Interpreting Data

Interpreting Data

Curriculum Ready
ACMSP: 248, 249, 250, 278, 283

www.mathletics.com
Interpreting
INTERPRETING DataDATA

Different lists of data have different properties. This unit is focused on the results and conclusions that
can be found from these different properties.

Answer these questions, before working through the chapter.

I used to think:

The median of a data set is the middle score. Does this mean that the number of scores greater than the
median is the same as the number of scores less than the median?

If the median splits the data in two halves, what do you think "quartiles" do?

The "range" of data is the difference between the highest and lowest score. What is "interquartile range"?

Answer these questions, after working through the chapter.

But now I think:

The median of a data set is the middle score. Does this mean that the number of scores greater
than the median is the same as the number of scores less than the median?

If the median splits the data in two halves, what do you think "quartiles" do?

The "range" of data is the difference between the highest and lowest score. What is "interquartile range"?

What do I know now that I didn’t know before?

100% Interpreting Data K 19 1

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Basics

Basic Statistics

Data is just a list of numbers called 'scores' or 'results'. The basic statistics that can be found from these scores are the
mean, median or mode. (These are also called "measures of central tendency")
• The mean is the average score. The symbol for the mean is xr . It is found using the formula xr =
fx
.
/
• The mode is the score with the highest frequency. This is the score that occurs the most often.
f /
• The median is the middle score when the scores are arranged in ascending order.
• The cumulative frequency (cf) is the sum of the frequencies for all scores less than or equal to that score.

Also remember that the symbol / (called "sigma") means 'sum of' and so when / x is written, it means the 'sum
of the scores'.
Here is an example.

A group of people's height was measured (in cm) and the results were written in this table

Cumulative
Score (x) Frequency (f) fx f #  x
frequency (cf)
110 3 3 3 # 110 = 330
112 5 3 + 5 = 8 5 # 112 = 560
113 10 8 + 10 = 18 10 # 113 = 1130
115 9 18 + 9 = 27 9 # 115 = 1035
116 8 27 + 8 = 35 8 # 116 = 928

/ f means 'sum of frequencies' / f = 35 / fx = 3983

a How many people had a height of 112 cm?

The frequency of 112 is 5. This means there were 5 people who are 112 cm tall.

b What is the cumulative frequency of 113 cm?

The cumulative frequency of 113 is the sum of the frequencies for scores of 113 or less.
The cf of 113 is 3 + 5 + 10 = 18

c Find the mean height, xr .

xr =
/ fx
/f
= 3983 = 113.8 cm
35

d Find the mode.

The mode is 113 since it has the highest frequency (10).

e Find the median.

The median is the score in the middle. Since there are 35 scores the middle position is the 18 th score.
` the median is 113 since it would be in the 18 th position (from the cf).

2 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Basics

Frequency Histograms and Polygons

A histogram is a column graph based on data. A polygon is made up of straight lines joining the centres of
these columns.

Answer the questions about this diagram

Frequency Histogram and Polygon

10
9 Centres of columns
are joined
8
7
Frequency (f)

6
5
Polygon
4
3
2
Histogram
1
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Leave half a column Score (x)
on either side

a What is the frequency of the score 6?

9 (from the histogram)

b What is the cumulative frequency of scoring a 6?

cf of 6 = frequency of 2 + frequency of 4 + frequency of 6
= 2+6+9
= 17

c How many scores are there?

/ f = 2+6+9+7+8+3
= 35

d Find the mean (to 1 decimal place).

xr =
/ fx
/f
= 2 # 2 + 6 # 4 + 9 # 6 + 7 # 7 + 8 # 9 + 3 # 10
35
= 6.7 (1 d.p.)

100% Interpreting Data K 19 3

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Basics

Cumulative Frequency Histograms and Polygons

A cumulative frequency histogram can also be joined. The polygon joins the right corners of the histogram.
A cumulative frequency polygon is also called an "ogive".

Answer these questions about the diagram below

Cumulative Frequency Histogram and Polygon

10
Right corners of
9
columns are joined
8
Cumulative frequency (cf)

7
Cumulative
6
frequency polygon
5
4
Cumulative
3
frequency histogram
2
1
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Score (x)

a What is the cumulative frequency of the score 6?

5 (from the histogram)

b What is the frequency of scoring a 6?

frequency of 6 = cumulative frequency of 6 - cumulative frequency of 5

= 5-3
=2

c How many scores are there?

Take the cumulative frequency of the last score. This means that there are 10 scores in total.

d Find the median.

Since there were 10 scores, the median is the average of the two middle scores (in position 5 and 6)
score in 5 th position + score in 6 th position
` median =
2
= 6 + 7
2
= 6.5

4 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Questions Basics

1. A group of people were asked how many languages they speak and this table was partly completed.

a Complete the table.

Number of languages (x) Frequency (f) fx Cumulative frequency (cf)

1 20 20 # 1 = 20
2 38
3 12 # 3 = 36 50
4 7 57
5 3
/ f = 60 / fx =
b Show that the mean is xr = 2.25 .

c What is the median?

d What is the mode?

e Are / f and the cumulative frequency of x = 5 equal? Why?

100% Interpreting Data K 19 5

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Questions Basics

2. A group of people were asked how many movies they had seen in the last year. The diagram below shows the
frequency polygon for the results.
Number of movies seen
9
8
Frequency (f) 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 21 22 23 24 25
Movies (x)
a Use the diagram to complete the table below.

Movies (x) Frequency (f) fx Cumulative frequency (cf)

/ f= / fx =
b What is the mean (to 2 decimal places if necessary)?

c What is the median?

d What is the mode?

6 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Questions Basics

3. A group of people were asked their age and this frequency histogram was produced.

Different Ages
6

4
Frequency (f)

0
30 31 32 33 34 35
Ages (x)
a Complete the table below.

Ages (x) Frequency (f) fx Cumulative frequency (cf)

/ f= / fx =
b Complete the polygon on the diagram.

c Find the mean age (to 2 d.p. if necessary).

d What is the mode?

e What is the median?

100% Interpreting Data K 19 7

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Knowing More

The median is the middle score of the data (or the average of the two middle scores). This means that 50% of the
scores are less than or equal to the median. Quartiles work the same way.

Quartiles

There are 3 quartiles.

• The first quartile – written as Q1 – is the score that 25% of the scores are less than or equal to. Q1 is
the median of the lower half of the scores.
• The second quartile – written as Q2 – is the median.
• The third quartile – written as Q3 – is the score that 75% of the scores are less than or equal to. Q3 is
the median of the upper half of the scores.
In other words the quartiles divide the data into quarters.
Range of scores

Lowest value Q1 Median Q3 Highest value

Lower quartile Upper quartile

Answer the following questions about this table of data

Score (x) Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (cf)

1 3 3
2 4 7
3 6 13
4 2 15
5 1 16
6 4 20
/ f = 20

a How many scores are there in total?

There are 20 scores since / f = 20
b What is the median (Q2 )?
The median will be the average of the two middle scores. That is the average of the scores in 10th and 11th
position. Since the cf of x = 2 is 7 and the cf of x = 3 is 13, so the scores in 10th and 11th position are both 3.

` Q2 = 3 + 3 = 3
2
c Find the lower quartile Q1
Since there are 20 scores, the Q1 will be the average of the scores in the 5 th and 6 th positions. From the
table, the score in 5 th position is 2, and the score in the 6 th position is 2.

` Q1 = 2 + 2 = 2
2
d Find the upper quartile Q3 ?
Since there are 20 scores, the Q3 will be the average of the scores in the 15 th and 16 th positions. From the
table, the score in the 15 th  position is 4, and the score in the 16 th position is 5.

` Q3 = 4 + 5 = 4.5
2

8 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Knowing More

Range and Interquartile Range

• The range of a data set is the difference between the highest score and the lowest score.
• The interquartile range is the difference between the upper and lower quartiles. It is written as IQR.

` IQR = Q3 - Q1

A 5-point summary of a data set is a list of : The lowest value; Q1 ; Q2 ; Q3 and the highest value. Here is an example:

Answer the questions about the table below

Score (x) Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (cf)

10 5 5
12 8 13
14 4 17
16 10 27
18 6 33
20 3 36

/ f = 36
a Find Q1
There are 36 scores in total, so Q1  is the average of the 9th and 10th scores (median of the lower half). The
cf of x = 10 is 5 and the cf of x = 12 is 13.
` Q1 = 12 + 12 = 12
2
b Find Q2
There are 36 scores in total, so the median is the average of the scores in 18th and 19th position:

` Q2 = 16 + 16 = 16
2
c Find Q3
There are 36 scores in total, so Q3 is the average of the in 27th and the 28th scores. The cf of x = 16 is 27
and cf of x = 18 is 33:
` Q3 = 16 + 18 = 17
2

d Find the range and interquartile range?

Range = Highest Score - Lowest Score IQR = Q3 - Q1
= 20 - 10 = 10 = 17 - 12 = 5

e Write down a 5-point summary for this set of data

• Lowest score = 10
• Q1 = 12 (lower quartile)
• Q2 = 16 (the median)
• Q3 = 17 (upper quartile)
• Highest score = 20

100% Interpreting Data K 19 9

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Questions Knowing More

1. Here is a list of data: 5 , 7 , 2 , 3 , 8 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 4 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 0 , 1.

a Arrange this data into ascending order.

b Find the median of this data set.

c Find Q1 .

d Find the upper quartile.

e Write down a 5-point summary of this data set.

f What is the range of this data set?

g What is in the interquartile range of this data set?

10 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Questions Knowing More

2. A group of students' exam results are displayed in the table below.

Results in % (x) Number of students (f) Cumulative frequency (cf)

10 5
20 3
30 1
40 8
50 3
60 9
70 6
80 3
90 8
100 6

/ f = 52
a Complete the cumulative frequency column.

b How many students were used to create the table?

c In which position is the median? What is the median?

d Find Q1 and Q3 .

e Find the interquartile range.

f Write a 5-point summary on this data.

100% Interpreting Data K 19 11

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Using Our Knowledge

Box-and-Whisker Plots

A 5-point summary is used to plot a "Box-and-Whisker" plot for a set of Data.

These are used to compare different data sets. They are drawn like this:

Q1 Median Q3
Lowest value Highest value

Whisker Box Whisker

They are always drawn against a number line.

Answer these questions about this set of data

29 , 26 , 30 , 22 , 30 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 25 , 24 , 21 , 26

a Arrange this data into ascending order:

21 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 30

Q1 Q2 Q3
b Find a 5-point summary.

There are 12 numbers in the data set.

• The lowest number is 21.

• Q1 will be the average of the 3rd and the 4th position so:
` Q1 = 22 + 22 = 22
2
• The median is the average of the numbers in 6th and 7th position.
` Q2 = 24 + 25
2
= 24 .5

• Q3 will be the average of the 9rd and the 10th position so:
` Q3 = 26 + 29 = 27.5
2
• The greatest number in the set is 30.

c Draw a box-and-whisker plot for this set of data.

Q1 Median/Q2 Q3

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

12 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Using Our Knowledge

In any Box-and-Whisker plot the diagram represents:

25% of data 25% of data

25% of data 25% of data

Middle 50% of data

(Interquartile range)

Box-and-Whisker plots are used to compare different sets of data.

The table below shows average temperatures for a city over two years

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2009 28 22 24 22 16 26 20 25 29 20 23 24

2010 21 24 26 25 24 25 24 25 30 27 28 36

a Find a 5-point summary for the temperatures in 2009 and 2010.

2009 2010

Ascending Order 16 , 20 , 20 , 22 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 29 21 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 36

Lowest Temperature 16 21

Q1 21 24

Q2 23.5 25

Q3 25.5 27.5

Highest Temperature 29 36

b Draw box and whisker plots for the average temperatures in 2009 and 2010.

2009

2010

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

c Which year had the greater range of temperature?

It can be seen that the box-and-whisker plot for 2010 is longer than that of 2009. This means that 2010
had the greater range in temperature.

d Which year had the greater interquartile range?

It can be seen that the box-and-whisker plot for 2009 has a longer interquartile range (the 'box' part)
than 2010. This means 2009 had a greater interquartile range in temperature.

100% Interpreting Data K 19 13

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Using Our Knowledge

Standard Deviation

Standard deviation measures the average distance each score is away from the mean. It has this symbol using
lower case sigma v n , pronounced 'sigma-n'. This is the formula for v n :

vn =
/ ^ x - xrh2
n

Where xr is the mean and / still means 'sum of'. Here is an example:

Find the standard deviation (correct to 1 decimal place) of this set of data: 11, 8, 13, 3, 9, 15, 17, 17, 6, 11

• Find the mean, xr :

xr = sum of scores
n
= 110
10
= 11
• Draw a table with these 3 columns.

This is called "mean difference" "mean difference" is squared

Score (x) x - xr ^ x - xr h2

11 11 - 11 = 0 0

8 8 - 11 = -3 9

13 13 - 11 = 2 4

3 3 - 11 = -8 64

9 9 - 11 = -2 4

15 15 - 11 = 4 16

17 17 - 11 = 6 36

17 17 - 11 = 6 36

6 6 - 11 = -5 25

11 11 - 11 = 0 0

This total will ALWAYS be zero.

/ ^ x - xrh = 0 / ^ x - xrh2 = 194
If not, a mistake has been made.

• Use the formula for standard deviation.

vn =
/ ^ x - xrh2
n
= 194
10
= 4.4 ^1 d.p.h

14 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Questions Using Our Knowledge

1. An athlete runs the same race 16 times. This is how long it takes him (in seconds) to run each time:

14 , 12 , 18 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 15 , 13 , 20 , 16 , 14 , 19

a Write these times in ascending order.

b Find a 5-point summary of this data.

c Draw a box-and-whisker plot for this data.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

d What is the range of the data?

e What is the interquartile range of the data?

100% Interpreting Data K 19 15

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Questions Using Our Knowledge

2. During 8 days, a cat and a dog eat an amount of food (in grams) according to the table below.

Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun Mon

Cat 70 100 40 90 50 70 55 100

Dog 65 100 90 80 75 85 50 85

a Arrange each set of data into ascending order

b Find a 5-point summary for each data set.

c Draw box-and-whisker plots for the different data sets on the number line below.

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115

d From the box-and-whisker plot, which had the greater interquartile range? Find the interquartile range.

16 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Questions Using Our Knowledge

3. 150 men and 150 women were in a survey and these are the resulting box-and-whisker plots from their ages:

Women

Men

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58

a How old was the youngest woman in the survey?

b How old was the oldest man in the survey?

c What is the median age for the women?

d Find Q1 for the men.

e Find Q3 for the women.

f What is the age that half the men were older than?

100% Interpreting Data K 19 17

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Questions Using Our Knowledge

4. Ava counted the number of books she read each month for a year. She wrote them in the table below:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

5 6 4 1 6 1 9 9 10 10 5 6

a Find xr , the mean.

b Complete the table below for the above set of data.

x x - xr ^ x - xr h2
5 -1
6 0
4
1 -5
6
1 -5
9
9 3 9
10 4
10
5
6 0 0
/ ^ x - xrh = / ^ x - xrh2 =
c What is the formula to calculate v n ?

d Show that the standard deviation of the above set of data to 2 decimal places is 2.97.

18 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Thinking More

Skewness of Data

A set of data can be one of three things: a normal distribution, skewed to the right or skewed to the left.

normal distribution skewed to the right skewed to the left

• left side = right side • right side is longer • left side is longer

• median = mean • median 1  mean • median 2  mean
• bell shaped • not bell shaped • not bell shaped

This is only a general rule of thumb which holds most of the time and exceptions to this rule do occur. This can be
used to compare different data sets.

Two data sets are shown on the column graph below, data set 1 (white) and data set 2 (black).

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

a Write both data sets in ascending order

Data Set 1 (white): 5 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 35 , 35 , 40 , 45 , 50

Data Set 2 (black): 5 , 10 , 10 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 40 , 45 , 50

b Find the median of both data sets

Data Set 1: Data Set 2:

median = 25 + 30 median = 15 + 20
2 2
= 27.5 = 17.5

c Find the mean of both data sets and comment on the skewness of each data set.

Data set 1: Data set 2:

Mean = 27.5 Mean = 23 1

3
This is a normal distribution since mean = median This is skewed to the right since median 1 mean

100% Interpreting Data K 19 19

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Thinking More

Spread of Data

The spread of a data set measures how consistent (close to the mean) a data set is. This depends on:

• Range – the wider the range of the data set the less likely scores will be close to the mean
• Interquartile range – the wider the range of the data set the less likely scores will be close to the mean
• Standard deviation – v n measures how far the scores are from the mean.

A gameplayer tries two strategies for playing a game. He tries each strategy eight times and these are the
points received

Strategy 1: 34 , 35 , 28 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 27 Strategy 2: 1 , 13 , 5 , 10 , 16 , 14 , 1 , 5

a Find a 5-point summary for each strategy.

Strategy 1 Strategy 2
Lowest 27 1
1+5 = 3
Q1 28
2
Q2 30.5 7.5
13 + 14 = 13.5
Q3 33 2

Highest 35 16

b Find the range and interquartile range for each strategy.

Strategy 1 Strategy 2
Range 35 - 27 = 8 16 - 1 = 15
IQR 33 - 28 = 5 13.5 - 3 = 10.5

c Draw a box-and-whisker plot for each strategy.

Strategy 1
Strategy 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

d Which strategy do you expect to have a larger standard deviation?

Strategy 2 has a larger range and interquartile range, so it is expected to have a larger standard deviation.

e Find the standard deviation of both strategies to 2 decimal places.

vn =
/ ^ x - xrh2 v n for Strategy 1: 2.74 (2 d.p.) As expected, the standard deviation
n v n for Strategy 2: 5.53 (2 d.p.) for Strategy 2 is greater.

20 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Questions Thinking More

1. Two movies received reviews from eight critics who gave the movie a score between 1 and 10.
Here are their results:

Movie 1: 3 , 8 , 8 , 6 , 3 , 5 , 2 , 5 Movie 2: 8 , 7 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 6 , 3

a Use this table to find the standard deviation of the Movies' scores:

Movie 1 Movie 2
Score (x) x - xr ^ x - xr h2 Score (x) x - xr ^ x - xr h2
3 8
8 7
8 3
6 4
3 7
5 10
2 6
5 3
/ ^ x - xrh = / ^ x - xrh =
2
/ ^ x - xrh = / ^ x - xrh2 =

b Complete these tables for the movies:

Movie 1 Movie 2
Lowest
Q1
Q2
Q3
Highest
vn

c How are the scores for each movie skewed?

d Which movie has the more consistent scores?

100% Interpreting Data K 19 21

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Questions Thinking More

2. At the olympics, divers receive a score between 1 and 10 each time they dive. These are the scores after
12 dives for the divers who came in first and second place.

Diver A Diver B
7 ,8 ,5 ,7 ,8 ,6 ,6 ,5 ,8 ,5 ,8 ,5 7 , 6 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 5 , 10 , 9 , 8 , 6 , 9 , 9

a Find a 5-point summary for each diver's scores

b Find the range and interquartile range of each diver's scores

c Draw a box-and-whisker plot for each of the divers' scores. Are the scores skewed?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

22 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
Interpreting Data Questions Thinking More

d Draw up a table with the headings, score (x), x - xr and ^ x - xr h2 and use it to find v n for both divers.

e If the winner is based on the total scores, which diver won?

f Which diver had more consistent scores?

100% Interpreting Data K 19 23

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Questions Thinking More

3. Answer these questions about skewness of data:

a If the median is less than the mean which way would the data be skewed (according to the rule of thumb)?

b When is data skewed to the left (according to the rule of thumb)?

c Sketch a box-and-whisker plot representing data that is skewed to the left.

d Standard deviation is a measure of how far each score is from the mean. What does this mean?

e How is the standard deviation affected by the consistency of the scores?

f Does data with a higher or lower standard deviation have more consistency?

24 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 c
1. a

e
d
b
Number of Cumulative

Yes,
xr =
Frequency (f) fx Basics:
languages (x) frequency (cf)

mode = 1
1  20 20 # 1 = 20

median = 2
2 38 - 20 = 18 18 # 2 = 36 20 + 18 = 38
0 + 20 = 20

/ f 60
3 50 - 38 = 12 12 # 3 = 36 38 + 12 = 50
Interpreting Data

4  7 4 # 7 = 28 50 + 7 = 57

/ fx = 135 = 2.25

are less than or equal to 5.

5  3 5 # 3 = 15 57 +3 = 60
/ f = 60 / fx = 20 + 36 + 36 + 28 + 15 = 135

x = 5 are equal as x = 5 is the highest

/ f and the cumulative frequency of
score in the data. This means all the scores

Mathletics 100%
100% Interpreting Data
© 3P Learning
c

3. a
2. a

d
b
Ages Frequency Cumulative Movies Frequency Cumulative
fx fx
Basics:

(x) (f) frequency (cf) (x) (f) frequency (cf)

30 4 4 20 8 8

mode = 20
median = 22
31 3 4+3=7 21 5 8 + 5 = 13
30 × 4 = 120 20 × 8 = 160

xr = 21.93 (2 d.p.)
32 3 7 + 3 = 10 22 7 13 + 7 = 20
31 × 3 = 93 21 × 5 = 105

33 3 10 + 3 = 13 23 3 20 + 3 = 23
32 × 3 = 96 22 × 7 = 154

34 2 13 + 2 = 15 24 2 23 + 2 = 25

SERIES
33 × 3 = 99 23 × 3 = 69
Answers

35 5 15 + 5 = 20 25 4 25 + 4 = 29
34 × 2 = 68 24 × 2 = 48

K 19
TOPIC
/ f = 20 / fx = 651 / f = 29 / fx = 636
35 × 5 = 175 25 × 4 = 100

25
 Interpreting Data Answers

Basics: Knowing More:

3. b Different Ages 2. a Results Number of Cumulative
6
in % (x) students (f) frequency (cf)
5
10 5 5
4
Frequency (f)

20 3 5+3=8
3 30 1 8+1=9
2 40 8     9 + 8 = 17
1
50 3  17 + 3 = 20
60 9 20 + 9 = 29
0
30 31 32 33 34 35
Ages (x)
70 6 29 + 6 = 35
80 3 35 + 3 = 38
c xr = 32.55
90 8  38 + 8 = 46
d mode = 35 100 6 46 + 6 = 52
/ f = 52
e median = 32.5

b The total number of students used is 52

Knowing More:
c median = 60
1. a 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 7
d Q1 = 40
,8,8,8
Q3 = 90
b median = 3.5
e IQR = 50
c Q1 = 1.5
f • Lowest score = 10
d Q3 = 7
• Q1 = 40 (lower quartile)
e • Lowest score = 0 • Q2 = 60 (the median)
• Q1 = 1.5 (lower quartile) • Q3 = 90 (upper quartile)
• Q2 = 3.5 (the median) • Highest score = 100
• Q3 = 7 (upper quartile)
• Highest score = 8 Using Our Knowledge:
f Range = 8 1. a 12 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 16 ,
16 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 19 , 20
g IQR = 5.5
b • Lowest score = 12

• Q1 = 14 (lower quartile)

• Q2 = 16 + 16 = 16 (the median)
2
• Q3 = 18 (upper quartile)
• Highest score = 20

26 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data Answers

Using Our Knowledge: Using Our Knowledge:

1. c 2. c
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Dog
Cat
d Range = 8
d IQR (cat) = 42.5
e IQR = 4
IQR (dog) = 17.5

2. a Cat 40 50 55 70 70 90 100 100

3. a From the box-and-whisker plot the
Dog 50 65 75 80 85 85 90 100
youngest woman was 24 years old.

b Cat: • Lowest score = 40 b The oldest man was 56 years old

• Q1 = 52.5 (lower quartile)
c The median age for the women was 38
• Q2 = 70 (the median) years old
• Q3 = 95 (upper quartile)
d Q1 for the men was 39 years old
• Highest score = 100
e Q3 for the women was 46 years old
Dog: • Lowest score = 50
f The age that half the men were older than
• Q1 = 70 (lower quartile)
is the median. The median is 46 years old.
• Q2 = 82.5 (the median)
• Q3 = 87.5 (upper quartile)
• Highest score = 100

100% Interpreting Data K 19 27

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Answers

Using Our Knowledge: Thinking More:

4. a xr = 6 1. a
Movie 2
Score
^ x - xr h2
b
x x - xr ^ x - xr h2 (x)
x - xr
5 -1 ( 1) 2 = 1 8   8 - 6 = 2 4
6  0 0 7   7 - 6 = 1 1
4   4 - 6 = -2 4 3   3 - 6 = -3 9
1 -5  25 4   4 - 6 = -2 4
6 6-6=0 0
7   7 - 6 = 1 1
1 -5  25
10 10 - 6 = 4 16
9 9-6=3  9
6   6 - 6 = 0 0
9 3  9
3   3 - 6 = -3 9
10 4 16
10 4 16 / ^ x - xrh = 0 / ^ x - xrh2 = 44
5  -1 1
Movie 1: v n = 2.35
6 0 0

/ ^ x - xrh = 0 / ^ x - xrh2 = 106 b

Movie 1 Movie 2

/ (x xr) 2 Lowest 2 3
c vn =
n Q1 3 3.5

/ (x xr) 2 106 = 2.97 Q2 5 6.5

d vn = =
n 12 Q3 7 7.5
Highest 8 10
Thinking More: vn 2.12 2.35
1. a Movie 1
Score c For Movie 1:
(x)
x - xr ^ x - xr h2 the mean = the median = 5
3  3 - 5 = -2 4
` the data is not skewed and the
8  8 - 5 = 3 9 scores are distributed normally
8  8 - 5 = 3 9
For Movie 2:
6 6-5=1 1
the mean = 6 and the median = 6.5,
3  3 - 5 = -2 4 median 2 mean
5  5 - 5 = 0 0
` the scores are skewed to the left (ie
2 2 - 5 = -3 9 there are more scores that are less than
5  5 - 5 = 0 0 the median than there are scores greater
/ ^ x - xrh = 0 / ^ x - xrh2 = 36 than the median)

Movie 1: v n = 2.12

28 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
Interpreting Data Answers

Thinking More: Thinking More:

1. d 2.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c
Movie 1 Movie 2

Range 8-2=6 10 - 3 = 7

Interquartile
7-3=4 7.5 - 3.5 = 4
range

vn 2.12 2.35

Movie 1 has the more consistent scores

than Movie 2. This is because the
standard deviation of the scores for
Movie 1 is less than for Movie 2.

Diver A

Diver B
2. a
Diver A Diver B
The scores for Diver A are not skewed. The
scores for Diver B are skewed to the right
Lowest 5 4
(the box-and-whisker plot is longer on the
right hand side of the median)
Q1 5 5.5

d
Q2 6.5 6.5 Diver A
x x xr (x xr ) 2
Q3 8 9
5 -1.5 2.25
5 -1.5 2.25
Highest 8 10
5 -1.5 2.25
5 -1.5 2.25
b
Diver A Diver B 6 -0.5 0.25
6 -0.5 0.25
Range 8-5=3 10 - 4 = 6
7 0.5 0.25
Interquartile 7 0.5 0.25
8-5=3 9 - 5.5 = 3.5
range 8 1.5 2.25
8 1.5 2.25
8 1.5 2.25
8 1.5 2.25

/ ^ x - xrh = 0 / (x - xr) 2 = 19
Diver A: v n = 1.126

100% Interpreting Data K 19 29

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Answers

Thinking More: Thinking More:

2. d Diver B 3. c

x x xr (x xr ) 2
4 -3 9
5 -2 4
5 -2 4
6 -1 1
6 -1 1
6 -1 1
7 0 0

Left side is longer

8 1 1
9 2 4
9 2 4
9 2 4
10 3 9
d The standard deviation measures how
/ (x - xr) = 0 / (x - xr) 2 = 42 spread out the scores are. The larger a
standard deviation is, the further the
Driver B: v n = 1.87 scores are from the mean.

e If the winner was based on total score, e The more consistent the scores, the
Diver B won. lower the standard deviation. The less
consistent the scores, the higher the
f Diver A had the more consistent scores. standard deviation.
This is shown by the lower standard
deviation of Diver A’s scores. f Data with a lower standard deviation has
more consistency.

3. a The data is skewed to the right.

b When median 2 mean

30 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
Interpreting Data Notes

100% Interpreting Data K 19 31

Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Interpreting Data Notes

32 K 19 100% Interpreting Data

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics 100% © 3P Learning
 Interpreting Data

www.mathletics.com