MANUEL S.

ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

A) BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

B) UNIAXIAL, BI AXIAL, TRI AXIAL PRESTRESSING

C) CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC PRESTRESSING

D) PULL AND PARTIAL PRESTRESSING

PEDERNAL, ROZHELLE M. ENGR. EVANGELINE CONSTANTINO

SUBMITED BY SUBMITTED TO

JANUARY 28, 2019 TTH / 7:30-9:30

DATE SUBMITTED SCHEDULE
 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Main Concept of Prestressing

Pre-stressing is a method in which compression force is applied to the reinforced

concrete section to reduce the tensile stress in the section to the point that the tensile
stress is below the cracking stress .
So , pre-stressing method reduces the required steel area for the concrete section .

 The prestressing steel strength is approximately 4.5 times stronger than ordinary
reinforcing steel.
 high tensile steel contains 0.6-0.8%carbon, 0.7-1 % manganese, and 0.05% of
sulphur and phosphorous with traces of silicon. As per IS:1785(partII)-1983

Prestressed Concrete
Although prestressed concrete was patented by a San Francisco engineer in 1886, it
did not emerge as an accepted building material until a half-century later. The shortage
of steel in Europe after World War II coupled with technological advancements in high-
strength concrete and steel made prestressed concrete the building material of choice
during European post-war reconstruction. North America's first prestressed concrete
structure, the Walnut Lane Memorial Bridge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, however,
was not completed until 1951.

In conventional reinforced concrete, the high tensile strength of steel is combined with
concrete's great compressive strength to form a structural material that is strong in both
compression and tension. The principle behind prestressed concrete is that
compressive stresses induced by high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member
before loads are applied will balance the tensile stresses imposed in the member during
service.

Prestressing removes a number of design limitations conventional concrete places on

span and load and permits the building of roofs, floors, bridges, and walls with longer
unsupported spans. This allows architects and engineers to design and build lighter and
shallower concrete structures without sacrificing strength.

The principle behind prestressing is applied when a row of books is moved from place
to place. Instead of stacking the books vertically and carrying them, the books may be
moved in a horizontal position by applying pressure to the books at the end of the row.
When sufficient pressure is applied, compressive stresses are induced throughout the
entire row, and the whole row can be lifted and carried horizontally at once.

Compressive Strength Added

Compressive stresses are induced in prestressed concrete either by pretensioning or

post-tensioning the steel reinforcement.

In pretensioning, the steel is stretched before the concrete is placed. High-strength steel
tendons are placed between two abutments and stretched to 70 to 80 percent of their
ultimate strength. Concrete is poured into molds around the tendons and allowed to
cure. Once the concrete reaches the required strength, the stretching forces are
released. As the steel reacts to regain its original length, the tensile stresses are
translated into a compressive stress in the concrete. Typical products for pretensioned
concrete are roof slabs, piles, poles, bridge girders, wall panels, and railroad ties.

In post-tensioning, the steel is stretched after the concrete hardens. Concrete is cast
around, but not in contact with unstretched steel. In many cases, ducts are formed in
the concrete unit using thin walled steel forms. Once the concrete has hardened to the
required strength, the steel tendons are inserted and stretched against the ends of the
unit and anchored off externally, placing the concrete into compression. Post-tensioned
concrete is used for cast-in-place concrete and for bridges, large girders, floor slabs,
shells, roofs, and pavements.
Prestressed concrete has experienced greatest growth in the field of commercial
buildings. For buildings such as shopping centers, prestressed concrete is an ideal
choice because it provides the span length necessary for flexibility and alteration of the
internal structure. Prestressed concrete is also used in school auditoriums,
gymnasiums, and cafeterias because of its acoustical properties and its ability to
provide long, open spaces. One of the most widespread uses of prestressed concrete is
parking garages.

UNIAXIAL, BI AXIAL, TRI AXIAL PRESTRESSING

1) Uniaxial Prestressing

When the prestressing tendons are parallel to one axis, it is called Uniaxial
Prestressing. For example, longitudinal prestressing of beams.
 2) Biaxial Prestressing

When there are prestressing tendons parallel to two axes, it is called Biaxial
Prestressing.For example, slabs.

3) Multiaxial Prestressing

When the prestressing tendons are parallel to more than two axes, it is called Multiaxial
Prestressing. For example, prestressing of domes.
Slabs and Beams in buildings
Bridges
Water Tanks
Concrete Piles
 CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC PRESTRESSING

The concentric or axial prestressing members in which the entire cross section of
concrete has a uniform compressive prestress. In this type the centroid of the tendon
coincides with that of the concrete section.

Where as in eccentric prestressing is a section at which the tendons are eccentric to

the centroid, resulting in a triangular or trapezoidal compressive stress distribution.

Eccentricity Of Prestressing

11.1 Principles of prestressing

In the design of a reinforced concrete beam subjected to bending it is accepted that the
concrete in the tensile zone is cracked, and that all the tensile resistance is provided by
the reinforcement. The stress that may be permitted in the reinforcement is limited by
the need to keep the cracks in the concrete to acceptable widths under working
conditions, thus there is no advantage to be gained from the use of the very high
strength steels which are available. The design is therefore uneconomic in two respects:
(I) dead weight includes 'useless' concrete in the tensile zone, and (2) economic use of
steel resources is not possible.

'Prestressing* means the artificial creation of stresses in a structure before loading, so

that the stresses which then exist under load are more favourable than would otherwise
be the case. Since concrete is strong in compression the material in a beam will be
used most efficiently if it can be maintained in a state of compression throughout.
Provision of a longitudinal compressive force acting on a concrete beam may therefore
overcome both of the disadvantages of reinforced concrete cited above. Not only is the
concrete fully utilised, but also the need for conventional tension reinforcement is
removed. The compressive force is usually provided by tensioned steel wires or strands
which are anchored against the concrete and. since the stress in this steel is not an
important factor in the behaviour of the beam but merely a means of applying the
appropriate force, full advantage may be taken of very high strength steels.

The way in which the stresses due to bending and an applied compressive force may
be combined is demonstrated in figure 11.2 for the case of an axially applied force
acting over the length of a beam. The stress distribution at any section will equal the
sum of the compression and bending stresses if it is assumed that the concrete
behaves clastically. Thus it is possible to determine the applied force so that the
combined stresses are always compressive.

By applying the compressive force eccentrically on the concrete cross-section, a further

stress distribution, due to the bending effects of the couple thus created, is added to
those shown in figure 11.2. This effect is illustrated in figure 11.3 and offers further
advantages when attempting to produce working stresses within required limits.

Bending strain distribution

Section B-B
Axial Bending Eccentricity of prestress prestress

Stress distribution - Section B- B

Axial Bending Eccentricity of prestress prestress

Stress distribution - Section B- B

Early attempts to achieve this effect were hampered both by the limited steel strengths
available and by shrinkage and creep of the concrete under sustained compression,
coupled with relaxation of the steel. This meant that the steel lost a large part of its initial
pretension and as a result residual stresses were so small as to be useless. It is now
possible, however, to produce stronger concretes which have good creep properties,
and very high strength steels which can he stressed up to a high percentage of their 0.2
per cent proof stress are also available, for example, hard-drawn wires may carry
stresses up to about three times those possible in grade 500 reinforcing steel. This not
only results in savings of steel quantity, but also the effects of shrinkage and creep
become relatively smaller and may typically amount to the loss of only about 25 per cent
of the initial applied force. Thus, modern materials mean that the prestressing of
concrete is a practical proposition, with the forces being provided by steel passing
through the beam and anchored at each end while under high tensile load.

11.2 Methods of prestressing

Two basic techniques arc commonly employed in the construction of prcstressed

concrete, their chief difference being whether the steel tensioning process is performed
before or after the hardening of the concrete. The choice of method will be governed
largely by the type and size of member coupled with the need for precast or in situ
construction.
11.2.1 Pretensioning

In this method the steel wires or strands are stretched to the required tension and
anchored to the ends of the moulds for the concrete. The concrete is cast around the
tensioned steel, and when it has reached sufficient strength, the anchors are released
and the force in the steel is transferred to the concrete by bond. In addition to long-term
losses due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation, an immediate drop in prestress force
occurs due to elastic shortening of the concrete

PULL AND PARTIAL PRESTRESSING

 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL STRUCTURES

(PRESTRESSED CONCRETE)

PEDERNAL, ROZHELLE M. ENGR. EVANGELINE CONSTANTINO

SUBMITED BY SUBMITTED TO

JANUARY 28, 2019 TTH / 7:30-9:30

DATE SUBMITTED SCHEDULE
 INTERNATIONAL STRUCTURES

1) The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre at Sydney

Harbour in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is one of the 20th century's
most famous and distinctive buildings.[3]
Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, but completed by an Australian architectural
team headed up by Peter Hall, the building was formally opened on 20 October
1973[4] after a gestation beginning with Utzon's 1957 selection as winner of an
international design competition. The Government of New South Wales, led by
the premier, Joseph Cahill, authorised work to begin in 1958 with Utzon directing
construction. The government's decision to build Utzon's design is often overshadowed
by circumstances that followed, including cost and scheduling overruns as well as the
architect's ultimate resignation.[5]

Design and construction

The Fort Macquarie Tram Depot, occupying the site at the time of these plans, was
demolished in 1958 and construction began in March 1959. It was built in three stages:
stage I (1959–1963) consisted of building the upper podium; stage II (1963–1967) the
construction of the outer shells; stage III (1967–1973) interior design and construction.
2) World Tower is a 230 m (750 ft) Australian skyscraper located at 91 Liverpool
Street, Sydney, New South Wales. The building is the tallest residential building
in the city since 2004.
Construction began in 2001 and was completed in 2004. It was constructed
by Meriton Apartments Pty Ltd, which is owned by developer Harry Triguboff AO.
The architect was Fender Katsalidis Architects and the structural engineer was
Connell Mott MacDonald.[1] World Tower was the 2004 Bronze recipient of
the Emporis Skyscraper Award, and was briefly Australia's tallest residential
building.
World Tower consists of 75 above-ground levels, 10 basement levels, 15 lifts and
701 residential units. Each of the three residential sections of the building has a
pool, spa, sauna, gymnasium, games room, and a private 24-seat theatrette. The
pool and spa areas on levels 38 and 61 offer 180° views of Sydney. There is also
a childcare centre located in the building.
3) St George Wharf Tower, also known as the Vauxhall Tower, is a residential
skyscraper in Vauxhall, London, and part of the St George Wharf development.
At 181 metres (594 ft) tall with 50 storeys, it is the eighth-tallest building in
London and the tallest residential building in the United Kingdom. [2][3]

Design features
The tower's floor-plan design is based on the shape of a Catherine wheel and is
typically divided into five apartments per floor with separating walls radiating out
from the central core.[citation needed]
Sky gardens provide residents with a semi-external space stepped forward from
the pure circular plan, creating steps in the façade that accentuate the building's
height and provide variety and interest in the detailing of the otherwise minimal
cladding.
The building is divided into three distinct parts—a base that houses the
communal facilities of the building including a lobby, business lounge, gym, spa
and swimming pool; a middle section containing most of the apartments; and an
upper section where the façade reduces in diameter to provide 360-degree
terraces and a wind turbine that tops the structure.
4) The CN Tower (French: Tour CN) is a 553.3 m-high
(1,815.3 ft) concrete communications and observation tower located
in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[5][8] Built on the former Railway Lands, it
was completed in 1976. Its name "CN" originally referred to Canadian National,
the railway company that built the tower. Following the railway's decision
to divest non-core freight railway assets prior to the company's privatization in
1995, it transferred the tower to the Canada Lands Company, a federal Crown
corporation responsible for real estate development.
The CN Tower held the record for the world's tallest free-standing structure for 32
years until 2007 when it was surpassed by the Burj Khalifa and was the world's
tallest tower until 2009 when it was surpassed by the Canton Tower.[9][10][11][12] It
is now the ninth tallest free-standing structure in the world and remains the tallest
free-standing structure on land in the Western Hemisphere. In 1995, the CN
Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by
the American Society of Civil Engineers. It also belongs to the World Federation
of Great Towers.[13][14][7]
5) Kai Tak Cruise Terminal is a cruise ship terminal that opened at the former Kai
Tak Airport runway at Hong Kong. Its completion date was delayed into 2013 due
to re-tendering. Following an international competition, Foster + Partners was
chosen to design the cruise terminal. The first ship berthed on 12 June
2013.[2] The terminal has the capacity to berth two large 360-metre (1,180 ft) long
vessels, which carry a total of 5,400 passengers and 1,200 crew, as well as
anticipating the demands of cruise liners currently on the drawing board.[3]
The Government announced that it would focus on the development of a new
cruise terminal at Kai Tak development area[4] to help Hong Kong become a
regional transport hub for cruise ships.[5] It was built by Dragages Hong Kong
Limited and site formation was completed by Penta-Ocean Construction
Company.
 6) The International Commerce Centre (Chinese: 環球貿易廣場)
(abbreviated ICC) is a 118-storey, 484 m (1,588 ft)
commercial skyscraper completed in 2010 in West Kowloon, Hong Kong. It is a
part of the Union Square project on top of Kowloon Station. It was the 4th tallest
building in the world (third in Asia) when its construction was completed in 2010.
As of June 2019, it is the world's 12th tallest building by height, world's ninth
tallest building by number of floors, as well as the tallest building in Hong
Kong and also the 6th tallest building within China.

International Commerce Centre compared with other tallest buildings in Asia.

Notable amenities include The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong hotel and an observatory
called Sky100.
The ICC faces the second-tallest skyscraper in Hong Kong, the 2 International Finance
Centre (IFC) directly across Victoria Harbour in Central, Hong Kong Island. IFC was
also developed by Sun Hung Kai Properties, along with another major Hong Kong
developer, Henderson Land.
 .
7) DAMAC Residenze formerly named DAMAC Heights and Ocean Heights 2, is
an 85-storey, 335 m (1,099 ft), supertall skyscraper under construction in Dubai
Marina, Dubai.[2] It is the second supertall project by DAMAC Properties, the first
being Ocean Heights, which is also located in Dubai Marina. The building will
overlook the Palm Jumeirah. When completed in 2017, DAMAC Heights will
become one of the tallest buildings in Dubai and the fifth-tallest residential
building in the world, surpassed only by Pentominium, World One, and Marina
101, and Princess Tower.
As of February 2013, the foundation work of DAMAC Heights is in progress,
while the piling has pleted.[4][1]
The tower was planned to be 420 m (1,378 ft) high, but its height was reduced to
335 m (1,099 ft) in February 2013.[5]
The building topped out in September 2016.

.
8) Eureka Tower is a 297.3 m (975 ft) skyscraper located
in the Southbank precinct of Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia.[3] Construction began in August 2002 and
the exterior was completed on 1 June 2006. The plaza
was finished in June 2006 and the building was officially
opened on 11 October 2006.[4] The project was designed
by Melbourne architectural firm Fender Katsalidis
Architects and was built by Grocon (Grollo Australia).
The developer of the tower was Eureka Tower Pty Ltd,
a joint venture consisting of Daniel Grollo (Grocon), investor Tab Fried and one of the
Tower's architects Nonda Katsalidis. It was the world's tallest residential tower when
measured to its highest floor,[5] until surpassed by Ocean Heights and the HHHR
Tower in Dubai. From 2006 to 2019, it was the tallest building in Melbourne, until
the topping out of Australia 108. It is currently the third tallest building in Australia,
behind the Q1 in Queensland and Australia 108, as well as the second tallest to roof
(excluding spire) behind the latter skyscraper.[6] As of 2016 it was the 15th tallest
residential building in the world.

9) The Torre Espacio (Spanish for Space Tower)

is a skyscraper in Madrid, Spain, measuring 230 metres
(755 feet) tall and containing 57 floors. It is currently the
fourth tallest building in Madrid.

Construction
During its construction on the night of September 4, 2006 a
fire broke out on the 43rd floor of the tower. The structure
of the building suffered no critical damage, as the fire had
only affected some construction materials.[2] In November 2006, its structure surpassed
the height of the Gran Hotel Bali, thus becoming the tallest
building in Spain.
The structure was topped out on March 19, 2007. That night,
Madrid mayor Alberto Ruiz Gallardón attended a ceremony
with fireworks to commemorate the event. With its 230 m, it
also became the tallest structure in Spain, surpassing the
telecommunications tower Torrespaña. Torre de Cristal, one
of the neighbouring skyscrapers at the Cuatro Torres Business Area, surpassed the
height of Torre Espacio in April 2007.[3]
10) Zagreb Airport (IATA: ZAG, ICAO: LDZA) is the largest and busiest international
airport in Croatia. In 2019 it handled 3.45 million passengers and some 13,000 tons of
cargo.
Named after Franjo Tuđman, the first President of Croatia, the airport is located some
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Zagreb Central Station[4] in Velika Gorica. It is the hub of the
Croatian flag carrier Croatia Airlines and a focus city for Trade Air. The main base of
the Croatian Air Force is also located at the airport's premises. Moreover, the Croatian
Air Traffic Control has its administratration situated on the grounds of the airport.
The airport was awarded to the ZAIC consortium (Zagreb Airport International
Company) in a 30-year concession under the terms of a contract signed by
the Government of Croatia with the aforementioned. The contract includes the
financing, designing and construction of a new passenger terminal which was opened in
March 2017. For the purpose of managing the airport ZAIC registered a company
called MZLZ d.d. (Međunarodna zračna luka Zagreb d.d.) that is now the operator of the
Airport.

11) Capital Gate, also known as the Leaning Tower of

Abu Dhabi, is a skyscraper in Abu Dhabi that is over 160
meters (520 ft) tall, 35 stories high, with over 16,000 square
meters (170,000 sq ft) of usable office space.[1] Capital Gate
is one of the tallest buildings in the city and was designed
to incline 18° west.[2] The building is owned and was
developed by the Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company.
The tower is the focal point of Capital Centre.
BRIDGES

1) The Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges are a side-by-side pair of road bridges on
the Gateway Motorway (M1), which skirts the eastern suburbs
of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The western bridge carries traffic to the north
and the eastern bridge carries traffic to the south. They are the most eastern
crossing of the Brisbane River, the closest to Moreton Bay, crossing at
the Quarries Reach, between Eagle Farm and Murarrie. The original bridge
(formerly named the Gateway Bridge) was opened on 11 January 1986 and cost
A$92 million to build.[1][2] The duplicate bridge was opened in May 2010, and cost
$350 million.[1]
2) The Incheon Bridge (Korean: 인천대교; RR: Incheon-daegyo) is a reinforced
concrete bridge in South Korea. At its opening in October 2009, it became the
second connection between Yeongjong Island and the mainland of Incheon. The
Incheon Bridge is South Korea's longest spanning cable-stayed bridge.[4] In
comparison, it is the world's tenth longest cable-stayed bridge as of January
2019.[5] The bridge provides direct access between Songdo and Incheon
International Airport, reducing travel time between them by up to one hour.
The section of the bridge crossing the sea, whose concessionaire is Incheon
Bridge Corporation, is funded by the private sector. Korea Expressway
Corporation and the Korean Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime
Affairs (MLTM) managed the project.

3) The Itz Valley Autobahn Bridge (German: Itztalbrücke) is a twin Autobahn

bridge carrying the Autobahn A73 across the Itz Valley directly to the south of
Autobahn Junction 9 (Rödental exit), and close to Coburg on the northern edge
of Bavaria in Germany. The Autobahn bridge, which has an approximately north-
south axis, has been built approximately 25 meters to the west of the Itz Valley
Railway Bridge.However, whereas the Autobahn bridge has been in use since
2007, the railway bridge has been unused since its completion in 2005
because the high speed line of which the railway bridge is part, though started in
1996, has been deprioritised and is not expected to be completed for some
time.[2]
Constructed between 2004 and 2007 for a total cost of around €31.5 million, the
Autobahn bridge is constructed of pre-stressed steel-concrete box girder
sections. It is the longest bridge on the Autobahn A73, having a total length of
852 metres (2,795 ft) and a maximum height above the valley floor of
34 metres (112 ft).
 DAMS

1) Wanapum Dam is a hydroelectric project located on the Columbia

River downstream (south) from Vantage, Washington where Interstate
90 crosses the Columbia from Grant County into Kittitas County. It is owned by
the Grant County Public Utility District. Its reservoir is named Lake Wanapum.
The dam, and its lake, are named after the Wanapum Indians. The dam has a
rated capacity of 1,040 megawatts and annually generates over 4 million
megawatt-hours.[3]

2) The Roseires Dam is a dam on the Blue Nile at Ad Damazin, just upstream of
the town of Er Roseires, in Sudan. It consists of a concrete buttress dam 1 km
wide with a maximum height of 68m, and an earth dam on either side. The earth
dam on the eastern bank is 4 km long, and that on the western bank is 8.5 km
long. The reservoir is about 290 km2.
 LOCAL STRUCTURES

1. Marcelo Fernan Bridge is an extradosed cable-stayed bridge located in Metro

Cebu in the Philippines. It spans across Mactan Channel connecting Mandaue
City to Lapu-Lapu City in Mactan Island. It is currently the longest cable-stayed
bridge in the Philippines Before it was named the Marcelo Fernan Bridge, it was
called the Consolacion Bridge (which was a temporary name), named after
the Municipality of Consolacion, which is 1.6 miles (or 2.6 kilometers) from the
north end of the bridge.
 2) The Manila Central Post Office, often called the Post Office Building, is the
main postal office of Manila, which also serves as the home of the Philippine
Postal Corporation. It also houses the main mail sorting-distribution operations of
the Philippines. It is located along the riverbanks in Lawton, Ermita and lies at the
northern end of Liwasang Bonifacio. Its location along the frontage of the Pasig
River was a part of the Burnham Plan of Manila for easy water transportation of
mails. Its central location with converging avenues made the building readily
accessible from all sides.[1] The building's main entrance faces the Liwasang
Bonifacio.[2]

3) The Ramon Magsaysay Center (abbreviated

as RMCor RM Center) is an 18-storey
building located at the corner of Roxas
Boulevard and Dr. Joaquin Y. Quintos Street in
Malate, Manila, Philippines.

It was built and opened in 1967[1] and

was designed by Arturo J. Luz and Associates,
in consultation with Italian-American Pietro
Belluschi and Alfred Yee Associates. It is
named after Ramon Magsaysay, the 7th
President of the Philippines, who died in a plane
crash in Cebu in 1957. It previously held the title
as the tallest building in the Philippines from 1
967-1968, before the competition of the Manila
Pavilion Hotel.
4) The Philippine Arena is the world's largest indoor arena.[8] It is a
multipurpose indoor arena with a maximum seating capacity of 55,000 at Ciudad
de Victoria, a 140-hectare tourism enterprise zone in Bocaue and Santa
Maria, Bulacan, Philippines[9] about 30 kilometers north of Manila. It is one of the
centerpieces of the many centennial projects[10] of the Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC) for
their centennial celebration on July 27, 2014.[11] The legal owner of the arena is
the INC's educational institution, New Era University.

5) Skyway Stage 3 project fell at the Balintawak section of the North Luzon
Expressway (NLEX) in Quezon City