–Solomon (RS) Encoder

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2.6.1.4 Convolution Encoder

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2.6.1.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulator (QAM)

2.6.1.6 OFDM Symbols

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2.6.2 WiMAX Channel

2.6.3 WiMAX Receiver

2.6.3.1 OFDM Demodulator

2.6.3.2 QAM Demodulator

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2.6.3.3 Viterbi Decoder

2.6.3.4 RS Decoder

2.6.3.6 Output Data

2.6.3.7 BER Calculation

2.7 Testing of Traditional WiMAX System Model

2.7.1 Testing of Model for Channel with SNR = 20 dB

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2.7.2 Testing of Model for Channel with SNR = 27 dB

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3.2 Diversity Techniques

3.2.1 Time Diversity

3.2.2 Frequency Diversity