Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is thought by many to have been one of the greatest intellects of all time. He went to Trinity College Cambridge in 1661 and by the age of 23 he had made three major discoveries: the cal of the calculus to give the first satisfactory explanation of the nature of colours, -ulus and the law of gravitation. He used his version the motion of the Sun, the Moon and the stars. Because he was extremely sensitive to criticism, Newton was alway very secretive, but he was eventually persuaded to publish his discoveries in 1687.2.1 Negative numbers © Ifthe weather is very cold and the temperature is 3 degrees below zero, it is written -3°. © Ifa golfer is 5 under par for his round, the scoreboard will show 5. ®© Ona bank statement if someone is $55 overdrawn [or ‘in the red’] it would appear as ~855. ’ ‘The above are examples of the use of negative numbers. An easy way to begin calculations with negative numbers is to think about changes in temperature: a) Suppose the temperature is -2° and it rises by 7°. ‘The new temperature is 5°. We can write-2+7=5. b) Suppose the temperature is -3° and it falls by 6°. ‘The new temperature is -9°, ‘We can write -3 - 6 =-9. Exercise 1 In Questions 1 to 12 move up or down the thermometer to find the new temperature. 1. The temperature is +8° and it falls by 3°. 2. The temperature is -8° and it rises by 4°, 3, The temperature is 44° and it falls by 5°. 4, The temperature is ~3° and it rises by 7°. 5, The temperature is +2° and it falls by 6°. 6. The temperature is +4° and it rises by 8°. 7. The temperature is 1° and it falls by 6°. 8, The temperature is +9° and it falls by 14°. 9. The temperature is —5° and it rises by 1°. 10. The temperature is -13° and it rises by 13°, 11. Some land in Bangladesh is below sea level. Here are the heights, above sea level, of five villages. A lm B -4m Cc 2im D -2m E -15m a) Which village is safest from flooding? b) Which village is most at risk from serious flooding? 12. A diver is below the surface of the water at 15m. He dives down by 6m, then rises 4m. Where is he now? Bee Aetra2.2 Directed numbers To add two directed numbers with the same sign, find the sum of the numbers and give the answer the same sign. Example 1 434+ (45) =43+5=48 To add two directed numbers with different signs, find the difference between the numbers and give the answer the sign of the larger nu umber. Example 2 47+ (-3)=47-3=44 49-4 (12) =49-12=-3 -8+(44)=-8+4=-4 To subtract a directed number, change its sign and add. Example 3 47 -(45)=47-5=42 47 ~(-5)=474+5=412 ~8-(H4)=-8-4=-12 =9- (Cll) =~9 += 42 Exercise 2 247 + (+6) -7 +(-24) +54 (+4.1) 10, -2 + (-3) + (-4) 13. -9+(47) 16. -7 + (+10) 19, -1.8 + (+10) 22. +9 — (+15) Neo +11 + (+200) . 5 + (61) 8 +(-27) 4 1-7 + (+4) |. +16 + (-30) 19 + (+200) ). -7 + (+24) 6 — (+9) » . -3 + (-9) . 40.2 + (45.9) . #17 + (41.7) 12.47 +(-4) 15. +14 +(-21) 18, +7.6 + (-9.8) 21, 47 - (45) 24, -9 - (+5) ee Directed numbers25. +8 — (+10) 26.-19-(-7) 27. -10 - (+70) 28. -5.1 — (+8) 29. -0.2 — (+4) 30. +5.2 - (-7.2) 31. 4+ (-3) 32. +6 ~(-2) 33. 48+ (-4) 34, -4- (+6) 35. +7 -(-4) 36. +6 + (-2) 37. +10 - (+30) 38. +19 - (+11) 39. +44 (-7) + (-2) 40. -3 ~ (+2) + (-5) 41. -17 - (-1) + (-10) 42. -5 + (-7) - (+9) 43. +9 + (-7) - (-6) 44, -7 - (8) 45. -10.1 + (-10.1) 46. -75 - (-25) 47. -204 - (+304) 48. -7 + (-11)- (+11) 49. +17 - (+17) 50. ~6 + (-7) - (+8) 51. +7+(-7.1) 52. -11 ~ (-4) + (43) 53, -2-(-8.7) 54, +7 + (-11) + (+5) 55. 610 + (-240) 56. -7 - (~3) - (-8) 57. +9 - (-6) + (-9) 58. -1-(—5) + (-8) 59. -2.1 + (-9.9) 60. ~47 — (-16) When two directed numbers with the same sign are multiplied together, the answer is positive. © 47x (43) $421 © -6x(-4)=424 When two directed numbers with different signs are multiplied together, the answer is negative. © 8x (+4) =-32 © 47x (5)=-35 © =3 x (42) x (45) =-6 x (+5) =-30 When dividing directed numbers, the rules are the same as in multiplication. © 70+ (-2)=+35 © 41243 © 20+ (H4)=-5 Exercise 3 1. 42x (-4) 2, 47 x (+4) 3. -4x(-3) 4. -6 x (4) 5. 6 x (3) 6. +5x(-7) 7.-7x(-7) 8. 4x (43) 9. 40.5 (—4) 10, -14x(-6) 11, -8 + (+2) 12, +12-+ (+3) 13, +36 + (-9) 14, ~40 + (-5) 15. -70 + (-1) 16, -56 + (+8) 17. -2+(-2) 18. -3 + (45) 19. +0.1 + (-10) 20. -0.02 + (-100) 21. -11x(-11) 22, -6x(-1) 23. +12 x (-50) \ 25. -600 + (+30) 26, -5.2+ (42) 27. +7 x (-100) EER Algebra 129. 100 + (-0.1) 33. 40.4 + (-1) 37. -14+ (47) Exercise 4 1,-7+(-3) 5. 4- (+6) 9.-7x (+4) 13, 40 - (+70) 17. +10 x (-3) 21. +100 + (-7) 25, 6 - (+10) 29. (-2)? 33. -6 —(-7) 37. -6 x (+0.4) 41. (-3)?=7 45, (-2)5 49, 2.1 + (6.4) 2.3 Formulae 30, -8 x -80 34, -16 + (+40) 38, -7 + (-14) as 26. -6 x (+4) x (-2) 30, +100 ~ (-70) 34, (-2)* + (-4) 38, -3 x (+6) x (-10) 42, -12 +t 31. -3 x (-2) x (-1) 35, +0.2 x (-1000) 39. +1L+(-5) 3. -4x (-3) 7. +6 + (-2) 11. +10 + (60) 15. (-1)* 19, +10 + (-7) 23. - 20+ (-2) 27. +8 + (-8) 31. +18 + (-6) 35. +8-(-7) 39, (2)? + (41) 43. -30+-2 2 47. (-0.1)° x (-10) 32. +3 x (-7) x (+2 36. -7 x (~5) x (-1 40. -6x/-)x(-30) 4.-4x (+7) 8. +8—(-6) 12. (-3*) 16. -8 + (+4) 20. +12 - (4) 24, (-1)" 28. 0.x (-6) 32. (-1)" 36. +7 + (-2) 40. +6 - (+1000) 44, 5 - (+7) + (-0.5) 48. 3 - (+19) When a calculation is repeated many times it is often helpful to use a formula, Publishers use a formula to work out the selling price of a book based on the production costs and the expected sales of the book. Exercise 5 1, The final speed v of a car is given by the formula v= u + at, [u initial speed, a = acceleration, t= Find v when u = 15 m/s, a =0.2 m/s*, t= 30 s. ‘ime taken] 2, The time period T ofa simple pendulum is given by the formula T= anf i} z where | is the length of the pendulum and gis the gravitational acceleration. Find T when /= 0.65 m, g= 9.81 m/s*?and m= 3,142. Formulae a3. The total surface area A of a cone is related to the radius rand the slant height / by the formula A = mr(r +1). Find A when r=7 cm and/= 11 cm. 4, The sum S of the squares of the integers from 1 to n is given by S$=in(n+1)(2n+1), Find S when n= 12. 5. The acceleration a of a train is found using the formula a= Find a when v= 20 m/s, u=9 m/s and s= 2.5 m. 2s 6. Einstein's famous equation relating energy, mass and the speed of light is E = mc’. Find E when m = 0.0001 kg and c= 3 x 10° m/s. 7. The distance s travelled by an accelerating rocket is given by s=ut+2at®, Find swhen u=3 m/s, t= 100s and a=0.1 m/s 8, Find a formula for the area of the shape below, in terms ska Bane aes 9, Find a formula for the length of the shaded part below; in terms of p, q and r: 10, A fish lays brown eggs or white eggs and it likes to lay them in a certain pattern. Each brown egg is surrounded by six white eggs. Here there are 3 brown eggs and 14 white eggs. a) How many eggs does it lay altogether if it lays 200 brown eggs? b) How many eggs does it ay altogether ifit lays » brown eggs? 11. In the diagrams below the rows of green tiles are surrounded by white tiles. Find a formula for the number of white tiles which would be needed to surround a row of n green tiles. Algebra 1Example When a = 3, -2, c=5, find the value of: a) 3atb b) ac+b° oa 4) alc-b) a) 3a+b by ac+b? ye ee d) a(c—b) =(3x3)+(2) = (3x5)+(2) A = 35-2) 9-2 =15+4 = 37) =7 =19 =21 Notice that working down the page is easier to follow. Exercise 6 Evaluate the following: For questions 1 to 12, a=3,c=2,e=5. 1.3a-2 2 4et+e 3. 2c+3a 4.5e-a 5.e—2¢ 6. e—2a 7. 46+ 2e 8. 7a—Se Se-e 10. 1l0a+c+e H.ere-e 12.a-c-e For questions 13 to 24, = 3, m= 2, t=-3. 13, 2m-3 14, 4t+10 15. h-T2 16.6m+4 17, 4-3 18. 4h+4 19. 2m-6 20. m+2 21. 3h+m 22. t-h 23. 4m+2h 24. 3t—m For questions 25 to 36, x=—2, y Lk=0. 25. 3x+1 26. 2y+5 27. 6k +4 28. 3x+2y 29. 2k+x 30. xy 31. xk 32, 2xy 33 2(x+k) 34. (k+y) 35. 5x-y 36, 3k -— 2x 2x? means 2(.x), 2x)? means ‘work out 2x and then square it. —7x means — 7(x). —x* means ~ 1(x?). meExample ‘When x= 2, find the value of: b) (x? (-2)' -5(-2)_b) (3x) (3x-2) -1(-2)° eee =(6)*-104) =36-4 =32 Exercise 7 Ifx=-3 and y= 2, evaluate the following: gt BBs? ay 44 5. (2x)? 6. 27 710-9 8. 10-y) 9. 20 - 2x 10. 20-3) 1.5 + 4x 12,.¢-2x 13. P - 3x2 14. 2 -3y 15. (2x)?-y 16, 43° 17, (4x) 18, 1-2 19. y=" 20.2+y 2e-y 22.2- 2 23, (3x)? +3 24, 11-3y 25, 12 +xy 26, (2x)?—(3y)?_— 272-37 28. F- 29,249 30. a 31. 10- 3x 32. 29° 33, 25-3y 34, Qy)? 35. -7 43x 36, -8 + 10y 37. (xy)? 38. xy? 39,748 40. 17 +xy 41. 5-2" 42.10- (2x)? 43. 43x45 44,200-d4x+1 45. = b =3, c=-3, evaluate: ¢ 3 ee +e) = V3 eu 3 = eeExercise 8 Evaluate the following: In questions 1 to 16, a= 4, b=-2, c=-3. 1, a(b +c) 2. a (b-c) 3. 2cla-c) 5. c(b— 2a) 6. 2a*(b +c) 7. 2(at+b+c) 9. B+ 2b+a 10. 2-3c+a 11. 2b'= 3b 13, |(ab+c7) 4. y(e-b) 5, 2426 In questions 17 to 32, k -3,m=1Ln=—4. 17. (2m—n) 18, Smy(K+n*) 19. (kn +4m) 21. mm — n) 22. = 3k+4 23. m+ m+ tn 25 m(k =n’) 26. my(k—n) 27. 100k? +m 2k+m kn-k 3k+2m 29. a 30. ae 31. Qn 3k In questions 33 to 48, w=—2, x=3, y=0,2= w wx ete 33, SHH 34, “2% 35. (2) z z w 37. xqf(x+wz) 38. wif(z+y7) 39. 20 +47 + 5A) z ztw xtw a. 24x 42, 43, w x z Lia 45. 244245 BG eit ote woz x arr) 49. Find K= J) @ +b) 40 2c | ig 3 poo, co-1, a+b’ +4c 50) Rind Ws ED (k+m\(k+n) - 2 24, 32. 36. 40. 48. s & (2a + 3c) kmn(k? + m? + 1?) Lk + 3k 28. m?(2K — 30?) k+m+n Kamen? (z+ wy) 2x(w 2) 2p “ame eng2.4 Brackets and simplifying A term outside a bracket multiplies each of the terms inside the bracket. This is the distributive law. Example 1 3(x—2y) = 3x - 6y Example 2 2x(x— 2y + 2) = 22? — dy + 2xz Example 3 Ty - 42x - 3) =7y-8x412 In general: like terms can be added x's can be added to 2’s ys can be added to y's 2's can be added to x" But they must not be mixed. Example 4 2x t3y + 3x0 + 2y—xax+ Sy tax? Example 5 7x+3x(2x —3) = 7x + 6x* — 9x = 6x" - 2x Exercise 9 Simplify as far as possible: 1. 3x+4y+7y 2.4a+7b-2a+b 3. 3x-ly+4y 4, et 3x45 5.7-3x42+4x 6.5 -3y-6y-2 7. 5x4 2y—4y— 2° 8 2e+3x+5 9, 2x-Ty—2x-3y 10. 4a + 3a*- 2a LL. 7a-7a? +7 12. 8 + 3x? - 4x7 + 5x 14,2 Zyl 2 15, M4, 2m x yx y x OR 165.742 17. 3.4542428 13, 2m nm we aa 43 23 me Aleta19. 8+ 7x? = 2x! 20. (2x)? = 2x7 22. (2x)? — (2y)? — (4x? 23. Sx— 7x2 — (2x)? Remove the brackets and collect like terms: x + 2(x+ 1) 26. 5x +7(x—- 1) 28. 9-2(3x-1) 29, 3x 4(2x +5) 31. 7x4 3x(x— 4) 32. 4(x= 1) - 3x 34. 3x(x- 1) - 708 35. 3a + 2(a +4) 37. 3ab — 2a(b— 2) 38. 3y-y(2-y) 40. 7x- (x3) 41, Sx -2(2x +2) 43. x(x— 2) + 3x(x- 3) 44, 3x(x + 4) — x(x 2) 46. 7(2x + 2) — (2x +2) 47. 7b(a + 2) - a(3b +3) Two brackets ee Example 1 (x+5)(x+3)= x(x +3)45(x +3) A+ 3x4+5x+15 ax 4+8x415 ire ee ee] SS Example 2 (2x -3)(4y +3) = 2x(4y +3)-3(4y +3) = 8xy + 6x-12y-9 SE ee ee Example 3 3(x+1)(x=2)=3 [x (x2) +1 (x-2)] =3[x?-2x+x—-2] = 3x7 -3x-6 Exercise 10 Remove the brackets and simplify: 1, (e+ 1) +3) 2. (x+3)(x+2) 4. (x-3)(x +4) 5. (x +5)(x-2) 7. (a~7)(a+5) 8. (2+9)(z-2) 10. (k= 11)(k+ 11) LL. (2x+1)(e-3) 13. (2y-3)(y+1) 14. (7y-1)(7y+ 1) 2 + (By? +32 — (2y? 27.74 3(x-1) 30, 5x 2x(x— 1) 33, 5x(x+2) + 4x 36. 4a - 3(a- 3) 39, 3x—(x+2) 42. 3(x—y) + 4(x + 2y) 45. y(3y- 1) = Gy-1) 48, 3(x-2) (x2) e 3. (y+ 4)(y +5) 6. (x— 3)(x-2) 9. (x= 3)(x+3) 12, (3x + 4)(x-2) 15, (3x—2)(3x +2) Brackets and simplifying 516. (3a + b)(2a +b) 19. (5x — y)(3y — x) 22. 3(x- 1)(2x +3) 25, 4(a + 2b)(a- 2b) 28. 3y(y-2)(y +3) 17, (3x+y)(x+2y) 20. (3b — a)(2a + 5b) 23. 4(2y- 1)(3y +2) 26. x(x — 1)(x-2) 29. x(x + y)(x+2) 18, (2b + 0)(3b-c) 2A. 2x IYxX+2) 24, 2(3x + 1)(x-2) 27. 2x(2x— 1)(2x+1) 30. 3z(a + 2m)(a- m) Be careful with an expression like (x ~3)*, It is not x°— 9 or even x7 +9, (x-3) = (x-3)(x-3) = x(x=3)—3 (x3) =x? -6x4+9 Another common mistake occurs with an expression like 4— (x 1), 4-(x-1P = 4-1x-1)(x-1) = 4-107 - 2x +1) =4-x7 420-1 =3t2x-x7 Exercise 11 Remove the brackets and simplify: 1. (x44)? 2. (x+2) 3. (x- 2) 4, (2x41) 5. (y-5)? 6. (3y+1) 7. (x+y? 8. (2r+y)? 9.(a- by 10, (2a — 3b 11. 3(x4+ 2) 12. (3-—x)? 13. (3x+2) 14, (a— 2b)? 15. (x41? +(e+2yP 16. (x- 2) +(x +3) 17. (x +2) +(2x+1)? 18. (y- 3) +(y-4)? 19. (x +2)?-(x-3)? 20. (x — 3)? =(x+1)? 21. (y-3)?-(y +2)" 22, (2x + 1)? = (x +3)? 23. 3(x+ 2) -(x+4y 24, (x = 3)? = 3(x + 1)? Three brackets ‘Toexpand three sets of brackets first expand one pair and then multiply this result by the third bracket Example (x+1)(x+2)(a+3)=[x(x +2) 41+ 2)](e +3) =[x?+2x4x42](x+3) = (x +3x+2)(x+3) = x(x? 43x+2)4+3(x? 43x42) Sx°43x742x43x7 +9046 =x°46x" +11x+6 ee AveraExercise 12 Remove the brackets and simplify: 1. (x+2)(x-3)(x-4) 2. (x=1(x+2)(x-5) 4. (2x-D(x+1)(x-)) 5. (3x+1)(2x+1)(x-2) 7. (6x—5)(2x+7)(3x-8) 8. (x+1)'(x-4) 10. (x-1)(2x+3)? 1. x=) 13. (x2) —(x +1) 14. (x+3)' -(x-4)° 2.5 Linear equations 3. (x+6)(x—3)(x45) 6. (x+2)(4x-3)(2x+3) 9. (x-3)(x-2)° 12, (3x+2)° 15. (2x41)? +3(x+1) © Ifthe x term is negative, add an x term with a positive coefficient to both sides of the equation. Example 1 4-3x=2 4=2+3x 2=3x a Jax 3 © If there are x terms on both sides, collect them on one side. Example 2 2x-7=5-3x 2x+3x=547 5x =12 ® Ifthere is a fraction in the x term, multiply out to simplify the equation. Example 3 a0 5 2x =30 30 pats 2 15 Lear suston |cy Exercise 13 Solve the following equations: 1,2x-5=11 2. 3x-7=20 3. 2x+6=20 4, 5x+10=60 5.8=7+3x 6. 12=2x-8 7.-7=2x-10 9. 12=15+2x 10. 5+6x=7 2B. 7= id; 21 a5 7s [Cee a 43 a. =4+7=12 2258 2 3 25. wo=3+2 26. 27, 100x-1=98 28. 7=7+7x 30. 31. 7 + 3x 32. 2x+4=x-3 29. ~+10=20 100 33,x-3=3x47 34, 35.4-3x=1 36.5 -4xr= 37.7=2-x 38. 39. 6+2a=3 40. a-3=3a-7 41. 2y-1=4-3y 42. 43,7 - 3x=5—2x 44, 8—2y=5—Sy 45, x— 16 = 16- 2x 46. 47, -x-4=-3 48, -3-x=-5 1 4 50. 49, -<+1= Base Example x-2(x-1)=1-4(x41) x-2x+2=1-4x-4 x-2xt4x=1-4-2 3x=-5 5 xa-2 Exercise 14 Solve the following equations: Lx43(v+1)=2x 3, 2x- 2x41) = 5x 5. 4(x- 1) =2(3 - x) 7, 4(1 - 2x) =3(2-x) Algebra 1 2.14+3(x-1)=4 4, 23x-1)=3(x- 1) 6. 4(x— 1)-2=3x 8.3-2(2x+1)=x+179. 4x=x—(x-2) 10. 7x =3x- (x +20) AI. Sx - 3(x- 1) =39 12, 3x + 2(x—5) = 15 ~(x+1)=9-(2x-1) 14, 10x (2x-+3)=21 15. 32x +1) +2(x-1)=23 16, 5(1 — 2x) - 3(4 + 4x) =0 17. 7x-(2-x)=0 18, 3(x +1) =4-(x-3) 19. 3y+7+3(y- 1) =2Qy+6) 20, A(y= 1) + 3(y +2 21. 4x - (xt 1) =5(x+3) 45 22, 7—2(x—1) = 3(2x- 1) +2 23. 10(2x+3) - 8(3x—5) +5(2x-8) =0 24, 2(x+ 4) + 3(x- 10) =8 25. 7(2x = 4) + 3(5 - 3x) =2 26. 10(x+.4) — 9(x- 3) - 27. 5(2x — 1) -2(x-2)=7 +4x 28. 6(3x— 4) — 10(x—- 3) = 29, 3(x-3)-7(2x-8)-(x-1)=0 30.54+2(x+5)=10-(4 31. 6x +30(x~12)=2[x—1) 32. 3[2x-2}-7/x-1)=0 33, 5(x—1) + 17(x- 2) = 2x +1 34. 6[2x -1) + 9(x+1)=8| x15 35. 7(x+4)—5(x+3)+(4-x)=0 36, 0=9(3x +7) — 5(x +2) —(2x-5) 37. 10(2.3— x) — 0.1(5x- 30) =0 38. a(2tx-2)-2a- 4 i x t 39. (Co) (2) (Aaa) 40. 1o(1-2 }-00-2)- 1 0-2)=005 Example (43) = (+27 +3? Xt 2Y(x+2)+9 P+ Ax +4+9 x +13, 2x a4 Be Exercise 15 Solve the following equations: Ltt 4= (x4 I(x +3) 2 e+ 3x=(x+3)(x+1) 3. (x+3)(x- I= +5 4, (x4 Ilx+4) = (x-7)(x+6 5. (x= 2)(x+3) = (x-7)(x+7) 6. (x—5)(x+4) = (x4 7. 2x2 + 3x5 (2x 1)(x+1) 8. (2x-1)(x-3 922+ (x4 P= 2x 1)et4) 10. x(2x + 6) =2(x° - 5 LL, (x4 1)(x=3) + (x +1)? = 2x(x-4) 12. (2x+ 1)(x= 4) + (x-213. (x +2) —(x-3)'=3x-11 14. x(x 1) = 2(x—1)(x +5) - (x4? 1S. (2x41)? = 4(x-3)?=5x+10 16, 2(x+ 1)? — (x- 2)? =x(x- 3) 17, The area of the rectangle shown exceeds the area of the square by 2 cm®. Find x 18. The area of the square exceeds the area of the rectangle by 13 m* Find y, yet y 19. The area of the square is half the area of the rectangle. Find x. 240) a te-2) ‘When solving equations involving fractions, multiply both sides of the equation by a suitable number or letter to eliminate the fractions. Example 1 =2x (multiply both sides by x) Algebra 1Example 2 (x1) x43 _2x-1 ay 4 3 2 ws 3) 12 aS piathickytesth dea 3(x +3) = 4(2x —1) + (B) 3x4+9=8x—4 13=5x joer 5 Note: It is possible to go pes straight from line (A) to line 2 (B) by ‘cross-multiplying’ Example 3 ia +2=12 Exercise 16 Solve the following equations: 1, >=21 hoRIR RL RIN Linear equations13, 16. 19, 22} 25, 28. 3. 2 (eI) 2 4N)=0 32. 33. —+2=3 34, 8-327 35. 36. -2=143 37. 40. 43, 46, 2241 8 2.6 Problems solved by linear equations a) Let the unknown quantity be x (or any other letter) and state the units (where appropriate). b) Express the given statement in the form of an equation. ©). Solve the equation for x and give the answer in words. (Do not finish by just writing ‘x = 3%) 4) Check your solution using the problem (not your equation). a —Example 1 ‘The sum of three consecutive whole numbers is 78. Find the numbers. a) Let the smallest number be x; then the other numbers are (x+ 1) and (x +2) b) Form an equation: x+(x+1)+(x+2)=78 ©) Solve: 3x =75 EPS In words: The three numbers are 25, 26 and 27. d) Check: 25 +26 +27=78 Example 2 ‘The length of a rectangle is three times the width. If the perimeter is 36 cm, find the width. a) Let the width of the rectangle be x cm. ‘Then the length of the rectangle is 3x cm. x b) Form an equation. = x+3x+x43x=36 ©) Solve: 8x =36 36 eee 8 x=45 Tn words: ‘The width of the rectangle is 4.5 cm. d) Check: If width = 45cm length = 13.5 cm perimeter = 36cm Exercise 17 Solve each problem by forming an equation. ‘The first questions are easy but should still be solved using an equation, in order to practise the method: 1. The sum of three consecutive numbers is 276. Find the numbers. 2. The sum of four consecutive numbers is 90, Find the numbers. 3, The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is 177. Find the numbers. Problems solved by linear equations4, Find three consecutive even numbers which add up to 1524. 5, When a number is doubled and then added to 13, the result is 38. Find the number. 6. When a number is doubled and then added to 24, the result is 49. Find the number. 7. When 7 is subtracted from three times a certain number, the result is 28. ‘What is the number? 8. The sum of two numbers is 50. The second number is five times the first. Find the numbers. 9. Two numbers are in the ratio 1:11 and their sum is 15. Find the numbers. 10. The length of a rectangle is twice the width. If the perimeter is 20 cm, find the width. 11. The width of a rectangle is one third of the length. If the perimeter is 96 cm, find the width. tie 12. If AB is a straight line, find x. rn Bic Nada 5 13. If the perimeter of the triangle is 22 cm, find the length of the shortest side. 14, If the perimeter of the rectangle is 34 cm, find x. 15. The difference between two numbers is 9. Find the numbers, if their sum is 46. 16, The three angles in a triangle are in the ratio 1:3:5, Find them. 17. The three angles in a triangle are in the ratio 3:4:5, Find them. 18. The product of two consecutive odd numbers is 10 more than the square of the smaller number. Find the smaller number. 19. The product of two consecutive even numbers is 12 more than the square of the smaller number. Find the numbers. 20. The sum of three numbers is 66. The second number is twice the first and six less than the third. Find the numbers. 21. The sum of three numbers is 28. The second number is three times the first and the third is 7 less than the second. What are the numbers? 22, David’s mass is 5 kg less than John’, who in turn is 8 kg lighter than Paul. If their total mass is 197 kg, how heavy is each person? Algebra 123. Nilopal is 2 years older than Devjan who is 7 years older than Sucha. If their combined age is 61 years, find the age of each person. 24. Kimiya has four times as many marbles as Ramneet. If Kimiya gave 18 to Ramneet they would have the same number, How many marbles has each? 25. Mukat has five times as many books as Usha. If Mukat gave 16 books to Usha, they would each have the same number. How many books did each gir! have? 26. The result of trebling a number is the same as adding 12 to it, What is the number? 27. Find the area of the rectangle if the perimeter is 52 cm. 28, The result of multiplying a number by 3 and subtracting 5 is the same as doubling the number and adding 9. What is the number? 29. Two girls have $76 between them, If the first gave the second $7 they would each have the same amount of money. How much did each girl have? axt3 37 30. A tennis racket costs $12 more than a hockey stick. If the price of the two is $31, find the cost of the tennis racket. Example A man goes out at 16:42 and arrives at a post box, 6 km away, at 17:30. He walked part of the way at 5 km/h and then, realising the time, he ran the rest of the way at 10 km/h, How far did he have to run? © Let the distance he ran be x km. Then the distance he walked = (6—x) km. © Time taken to walk (6 - x) km at 5 km/h = hours. (6=x) 5 Time taken to run x km at 10 km/h = fa hours. Total time taken = 48 minutes = 4 hour 5 (ial es 5 as | © Multiply by 10: A6-x)+x=8 12-24 4=x He ran a distance of 4 km. Problems solved by linear equations© Check: Time to run 4 km = Time to walk 2 km Total time taken’ 2 Exercise 18 1. Every year a man is paid $500 more than the previous year: If he receives $17 800 over four years, what was he paid in the first year? 2. Samir buys x cans of soda at 30 cents each and (x + 4) cans of soda at 35 cents each. The total cost was $3.35. Find x. 3. The length of a straight line ABC is 5 m. If AB: BC = 2:5, find the length of AB. 4. The opposite angles ofa cyclic quadrilateral are (3x + 10)° and (2x-+20)°. Find the angles. 5. The interior angles of a hexagon are in the ratio 1:2:3:4:5:9. Find the angles. This is an example of a concave hexagon. Try to sketch the hexagon. 6. A man is 32 years older than his son. Ten years ago he was three times as old as his son was then. Find the present age of each. xn Mahmoud runs toa marker and back in 15 minutes. His speed on the way to the marker is 5 m/s and his speed on the way back is 4 m/s. Find the distance to the marker. 8. A car completes a journey in 10 minutes. For the first half of the distance the speed was 60 km/h and for the second half the speed was 40 km/h, How far is the journey? 9. A lemming runs from a point A to cliff at 4 m/s, jumps over the edge at B and falls to C at an average speed of 25 m/s. If the total distance from A to C is 500 m and the time taken for the journey is 4l seconds, find the height BC of the cliff. 10. A bus is travelling with 48 passengers. When it arrives at a stop, x passengers get off and 3 get on. At the next stop half the passengers get off and 7 get on. There are now 22 passengers. Find x. 11. A bus is travelling with 52 passengers. When it arrives at a stop, y passengers get off and 4 get on. At the next stop one-third of the passengers get off and 3 get on. There are now 25 passengers. Find y. pa a12. Mr Lee left his fortune to his 3 sons, 4 daughters and his wife. Each son received twice as much as each daughter and his wife received $6000, which was a quarter of the money, How much did each son receive? 13. In a regular polygon with 1 sides each interior angle is 180-2" degrses: How matiy sides does a polygon have if 1H each interior angle is 156° 14. A sparrow flies to see a friend at a speed of 4 km/h. His friend is out, so the sparrow immediately returns home at a speed of 5 km/h, ‘The complete journey took 54 minutes. How far away does his friend live? 15. Consider the equation an? =182 where a is any number between 2 and 5 and n is a positive integer. What are the possible values of n? 16. Consider the equation “= 12 where k is any number between x 20 and 65 and xis a positive integer. What are the possible values of x? 2.7 Simultaneous equations To find the value of two unknowris in a problem, two different equations must be given that relate the unknowns to each other. ‘These two equations are called simultaneous equations. Substitution method This method is used when one equation contains a unit quantity of one of the unknowns, as in equation [2] of the example below. Example 3x-2y=0 fl) dxe+y=7 2] a) Label the equations so that the working is made clear. b) In this case, write y in terms of x from equation [2]. ‘) Substitute this expression for y into equation [1] and solve to find x. 4) Find y from equation [2] using this value of x. Qx+y=7 ~ 2] ys7-2x ‘Simultaneous equationsSubstituting into [1] 3x-2(7-2x)=0 3x-1444x=0 7x=14 x=2 Substituting into [2] °x2t+ya7 y=3 The solutions are x= 2, y=3. ‘These values of x and y are the only pair which simultaneously satisfy both equations. Exercise 19 Use the substitution method to solve the following: 1. Qx+y=5 2 xt2y= x+3y ax+3y=14 4, 2x+ y=-3 5. dxty=14 x-ys3 xt5y=13 7 Wxtys5 8 2x+y=13 9, 7x+2y=19 3x-2y=4 5x-4y=13 x-ys4 10. b-a 11. a+4b=6 a+b 8b- 13. 3m= n—6 14. 2w+3x-13=0 15. x+2(y-6)=0 4m+n=6 SW 3x+4y =30 16. 2x 17, 3m—n=5 Tse =g=11=0. ea 2m+5n=7 Mince It is useful at this point to revise the operations of addition and subtraction with negative numbers. Example Simplify: a) -7+-4=-7-4=-11 b) -3x+ (—4x) =-3x- 4x =—7x ©) 4y-(-3y) =4y+3y=7y d) 3+ (-3a) =3a-3a=0 Algebra 1Exercise 20 Evaluate: 1.74 (-6) 2.8+(-11) 3.5—(47) 4.6—(-9) 6-7 -(-4) 7.10 + (-12) 9. -10 ~ (+11) 10. -3-(-4) 11. 4-4) 12, 8-(-7) 13, -5- (+5) 14, -7 -(-10) 15. 16— (+10) 16. -7 = (+4) 17, -6-(-8) 18. 10- (+5) 19. -12 + (-7) 20.7 +(-11) Simplify: 21. 3x4 (-2x) 22, 4xv+(-7x) 23. 6x —(+2x) - 10y - (+6y) 25, 6y- (-3y) 26. 7x+ (-4x) Sixt (3x) 28. -3x- (-7x) 29, Sx (43x) Ty (- 10y) Elimination method Use this method when the first method is unsuitable (some prefer to use it for every question). Example 1 x+2y=8 eel) 2xt3y=14 eo) a) Label the equations so that the working is made clear. b) Choose an unknown in one of the equations and multiply the equations by a factor or factors so that this unknown has the same coefficient in both equations. 6 Eliminate this unknown from the two equations by adding or subtracting them, then solve for the remaining unknown. ) Substitute into the first equation and solve for the eliminated unknown. x+2y=8 atl) (x2 2x+4y=16 Bl) 2x+3y=14 ee: [2] simutaneos equstons =Subtract [2] from [3] YES. Substituting into (1) x+2x2 o xed -4 The solutions are x= 4, y=2. Example 2 2x+3y 5x—2y=-16 llxs 10x + 15y=25 Q)x2 10x - 4y =-32 [3]-[4] 15y-(-4y) = 25-(-32) 19y =57 ee) Substitute into [1] «fl [2] so TAL 2x+3x3=5 ax -9=-4 x=-2 ‘The solutions are Exercise 21 Use the elimination method to solve the following: 1. Qx+5y=24 2. Sx42y =13 Bs 4x+3y=20 2x +6y = 26 4, x+2y=17 5, 3x+2y=19 6. 8x+3y=45 x+8y=21 7. 2x+3y=11 8. 3x+8y =27 9. 3x+4y=15 4x+3y=13 10. 5x+3y =23 IL, 7x+5y =32 12. 2x+4y =12 3x+4y = 23 Algebra 1 3xtyell Ox+2y = 28 . 2a+3b=9 4at+b=13 2x+7y=17 Sx43y=-1 3xt2y=4 4x45y =1013. 3x+2y=11 14, 3x+2y =7 de-ys-3 2x-3y=-4 16, 5x-7y =27 17. 3x-2y=7 3x4 ax+y=13 19, y-x=-1 20. x—3y ax-y=5 2y+3x+4 22, 3a-b=9 2. 3¢-y=9 2a+2b=14 4e-y=-14 26. 3x y =17 29, 4x -0.5y = 125 30, 0.4x+3y =2.6 3x +08y=82 x-2y=46 2.8 Problems solved by simultaneous equations | Example | A motorist buys 24 litres of petrol and 5 litres of oil for $10.70, while another | motorist buys 18 litres of petrol and 10 litres of oil for $12.40. Find the cost of 1 litre of petrol and 1 litre of oil at this garage. | Let cost of 1 litre of petrol be x cents. | Let cost of 1 litre of oil be y cents. We have, 24x + 5y=1070 Ol 18x +10y=1240 all a) Multiply [1] by 2, 48x + 10y=2140 si[3] b) Subtract (2] from [3], 30x = 900 x= 30 <) Substitute x= 30 into equation [2] 18 (30)+10y =1240 ly = 1240-540 10y = 700 y=70 | litre of petrol costs 30 cents, and 1 litre of oil costs 70 cents, Problems solved by simultaneous equationsExercise 22 Solve each problem by forming a pair of simultaneous equations: 1, Find two numbers with a sum of 15 and a difference of 4. 2, Twice one number added to three times another gives 21. Find the numbers, if the difference between them is 3. 3. The average of two numbers is 7, and three times the difference between them is 18. Find the numbers. 4. The line, with equation y + ax= c, passes through the points 5. The line y = mx + passes through (2, 5) and (4, 13). Find m and c. 6. The curve y= ax’ + bx passes through (2, 0) and (4, 8). Find a and 6, 7. A gardener buys fifty carrot seeds and twenty lettuce seeds for $1.10 and her mother buys thirty carrot seeds and forty lettuce seeds for $1.50. Find the cost of one carrot seed and one lettuce seed. 8. A shop owner can buy either two televisions and three DVD players for $1750 or four televisions and one DVD player for $1250. Find the cost of one of each. 9. Half the difference between two numbers is 2. The sum of the greater number and twice the smaller number is 13. Find the numbers. 10. A bird can lay either white or brown eggs. Three white eggs and two brown eggs have a mass of 13 grams, while five white eggs and four brown eggs have a mass of 24 grams. Find the mass of a brown egg and of a white egg. 11. A tortoise makes a journey in two parts; it can either walk at 4cm/s or crawl at 3 cm/s. If the tortoise walks the first part and crawls the second, it takes 110 seconds. If it crawls the first part and walks the second, it takes 100 seconds. Find the lengths of the two parts of the journey. 12. A cyclist completes a journey of 500 m in 22 seconds, part of the way at 10m/s and the remainder at 50 m/s, How far does she travel at each speed? 13. A bag contains forty coins, all of them either 2 cent or 5 cent coins. If the value of the money in the bag is $1.55, find the number of each kind. 14. A slot machine takes only 10 cent and 50 cent coins and contains a total of twenty-one coins altogether. If the value of the coins is $4.90, find the number of coins of each value. BPM Algebra 1AAAVAAANRAKRANRANVATHHHHRERANRANANEAEEGes Gp) ur ee px C x Bray = 13 4) 2 me 4 ; algoy + 204 = Lio) ae re 430% polog = I50 yes logon + hoy = aa0 Jon =F a+b= 13 ao: heen 13-6 =F u= Botyoy = 180 1 8p-30 zy 40 law +2b= 13) B0 yy 2 ron Swit tbs 2y 404.0 EN bw + Wh - 26 20f p+ ¥o/s)= ISD = ———— Box 120 =1sS0 x Ws 72 0 2 find ANAM ARARAAAANANANANAHRAARAANANNANAANANAAAATA.by Sy = |2O — > > rm +34=110) 4) ila ealeacas, 5 > 7 Pik bys 100 Ogwl sucha > } = on = Ree— 20 Fer O 2 +Mon t18y = no Zghes 2 xe = 140 Qe) T= _D 2 %AQ0 em Siete e I leet = TERE) 0 Pg 2 3 Y=No= 3x tis LiO=s Bewel320 = G= 3b = Inem 2 > = 2% 4 Ys e100 = | 2° 4 - Ax =/39 Hy t3y = 1004 +342 90 : ays 30|_ Fe . = . “te i 5 qe he = patie 132 s p44| t Ao 3 (hr tBu = 1 , ; 160) To Ne 12¥ + Ibu =Sago : OTs ss A =Ty =-3400 a > liad So y= Svo ser aie) ; — 1 10s oRA8 Ys bBo = 240 em ’ Aoy> 220 = | ye4 ; : Ax +3(2y0)= J2en> Hx = Roo ~7.90 =H = 19 a Se12) Dz Soro Te asec S/o 2) | bek 2cenk Goins be x let S cent Coins be and rn - 2 =4—_-hlaty. wo) a2 $Sys 155° Ted | = 24 =ay = - #0 2 | By 1S ge ken os | le ig So | - SowtiWy = 25 Ag akeles menabebil SPO. we Ho-2" ae So. 410 y= 000 IS = @cmtecpine ~soline bye S00) QS >_Sceokeeniny | pSon = 50 y= “25000 Sbx +loy= ooo TAO y= ~\n oo ya lubow 2 350M Ad Sore + 10/382) =))000 Sox =) 000-3500 MS TR 2400 go CwA AA A A MMMM MAMMA N ANAM aM eer ehM ana annan naan ana| | 1) [Let yo_cent wine he x fl a ety bacinie al = = AO joy ls 50 yo eS) — [pe 10 Y = = 0 #2 [.8 2% +3y= 6100) os aya" male => _ Somale = a Suet byes 6F00_ scteciad ys 6 700 HOus 220 | v6 Zoo =by 2-12200 Ys a xux =xSSO0 = | As S0ok wt+y =o) 5(Sv0)t4:(y)=6 Fvo ay Yeh }00 -ag 6 : ; a 1 14 coins “ys Foot i # iCoins Pet pa cont 2 aoe VWIAWP MV os voor ores" f ry ir 4! > fe wT! = | load Sy —bb(n+y= 30) box +190 Y= 2200. chenabe = 4700 [eon = 60 Yo=1 oD | M0 Ye 40.0 — ——— yee : = | 190 g= 7O ths : z eibag tye Sno bo iss Sio «ty ye co tel 60 (20) +100/m) B22 Lya00 7/000 sarod15, 16. 17, 18, 19. 20. 21, 22: 23. Thirty tickets were sold for a concert, some at 60 cents and the rest at $1. If the total raised was $22, how many had the cheaper tickets? ‘The wage bill for five male and six female workers is $6700, while the bill for eight men and three women is $6100. Find the ‘wage for a man and the wage for a woman. A fish can swim at 14m/s in the direction of the current and at 6m/s against it. Find the speed of the current and the speed of the fish in still water. If the numerator and denominator of a fraction are both decreased by 1 the fraction becomes 2. Ifthe numerator and denominator are both increased by 1 the fraction becomes 2 3. Find the original fraction. The denominator of a fraction is 2 more than the numerator. If both denominator and numerator are increased by 1 the fraction becomes 2. Find the original fraction. In three years’ time a pet mouse will be as old as his owner was, four years ago. Their present ages total 13 years. Find the age of each now. Find two numbers where three times the smaller number exceeds the larger by 5 and the sum of the numbers is 11. A straight line passes through the points (2, 4) and (-1, -5). Find its equation. . A spider can walk at a certain speed and run at another speed. If she walks for 10 seconds and runs for 9 seconds she travels 85 m. If she walks for 30 seconds and runs for 2 seconds she travels 130 m. Find her speeds of walking and running. |. A wallet containing $40 has three times as many $1 notes as ‘$5 notes. Find the number of each kind. . At the present time a man is four times as old as his son. Six years ago he was 10 times as old. Find their present ages. . A submarine can travel at 25 knots with the current and at 16 knots against it, Find the speed of the current and the speed of the submarine in still water. The curve y= ax: + br +c passes through the points (1, 8), (0, 5) and (3, 20). Find the values of a, b and c and hence the equation of the curve. ‘The curve y= ax" + by + c passes through the points (1, 4), (-2, 19) and (0, 5). Find the equation of the curve. Problems solved by simultaneous equations (is)x 1 = 13) geet ich In gtill water art) num % densy : Spe ye nent See, ne = e a Best yur oly [ © meu 6 2d = 2 3x 3= 2442 _% 22 = 2D Yd Be waar =2s>-| —(O)ie = v t= 10 m/s ; . => & BA oe a ~ ese PRG nS e yes e 2) mun = x Yams : e = =e den -Y ee c ——_ —— : <1 3 — Cs = 2y-2 180) Jet-dhe Damners presen € 3 ~24ur o—/)) | as be 94. J ar er i ae Metts 2 | eve © ytl 4- | MAY = 43 © Hath 3y33 LE ee be 43 < 2 4x-3y = —1)—2) ee = 4B = 20-44 eda thy 52 : Brus wy = $2 Hh) omeo. dss Gey = ae re m4 Ye i2 atys | 5 al eae < | Mires lody si [9-242 [dump heen 3 = Reds 1- 57 yo] 22.520 10 Oyner= 10 Ya F VE nate Mbt etyJ 2 het the smaller mo he 2 2a) Walk. speed =x hovger no a4 Run Speed oe Ste e=S S=D | ely tl I = tows 1b. _3(10 +447 6S) 22 y Smaller No- Bow. t.24> 130 aeyell = Box a2 ty: “95 ytye ll AaSye 18 sleet ° Hass 5 ait dary 3 #as Is | ox +45 )= 2) | ye mn oy: ne t4s= 8S love = 8S-us = 40 4 =m (a) +e ord $4 %= HO = 4m). : 10 : Lys more +¢ ao [“S= wol-1)+¢ Wolke ak Br] $ -S= -m+e(2) Runs ale Hm)s e(-S = =m+l) lo = -amt+at 4 om arostE ~~ [=6 =. 2 3ee os a a a a ae a ee ae a ee ee ee eee ae, Pe leo hl© ey e e Qh. ls nolej = % FD) Speed Gy Supmaing =» © 54 nol = By Custent = ; IutsSys ho wry sar e€ 22 By m= 4 iD € alae tebe: es € By4syet0 = does knoe” 2 he € sy 440 € yes st | mryeas e BOS ey ras € N= Sys 15214 Ye Cn OOS € = ys book Guvrent € 5[S)\ + 1s(1) € asd io ay) € LBD geopb+c -€ AS: lit preceot 2,9)\> 520 ¢ man = % (ia)p doz 9atabic € eon? = a ¢€ Wwe Wy Bz A+ b+ 5 [9-Jarzhis€ |é.Yut 6 Qtbh= &-S=% _|IS-J443b € Mans 2-6 r3/A +b > 3) | € Sone Y-6 3 | € -34-3b> -9 ¢ j= 6 = 10(y-o ) Qo yobs € Mob=> joy -bO LAR 6 € An ys = 54 az) atb=3 € Hy-loy= — SY : idles ee € = bGe- Sy be 2 < 3=4/ sen) CaS ; ne bys 6 (falher)Ys ine +3x+4 . > dey, > a ag) | ye Araby + a 04) ye O50 s het & > . > (wsucarbre | (29 saagec —O > (2)9)> 19> Ha+-2b+¢ | (Cir)D aea=bee - b, FVD 5 =O | (2,4) 2 y= 4a tab +C | J be ath+s | Pam 0) (2). E > \Q4b= -} s > | SAS we > [9s AQs=2b+5 Qe A-b+L > 45.2 ya-2b r{fo= a + 2c") > 2 ya-2b L > dates 1) 5- Ate =) , ; - . aO+ab= -2 = CE > Harb =14 Oa 5k “fbx s-a=g S-a=Y > ree — = , laze Saebe-) ly =z HA+a(ad+e > [b= =F ehareeec > (eae ln-6s hare , = hate — ) Ye 20 = 3% 4S a52 Att 4 ) align 9 Ike Ba 3q : ) er ee as| ) b23 Ca Sarg 2 ; ! Eg uation ate ] ,i ys On shyt C 2,5) > S= Hata +¢ -f)) p)> 1Q= 42 + 3b +0 - {1-4} > ah= a= b+ce -—(3 Emm OQ) Se badab +h -l = @=- bth +_ = + = {As Bo. +3 bY=3 Be Ath pe i i Be i ll a hi Rl OO Be a a Rk a a ha i a29, The curve y= ax? + bx + c passes through (1,8); CL, 2) and (2, 14). Find the equation of the curve, 30, The curve y= ax? + bx +c passes through (2, 5), (3, 12) and (-1,—4). Find the equation of the curve. 2.9 Factorising Earlier in this section we expanded expressions such as x(3x— 1) to give 3x°— x, “The reverse of this process is called factorising. Example Factorise: a) 4x+4y b) +7x —o) 3-1) ) 6a*b—10ab* a) 4is common to 4x and 4y. b) xis common to x and 7x: pnt dy=4(x+y) 2 B+ I7x=x(x+7) ‘The factors are x and (x +7). ©) 3yiscommon. 4) 2ab is common. 239 1y=3yly-4) zi +. 6ab — 10ab? = 2ab(3a — 5b) Exercise 23 Factorise the following expressions completely: 1. 5a+5b 2. 7x+7y 3. 7x8 4. +8y 5. 2p +3y 6. 6? 4y 7. 3x2 = 21x 8. 160-20 9. 6c 2le 10, 15x- 9x7 11. 56y-21y" 12, ax+ bx + 2ex 13, x8 + xy + 3x2 14. tyt+ytzy 15. 34° + 2ab? 16, cy +x" 17. 6a? + dab + 2ac 18. ma+2bm +m? 19. 2kx + 6hy + 4kz 20, ax? + ay + 2ab 21. ack + xk 22, ab +2ab? 23, abe — 3% 24, 2ate - Sae* 25. a°b + ab? 26. xy +227° 27. 6xy? — 4x¥y 28, 3ab— 30° 29, 2a°b + 5a? 30. axty2ax"z 31. 2abx+2ab?+ 2a 32. ayx +x 29°? Example 1 Factorise ah + ak + bh + bk. a) Dd) Divide into pairs, ah + ak + bh+ bk. ais common to the first pair. b is common to the second pair. ah +k) + b(h+h) (i+) is common to both terms. ‘Thus we have (ht + H(a +b) Noor «iSaaiaRplnnitinmenmeeeeemmeensesseee es Example 2 Factorise 6mx —3nx + 2my — ny. a) 6mx—3nx + Imy—ny b) =3x(2m—n) + y(2m—n) ©) =2m=-m x+y) ——— Sel Exercise 24 orise the following expressions: ax+ay+ bx + by 2 aytazt by+bz 4. xh + xk-+yh+ yk 5. xm+xn+ my+ny ~ay+ bx by 8. am —bm+an—bn 10. xs—xt + ys— yt 11. ax—ay— bx + by 13. as—ay—xs+xy 14, hx ~ hy - bx + by 16. xk =m —_ke-+ mz 17. 2ax + 6ay + bx + 3by 19. mah = 2mk-+ nh = nk 20. 2mh + 3mk ~ nh — 3nk 22, Jax - 2ay — bx + by 23. Fat xb+ya+ yb Quadratic expressions ——_———______ Example 1 Factorise x° + 6x +8, a) Find two numbers which multiply to give 8 and add up to 6, In this case the numbers are 4 and 2. b) Put these numbers into brackets. Sox? + 6x+8=(x+4)(x+2) mT Example 2 Factorise a) x°+2x-15 b) e-6x+8 a) Two numbers which multiply to give ~15 and add up to +2 are —3 and 5. 1 Bes (x- 3)(x +5) b) Two numbers which multiply to give +8 and add up to ~6 are —2 and —4. —6x+8=(x-2)(x—4) eS ES Ee a | 3.xb+xc+ yb + ye 6. ah—ak + bh— bk 9. s+ ht-+ ks + kt 12. xs—axt-ystyt 15. am — bm — an + bn 18. 2ax+ 2ay + bx + by 21. 6ax+ 2bx + 3ay + by 24, ms-+ mt — ns—2nt? FacogExercise 25 Factorise the following: Lott 7x +10 247x412 3.204 8x+15 4.2 + 10x+421 5.8 +8x412 6. y+ 12y +35, 7. + ly +24 8. y° + LOy + 25 9, y+ 15y + 36 10. a?—3a-10 1. a? a—12 12.2 +2-6 13, x°-2x-35 14, 3° — 5x24 15,8 -6x+8 16. y°- Sy +6 17,8 8x4 15 18. a’ a-6 19. a? + 14a +45 20, b= 4b-21 21. x 8x +16 22. +2y+1 23, y—3y-28 24. 0° —x-20 25. x° - 8x 240 26. x? — 26x + 165 27. y+ 3y— 108 28..° -49 29,8 -9 30, 8-16 Example Factorise 3x7 + 13x + 4. a) Find two numbers which multiply to give 12 (3 x 4) and add up to 13. In this case the numbers are 1 and 12. b) Splitthe‘13x term) 3x¢+x+ 12x44 ©) Factorisein pairs x(3x-+ 1) + 4(3x+1) d) (3x+1)iscommon — (3x+ 1)(x+4) Exercise 26 Factorise the following: 1. 2x? + 5x43 2, 2x2 + 7x43 3.3004 7x42 4. 27+ Mx + 12 5. 3x°+ 8x44 6.2 47x45 7. 3x°-5x-2 8.2 -x-15 9.2 +x 21 10, 3x° = 17x -28 11. 6x2 + 7x42 12, 12x° + 23x +10 13, 3x°-1Lx+6 14, 3y°= Ly +10 15. 4° —23y 415 16. 6y°+7y—-3 17. 6x2 — 27x +30 18. 10x? + 9x-+2 19, 6x2 — 19x +3 20. 8x°— 10x-3 21, 12x? + 4x5 22, 16x° + 19x +3 23, 4a*—4a+1 24, 12x? + 17x- 14 25. 15x? +44x—3 26, 48x + 46x +5 27. 64y + 4y-3 28. 120x’ + 67x- 5. 30, 4a°-9 ETM Algebra 1Solve: 2x(x—1) = (x+1) -5 2x? —2x = x*+2x+1-5 2x* —2x—x?-2x-145=0 dnt (¥=2)(x-2)=0 Ba In this example the quadratic has a repeated solution of x = 2 Exercise 31 Solve the following, giving answers to two decimal places where necessary: L¥=6-x 2. x(x-+ 10) =—21 3.3x+2=2x° x 5. 6x(x+1)=5—x - (2x)? = a(x 14) —5 7. (x-3)?=10 : ? — 10= 2x 2) 9. (2x= 1)? =(x- 1748 10, 3x(x +2) —x(x- 2) +6=0 Bay 1 x+5=l4 x x 13, 4x+2 229 14, 10x =14.3 pera 1 Se0l Sri Wad Ral 21. One of the solutions published by Cardan in 1545 for the solution of cubic equations is given below. For an equation in the form + px=q a 3 2 2 ATT Use the formula to solve the following equations, giving answers to 4 sf. where necessary. a) +7x=-8 b) x +6x= ) e+3x=2 d) +9x-2=0 Ouadat equations ReThe difference of two squares vo palx-aty) Remember this result. Example Factorise a) Bb) 32-279" 2a)’ -b* = (2a-b)(2a+b) b) 3x*-27y? =3(x*—9y") =3[x -(3y)'] (x — 3y x +3y) Se eee Exercise 27 Factorise the following: Ly-@ 2 3.xt-9 7d i 4 11, 25.2 - 4y? 15, 162-4 25 17x =x 18, a’ — ab? 19. 4° —x 21. 12x? — 3xy2 22, 18:3 — 8rnn® 23, Sx? 14 25, L2x¢y — 3yz? 26. 360° 4ab* 27. 50a Bab? =valuate the following: 29. 81° 80° 30. 102° — 100? 31. 33. 723° - 720 34, 3.8°- 3.77 35. 5. 37. 381°- 3.8? 38. 540° 550° 39. 7.68 2.32? 2.10 Quadratic equations 12, 9x° - 16)? aoe 16, 4x? -= 100 20, 81° = 2xy* 24. 50a — 18ab? 28. 36x°y — 225xy° 32, 12117-1210? 36. 1234" — 1235? 40. 0.003" ~ 0.002" So far, we have met linear equations which have one solution only. Quadratic equations always have an x? term, and often an x term and a number term, and generally have two different solutions. Ouadrate uations aSolution by factors Consider the equation ax b=0, where a and b are numbers. The product a x b can only be zero if either a or b (or both) is equal to zero. Can you think of other possible pairs of numbers which multiply together to give zero? Example 1 Solve the equation x°+x-12=0 Factorising, (x~3)(x+4)=0 either = x-3 or x+4=0 Solve the equation 6x? +x~2=0 Factorising, (2x ~ 1)(3x+2)=0 either or 3x+2=0 Exercise 28 Solve the following equations: Lxe+7x+12=0 2. +7x+10=0 3.84 2x-15=0 4 2+x-6=0 8.8-8x+12=0 6.x°+10x+21=0 7.8-5x+6=0 8.2-4x-5=0 9.2°4+5x-14=0 10. 2x°~3x-2=0 11. 3° + 10x~8=0 12. 2° +7x—-15=0 13. 6x — 13x +6=0 14, 4? 29x +7=0 15. 10x¢=x-3=0. 16. y'- 15y+56=0 17. 12y°- 16y+5=0 18. y° + 2y-63=0 19.2 +2x+1=0 20, 86x +9=0 21. 2 +10x+25=0 22, °— 14x +.49=0 23, 6a°~a-1=0 24, 4a®—3a-10=0 25. 2 -8z-65=0 26. 6° + 17x-3=0 19k-2=0 28 y°-2y+1=0 29, 36x°+x-2= ESM Algebra 1Example 1 Solve the equation a?—7x=0 Factorising, x(x-7)=0 eitherx=0 or x-7=0 x=7 The solutions are x= 0 and x=7. Example 2 Solve the equation 4x*- 9 =0 a) Factorising, (2x - 3)(2x +3) =0 either 2x-3=0 or 2x+3=0 2x =3 Pa 3 ea p b) Alternative method 4x°-9=0 4x? Exercise 29 Solve the following equations: 2e+7x=0 5.2-16=0 89x - 11. 10x°- 55x =0 =0 14, 56x° - 35x =0 29, 4x2=t aueeate eavatons oaSolution by formula The solutions of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + c= O are given by the formula Use this formula only after trying (and failing) to factorise. Example Solve the equation 2x° - 3x-4=0. In this case a=2, b=-3,¢ we —(-3)+ Jey =(4x2x-4) 2x2 = 32 N9F32 _ 34VH _ 346.403 4 4 4 either x= 38408 or 4 =235 (2d.p.) =-085 (2dp.) Exercise 30 Solve the following, giving answers to two decimal places where necessary: 1. 26+ 11x+5=0 2, 3x2 + 11x+6=0 3. 6x + 7x+2=0 4, 3x°-10x+3=0 5. 5x2-7x+2=0 6. 6x? Lix+3=0 72x +6x4+3=0 8.x244x4+1=0 9. 5x°-5x+1=0 10. x¢-7x+2=0 11. 2x°+5x-1 12. 3x'+x-3=0 13, 3x°+ 8x-6=0 14, 3x°-7x-20=0 15, 2x*-7x-15=0 16, ¢-3x-2=0 17. 2° +6x-1=0 18, 6x*- Llx-7=0 19, 3x° + 25x+8=0 20. 3y°- 2y-5=0 21. 2y-Sy+1=0 22, 1y?+3y+1=0 23. 2-x-6x=0 24, 3+4x-2°=0 25. 1-5x-2x°=0 26. 3x°-1+4x=0 27. 5x- 2° +2=0 28, 24x? — 22v-35=0 29. 36x° - 17x-35=0 30. 20x° + 17x-63=0 BL. + 2.5x— 32. 0.3y°+ 04y—1.5=0 33. 10 —x — 3x’ 34, x° + 3.3x-0.7=0 35, 12-5x*-11x= 36. 5x — 2x7 + 187=0 ‘The solution to a problem can involve an equation which does not at first appear to be quadratic, The terms in the equation may need to be rearranged as shown on the next page. aS AletaSolution by completing the square Look at the function f(x) = 3° + 6x Completing the square, this becomes f(x) = (x+ 3-9 This is done as follows: Halve the 6 to give 3 inside the bracket Subtract 3? from the bracketed expression since expanding the square will give x" + 6x +9, which is 9 too many. Here are some more examples. a) x¢-12x=(x-6)'-36 b) wee3re(x+3]-2 6) 46x41 = (x43) -941 y =(x+3 -8 d) x?-10x-17 =(x-5) — 25-17 =(x-5) 42 e) 2x? -12x+ rade -6x+ 3 =2(x-3/-9+ =ale-3y = 4] 1 Example 4 Solve the quadratic equation x° - 6x +7 = 0 by completing the square. (x-3) -9+7=0 (x-3) =2 x-3=tV2 or -V2 x=34 2 or 3-V2 Al or 159(2d.p.) So, a e AlgerExample 2 Given f(x) = x? - 8x + 18, show that fix) > 2 for all values of x. connie the square, f(x) = (x - 4)’ -16+18 f(x) =(x-4) +2. Now (x—4)? is always greater than or equal to zero because it is something squared’ . f(x) = 2 Exercise 32 n Questions 1 to 10, complete the square for each expression by writing each one in the form (x + a)?-+ b where a and b can be positive or negative. Le+8x 2, 2- 12x Bete 48t4xt1 5.2 6x49 6.22 +2x-15 7. 2x2 + 16x +5 8, 2x*- 10x. 9.6 +4x- 3-2-8 11, Solve these equations by completing the square a) xe +4x-3=0 b) x-3x-2=0 ©) #412x=1 12, Try to solve the equation x? + 6x + 10 = 0, by completing the square. Explain why you can find no solutions. 13. Given f(x) =x? + 6x + 12, show that f(x) > 3 for all values of x. 14. Given g(x) = 15. If fle) = 2 + 4x47 find a) the smallest possible value of f(x) 7x +4, show that the least possible value of g(x) is “12. b) the value of x for which this smallest value occurs ©) the greatest possible value of ——-— (x? +4x+7) 2.14 Problems solved by quadratic equations Example 1 The area of rectangle A i 16cm” greater than the area of rectangle B. Find the height of rectangle A. Area of rectangle A =7(x+3) | oe=1)em Area of rectangle B= (x+2)(x—1) We are given (x + 2)(x—1) +16 =7(x+3) (x+2)em Problems solved by quadratic equationsSolve this equation x? +2x—x—2+16=7x421 x +x414=7x421 x? -6x— (x-7)x41 x =7(x cannot be negative) ‘The height of rectangle A, x +3,is 10 cm. Example 2 ‘Aman bought a certain number of golf balls for $20. If each ball had cost 20 cents less, he could have bought five more for the same money. How many golf balls did he buy? Let the number of balls bought be x. Cost of each ball = 2% cents rs If five more balls had been bought 2000 (x+5) ‘The new price is 20 cents less than the original price. 20002000 _ “x (+5) Cost of each ball now cents (multiply by x) 2 OS x (+5) 2000 (+5) 2000x + 10000 - 2000x = 20x* + 100x 20x? +100x-10000 = 0 x +5x-500=0 (x-20)(x +25) =0 x=20 or x=-25 2000(x +5)—x (x+5)=20x(x+5) (multiply by (x +5) We discard x = ~25 as meaningless. ‘The number of balls bought = 20. ae a. The perimeter of a rectangle is 68 cm. If the diagonal ercise 33 ve by forming a quadratic equation: Two numbers, which differ by 3, have a product of 88 Find them. - The product of two consecutive odd numbers is 143. Find the numbers, - The length of a rectangle exceeds the width by 7 cm. Ifthe area is 60 cm, find the length of the rectangle, The length of a rectangle exceeds the width by 2 cm. Ifthe liagonal is 10 cm long, find the width of the rectangle. ‘The area of the rectangle exceeds the area ofthe (6) m square by 24 m?. Find x. is 26 cm, find the dimensions of the rectangle. . Sang Jae walks a certain distance due North and then the same distance plus a further 7 km due East. Ifthe final distance from the starting point is 17 km, find the distances he walks North and East. A farmer makes a profit of x cents on each of the (x +5) eggs her hen lays. If er total profit was 84 cents, find the number of eggs the hen lays. . Sirak buys x eggs at (x.— 8) cents each and (x 2) bread rolls at (x~3) cents each. Ifthe total bill is $1.75, how many eggs does he buy? . A number exceeds four times its reciprocal by 3 Find the number, + Two numbers differ by 3. The sum of their reciprocals is 3 find the numbers. . A cyclist travels 40 km at a speed of x km/h. Find the time taken in terms of x. Find the time taken when his speed is reduced by 2 km/h. If the difference between the times is 1 hour, find the original speed x. An increase of speed of 4 km/h on a journey of 32 km reduces the time taken by 4 hours. Find the original speed. A train normally travels 240 km at a certain speed. One day, due to bad weather, the train’s speed is reduced by 20 km/h so that the journey takes two hours longer. Find the normal speed. Problems solved by quadratic equations osor 15. The speed of a sparrow is x km/h in still air. When the wind is blowing at 1 km/h, the sparrow takes 5 hours to fly 12 kilometres to her nest and 12 kilometres back again. She goes out directly into the wind and returns with the wind behind her. Find her speed in still air. 16. An aircraft flies a certain distance on a bearing of 135° and then twice the distance on a bearing of 225°. Its distance from the starting point is then 350 km. Find the length of the first part of the journey. 17. In Figure 1, ABCD is a rectangle with AB = 12 cm and BC =7 cm. AK= BL=CM=DN=xcm. If the area of KLMN is 54 cm’, find x. 18. In Figure 1, AB= 14 cm, BC=11 cm and AK = BL=CM= DN= xem. If the area of KLMN is now 97 cm’, find x. 19. The numerator of a fraction is 1 less than the denominator. When both numerator and denominator are increased by 2, the fraction is increased by 7.. Find the original fraction. 20. The perimeters of a square and a rectangle are equal. One side of the rectangle is 11 cm and the area of the square is 4 cm? more than the area of the rectangle. Find the side of the square. 2.12 Non-linear simultaneous equations Sometimes you may be given a pair of simultaneous equations with one linear equation and one quadratic equation. You can solve these by substitution. Example 1 yon] =e) =— ane arta) Substitute [1] into [2] xtlexe+3x-2 O84 2x-3 Solve the resulting quadratic equation by factorising 0= («+ 3)(x-1) -3orx=1 x Substitute the x-values into [1] ‘When x 3 y=-2 When x=1,y=2 Algebra 1 Figure 12+ 9x-1 Rearrange [1] to make y the subject Qx=y+3 2r-3=y Substitute into [2] 2x-3=2x7 +9x-1 O=2x7+7x+2 Solve the resulting quadratic equation using the formula 74.7? 4(2)(2) _-74 V3 ) ¢ 7 +5.744! either x= SZESE 0.31386. = y=-36277.. —7-5.74456.. or t=———— =F 104. 4 = y=-93722... The solutions are x = —0.31, y =—3.63 and x =—3.19, y=-9.37 ercise 34 Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations. Give your answers to two decimal ces where necessary. 2. y=6x-8 yax?+2x-5 5. y+10x+31=0 yr6=x? 8. y—x?- 14x =54 9. Ytaxt7=4 43=y-6x yr8=x? +6x+2 11, 3y+4x=15 12, 3y-2x+5=0 y=2x?-3x45 y=7-2x-3x7 Nn-inersimutanenseqtons a(b) Amira takes 9 hours 25 minutes to complete a long walk. i) Show that the time of 9 hours 25 minutes can be written as “? hours. fi) She walks (3y +2) kilometres at 3km/h and then a further (y + 4) kilometres at 2km/h. Show that the total time taken is 22+! hours 9y+16 _ 113 6 12 iw) Calculate Amira average speed, in kilometres per ‘hour, for the whole walk. iii) Solve the equation Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics Paper 4 Q6 June 9. (a) Remove the brackets and simplify (x -3)*(3x+1). (b) Hence, or otherwise, simplify fully (x—3)*(3x+1)-(x +2). 10. The graph shows the curve y= x*—x—2 and the line 2y =x +2. Find, correct to two decimal places, the coordinates of the points of intersection. (5) zx aRevision exercise 2A oF xv BS - s 2 Solve the equations: a) x+4=3x49 b) 9-3a=1 ©) y+5y=0 d) #-4=0 e) 3x°+7x-40=0 . Given a =3, b= 4 and c= —2, evaluate: a) 2a-b b) a(b—c) ©) 2-2 Factorise completely: a) dey? b) 2x°+8x+6 ©) 6m -+4n—9km — 6kn d) 2x°-5x-3 Solve the simultaneous equations: a) 3x+2y=5 2x-y=8 b) 2m-n=6 2m+3n = 6 ) 3x-4y=19 x+6y=10 4) 3x-7y=11 2dx-3y=4 Given that x= 4, y=3, z=—2, evaluate: a) 2x(y+z) b) (yy - o) etyez d) (x+y)(x-z) y e) JxQ—4z) p = a) Simplify 3(2x — 5) - 2(2x +3). b) Factorise 2a — 3b — 4xa + 6xb. xo x-3_ ©) Solve the equation — ™ 2 ° d) Remove the brackets and simplify (2 -2)(x-3)(x—4). e) Remove the brackets and simplify (2x-3). . Solve the equations: a) 5-7x=4-6x b) ©) 2-7x=0 d) e+5x+6=0 Ae zt 2, Factorise completely: a) 2-162 b) ett tl ©) AwW+11x+12 Find the value of ysra, when x = 2a and — +2y ). Solve the simultaneous equations: a) 7e+3d=29 5c—4d = 33 by 2*-3y 2y-3x=-8 ° 5x =3(1-y) 3x42y+1=0 4d) 5s+3t=16 ls+7t = 34 ) yaxt4 yx +4x+4 f) 2y-3x-1=0 yr2x? 4x431 Bb Solve the equations: a) 4(y+)=— Ay. b) 42x-1)-3(1-x)=0 9 2s a d) 2=5x Solve the following, giving your answers correct to two decimal places, a) 2x-3x-1=0 b) ic ©) 3x°4+2x-4=0 a x4+322 = Find x by forming a suitable equation. a) b) aw (e+ 1) Given that m= -2, n= 4, evaluate: a) Sm+3n b) 5+2m—nF ©) m+ 2n? 4) Qm+n)(2m-n) e) (n—m) f) n-mn-2m* A car travels for x hours at a speed of x+2) km/h, Ifthe distance travelled is 15 km, write down an equation for x and solve it to find the speed of the car. ABCD isa rectangle, where AB =x cm and BC is 1.5 em less than AB. p im 175 18. 19. 20. 22s Zi 24, If the area of the rectangle is 52.cm*, form an equation in x and solve it to find the dimensions of the rectangle. Solve the equations: a) Qx+1P= (45? py 22 -42102 2 i 4 giving the answers correct to two decimal places. Solve the equation en loser ean 3x-1 4 Given that a +b =2 and that a?+ 0° prove that 2ab=-2. Find also the value of (a ~ b)*, ‘The sides of a right-angled triangle have lengths (x—3) cm, (x +11) cm and 2x cm, where 2x is the hypotenuse. Find x. - A jar contains 50 coins, all either 2 cents or 5 cents, The total value of the coins is $1.87. How many 2 cents coins are there? Pat bought 45 stamps, some for 10c and some for 18c. Ifhe spent $6,66 altogether, how many 10c stamps did he buy? When each edge of a cube is decreased by cm, its volume is decreased by 91 cm’. Find the length of a side of the original cube. One solution of the equation 2x?-7x-+k=0is x=—+, Find the value of k, Revision exercise 2AExamination-style exercise 2B : 1. (a) S62: Find the value of x. 5,340 () 5 yr Find the value of y ie) Oi) Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 2 Q2 November 2006 2. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the straight lines 4xty=17 3x-2y=10 3, Solve the equations 2x =-9=0, @> (b) e -3x-4=0. 4, Solve the simultaneous equations 04x +2y =10, 03x+5y=18. 5, x2 + 4x8 can be written in the form (x+p)* +. Find the value of p and q. 6. (+ 4em (x+ 12)em | Algebra (G1 (2) (2) Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 2 Qi4 November 2007 Bl Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 2 Q12 June 2006 (G1 Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 2Q9 November 2007 Not to scale (e+2)ema) i) Write down an expression for the area of rectangle R. mM ii) Show that the total area of rectangles R and Qis 5x? +30x-+24 square centimetres. ro} (b) The total area of rectangles R and Q is 64 cm’, Calculate the value of x correct to 1 decimal place. (4) Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 2 Q20 November 2006 7. (a) i) Factorise x° - x20. (2 ii) Solve the equation x* - x-20=0. a) (b) Solve the equation 3x? - 2x-2=0. Show all your working and give your answers correct to 2 decimal places. 4] (0) y=m'—4n, Factorise m? — 41, a] Find the value of y when m = 4.4 and n= 2.8, al iii) m=2x+3andn=x-1. Find y in terms of x, in its simplest form. 2] iv) Make n the subject of the formula y= m? — 4nt. 13] (4) i) m*— 1671 can be written as (1m? — kn?) (m? + kr?), Write down the value of k. itt} ii) Factorise completely mn — 167°. (2) Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 4 Q2 June 2008 8. (a) In triangle ABC, the line BD is perpendicular to AC. AD = (x +6) cm, DC = (x +2) cm and the height BD=(x+1)cm » ‘The area of triangle ABC is 40 cm’. i) Show that x? + 5x—-36=0. Notto scale 7 B) ii) Solve the equation x: + 5x -36=0. (2) iii) Calculate the length of BC. (2) Oo at (e+ 6em D (x+2)em © Examination-style exercise 2B