32 CHAPTER 2

Section 2-6: Input Impedance

Problem 2.17 At an operating frequency of 300 MHz. a Iossless 50-0 air-spaced
transmission line 2.5 m in length is terminated with an impedance ZL = (60+ j20) 0.
Find the input impedance.
Solution: Given a lossless transmission line, Zo = 50 0, f = 300 MHz, I = 2.5 In,
and ZL =
(60+ j20) Q. Since the line is air filled, up = c and therefore, from Eq.
(2.38),
ro 2n x 300 x 106
P =- = ~ _~n = 21t rad/m.
up

Since the line is lossless, Eq. (2.69) is valid:

~ n = Zo (ZL
\20 + j20 tan Pl)/ = 50
+ jZLtanpl (60+
,50+ j20) +j20)tan(2n
j(60+ j50tan(2n rad/m xx 2.5
fad/m 2.5 m)"
m»)

50+ j{60+ j20) x 0 =(60

=50(60+j20}+j50XO) +]'20)0 .

~oblem 2.ij) A lossless transmission line of electrical length I 0.35A. is =

terminated in a load impedance as shown in Fig. 2-38 (p2.1S). Find S, and Zin. r,
I.• 1= O.35A. •. I

Zin-" 20= 100.Q I IZL=(60 +j30) Q

Figure P2.18: Loaded transmission line.

Solution: From Eq. (2.49a),

r= ZL-2o = (60+j30)-loo =0.307ej/32.5°.

ZL+20 (60+ j30) + 100
From Eq. (2.59),

S= 1 + WI = 1 +0.307 = 1.89.
1- rn 1-0.307
 CHAPTER 2 33

From Eq. (2.63)

2m =.Zo (ZL+
Zo + jZL tan
jZotan~l) f31

= 100((60+
100+j(60+ 1'30) tan (¥0.351)
1'30) + 1'100","(¥0.35J..») = (64.8- 1'38.3) Q.

~em 2.1V Show that the input impedance of a quarter-wavelength long lossless
line terminated in a short circuit appears as an open circuit.
Solution:

For I =~. /31= z;:. ~ = ¥. WithZL = O. we have

/ ;Z1tan1t/2\ . _ ."
2m = Zo \''' ~ Zo ' ) = jOO (open CIrCUit).

Problem 2.20 Show that at the position where the magnitude of the voltage on the
line is a maximum the input impedance is purely real.
Solution: From Eq. (2.56). lmax = (9r+2nx}f2/3. so from Eq. (2.6I). using polar
representation for r.

which is real. provided Zo is real.

Problem 2.21 A voltage generator with vg(t) =

5cos(2x X 109t) V and internal
impedance Zg = 50 Q is connected to a 50-a lossless air-spaced transmission
line. The line length is 5 em and it is tenninated in a load with impedance
ZL = (100- jIOO)!2. Find
(a) r at the load.
(b) Zin at the input to the trarismission line.
(c) the input voltage ~ and input eUITeDt~.
 38 CHAPTER 2

Section 2-7: Special Cases

Problem 2.24 At an operating frequency of 200 MHz, it is desired to use a section
of a Jossless 50-Q transmission line tenninated in a short circuit to construct an
equivalent load with reactance X =
25Q. If the phase velocity of the line is O.75c,
what is the shortest possible line length that would exhibit the desired reactance at its
input?
Solution:

J3 = roJu p = (21t rad/cycle) x (200 x 106 cycle/s) = 5.59 rad/m.

0.75 x (3 x 108 m1s)

On a lossless short-circuited transmission line, the input impedance is always purely

imaginary; i.e., Zf; = j;q:. Solving Eq. (2.68) for the line length,

1= .!..tan-I
P Zo = 5.59
(X~C) rad/m
1 tan-I (25 Q)
SO Q = (0.464+n1t)
5.59 rad/m rad ,

for which the smallest positive solution is 8.3 cm (with n = 0).

bJem 2.25 A lossless transmission line is terminated in a short circuit. How

long m wavelengths) should the line be in order for it to appear as an open circuit at
its iuput tenninals?
Solution: From Eq. (2.68), Zf; = jZo tanf3l. If f3l = (1C/2+ rm), then zt; = joo (Q).
Hence,

I = 21t
~ (~+n1t)
2 = ~+
4 nt...
2

This is evident from Figure 2.15( d) ..

Problem 2.26 The input impedance of a 31-cm-long lossless transmission line of

I
unknown characteristic impedance was measured at MHz. With the line tenninated
in a short circuit, the measurement yielded an input impedance equivalent to an
inductor with inductance of 0.128 .uH,· and when the line was open circuited, the
measurement yielded an input impedance equivalent to a capacitor with capacitance
of 20 pF. Find Zo of the line, the phase velocity, and the relative permittivity of the
insulating material.
Solution: Now 00 = 21tf = 6.28 x 106 rad/s, so

zt;; = jooL = j21t X 106 x 0.128 x 10-6 = jO.804 Q

 CHAPTER 2 39

and z:: = 1/ jroC = 1/(j21t X 106 X 20 X 10-12) = - j8000 Q.

From Eq. (2.74), Zo = vZSii~ = V(jO.804 Q)(- j8000 Q) = 80 D. Using
Eq. (2.75).
ro ro[
U - - - --:--====
P - J} - tan-I V-Z~/Zfu
_ 6.28 x 106 X 0.31 1.95 x 106
tan-I ±.J'-
_ --C..,....--- ,..-
----------~-
jO.804/{ - ---------)
j8000) = ----
(±0.0l + n1t) mfs ,

where n 2: 0 for the plus sign and n 2: 1 for the minus sign. For n O. =
Up = 1.94 X 108 m1s =
O.65c and Er (c/up)2 =
1/0.652 = =
2.4. For other values -
of 11. up is very slow and Er is unreasonably high.

@-oblem 2!!:i) A 60-Q resistive load is preceded by a A/4 section of a 50-Q lossless
- line. which itself is preceded by another A/4 section of a l00-Q line. What is the input
impedance?
Solution: The input impedance of the 1../4 section of line closest to the load is found
from Eq. (2.77):

Zm = ZL
Zfi _
-
502
60 =41.7 Q.
The input impedance of the line section closest to the load can be considered as the
load impedance of the next section of the line. By reapplying Eq. (2.77), the next
of 'A./4line is taken into account:

~n = ZL
Z5 _
-
1002
41.7 = 240 Q.
2.28 A 1DO-MHz FM broadcast station uses a 300-Q transmission line
the transmitter and a tower-mounted half-wave dipole antenna. The antenna
is 73 Q. You are asked to design a quarter-wave transformer to match the
to the line .
..(a) Detennine the electrica11ength and characteristic impedance of the quarter-
wave section.
If the quarter-wave section is a two-wire line with d = 2.5 cm. and the spacing
=
between the wires is made of polystyrene with Er 2.6, determine the physical
length of u;e quarter-wave section and the radius of t.l}etwo wire conductors.
 46 CHAPTER 2

z~= 75 f!
(Antenna I)

500
4AJ.~ r-
Oo
VV
A
Zin- Line 1
B D
Generator

ZL2= 75 Q
(Antenna 2)

Figure P2.32: Antenna configuration for Problem 2.32.

1 --. 1 - - (2.86)2 x 37.5

Pin = Z9'ie[Ii Vi ] = 29'ie(hli~J = ... = 153.37 (W).
This is divided equally between the two antennas. Hence, each antenna receives
15i37 = 76.68 CW)..

~blem ~ For the circuit shown in Fig. 2-42 (p2.33), calculate the average
incident power. the average reflected power, and the average power transmitted into
the infinite 100-.0 line. The "-/2 line is lossless and the infinitely long line is
sHghtly lossy. (Hint: The input impedance or an infinitely long line is equal to its
characteristic impedance so long as c£ 0.) =1=

Solution: Considering the semi-infinite transmission line as equivalent to a load

(since all power sent down the line is lost to the rest of the circuit), ZL Zl 100 Q. = =
Since the feed line is A/2 in length, Eq. (2.76) gives Zm = ZL 100 .Q and =
f31 = (21t/l)(A/2) =
= 1t,so e±j131 -1. From Eq. (2.49a),
r= ZL-4> = 100-50 =!.
ZL+Zo 100+50 3
 CHAPTER 2 47

500 ~

Zo= 500
---
P~V_I_P~V
I
pr_rav I

Figure P2.33: Line tenninated in an infinite line.

Also, converting the generator to a phasor gives 1/g = 2ejOO (V). Plugging all these
results into Eq. (2.66),

o
v.+ = Cigl<.)C
Zg +Zm ejf31+re-jfJl
I ) = ex 100) ( (-1) +I H-l) )
50+ 100
= lej1800 = -I (V).
From Eqs. (2.84), (2.85), and (2.86),

. Jvo+12 IIej1800 /2
~v= 2Zo = 2x50 =1O.0mW,
2 . 1
~v=-frl ~v=- 1,23" x lOmW=-1.1 roW,
~v = Pay =~v+~~ = 10.0 roW -1.1 mW = 8.9 m\V.

2.34 An antenna with a load impedanceZL = (75+ j25) 12 is connected to

transmitter through a 50-12 lossless transmission line. If under matched conditions
load), the transmitter can deliver lOW to the load, how much power does it
to the antenna? Assume Zg = ~.
 48 CHAPTER 2

Solution: From Eqs. (2.66) and (2.61),

o
y,+= + Zin ) (
( ZgVg~ ejJ31 +1re- jf!l )
_ VgZo [(1 +re-j2f!1)/(1_re-j2j31)] e-j/31
- (20+20 [(1+re-j2/31)/(1-re-.i2/31)])(' . T""' _MAl)

_ Vge- j/31
- (1- re-j2/3I) + (1+ re-j2(1)
. - -j/3/
Vge I- - 'Pl
- (1- re-j2/31) + (1+ re-j2/31) 2"Vge J •

Thus. in Eg. (2.86).

Under the matched condition, WI = 0 and PL = 10 W. so /VgI2/82o = 10 W.

=
When ZL (75 j25) + a.
from Eg. (2.49a).

r= ZL-Zo = (75+j25) n-50n =0 277ei33.6°

ZL + Zo (75 + j25) Q + 50 Q. ,
SoPav = lOW (1-lr/2) = lOW (1-0.2772) =9.23 W.

Section 2-9: Smith Chart

(f;oblem 2.3sJ Use the Smith chart to find the reflection coefficient corresponding
to a load impedance:
(a) ZL = 320.
(b) ZL = (2 - 2j)Zo,
(c) ZL = -2jZo.
=
(d) ZL 0 (short circuit).
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.35. °
(a) Point A is ZL = 3 + jO. r = O.5eD
(b) Point B is ZL = 2 - j2. r = 0.62e-29.7°°
(c) Point C is ZL = 0 - j2. r = I.Oe-53.!
(d) Point D is ZL = 0 + jO. r = 1.0e180.0o
 49
·CHAPTER 2

FigureP2.35: Solution of Problem 2.35.

~m 2:3i)Use the Smith chart to find the normalized load impedance

corresponding to a reflection coefficient:
(a). r= 0.5,
(b) r=0.5/60°,
(c) r= -1,
(d) r = 0.3/-30" ,

(e) r=o,
(f) r= j.
Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.36.
 50 CHAPTER 2

Figure P2.36: Solution of Problem 236.

r
(a) Point A' is = 0.5 at ZL = 3 + jO.
r
(b) Point BJ is = 0.5ej6Qo at ZL = 1+ jl.l5.
(c}PointCI is r= -1 atzL = 0+ jO.
r
(d) Point D' is = O.3e- j300 at ZL = 1.60- j0.53.
(e) PointE' is r= 0 atZL = 1 + jO.
r
(f) PointF' is = j atzL = 0+ j1.

Problem 2.37 On a IossIess transmission line teiminated in a load ZL = 100 Q,

the standing-wave ratio was measured to be 2.5. Use the Smith chart to find the two
possible values of Zoo
 51
CHAPTER 2

80]ution: Refer to Fig. P2.37. S = 2.5 is at point Ll and the constant SWR
circle is shown. ZL is real at only two places on the SWR circle, at LI, where
ZL = S = 2.5, and L2, whereZL = lIS = 0.4. so Zm = ZL/zLl = 100 0./2.5 = 40 0
and 202 = ZL/ZU = 100 010.4 = 250 O.

Figure P2.37: Solution of Problem 237.

A 10ssJess 50-Q transmission line is tenninated in a load with

Q. Use the Smith chart to find the following:
r,
(a) the reflection coefficient
.(b) the standing-wave ratio,
(c) the input impedance at 0.35A.from the load,
 52 CHAPTER 2

(d) the input admittance at 0.35A. from the ioad.

(e) the shortest line length for which the input impedance is purely resistive,
(f) the position of the first voltage maximum from the load.

Figure P2.38: Solution of Problem 2.38.

Solution: Refer to Fig. P2.38. The nonnalized impedance

ZL = (50+50j25)
Q Q = 1 + jO.5

is at point Z-LOAD.
(a) r = 0.24eJ76.0
o
The angle of the reflection coefficient is read of that scale at
the point ST'
CHAPTER 2 53

(b) At the point SWR: S =1.64.

(c) Zm is 0.350J... from the load, which is at 0.144A. on the wavelengths to generator
scale. So point Z-IN is at 0.144A.+0.350A =
OA94A on the WTG scale. At point

2m = ZinZo= (0.61 - jO.022) X 5012= (30.5 - jI.09) Q.

(d) At the point on the SWR circle opposite Z-IN,

v. _ Yin _
.Lin--Zo ---so-n---
(1.64+ jO.06) - (327
. +].'117) m.
S

(e) Traveling from the point Z-LOAD in the direction of the generator (clockwise),
SWR circle crosses the XL =
0 line first at the point SWR. To travel from Z-LOAD
one must travel 0.250A -0.14411. =0.10611.. (Readings are on the wavelengths
generator scale.) So the shonest line length would be 0.1 06A..
(I) The voltage max occurs at point SWR. From the previous part, this occurs at
= -O.I06A.

2.39 A lossless 50-Q transmission line is tenninated in a short circuit.

the Smith chart to find
(a) the input impedance at a distance 2.3A. from the load,
the distance from the load at which the input admittance is Yin jO.04 S. =-
Refer to Fig. P2.39.
For a sbort. Zin =
0 + jO. This is point Z-SHORT and is at O.OOOl on the WTG
Since a 10ssIess line repeats every A/2. traveling 2.3l toward the generator is
to traveling 0.31 toward the generator. This point is at A : Z-/N. and

Zm = ZinZo = (0 - j3.08) x 50 12 = - jI54 Q.

The admittance of a short is at point Y -SHORT and is at 0.2S0l on the WTG

Yin = YinZo= - jO.04 S x 50 Q = -:-j2,

point B : Y -IN and is at 0.324l on the WTG scale. Therefore. the line length
-0.250A = 0.074l. Any integer haIfwavelengths farther is also valid.