Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Faculty of Management and Computing

Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305)

Agile Methodology
Assignment 1

Hussain Azmee
19012

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Maldives National University
Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Contents
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 1

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... 1

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1

Background ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 3

What is Agile Methodology? ....................................................................................................... 3

Difference between Traditional Software Development and Agile Software Development ........... 3

Principles of Agile Methodology ................................................................................................. 4

Advantages of Agile Methodology............................................................................................... 5

Disadvantages of Agile Methodology ......................................................................................... 5

Agile System Development Life Cycle............................................................................................. 6

Agile Software Development Methods ............................................................................................ 8

Feature Driven Development (FDD) .......................................................................................... 8

Scrum......................................................................................................................................... 10

Extreme Programming (XP)...................................................................................................... 12

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 15

Reference....................................................................................................................................... 16

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

List of Figures
Figure 1 : Traditional Waterfall System Development Life Cycle ................................................. 2
Figure 2 : Agile System Development Life Cycle ........................................................................... 6
Figure 3 : Feature Driven Development ........................................................................................ 8
Figure 4 : Scrum ........................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5 : Extreme Programming................................................................................................. 12

List of Tables
Table 1 : Difference between Traditional and Agile Development ................................................ 4
Table 2 : Some of other Agile Methods ......................................................................................... 14

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Abstract
The agile software methods and development is practices based on approach empowered with
values, principles and practices which make the software development process easier and in
faster time. Agile method which includes methods like Extreme programming, Feature Driven
Development, Scrum, etc. are more coming into the software development world. There has been
a remarkable importance in the field of agile software development approaches in the recent past.
This is because of the fastness that agile approaches bring in the life cycle of software
development. This interest in the field shows that there are benefits and non-benefits to obtain
through successful implementation of agile methods. This paper has been carried with the
distinct objectives of examine and gain insights into the current agile methods and practices,
understanding how each of phases in each agile methods works and how agile system
development life cycle works. And in this paper it has been highlighted some of difference
between Traditional Development and Agile Development.

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Background
Particularly in 1990s, some developers reacted against traditional “heavyweight” software
development processes. And these developers has developed new software development methods
and tested. These new software are called agile software development methods. Some of agile
developments which were created are: Extreme programming, SCRUM, Feature-driven
development and these methods were generally termed as “lightweight” processes.
“Representatives” from several of these methods got together in Utah in 2001 Settled on term
“Agile” as a way to describe these methods and called themselves the “Agile Alliance”. They
developed a “manifesto” and a statement of “principles” which focuses on common themes in
these alternative methodologies. (Agile Development Methods: Philosophy and Practice, 2010)

Traditional SDLC can also be including waterfall method. This waterfall method is classically
linear and sequential approach to software design and systems development, each waterfall stage
is assigned to a separate team to ensure greater project and deadline control, important for on-
time project delivery (WATERFALL vs. AGILE METHODOLOGY, 2008). Traditional System
life cycle includes Requirements, Design, implementation, verification and Maintenance.
Traditional System Life Cycle works on sequential pattern after finishing each phase another
phase can be started.

Figure 1 : Traditional Waterfall System Development Life Cycle

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Introduction

What is Agile Methodology?

Agile methodology is a software development process framework that adopts the iterative
approach, open collaboration, and process adaptability throughout the life-cycle of the project.
This iterative agile approach is more flexible and its short time-span iterations seek improvement
for the project in small release, with minimal planning, rather than plan at length. This helps to
minimize the overall risk, and allows the project to adapt to changes more quickly. (Tay, 2008)

Agile methodology is an alternative method for traditional project management, typically used in
software development. It helps teams respond to unpredictability through incremental, iterative
work cadences, known as sprints. Agile methodologies are an alternative to waterfall, or
traditional sequential development. (Agile Methodology, 2008)

Difference between Traditional Software Development and Agile Software Development

Traditional Development Agile Development
Fundamental Systems are fully specifiable, High-quality adaptive
assumption predictable, and are built software is developed by small
through meticulous and teams using the principles of
extensive planning continuous design
improvement and testing
based on rapid feedback and
change
Management Style Command and control Leadership and collaboration
Knowledge management Explicit Tacit
Communication Formal Informal
Development model Life-cycle model (waterfall, The evolutionary-delivery
spiral or some variation) model
Desired organizational Mechanistic (bureaucratic Organic (flexible and
form/structure with high formalization), participative encouraging
aimed cooperative social action),

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

at large organizations aimed at small and medium

sized
organizations
Quality control Heavy planning and strict Continuous control of
control. Late, heavy testing requirements, design and
solutions.
Continuous testing
(Dyba & Dingsøyr, 2008)

Table 1 : Difference between Traditional and Agile Development

Principles of Agile Methodology

Basically there are 12 principles of agile methodology, which are mentioned below:

1. Highest priority to customer satisfaction is earned by providing valuable and quality

software on-time and continuous delivery.
2. Changes in requirement should be welcomed even at the later stage of development.
3. Releasing working quality software in shorter duration instead of months in weeks.
4. Working and quality software is the measure of progress.
5. Business people and developer and everyone work collaboratively throughout the project
till the completion.
6. Highly motivated individual needed to complete to project. Necessary environment and
support provided trust them to get the job done.
7. Face to Face communication within team members so that conveying information will be
the most effective and efficient way.
8. Promotion of sustainable development and everyone clients, developers, testers, end
users to maintain constant pace indefinitely.
9. Attention towards technical excellence and good design.
10. Maximizing the art of work not done – Excellence.
11. Best architectures, requirements, design comes from self-organizing teams.
12. Day to day basis team shows the best attitude to be more effective, compatible, adjusts
and adapts responses and behaviors accordingly. (Trivikram, 2011)

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Advantages of Agile Methodology

 No Detail requirement needed: You don’t need to have the entire requirements
finalized to start the development work. Build and Test can start as soon as initial high
level requirements are available.
 Face to face communication: Agile method give more emphasis on having the face to
face communication between the user/customer and project team to make sure there is no
room left for any kind of confusion in understanding requirement and inputs.
 Less time to market: Using Agile method, final product is delivered to the customer in
least possible time.
 Less cost to customer: It saves cost for both customer and supplier as resources are used
for less time.
 High Quality: Since customer is involved in all the stages of software development,
means the quality of final quality if high resulting in highly satisfied customer.
(Navneetjha, 2012)

Disadvantages of Agile Methodology

 Smaller Planning Horizon: Since Agile projects have smaller planning horizon meaning
that project is started without detailed planning, there is always a chance that initial
project effort and cost estimation may not be correct. This might result in multiple
changes to estimation in subsequent estimation.
 Lesser design and documentation: Since build and test starts early, there is always a
chance that proper designing and documentation may take a back seat.
 Need clear customer vision: As customer input is required in all iterations, it is very
necessary that customer should have clear vision of end product. Project can easily loose
its direction if client have only vague idea of the product they want.
(Navneetjha, 2012)

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Agile System Development Life Cycle

In agile System Development life cycle looks very much like traditional SDLC, but when you
dive deeper you quickly discover that this isn't the case. Because the agile SDLC is highly
collaborative, iterative, and incremental the roles which people take are much more robust than
on traditional projects. (Ambler, 2012)

Figure 2 : Agile System Development Life Cycle

In Agile SDLC there are 6 phases.

a. Iteration-1: Select the Project - In this phase when selecting a project a potential project
is identified and potential project is prioritized. Then the initial vision of potential project
is developed and feasibility of the project is checked and if the project is feasible it is
considered. (Ambler, 2012)
b. Iteration 0/Warm Up: Initiate the Project- In this phase it includes active stakeholder
participation and also it includes obtaining funds and support. This phase also includes
team building and predicting the initial requirements and initial architecture need for the
project and setting up the working environment. (Ambler, 2012)
c. Construction Iteration - this phase is about delivering of a working system which meets
the changing needs of stakeholders. This phase also includes active stakeholder
participation, collaborative development, model storming, Test Driven Design (TDD),
confirmatory testing and evolve documentation. In this phase software is deploy
internally. (Ambler, 2012)

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

d. Release Iteration(s) The “End Game”- This phase is about releasing the deployed
software into production. This phase also includes participation of active stakeholder,
final system testing and acceptance testing, finalizing the documentation, releasing the
pilot test, training the end users and production staffs. After completing the things above
the software or system is deployed into production. (Ambler, 2012)
e. Production- In this phase software/system is operated and supported. This phase also
identifies the defects in the system/software and the enhancements needed for the
system/software. (Ambler, 2012)
f. Retirement- this phase is about removing the system completely from the production. In
this phase it removes the final version of system data conversion, migrate users and
enterprise models are updated. (Ambler, 2012)

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Agile Software Development Methods

These are some of agile methods used in agile software development.

Feature Driven Development (FDD)

FDD is suitable for the starting out new projects, enhancing and upgrading existing code, and
those projects tasked with the creation of second version of an existing application.
(Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)

Feature Driven Development is an agile and adaptive approach for developing system. This
approach does not cover the entire software development process, but this approach rather
focuses on the designing and building phases. However FDD is been design to work with the
other activities of software development project and does not require any specific process model.
The FDD approach expresses iterative development with the best practices found to be effective
in industry and it also emphases quality aspects throughout the process and include frequent and
tangible deliveries, along with accurate monitoring of the progress of the project. (Abrahamsson,
Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)

FDD consists of five sequential processes and provides the methods, techniques and guidelines
needed by the project stakeholders to deliver the system.

Figure 3 : Feature Driven Development

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

a. Develop an overall model: - when the development of an overall model begins, the
domain experts must be aware of the scope and the requirements of the system are
built and required documents such as use cases or functional specifications are likely
to be existed. The overall domain is further divided into different domain areas and a
more detailed walkthrough is held for each of them by domain members. After each
walkthrough a development team works in small groups in order to produce object
model. And then development team discusses and decides an appropriate object
model for each domain. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)
b. Build a Feature list: - in the list the development team presents each of the client
valued functions included in the system. The functions are presented for each of the
domain areas and these function group consist of so-called major feature sets. These
feature sets represents different activities within specific domain areas and is
reviewed by the users and sponsors of the systems for their validity and completeness.
(Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)
c. Plan by Feature: - this includes the creation of the high-level plan in which the
feature sets are sequenced according to their priority and dependencies assigned.
(Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)
d. Design by Feature and Build by Feature: - the design by feature and build by
feature processes are iterative procedures, during which the selected features are
produced. In these processes it includes such tasks as design inspection, coding, unit
testing, integration and code inspection. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta,
2002)

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Scrum
Scrum method is suitable for small teams of less than 10 engineers. And if more people are there
in the group multiple teams should be formed. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)

The scrum approach has been developed for managing the system development process. This
approach concentrates on how the team members should function in order to produce the system
flexibly in a constantly changing environment. The main idea of scrum is that system
development involves several environmental and technical variables that are likely to change
during the process. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)

Scrum helps to improve the existing engineering practices in an organization aiming to

identifying any deficiencies or impediments in the developed process and practices used
consistently. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002) The Scrum process includes
three phases: pre-game, development and post-game.

Figure 4 : Scrum

a. Pre-game phase: - includes two sub-phases : planning and Architecture

- Planning include the definition of the system being developed by creating a
product backlog list contains the entire requirement that are currently known. The
requirements are prioritized and efforts are estimated. In planning the project
team, tools and other resources, risk assessment and controlling issues, training

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

needs and verification management approval is defined. (Abrahamsson, Salo,

Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)
- Architecture is planned based on the high level designs of the system and current
items in the product backlog. And also any enhancements are identified along
with the problems. Decisions are made after a review meeting and preliminary
plan are prepared. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)
b. Development phase: - in development phase system is developed in sprints. Sprints
are iterative cycles where the functionality is developed or improved to produce new
increments. Traditional phases of software developments: requirements, analysis,
design, evolution and delivery phases are included in each sprint. In sprint
development the architecture and design of system is developed. (Abrahamsson, Salo,
Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)
c. Post-game phase: - this is the closure of the release. After completion of
environmental variables such requirements and after making the agreement this phase
is entered. In this case, no more items and issues can be found nor can any new ones
be invented. In this case the system is ready for the release and preparation for this is
done such as integration, system testing and documentation. (Abrahamsson, Salo,
Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Extreme Programming (XP)

Extreme programming is aimed for small and medium sized teams between three and maximum
of two project members. The physical environment is also important, communication and
coordination between project members should be allowed at all time. (Abrahamsson, Salo,
Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)

Extreme Programming (XP) is developed with the aim of developing a methodology which is
suitable for “object-oriented projects using teams of a dozen or fewer programmers in one
location.” XP also include underlying values of communication, simplicity, feedback, courage
and respect. (Williams, 2007) Extreme programming includes 6 phases Exploration phase,
planning phase, iteration to release phase, productionizing phase, maintaining phase and death
phase.

Figure 5 : Extreme Programming

a. Exploration phase: - in this phase customer write the story cards which they wish to
include in the first release. These story cards describes feature to be added into the
program. Within same time the project team familiarize themselves with the tools,
technology and practices things which will be using in the project and build a
prototype of the system. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

b. Planning phase: - this phase sets the priority order for the stories and an agreement
of the contents of the first small release made. Programmers first estimates how much
effort each story requires and scheduled. Planning phase takes couple of days.
(Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)
c. Iterations to release phase: - this phase includes several iterations of the system
before the first release. The schedule set in the planning stage is broken down to a
number of iteration to implement. Customers decide the stories to be selected for each
iteration. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)
d. Productionizing phase: - in this phase new changes may still be found and the
decision has to be made if they are included in the current release. During this phase,
the iterations may need to be quickened. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta,
2002)
e. Maintenance phase: - requires an effort for customer support tasks. Development
velocity may decelerate after the system is in production. This phase mau requires
incorporating new people into the team and changing the team structure.
(Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)
f. Death phase: - in this phase the necessary documentation of the system is finally
written as no more changes to the architecture, design or code are made. Death phase
may also occur if the system is not delivering the desired outcome or if it becomes too
expensive for further development. (Abrahamsson, Salo, Ronkainen, & Warsta, 2002)

There are many other forms of agile methods. Table 2 below shows some of them include
Crystal Methodologies, lean Software Development (ASD) and Dynamic Systems Development
Method (DSDM).

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Agile Methods Description

Crystal methodologies A family of methods for co-located teams of different sizes
and criticality: Clear, Yellow, Orange,
Red, Blue. The most agile method, Crystal Clear, focuses
on communication in small teams
Developing software that is not life-critical. Clear
development has seven characteristics: frequent
delivery, reflective improvement, osmotic communication,
personal safety, focus, easy access to
expert users, and requirements for the technical
environment
Dynamic software development Divides projects in three phases: pre-project, project life-
method (DSDM) cycle, and post project. Nine principles
underlie DSDM: user involvement, empowering the project
team, frequent delivery, addressing
current business needs, iterative and incremental
development, allow for reversing changes, high-level
scope being fixed before project starts, testing throughout
the lifecycle, and efficient and effective
communication
Lean software development An adaptation of principles from lean production and, in
particular, the Toyota production system to
Software development. Consists of seven principles:
eliminate waste, amplify learning, decide as late
as possible, deliver as fast as possible, empower the team,
build integrity, and see the whole
(Dyba & Dingsøyr, 2008)

Table 2 : Some of other Agile Methods

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Data and Process Modeling (CPT 305) Assignment 1: Agile Methodology

Conclusion
As we came to know that traditional software development approaches are more automatic
which concentrate more on Processes, tools, contracts and plans. In contrast to traditional
methods, agile methods keep emphasis on interaction, working software, embracing change at
any moment of the project, customer relationships. The method can be agile if it is: Incremental,
Cooperative Straightforward and Adaptive. (Naidu)

“Agile view is more people centric rather than plan-centric.” Agile methods are not defined by a
small set of principles, practices and techniques. It creates a strategic capability which has
capability of responding to change, capability to balance the structure and flexibility, capability
of innovation and creations through development team and uncertainty. (Naidu)

In this paper we have also discussed about the Advantages, disadvantages of Agile Methodology,
difference between traditional and agile software development and Agile System Development
Life Cycle. And we have also discussed about different Agile Software development models
such as XP (Extreme programming), Scrum and FDD (Feature driven development).

(2477 words)

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Reference
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WATERFALL vs. AGILE METHODOLOGY. (2008, January 4). Retrieved March 22, 2013, from
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vs-agile-methodology/

Agile Development Methods: Philosophy and Practice. (2010). CPSC 315 – Programming
Studio.

Abrahamsson, P., Salo, O., Ronkainen, J., & Warsta, J. (2002). Agile Software Development
Methods Review and Analysis. University of Oulu: VTT Publications 478.

Ambler, S. W. (2012). The Agile System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Retrieved March 26,
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Dyba, T., & Dingsøyr, T. (2008). Empirical studies of agile software development: A systematic
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Naidu, S. S. (n.d.). Agile Software Development.

Navneetjha. (2012, July 12). Agile Methodology - A Brief Overview. Retrieved March 27, 2013,
from HubPages: http://navneetjha.hubpages.com/hub/Agile-Methodology-A-Brief-
Overview

Tay, L. (2008, December 10). Agile Methodology: A Software Development Process Framework.
Retrieved March 20, 2013, from Yahoo! Voices: http://voices.yahoo.com/agile-
methodology-software-development-process-framework-2263234.html

Trivikram. (2011, May 4). Principles of Agile Methodology. Retrieved March 26, 2013, from
That Technology: http://www.thatstechnology.com/software-testing/principles-of-agile-
methodology

Williams, L. (2007). A Survey of Agile Development Methodologies.

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