Chapter 4 : Matrices

4.1 Row, column and order

Exam. Tips
column

 2 1 4
Row   Number of rows = 2, number of column = 3
 3 6 8 
Order of matrix = number of rows x number of columns
=2x3

Exercise 1. State the number of rows, number of columns and the order of each of the
following matrices

Matrix Number of rows Number of columns Order of matrix

Example
 1 7
 
(a)   2 6 3 2 3x2
3 8 

(1)

6 12 
(2)
6
 
8
8
 
(3)
 3 0
 
1
 0.6 3

(4)
1 0 2 9
 
0 1 0 0
2 3 0 7 


Exercise 2. Write a matrix for each of the following orders.

Example
(a) 2 x 1 (b) 1 x 3

2 rows and 1 1 0 9 1 row and 3 columns

column

1
  3

1
 

(1) 2 x 3 (2) 2x2

(3) 1 x 2 (4) 3 x 1

(5) 3 x 2 (6) 4 x 3

4.2 Specific element in a matrix

2 1 7 
 
Exercise 3 Given that P =  5 3 6 
0 4  8 


Example
1st row 3rd column
(a) p13 = 7
2 1 7 
 
5 3 6 
0 4  8 


(1) p23 (2) p32

(3) p31 (4) p33

(5) p12 (6) p22

2
  4 7 9 10 
Exercise 4. Given that Q =  
 3 6 13 5 

Example
(a) q11 + q23 q11
= 4 + 13  4 7 9 10 
 
= 17  3 6 13 5 
q23

(1) q14 – q21 (2) q24 – q13

(3) q22 + q13 (4) 2q13 + 3q21

4.3 Equal Matrices

Exercise 5. Determine whether each of the following pairs of matrices is equal

Example
 12 6  (b)  2 1 3 and 1 2 3
 0.5 6
 and 
(a) 
  1.5 7    3 7 
 2  Solution
Solution

 12 6  2 1 3  1 2 3
 0. 5 6
  =  3  
7 
  1. 5   2 7

Same order and

the corresponding
elements are
equal

(1)  3.25 7
10
 and  3 14 0.7  (2) 
 p  q  pq 
 and  
 61   61 

 3 a 3  b a b  3
(3)   and  3 8 (4)   and  
8
  8 6  8  6 

3
Exercise 6. Determine the value of x and of y for each equation of matrix.

Example
 6 x  6 4 (1) 3 x 11   3 5 y
(a)   
 7 5   y 5 
Solution

 6 x  6 4
  
 7 5   y 5 
 x = 4, y=-7

 5.7   y   1 
(2)      (3)  x  5 0.8   4  2 x y
 x  1.3   2 

 3x  7   5  (5)
(4)     
 y  4  y  6 3
9  6 0.75 4  2 x 
 4
   
 3 y 14 5   5 y  8 14 5 

4.3 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

Exercise 7. Find the sum of the following matrices
Example
7  2   3 9   2   3
(a)       
4  5    6  1 (1)   11    6 
 5   5
 7  3  2  9     
=  
 4  6  5  1
Adding the
 4 7  corresponding
=   elements
  2  6

 5   7 (3) 12  8    3  4 
(2)     
  10   18 

  8 0   1 4   2 6 7  5 0 4
    (5)   
(4)  3 9     3 6  5 4 8   2 4 7 
  5 11   11  19 
  

4
  p 4  4 p  5  3x 0    7x 4
(6)    (7)   
 2q 7   6  2q 2   y  5   3 x 14 

Exercise 8. Find the subtraction of matrices

Example
 2    6  4    3
    (1)     
(a)   3     8    3  6 
 4   1 
   
 2  6 
  Subtract the
=   3  8 
 4 1  corresponding
  elements
8
 
= 5
 3
 
(2)  8  1 0   10 7 6 6 5   2 1
(3)   
3 7    1 4 

 2 6  0 9  3a    a 
    (5)     
(4)   5 3    1 4 b  5 
  10 8    12 7 


 p 5   3p 8   x   4x 
(6)       
 2 q  3    6  q  (7)  3 y     2 y 
 1 z  5 z 
2   2 

Exercise 9. Express each of the following as a single matrix.

Example
3  4   2 5 3 0 
(a)    
0 2   3 6   1  6  Addition or subtraction of a few
matrices is done from left to right
1 1  3 0 
=   
3 8   1  6 

5
  2 1
=  
 2 14 

 3   5    4  3   2  4 
(1)              
  2   7   8 (2)  4    5     3 
5  3   0 
     

(3) 1 5   3  2     6 7   1 5    4 6  1  5
(4)      
 7  2   3 8    8 13 

Exercise 10. Find the value of x and of y for each matrix equation

Example  2  x  5
 3  2 y    5 (1)        
8
   3  y
 
(a)        
x  4
  11 
Solution
 3  2 y  5
    
 x  7 
 x = 7, 2y – 5 = 3
2y = 3 + 5
2y = 8
y=4
(2)  5 x 6   11 y    2 x 1  3 x   5 x   14 
(3)        
 7 y    y    32 

(4) (5)
3 4   x 8   2x  4  4x 0   3x  2    14  2
       
y  7    3  7   12 0   6  3    9 y    3 3 y 

4.4Multiply a matrix by a number

Exercise 11. Find the multiplication of each of the following

6
 Example   1.5 
2 6  12  (1) 2 
(a)    5 
3   3 15 

 23  6 2
 12  Multiply
=  2 
3
all the
 3  3  15
2
3  elements
 4  8 by 23
=  
 2 10 
(2) -3  2 0  4  9 
1 
(3)   21
3 
 18 

 0. 2 1. 6   30  90 
(4) 5  (5)0.1  
3 4    16 29 

Exercise 12. Express each of the following as a single matrix.

Example   2  9 
 3   10   4 (1) 4    
(a) 3       2   5    14 
Multiply
 5   2  3 number
 9   10   8  with matrix
=        
10    2   6  first. Then
subtraction
 9  10  8 
=   and
10  2  6  addition
7
=  
18 
 3 2 2  1 1 4  6  1 0 
(2)    3  (3)    3 
 4 7 2 1  2 12 8   2  3 

6  2 1 (5)

     
(4)  1   3 4   2 7  1  2  14    3 17    1 3 
 3 5 10      3 
      2 18 22    6 5   43  2 

 2 1  1 4 7 0
Exercise 13. Given that A =  , B =   and C =   . Express each
 3 6   0 2 3 1 
of the following as a single matrix.

7
 Example
(a) 3A – B (1) A + 2B
 2 1 1 4
= 3  -  
 3 6  0 2 
 6 3 1 4
=  -  
 9 18  0 2 
 7  1
=  
 9 16 
(2) 2A – 3C (3) 2C – 3A

(4) 2B + C – 3A (5) A – 3B +2C

Exercise 14. Solve each of the following matrix equations

Example
 x 3 6  3  x 9  x 1 6
(a) 2       (1)    2    
 2 2   0 y    4 10   4  y  14 
Solution
 2x 6   6  3  x 9
       
  4 4  0 y    4 10 
 2x  6 9   x 9
    
  4 4  y    4 10 
 2x – 6 = x , 4 – y =10
2x – x = 6 -y = 10 – 4
x=6 -y = 6
y = -6
5  x  16  (3) 4  x 2   5 2 y     3 10 
(2) 2   3    
 y   1  9 

x 1  1 2   7  1 6 3x  1  5  1  2
(4) 5    3   (5)    2   4 
0 y  3 1   9 2 y  x 2 5 7   y  3 

8
4.5 Multiplication Of Two Matrices

Exercise 15. Determine whether each of the following pairs of matrices can be
multiplied. State the order of the product of the matrices if the
multiplication can be done..

Example  1 4
(b)  4 5  
 2  0.2 3 
(a)  2 1 4    Write the
5 order of the
Write the
two matrices
order of the
1x3  2 x1 1 x 2 = 2 x2 two matrices

Can’t be multiplied Can be multiplied

The order of the product is 1 x 2

1 1
(1)   3 1   2 6
2
  (2)  0   1 
 3  3 
 

1 0  2  1 2 1   1 3
(3)    (4)   
3 5  4  3 5 7  2 4 

Smart Tips
P mxn X Q nxq = R mxq
c c d
(a)  a b      ac  bd  (e) (a b)     ac  be ad  bf 
d  e f 
1 x2 2x1 1x1 1x2 2x2 1x2

a  ac ad 
(b)   c d    
b  bc bd 
2x1 1x2 2x2

a b  e   ae  bf 
(c)      
c d  f   ce  df 
2x2 2x1 2x1

a b  e f   ae  bg af  bh 
(d)    
c d  g h   ce  dg cf  dh 
2x2 2x2 2x2
9
Exercise 16. Find the product for each of the following

Example   4
(b)   2 6
 3  3 
(a) 1 3 
 4
 = (1x3 +3x4)
   4 2  4  6
=  
= (15)  3 2 3  6 
8  24 
=  
 6 18 
 3    6
(1)  2 1   (2) 1 3  
  2  4 

5 7
(3)   3 4 (4)  1  4  2
2
 
2

 2   2 
   
(5) 1 5 8   1 (6)  6  3 2 5
 0   7
   

Exercise 17.. Find the product for each of the following

Example  2 5  3 4 
(b)   
 1 7  0  6 
3  2  2   3  2  2  4   2 3  5 0 2  4  5  6 
(a)      
=  
2 4  4   2  2  4  4 
  1  3  7  0  1  4  7  6 
  2  6  22 
=  
=  
 20   3  46 

10
 1 4   1  3 0.5  2 
(1)    (2)   
7 0  3   1 .5  2  4 

5 3  0  2  4 23  2 1 
(3)   
(4)   
4 8  1 6 
  1 7   6 3 

 4 8  1 2
(5)  3 8   (6)  7  4   
 2 0    0.5 3 

Exercise 18. Find the value of x and of y for each matrix equation

Example  x  30  24 
(b)   5 y    
 x 2  4  10  3   15  12 
(a)    
 2 y   3   1  Solution
Solution  5x xy   30  24 
 4 x  6  10    
      15 3 y   15  12 
  8  3y   1   5 x  30 3y = -12
x =6 y =-4
4x – 6 =10, -8 – 3y =1
4x= 16 -3y =9
x= 4 y = -3
 3x 2  1   8  x 4  1   35 
(1)       (2)      
4 y  2  10  y  1 x    5 

 3   12 12   x 8 8 
(4)   2 y   
(3)    4 y   


1
6   12  12 
x
   8  3

11
  x  3 2 4 
(5)  4 7     5 9 (6)  x y     11 0
1 y  5  1

Exercise 19 Solve the following matrix equations.

Example :  3k 
3 (1)  2  k       36 
(a)  p 3     54   2
 p
Solution
(3 p  3 p )  (54)
(6p) = (54)
6p = 54
p=9
  1   2
(2)  m 6     4m  22   
 3  (3)  3 7 k   4     8
 5 
 

 h  x 2  2 4   4  14 
  (5)    
(4)  2 h  3  8    2  h  0 y  5  1  25  5 
 2h 
 

4.6 Identiti Matrix

Smart Tips
Identity matrix, I
IA = AI = A
1 0
I 1x1 = (1) , I 2x2 =   , I 3x3 =
0 1 
1 0 0
 
0 1 0
0 0 1 


Exercise 20 Express the following as a single matrix

12
 Example 1 0  7 9  3  1
(1)     2 
(a) 0 1  6  8 2  5 
3  6  1 0 1 0   2  8
    
9 10  0 1   0 1  4 5 
Solution
3  6  1 0   1 0   2  8
    
9 10  0 1   0 1  4 5 
 3  6    2  8
=     
 9 10   4 5 
AI =A IB =B
5 2
=  
5 5 
5 3 1 0   2 3 1 0  6 11   3 5  1 0
(2)    4   (3)     
1 2 0 1  1 6  0 1  5  3    2 7  0 1 

1 0 0 2 1 3  2 1  1 0  2 
    (5)    
(4) 5  0 1 0 1 4 0  3 6  0 1   3 
0 0 1  2 1 0 
 

4.7 Inverse Matrix

Smart Tips
Matrix P is the inverse of matrix Q and vice versa if
PQ = I and QP = I ,
where I is the identity matrix.

Exercise 21. Determine whether matrix A is an inverse of matrix of matrix B and

vice versa.

13
 Example 3  2  4 2
(b) A =   and B =  
2 5  3  5 5  4  5 3 
(a) A =   and B =  
1 3  1 2 
Solution Solution
 2 5  3  5 3  2   4 2
AB =     AB =   
 1 3   1 2  5  4    5 3 
 6  5  10  10    12  10 66 
=   =  
3  3  5  6    20  20 10  12 
1 0  2 0 
=   =   I
0 1  0  2 
=I
 matrix A is not the inverse of matrix
 matrix A is an inverse of matrix of of matrix B
matrix B and vice versa

4 9  7  9  3  7
(1) A =   and B =   (2) A =   and B =
3 7   3 4   2 5 
 5  7
 
 2 3 

 1 6  1  6 6  4   2.5 2
(3) A =   and B =   (4) A =   and B =  
 4 8   4  8  8  5   4 3 

Smart Tips
a b 1  d  b
Given A =   , A-1 =  
c d ad  bc   c a 

Exercise 22 Find the inverse of each matrix below

14
 Example
 2 5 
(a)  
 1  4 
Solution
 2 5 
1
1  4  5 Using the formula
  =  
 1
  4
 (2)( 4)  5(1)   1  2  1  d

 b

1  4  5 ad  bc   c a 
=  
3   1  2  Substitute a= -2, b=5, c =1,
d=-4
  43  53 
=  1 2


 3  3

6 7  9  4
(1)   (2)  
7 8   5 2 

 5  8 3  2
(3)   (4)  
 2 3  1 4 

Exercise 23 Find the value of k if each of the following matrices does not have
inverse matrix.

Example
5 2k 
(a) A =  
3 4 
Solution :
5(4) – 2k(3) = 0 a b
20 = 6k   does not have an inverse
c d 
20
 k= 6
matrix if ad – bc = 0
10
=
3

15
 k  2 5  4
(1) P =   (2) Q =  
6 3  8  k 

k 5  2 0 
(3) R =   (4) S =  
6 6   7 4  k 

4.8 Solve Simultaneous Linear Equation By Using Matrices

Exercise 24 Rewrite the following simultaneous linear equations in matrix form

Example (b) x – 4y = 5
(a) 8x + 3y = 2 2x – y = 3
6x + 4y = 9
Solution Solution
8x + 3y = 2 1x – 4y = 5
6x + 4y = 9 2x –1 y = 3
8 3  x   2  1  4  x   5 
           
6 4  y   9  2  1  y   3 
(1) 5x + 3y = 11 (2) -5 x + 3y = 7
2x + y = 4 4 x – 9y = 1

(3) m – n = 4 (4) 8p – q = 10
3m - 10n = 5 - 7p + 2q = -2

Exercise 25 Solve the following simultaneous linear equation by using matrices

16
Example
(a) -2x + 5y = 4
3x - 4y = 1
Solution
-2x + 5y = 4
3x - 4y = 1
  2 5  x   4  Using the formula
     
 3  4  y   1  1  d  b
 
 x 1  4  5  4 ad  bc   c a 
      
y
  (  2 )( 4)  (5)(3) 3  2  1 Substitute a= -2, b=5, c =3,
d=-4
1   16  5 
=  
 7   12  2 

1
1   21 Multiply all the elements with 
=   7
 7   14 
 3
=    3
 2 Leaving the answer as   will lose a mark.
2  
 x = 3 and y =2
(1) 2x + y = 3 (2) -5 x + 2y = 12
3x + 2y =2 3 x – 7y = -13

17
 (3) – x + y = 3 (4) -2p + q = 0
4x - y = 6 4p + 8q = 5

(5) 10m – 3n = - 2 (6) 4x + 11y = 6

13m - n = 9 -5x + y = 22

SPM Practice
Paper 1
1. Clone SPM 2003
1
( 4 9) – ( -3 2) + (8 6) =
2
A (15 13) B (11 10) C(5 13) D (11 12)

2 Clone SPM 2003

 x 
Given that  4 x     ( 21)
  1

18
 A 7 B5 C -3 D -2

3 Clone SPM 2003

6 1   3 
  
4 3  5 

  13    21   18 5   18  3
A   B   C   D  
 3   35    12 15   20 15 

4 Clone SPM 2004

Given that 2(3 h) + k(-2 1) = (-4 9), find the value of h+k
A 5 B 6 C 7 D 10

5 Clone SPM 2005

1 3  1 1
2   
6 4   0 4 
 2 2  3 5 1 7 3 7
A   B   C   D  
 6 0 12 4  6 4  12 8 

6 Clone SPM 2005

 4 0
Given that  p 5    11 10 , calculate the value of p
  p 2
A 1 B 2 C -10 D -11

7 Clone SPM 2006

1 2   3 0  5 1 
   3     
5 7  2 2   3  2
  13 1   4 4    13 4 0 3
A   B   C   D  
 14 15   13 16   8 15  7 10 

8 Clone SPM 2006

 3p 
If  2 3    12  , then p =
 p
1 4
A B C 4 D 6
4 3

9 Clone SPM 2007

  1 2   3 
  
 3 4  2 
 3  6  3 4   3  7 
A   B   C   D  
6 8   9 8   14    1

19
10 Clone SPM 2007
Find the value of k in the following matrix equation:
 7 4 k 3  1  5
   3  
 3 2 1 0    6 2 
A -2 B 2 C 4 D 6

11 Clone SPM 2008

 3 2
  2 
 4 0  
 5    6 
 1
  6  5   6  12   6 4
       
A   8 B   8 C  8 0  D  24 0
 4   4   10  6   10 2 
     

12 Clone SPM 2008

(5 -6 3) – ( 2 5 -8) + 3(-1 4 3) =

A (2 -7 14) B (2 3 -2) C (0 1 20) D(0 11 4)

13 Clone SPM 2009

 5 3 3  4
   2 =
 8 7 2 0 
  1  5  1 11   1 11   1 11 
A   B   C   D  
 4 7    12 7   4 5    12 5 

14 Clone SPM 2009

 4 
Given that  2m 5     9  , find the value of m.
  3
A1 B 2 C 3 D4

Paper 2
1 Clone SPM 2003
7  4 1 0
M is a 2x2 matrix where M   = 
3  2   0 1 
(a) Find the matrix M.
(b) Write the following simultaneous linear equations as matrix equation :
7x – 4y = 5
3x – 2y = 2
Hence, using matrices, calculate the value of x and of y.

2 Clone SPM 2004

2  5 9 p
(a) The inverse matrix of   is m   . Find the value of m and ofp.
4  9  4 2 

(b) Using matrices, calculate the value of x and of y that satisfy the following

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 simultaneous linear equations:
2x – 5y = 4
4x – 9y = 6

3 Clone SPM 2005

3  4  5 m 1 0
Given that matrix P =  , Q = k   and PQ =  .
2 5   2 3  0 1 
(a) Find the value of k and of m.
(b) Using matrices, find the value of x and of y that satisfy the following
simultaneous linear equations
3x – 4y = 13
2x + 5y = 1

4 Clone SPM 2006

 6  8 p 4
(a) It is given that the inverse matrix of   is   . Find the value of
 2 3  1 3 
p.

(b) Write the following simultaneous linear equations as matrix equation :

6m – 8n = -5
-2m + 3n = 2
Hence, using matrices, calculate the value of m and of n.

5 Clone SPM 2007

1  3 4  h  4 1 0
(a) Given that     , find the value of k and of h.
k   5 8  5  3   0 1 
(b) Using matrices, calculate the value of x and of y that satisfy the following
matrix equation :
 3 4  x   7 
     
 5 8  y  12 

6 Clone SPM 2008

4 3 1 8  3
The inverse matrix of   is  .
9 8 m  k 4 
(a) Find the value of m and of k.

(b) Write the following simultaneous linear equations as matrix equation :

4x + 3y = 6
9x + 8y = 11
Hence, using matrices, calculate the value of x and of y.

7 Clone SPM 2009

4  11 
(a) Find the inverse matrix of   .
2  5 
(b) Write the following simultaneous linear equations as matrix equation :

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 4x – 11y = 13
2x – 5y = 5
Hence, using matrices, calculate the value of x and of y.

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