Chubu Region

15-Nagano 20-Njigala
16-Gifu 21-Toyama
17-Shi1.uoka 22-lshiJ.:awa
18-Aichi 23-Fu~ui
l'i1 - Yamana~hi

Kink i Regio n
24-Mic 211·Hyogo
25-Shi S:t 2')-Nar~
26- Kyolo 30·WalGiyama
27-Osaka

Chugoku - Shikoku Reg ion

31-TolCori 36_Tokushima
32_Shirnane 37-Kagawa
3J-Oltayama 38-E.hirnc
34-HirOllhima 39-Kochi
35-YamagUChi

Kagoshima

Kyushu - Okinawa Region

4O-Fu~uoka 44-oila
41-Sasa 45-Miyazaki
41-Nagasaki 46-Kagoshirna
43-Kum~rn~o 47-0kinawa
 Sapporo

Hokkaido - Tohoku Region

l -H()khid<, !i-A kita
2-AumQri 6-Yam:lgata
)·twillC 7·Fuku$hima
4-Mjy~gj

Kanto Region
II- thv.!.,i J 2·Cilioo
9-Tochi,i I3·Tu~}"u
to.Gunm~ 14-Kanagawa
I J-Sait;un:l

to
RolfD. Schmid

Biotechnology
inJapan
A Comprehensive Guide

Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Prof. Dr. RolfD. Schmid
Friedrich-Schlifer-StraBe 2
3340 Wolfenbiittel

Library of Congress Cataloging-tn-Publication Data

Schmid, Rolf
Biotechnology in Japan: a comprehensive guide I RolfD. Schmid.
Includes indexes.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76341-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76339-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76339-7
1. Biotechnology--Japan. 2. Biotechnology--Government policy--Japan.
I. Title. TP248.l9.J3S36 1990
660'.6'0952--dc20 91-10118
ThIs work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concer-
ned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, repro-
duction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication ofthis publication or parts
thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its
current version and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the
German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a
specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and
therefore free for general use.
"... Leben ist Briickenschlagen iiber Strome, die vergehn.. "
Gottfried Benn, Gesammelte Gedichte, Berlin 1927

Dedicated to Antje, Sylvie, t~-T- ~ Iv Hiroko andJt~-T- ~ IvMakiko

- my daughters and the daughters of my friend
- for a future in harmony
Foreword

Dr. Rolf D. Schmid, Professor of Enzyme Technology at the Technical

University of Braunschweig and Director of the Division of Enzyme
Technology/Chemistry of Natural Compounds at the German Biotechnology
Research Institute (GBF - Gesellschaft fUr Biotechnologische Forschung
mbH), is both an eminent biotechnologist and a top expert on the state of the
art of Japanese biotechnology and bioindustry.

In the preface of this book, he describes frankly the "culture shock" he

experienced upon his first contact with Japanese society. However, he now has
many good friends and collaborators in Japan. His careful survey of
documents and his direct contact with Japanese biotechnology through his
Japanese friends have both played a role in his becoming one of the most
splendid experts in this area.

Dr. Schmid has already published a useful book, "Dictionary of Biotechnology

in English, Japanese and German", 1986. I had the honour to be the co-
author of this useful dictionary. During my collaboration with him, I was very
much impressed by his incessant efforts and hard work. This book on
"Biotechnology in Japan" is based on the precise and detailed materials
accumulated as a result.

As one of Japan's citiziens, I would like to say the following: Essentially,

Japanese people are not special compared with those of other countries,
Japanese people show similar mentalities, feelings and behaviour as other
nations do. Nevertheless, foreign people may sometimes experience a "culture
shock" when they encounter the unique social systems of Japan. In the cases
of biotechnology and bioindustry, Japan has several systems and organizations
for the collaboration of firms which were started by Government initiative -
e.g., BIDEC, Key Tec Center and the research institutes under its umbrella
and others. These unique systems might be difficult for foreign people to
understand. This book will provide useful information on these systems to
readers throughout the world who are interested in the activities and
successes of Japanese industries.

Kyoto, Spring 1991

Saburo Fukui, Ph.D., Dr. h.c. (ETH Zurich) is Professor emeritus, Kyoto University, and the
Chairman of Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA)(the former Bioindustry Development Center
(BIDEC). He was visiting professor at the Universite de Compiegne (France) and the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH Zurich).
Preface

The origin of this book was the experience of a "culture shock" - a feeling of
helplessness in an environment which functions meticuously, but whose
clockwork is based on a different set of rules. In the meantime I have learned
from many Japanese friends that they had experienced the same feelings
during their first visit to a Western country. It might turn out as a significant
difference, however, that the Japanese "scout" has accumulated a large
amount of information about his host country, but finds a severe problem to
cope with the changed social environment in which he finds himself solitaire,
whereas the Western individualist has much less social problems to cope with
a different culture (in Europe alone, there are many) but lacks the crucial
specific information, since most earlier visitors from his country - or culture -
did not care to pass on their findings.

This is sad for a variety of reasons, and in particular because information in

Japan is abundant, and easy to obtain - also for a foreigner. Thus, it seems
to me that we owe to the Japanese the same courtesy to which we are
adapted among Western cultures: to gather and process information, for the
benefit of improved understanding and cooperation.

In this spirit, this book attempts to map out an interesting aspect of high-
tech in Japan: biotechnology - an exciting area of todays R&D and tomorrows
industries. I hope it will assist the user to better understand the framework
in which this field just starts to blossom in Japan.

There are many dear friends, colleagues and coworkers to whom lowe deep
gratitude for their assistance and cooperation. Prof. emeritus Saburo Fukui,
Chairman of JBA, who let me share with him many precious hours in Japan
and in Germany; Prof. Isao Karube, University of Tokyo, who made me
aware of many undercurrents in this field, and opened many doors for me;
Mrs. Aiko Kawashima, Itopia: without her tireless help in providing hundreds
of brochures and catalogs, and without the precious counsel of her husband
Masaru Kawashima, this book would not have been possible; Dr. Ulrich
Wattenberg, Head of the GMD Office in Tokyo, and his assistant Yoshiko
Numata, who supported all aspects of this work which relate to the use of
computers and databases. Most valuable information was obtained from Mr.
Masaru Masuda, MITI; Dr. Keiji Kainuma, MAFF; Mr. Motoaki Konaka,
STA; Mr. Cho Ohyama, Monbusho; Mr. Takahisa Murakami, MHW; Mr.
 IX

Fujio Ishikawa and Mr. Taketoshi Furudera, JBA; Mr. Shoroku Kato, NEDO;
Mr. Ichikawa, Japan Key Tee Center; Mr. Shoiehi Takasaki, Japan
Development Bank, and Mr. Shigemi Wakamatsu, Keidanren (who had to
endure my awkward Japanese during a 30 min unassisted interview). Without
their help - and the assistance and guidance of many other Japanese officials
and friends - this compilation would not have been possible - but at the same
time I must stress that all faults which surely will have remained during the
repeated processes of translation and correction are entirely my own
responsibility.

The collection of information from Japan, and the secretarial work involved,
has been supported by grants from the Bundesministerium fuer Forschung
und Technologie (BMFT), Bonn, and from the Fond der Chemischen
Industrie (FeI), Frankfurt; immaterial support was obtained from Gesellschaft
fuer Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig. Springer Verlag,
Heidelberg proved again a most engaged and helpful publisher. To all these
institutions my sincere appreciation.

Many coworkers have helped me to compile, edit, and correct the information
contained in this book. Special thanks are due to Dr. Ulrike Fischer,
Weilheim, for her thorough work on companies and universities, and to
Mayumi Ohara, a multilingual young scientist, who carried out much of the
necessary translation and correction. The final version of the manuscript was
carefully edited by Birgit Balster, and many of the figures were designed by
Marcus Theurig and Wilfried Vahjen.

For the transcription of Japanese characters into the Roman alphabet, the
Hepburn notation was used except for the names of persons, companies, and
places where the transcription found in other compilations was taken over.

Wolfenbiittel, Spring 1991

Contents

1 Introduction 1

Historic Aspects 1
Market Expectations and the Industry 2
The Government and its Research Institutes 7
The Universities 10
Forms of Cooperation 11
Regional Developments 13
Summary and Outlook 14
References 15

2 The Industry

Introduction 17
The Fermentation Industry 18
The Pharmaceutical Industry 19
The Chemical Industry 20
The Food Industry 20
The Agriculture and Fishery Industry 22
The Textile Industry 23
The Pulp and Paper Industry 24
The "Heavy Industries" 25
The Energy Industry 25
The Iron and Steel Industry 25
The Shipbuilding Industry 26
The Construction Industry 26
The Electric Machinery Manufacturing Industry 27
The Trading Houses 28
Biotechnology in Japanese Companies, a General Assessment 29
Biotechnology Profiles of 419 Companies 37
References 286

3 The Ministries
Introduction 287
The Cabinet and the Prime Minister's Advisory Boards 289
Council for Science and Technology 292
 XI

Science and Technology Agency (STA) 294

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) 299
Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 303
Japan Industrial Technology Association (JITA) 303
Patent Office 305
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF) 306
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat 308
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) 310
Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (Monbusho) 314
Science Council 316
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) 319
Japan Academy 320
Other Ministries and Agencies involved in Biotechnology 320
Ministry of Finance 320
Environmental Agency 320
Ministry of Construction 321
References 321

4 The Research Institutes

Introduction 322
Research Institutes of the STA 322
Research Institutes of the MITI 330
Research Institutes of the MAFF 338
Research Institutes of the MHW 349
Research Institutes of the Ministry of Finance 359
Research Institutes of the Environmental Agency 360
Research Institutes of the Ministry of Construction 362
Research Institutes of the Japan Key Tec Center 362
Research Facility Development Program of the New Energy
and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) 365
Prefectural and Municipal Research Institutes 368
Private Research Institutes 370
References 376

5 The Universities
Introduction 378
Education 378
Research 379
Budget 381
Competitive Research Grant Program 381
Research Cooperation between Universities and Industry 383
Biotechnology-related Research in National, Public, and Private
Universities, Attached Research Centers, and National Research
Centers under the Supervision of Monbusho 384
Hokkaido/Tohoku 384
XII

Kanto 402
Tokyo 412
Chubu 443
Kinki/Kyoto/Osaka 468
Chugoku/Shikoku 496
Kyushu/Okinawa 510
References 523

6 Academic Organizations 525

Introduction 525
14 Academic Societies with major Activities in Biotechnology 526
13 Academic Societies relevant to the Development of Biotechnology 523
21 Other relevant Academic Societies 538
References 545

7 Biotechnology-Related Research Policy and Programs 546

The Industry and its Policy 546

Introduction 546
Japan Federation of Economic Organizations (Keidanren) 550
Association for the Promotion of New Chemistry (ASPRONC) 551
Prime Minister's Office - Council of Science and Technology 551
Science and Technology Agency (STA) 553
Policy 553
Research Development Corporation of Japan 553
ERATO Projects 555
Frontier Research Programs 560
Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) 563
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MIT!) 566
Policy 566
Research Associations and Large-Scale Projects 567
Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA) 569
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO) 575
Aqua Renaissance '90 Project 578
Marine Biotechnology Institute (MBI) 581
Research Association for Biotechnology 583
R&D Program on Medical and Welfare Equipment Technology 587
Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives
Development (RAPAD) 589
Global Environment Protection Project 593
Projects of the Japan Key Tec Center 594
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) 596
Policy 597
Japan Health Sciences Foundation 597
Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Research Promotion Fund 604
 XIII

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) 606

fu~ ~
Bio-Oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution
(BRAIN) 608
R&D Association for Bioreactor System 611
R&D Association for the Improvement of Enzyme Function
in the Food Industry 614
R&D Association for Sensing Systems in Food Industry 615
R&D Association for the Development of Agrochemicals 616
R&D Association for the Structure Analysis of Genes from
Agricultural Organisms 617
R&D Association for Transplantation of Fertilized Eggs in
Agricultural Animals 617
Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Monbusho) 618
Research Association of the Ministry of Construction 620
References 621

8 Contextual Measures 625

Public finance 625

Introduction 625
Ministry of Finance 628
Japan Development Bank 629
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO) 630
Japan Key Tec Center 632
Bio-Oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution
(BRAIN) 634
Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Research Promotion Fund 636
Patents and Standards 637
Patent Agency 637
Aspects of Japanese Patent Law 638
Standards 640
Guidelines for rDNA Research and Products 640
Introduction 640
Regulations relating to Genetic Engineering 642
P3- and P4-Laboratories 646
Depositories for Microorganisms, Cell Lines, and DNA 646
Introduction 646
Japanese Federatin of Culture Collections (JFCC) 647
Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (IFO) 652
Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM) 653
RIKEN Gene Bank 654
DNA Data Bank of Japan 655
National Institute of Genetics 655
Patent Microorganism Depository of MIT! 656
Gene Bank Project of MAFF 657
Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank of MHW 660
XIV

Information Resources 661

Introduction 661
Databases relating to Governmental Institutions 662
Private Databases 668
Biotechnology-related Journals 673
Public Acceptance 675
Internationalization, Research Grants, Scholarships 677
Introduction 677
Information Exchange 678
International Research Grants and Scholarships 678
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) 682
References 684

9 Science Cities and Regional Developments 687

Introduction 687
Tsukuba Science City 688
Kansai Science City and Semi Technology Park 697
MITI's Technopolis Program 701
References 712

10 Statistical Data 714

General Statistical Data 714

Biotechnology-related Information 720
References 722

Photo Credits 723

Index of Abbreviations 726
Index of Names 729
Index of Terms 745
Chapter 1

Biotechnology in Japan - An Introduction

1. Historic Aspects
Biotechnology has been defined as "the application of scientific and
engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to
provide goods and services" [OECD, 1].

The Japanese have made early claims in this field. Most readers of this book
might have enjoyed the delicacies of the traditional Japanese cuisine, which
is strongly built on fermented products. The manufacture of sake is
documented since AD 600, and there are still more than 2000 companies
which produce this national alcoholic beverage. Fermented soy products such
as tofu or natto laid the foundation for many of today's food companies, and
food flavors, in particular soy sauce, have been playing an important
commercial role.

After the opening of Japan to Western influence and technology, during the
Meiji period, traditional production methods were gradually substituted by
procedures based on natural science. The first Japanese to become involved
in fermentation technology, in a modern sense, may have been Jokichi
Takamine, who concentrated on improvements in brewing. After a successful
business career in Japan, he established the Takamine Chemical Laboratory
in Chicago in 1890 and, during his 40 years in the USA, became an early
pioneer in applied biochemistry [2].

With the strong industrialization in the pre-war period, many companies

involved in fermentation were established or considerably enlarged. To cite
just a few examples: Suntory Co. was established in 1899 (main product:
whiskey), Kirin Brewery Co. in 1907 (main product: beer), and Ajinomoto Co.
in 1925 (main product: sodium glutamate). The advent of molecular biology,
in the post-war period, led to rapid improvements in fermentation technology.
An outstanding example is the industrial application of auxotrophic strains or
2

regulatory mutants to produce lysine in yields several times above the

standard level (Kyowa Hakko, 1957)[3]. Especially in the field of amino acids,
more breakthroughs were to come from Japan: the enzymatic manufacture of
L-Iysine from caprolactam (Toray, 1970)[4], and the use of immobilized
esterases to produce L-amino acids from racemic precursors (Tanabe Seiyaku,
1974)[5,6].

As a result, Japan seemed in a very good competitive position as to the

commercial exploitation of fermentation, when, in 1972, Cohen and Boyer's
discovery of in-vitro DNA recombination opened the gate to the "new
biotechnologies" which soon included not only microbial fermentation, but
also the manufacture of recombinant products (hormones, vaccines,
immunomodulators), monoclonal antibodies, the application of animal and
plant cell culture, novel production technologies for animals and plants, and
the combination of biological and electronic elements. In the USA, companies
mostly based on venture capital quickly formed in these new niches and, as
a result, Japan perceived herself under a "patent attack" from abroad, as
illustrated in Fig. 1.1 [7,8].

350 r- NUMBER -
rONA PATENTS

JAPANESE APPLICANTS
NON-J APANESE APPLICANTS

o -rJ
r-fl rrll rfl i; :;.

lJJ U
1979 980 1981 1982 1j/83 1j/114 1986 198
o
~ LU
~
L-LJ ,

50 -

lot
~
CELL FUSION PATENTS - I-

- -
150 NU MBER
-
Fig. 1.1. Recent patent applications in Japan (rDNA, cell fusion)
 3

As a consequence, the leaders ir ;try, pertinent government circles, and

the universities devoted the first l1 ... of the 1980s to compensate for these
L

deficiencies, both in industry and in public research.

Now, at the beginning of the 1990s, it can be said that Japan has caught up
in methodology and is in an excellent position to commercialize the "new
biotechnologies". This status has been achieved by the close cooperation
between industry, government, and academic research - a principle which
proved successful so many times already in other areas of technology.

2. Market Expectations and the Industry

Two thirds of the R&D expenditure of Japan is spent by private industry,
illustrating the importance attributed to R&D by the private sector [8].
Whereas the goals are usually application-oriented, they are often oriented
on long-range targets; more often than observed in Western companies they
serve to diversify a company into new business areas.

In Table 1.1, this is illustrated by repeated surveys carried out by the

Japanese Weekly Nikkei Biotech [9-11] over the past years.

Table 1.1. Business field of companies involved in biotechnology R&D

Business Field Number of Responding Companies

1982 1989 1990

Food 31 91 66
Pharmaceuticals 23 77 48
Chemicals 60 77 54
Laboratory equipment 42 27
Agriculture and fishery 37 35
Construction 26 26
Paper, pulp, textiles 13 18 13
Trading houses 17 8
Mining, oil, energy 12
Consultants 11
Metal leaching 10
Other 31 42 31
Total 157 419 304
Sampled companies 200 604 341

Most companies maintain biotechnology R&D groups of 49 researchers or

less (Table 1.2); the average annual R&D investment per company is between
400 and 600 Mill. Yen per year (Table 1.3).
4

Table 1.2 Size of Bio R&D Groups in Japanese Companies

Number of researchers Number of companies*

>100 6
50-99 16
10-49 98
1-9 58

*175 answers to this question

Table 13. Industrial Expenditure in Biotechnology R&D

Year Expenditure Number of Average expenditure

(Mill. Yen) responses per company
(Mill. Yen)

1983 17600 116 150

1985 40100 136 290
1986 61600 163 380
1987 71700 174 410
1988 71700 177 *410
1989 67900 111 610

*8 companies in 1988 spent more than 1 bill. Yen (11 in 1989), and 44 more than 100 mill. Yen
(46 in 1989)

As a result of this long-range approach, key methods such as genetic

engineering and cell culture technology were available to at least 100
companies by the mid-1980s, as discussed in more detail in Chap. 7.

Compared to these heavy investments, the market size for products

manufactured by application of the "new biotechnologies" is still modest: total
sales in 1989 were a mere 194 bill. Yen (1.2 bill. US-$)(Table 1.4) [12, 23]

Table 1.4. Market Figures for Recombinant and Cell Culture Products in Japan (Bill. Yen)

Technology 1987 1988 1989 1990

Recombinant products 11.0 27.6 59.8 123.7

Products from fused cells 25.0 34.4 35.6 35.6
Products from cell cultures 13.3 15.0 23.3 34.4

Total 49.3 77.0 118.7 194.3

However, the market growth in the area of recombinant products is strong.

As analyzed in Chap. 2, a considerable number of recombinant drugs is on
 5

the market already, and approval for the manufacture of many more has been
obtained (Chap. 2); governmental regulations are in support of this field, and
public acceptance is good, with only a few exceptions (Chap. 8). As a result,
it is expected in a 1986 study carried out by the Japan Bioindustry Association
(JBA), the former Bioindustry Development Center BIDEC, that, by the year
2000, industrial applications of biotechnology will have created bioindustries
in Japan valued around 127 trill. Yen (about 10% of the forecasted total

Table 15. Forecasted Market Size in the Year 2000 for Products based on the "New
Biotechnologies" (BIDEC, 1986)

Industry Products Industrial Total

application market
(%) (BilL Yen)

Agriculture, - Rice, wheat, vegetables, fruits 12 1401.4

Forestry, and potatoes, grains, sugar crops,
Fisheries tobacco, other crops
- Livestock (milk and beef cattle) 24 475.7
- Afforestation, special forestry 1 8.5
products
- Coastal fishery, deep-sea and 3 118.1
offshore, underwater and sea-
surface culture
Foodstuff - Dairy products, bread, sweets, 23 4247.4
sugar, seasonings, starch,
glucose, powder glucose, feedstuff,
liquors, grape sugar
Paper and - Paper pulp, soluble pulp 5 89.9
pulp
Chemicals - Basic chemicals (e.g., ethanol, 13 1522.1
cyclic intermediates, processed
oils and fats)
- Fine chemicals (dyes, other 16 1078.1
basic chemicals, finished
chemical products, soaps, cosmetics)
Pharma- - Pharmaceuticals 40 3151.4
ceuticals
Agro- - Agrochemicals 30 141.6
chemicals
Resources - Resources (e.g., metal ores) 8 334.5
Energy - Energy (petroleum products) 2 462.8
Utilities - Utilities (water supply, waste 23 1370.2
water treatment)
Electronics, - Electronic equipment, medical 3 603.5
machinery equipment
Research- - Analyzers, reagents etc. 300 -
supporting 600
industries

Total 15297.2 -
15597.2
6

production of the Japanese economy). About 90% ofthis figure, or about 112
trill. Yen, are expected to arise from traditional bioindustries such as the
production of alcoholic beverages and fermented food, whereas the remaining
10%, or about 15 trill. Yen, will be derived from the application of the "new
biotechnologies" such as rDNA methods, cell fusion, and bioreactor
technology, as summarized in Table 1.5 [13].
In summary, the Japanese industry is confident, but not over-optimistic,
with the commercial potential of this field, as further illustrated in Table
1.6, based on a recent survey [10].

Table 1.6. Expectations of Industry for % of their Sales from Bioproducts in 2000

Sales from biotechnology- % of companies responding

related products (in % of total sales) 1985 1988

<10% 37 43
10-30% 36 34
30-70% 19.5 12
>70% 7.5 11

Table 1.7. Japanese Companies competing in the Development of Recombinant Drugs

Product Company

Interferon-alpha Takeda Chemical Industries, Sumitomo Chemical Co.,

Hayashibara Biochemical Research Institute, Mochida
Pharmaceutical Co., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., The
Green Cross Corporation, and others
Interferon-beta Toray Industries, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Sunstar Inc.,
Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., and others
Interferon-gamma Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Suntory Ltd., Shionogi & Co.,
Takeda Chemical Industries, Toray Industries, The Green
Cross Corporation, Meiji Seika Kaish, Daiichi Seiyaku Co.,
Toyo Jozo Co., and others
Human growth hormone Sumitomo Chemical Co., Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co.,
Tosoh Co, and others
Hepatitis B vaccine Shionogi & Co, The Chemical and Serotherpeutic Research
Institute, Takeda Chemical Industries, The Green Cross
Corporation, Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, and others
Tumor necrosis factor Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Dainippon Pharmaceutical
Co., Hayashibara Biochemical Research Institute, Sankyo
Co., Suntory Ltd., Teijin Ltd., Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical
Industries, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., and others
Tissue plasminogen Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Mitsubishi Chemical
activator Industries, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Toyobo Co., Meiji Milk
Products, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., and others
Erythropoietin Kirin Brewery Co., Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Chugai
Pharmaceutical Co., Toyo Jozo Co., and others
 7

Strong competition among the companies is a specific feature of industrial

biotechnology in Japan. This is illustrated in Table 1.7, if only for a few
examples [8].

In Chap. 3 of this book, the activities of 419 Japanese companies in the field
of biotechnology will be discussed in more detail.

3. The Government and its Research Institutes

Throughout the Meiji and Taisho period, and during most of the Showa rule,
the government exerted a strong control over Japanese industry. Since 1926,
the predecessor of today's Ministry of International Trade and Industry
(MIT!) became the key ministry to guide Japanese industry [14]. With the
continuing internationalization of Japanese industry, however, the
government's role is rapidly changing from guidance to partnership.

As discussed in Chap. 3, the R&D policy of Japan is decided by the Council

for Science and Technology, whose members are high-ranking politicians,
industrialists, and university professors. The Prime Minister, who presides the
Council, has to comply to its decisions. The Council's recommendations are
implemented by the Science and Technology Agency (STA), a body directly
reporting to the Prime Minister. For this purpose, the STA controls the
Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, and
supervises some key research institutes. All other ministries involved in R&D
have policy committees on their own, specific funds for R&D, and also their
own research institutes (Chap. 4). Figure 1.2 gives a survey of the ministries
involved in biotechnology R&D; Table 1.8 lists some data on their research
institutes in Tsukuba Science City alone (Chap. 9) [15].

As a result, there is significant competition among ministries to emerge as

the "trendsetter". This tendency seems well balanced, however, by the
Japanese tradition of establishing consensus by discussion ("ringi") inside and
among the large number of committees involved in R&D planning.

Since 1985, the dominant aspects of the Japanese policy on public R&D,
including biotechnology [16], are:

- improvement of the national infrastructure (training of personnel, securing

of resources, establishment of information networks, high-tech investments
including cooperative structures with local industry, promotion of public
acceptance)
- encouragement of basic research in key areas (material science,
information/ electronics, life science, space, ocean, earth),
- encouragement of science and technology to activate the economy (natural
resources, energy, production technology, recycling) and to improve the
quality of life (health, environment), and
- expansion of international exchanges and cooperation
8

STA : Coordination
Monbu~ho : Fundamental and applied research

STA : Science and Technology Agency

MrtI : Ministry of International Trade and Industry
MAFF : Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries
MHW : Ministry of Health and Welfare
Monbusho : Ministry of Education,Science and Culture
FIg. 1.2. Japanese ministries involved in biotechnology, and their targets

Table 1.8. Governmental Research Institutes in Tsukuba Science City (as of 1984)

Ministry, Agency Number of Number of

institutes researchers

Science Technology Agency 5 558

Environmental Agency 1 249
Ministry of Education and 5 4036
Culture
Ministry of Health and Welfare 2 26
Ministry of Agriculture, 13 2225
Forestry, and Fisheries
Ministry of International 10 2594
Trade and Industry
Mini~try of Transport 3 247
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2 37
Ministry of Posts and 1 149
Telecommunication
Ministry of Construction 3 1295
Total 45 11416
 9

The implementation of this policy is jointly carried out by all ministries, as

summarized in Table 1.9 and discussed in more detail in Chaps. 7 and 8 of
this book.

Table 1.9. Implementation of R&D Policy by Japanese Ministries

Target Measure

Securing of resources STA: RIKEN Gene Bank, Japan Culture Collection

of Microorganisms
MIT!: Patent depository
MAFF: Gene Bank Project
MHW: Japan Cancer Resources Research Bank
MONBUSHO: DNA Bank, Culture Collections
Information networks STA: Japan Information Center of Science and
Technology (JICST), Regional High-Tech Network
Project
MAFF: AGRIS, RECRAS Database
MONBUSHO: NACSIS Database
High-tech investments MIT!: through NEDO (New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development Organization) and the Japan
Key Tee Center
MAFF: through BRAIN (Bio-oriented Technology
Research Advancement Institution)
MHW: through the Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief
and Research Promotion Fund
MONBUSHO: through local Cooperative Research
Centers
Basic research programs STA: ERATO projects, Frontier Research Programs
MIT!: JBA, NEDO-funded long-range projects
MHW: Projects within the Japan Health Sciences
Foundation
MONBUSHO: special fund for priority-area projects
Internationalization STA: STA scholarships, Human Frontier Science
Program
MIT!: AIST-jNEDO-jJapan Key-Tee Center-
Scholarships
MAFF: scholarships for foreigners
MHW: Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief Funds
Scholarships
MONBUSHO: JSPS Scholarships

Information is a most important "raw material" of the Japanese. Thus, it is

considered a prime task of the government to provide information about
worldwide developments, including results from foreign R&D, and some
ministries such as MITI (through JETRO and its JETRO ACE database) and
MAFF have set up excellent information networks. In addition, there is
abundant supply of information from the large trading companies, which
control 50% or more of Japan's foreign trade with 86 000 employees in 116
offices around the world. Finally, many semi-governmental organizations
dispatch groups of study missions around the world, meticuously publishing
10

the results of their observations. Western visitors are free to indulge in similar
activities in Japan - however, this type of group endeavor seems to comply
poorly with Western attitudes.

4. The Universities
The University of Tokyo, Japan's first, was established only in 1877. Today,
Japan counts 489 universities, of which 96 are national, 36 local public, and
357 private institutions. In 1988, 32.5% of all Japanese of 18-22 years age
enrolled in a university [17].

All national, local public, and private universities are under the supervision
of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (MONBUSHO).

There is a clear classification among Japanese universities, as evidenced by

the rejection rates of the applications during the entrance examination. The
national universities of Tokyo, Kyoto, Tohoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido, Osaka, and
Nagoya, but also some private universities such as Waseda or Keio are
considered as the most excellent places for higher education in Japan.

Biotechnology as a special field of study is offered at present in only a few

universities. However, as discussed in Chap. 5 in more detail, the departments
of agriculture have an outstanding history in teaching applied microbiology,
enzymology, etc. It is assumed that about 1000 industrial scientists - many of
them in executive positions - are graduates of the faculties of agriculture of
the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University alone [13]. The faculties of
science and of engineering offer biotechnology-related courses as well. In
summary, higher education in this field is presently offered in 234 Japanese
universities, of which 180 also offer Ph.D. courses [18].

Students who join the industry tend to leave their university with a Master's
degree. In 1986, only about 700 students of agriculture, and 860 students of
physics, obtained a Doctor's degree, compared to about 14 000 B.Sc. and
more than 2000 M.Sc. degrees in each of the respective fields [7]. It is rather
frequent, however, that researchers from industry return to a university group
in order to work on a joint project - mostly without signing a formal contract.
This concept has been further supported by MONBUSHO in recent years,
and in 1987, 803 researchers from private industry worked in university
laboratories. This system is increasingly used to offer Ph.D. courses for
industrial researchers with Master degree level [19]. It is obvious that this
procedure assists in technology transfer from universities to industry, thus
further strengthening the close ties of industrial executives to their former
universities.

Another mechanism for technology transfer resides in the Academic

organizations, of which there were as many as 742, in 1988 [18](Table 1.10)
 11

Table 1.10. Academic Organizations in Japan

Literature, philosophy, history 205

Law, politics 34
Economics 46

Physical science 93
Engineering 100
Agriculture 76
Medicine 189

Total 742

As discussed in Chap. 6, key academic organizations in the field of

biotechnology such as the Agricultural Chemical Society have more than
10 000 members, of which half are researchers in industry. Since the local
and national meetings are preceeded by mailing the abstracts volume several
weeks in advance of the conference, novel results are open to commercial
considerations before details are published at the meeting.
Apart from the universities, 65 of the 80 research institutes attached to the
national universities are devoted to the natural sciences. They are considered
as centers of excellence in a particular field; examples in the context of
biotechnology, e.g., the National Institute of Genetics, will be discussed in
Chap. 5.

5. Forms of Cooperation
As summarized in Table 1.11, Japan's expenditure and its number of
researchers in the field of the life sciences are considerable [20].

Table 1.11. Expenditure and Personnel in the Life Sciences

Expenditure for the Life Sciences (in Bill Yen)

Industry Research Universities Total

institutes

1983 294.4 84,0 270,7 649,2

1984 334.8 85.9 322.0 742.6
1985 370.9 98.5 314.7 784.0
1986 428.5 111.0 344.4 883.8
1987 436.1 123.2 358.7 917.9
1988 483.8 144.3 383.2 1011.3
1989 561.0 150.8 413.7 1125.5
12

Personnel employed in the Life Sciences

Industry Research Universities Total

institutes

1983 24472 11278 59897 95647

1984 25940 11543 70117 107600
1985 27811 12235 68 756 108802
1986 29495 13 104 73281 115880
1987 30991 14743 75611 121345
1988 32717(56%*) 15933(45%*) 78 241(74%*) 126 891(67%*)
1989 34966 16868 80 143 131977

*percentage of qualified researchers

As schematically illustrated in Fig. 1.3, these groups join forces in a well

coordinated way.

Research Companies
Research Associations

Fig. 13. Japan's Potential in Biotechnology and Forms of Cooperation

Whereas in Western business (and science) competition prevails, Japanese

companies exhibit a strong inclination to form "clubs" which jointly develop
key technologies before they split up and compete with each other. This
behavior has proven very powerful already in the case of microelectronics
and new materials, and it is beyond doubt that it will show highly beneficial
effects in the field of biotechnology as well. The pertinent collaborative
projects are summarized in Table 1.12 and discussed in detail in Chap. 7.
 13

Table 1.12 Examples for Collaborative Japanese Projects in Biotechnology

Guidance Name of project/ Target Period Participating

program organizations
(companies)

STA Human Frontier Basic technologies from 1986 about 50 (30)

Science Program
STA ERATO projects Basic technologies from 1982 about 50 (30)
MITI JBA (BIDEC) Establishment of from 1985 about 180
bioindustry companies
MITI/NEDO Basic Technology for Bioreactor, rDNA, from 1980 15 companies
Next generation cell culture
Industries
MITI/NEDO Marine Biotechnology Marine from 1988 18 companies
Institute Co. biotechnology
MITI/Japan Protein Engineering Protein engineering from 1987 12 companies
Key-Tec Center Research Institute
MHW Japan Health Sciences Establishment of from 1988 120
Foundation biopharmaceutical companies
industry
MAFF BRAIN program Establishment of from 1986 about 40
biotechnology-based companies
companies
MAFF Food bioreactor Application of bio- from 1984 44 companies
association reactors to food
production
MAFF Functionalized Protein engineering from 1987 12 companies
Food Enzymes
MONBUSHO Centers for Industry-university from 1986 many
Cooperative Research cooperation

After initial difficulties with property rights resulting from such joint studies,
these questions now seem to be settled by providing exclusive licenses, for a
limited period, to companies having made inventions in the framework of
such projects [19].

6. Regional Developments
As a consequence of Japanese geography and history, both the population
and the industry are very unevenly distributed over the Japanese islands. In
the 7 major cities (Greater Tokyo-Yokohama-Kawasaki, Greater Osaka-
Kobe-Kyoto and Nagoya) and the surrounding plains, 1/4th of the Japanese
population has settled, and 75 mill. people live along the Pacific coast within
15% of the overall territory. The situation is especially grave in Tokyo, the
political and economic center of a world power, with more than 12 mill.
inhabitants [21].
14

As discussed in Chap. 9, the Japanese government has carefully attempted

to counterbalance these developments by a number of measures [22]. The
construction of Tsukuba, a science city 60 km northwest of Tokyo, was a first
step. After 7 years of planning and just 12 years of construction, Tsukuba now
has 160 000 inhabitants, hosts 40% of Japan's public research institutes, 2
universities, and more than 100 private research centers. Kansai Science City,
a similar scheme in the Keihanna region (between Kyoto, Osaka, and Nara),
is scheduled to be completed around 1995. Several public and private R&D
complexes in the Senri Science Park in Osaka add to this attempt of West
Japan (Kansai) to balance the power of Metropolitan Tokyo. Since the
beginning of the 1980s, MITI's "Technopolis plan" was implemented, which
foresees the construction of 24 science cities over the whole of Japan, in the
neighborhood of middle-sized provincial university towns. In most cases,
biotechnology is one of the targets to foster the strength of local industry. To
this end, significant budgets have been alloted. Funds from the central
government (e.g., from the Japan Development Bank, and from various
ministries such as MITI, MAFF, and MONBUSHO), from local banks,
prefectural governments, and industry are used for the construction of
Cooperative R&D Centres, Training Schools, and contextual measures (roads,
railways, airports, computer networks, etc.).

Apart from growing rice, Japan's agriculture is geared to high-value products

such as fruits or flowers - a consequence of the very limited agricultural area
of 1.2 ha per farmer. This and the longstanding tradition in establishing
cooperatives for the introduction of novel technology proved an ideal ground
for the introduction of plant cell culture, embryo transfer, sex selection during
fish farming, and bioreactor technology. As a result, the commercial
production of "virus-free" strawberries and of many other fruits and vegetable
has been established in most prefectures already, and bioreactor technology
is used for the continuous manufacture of products such as vinegar, cider, or
sake.

7. Summary and Outlook

Japan's industry, its government, and its scientific community have identified
biotechnology as a key technology for the next century. The broad industrial
implementation of the pertinent methods within a decade demonstrate again
the capability of the Japanese to transform basic methods, often invented
outside Japan, into commercial products through cooperative measures. The
underlying long-range attitudes allow for more perseverance than usually
encountered in Western nations, and the group-oriented perception (which
tends not to "punish" individuals in the case of unsuccessful projects) permits
the accomodation of targets which might be difficult to defend under the
conditions of project funding in the West. On the other hand, traditions of
hierarchy, e.g., the patriarchal position of Japanese professors, and the
 15

tendency of researchers to prefer applied research, with only a small number

of scientists pursuing fundamental research in interdisciplinary fields,
constitute some basic problems as Japan is striving to become the leader in
high technology and, as a prerequisite, in basic science. However, first steps
have been taken already to cure these drawbacks, e.g., by establishing a
"Special Funds for Young Scientists" (though the amount of funding is still
inadequate), and by opening the country's R&D system to Western companies
and scientists to an unprecedented extent. As discussed in Chap. 8, public
acceptance of biotechnology in Japan is relatively high, as is the general status
of information in the public. As a result, it can be expected that Japan will
create a strong bioindustry and "evolve as a leading nation in most aspects of
biotechnology.

8. References
1. Bull AT, Holt G, Lilly MC (1982) Biotechnology - International Trends
and Perspectives. OCDE/OECD, Paris, ISBN 92-64-12362-8 (E)
2. Hideomi T (1968) Historical Development of Science and Technology
in Japan. Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, Tokyo, revised edition. LCC Card
No. 68-27304 (E)
3. Kinoshita S, Udaka S, Shimono M (1957) Studies on amino acid
fermentation. I. Production of L-gluatmic acid by various microorganisms.
J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol3. 193 (E)
4. Anon. (1984) Biotechnology in Japan, The Reference Source.
Science Forum Inc., Palo Alto (E)
5. Chibata I, Tosa T, Sato T, Mori T, Yamamoto K (1974) Continuous
enzyme reactions by immobilized microbial cells. Enzyme Engineering
2:303 (E)
6. Fukui Saburo, ed. Biotechnology in Japan. J Biotechnol., Spec Issue Vol
14/2, May 1990
7. Kagaku Gijutsuchou Kagakugijutsu Seisakukyoku Shu: Indicators of
Science and Technology, 1989 Government Publications Office (E/J)
8. BIDEC: Presentation and handout at BioTechnica 1989, Hannover, FRG
(E)
9. Nikkei Baioteku, May 16, 1985, P 3 (J)
10. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence, May 8, 1989, P BIl (J)
11. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence, April 23, 1990
12. Nikkei Baioteku: Nikkei Baio-Nenkan 89/90 - kenkyuukaihatsu to shiba-
sangyou doukou (Nikkei Bio Yearbook 89/90: Industrial developments
in R&D and markets). Nikkei BP Co., 1989; ISBN 4-9222-0811-7 (J)
13. Anon.: Impact of Biotechnology on Industrial Structure in 2000. Japan
Chemical Week 1986, p 299 (E)
14. Fujimura Robert (1988) Biotechnology in Japan. International Trade
Administration, Washington, DC. US Department of Commerce, NTIS
Document PB89-141147 (E)
16

15. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat:

Directory of the Tsukuba Institutional Complex of the Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. Brochure, undated (E)
16. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI): Trends and Future
Tasks in Industrial Technology - Summary of the White Paper on
Industrial Technology. MITI, September 1988, provisional translation (E)
17. Ministry of Education, Science and Culture: Monbusho 1989. Brochure
MESC 4-8901 (E)
18. Monbusho - Ministry of Education, Science and Culture: The University
Research System in Japan. Brochure, 1988 (E)
19. Science and International Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Education, Science
and Culture (Monbusho), Japan: Research Cooperation between
Universities and Industry - Encouragement of Creative, Advanced
Research in Japan. Brochure, undated (E).
20. Statistics Office, Management and Coordination Agency, Tokyo: Raifu
Saiensu Kenkyuu Chousa Kohoku (Report on Life Science Research).
ISSN 0289-2626, March 1990 Government Publication Office (J)
21. Raasch G (1982) Japan - eine politische Landeskunde. Colloquium
Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-7678-0575-8 (G)
22. Schmid RD (1988) Tsukuba, Kansai Science City und 24 mal
"Technopolis" - Wissenschaftsstaedte in Japan. Chemie in unserer Zeit
22: 149 (G)
23. Nikkei Baioteku: Nikkei Nenkan 90/91 - Kenkyuu Kaihatsu to Shiba-
Sangyou Dokou. Nikkei Biotech Publisher, Tokyo, Nov. 25,1990, ISBN4-
8222-0813-3 (J)

(E) English
(J) Japanese
(G) German
Chapter 2

The Industry

1. Introduction
The Japanese economy is the second largest in the world, with a Gross
National Product (GNP) of US-$ 1966 bill., compared to US-$ 4235 bill. of
the US economy (both values for 1986). In 1986, 29.7% of the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) was produced by the mining and manufacturing
industries [1]. In its successful attempt to catch up with the Western
industrialized nations, the Japanese industry has made a strong contribution
through private investments in plants and equipment, centered on technologi-
cal innovation [2]. An astounding feature is the ease by which Japanese
industry diversifies into new business fields. However, for a nation poor in
natural resources and limited in its domestic markets, early diversification is
vital to strengthen the domestic industry in view of international competition.
The results are illustrated in Table 2.1 [3].

The large trading firms (Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, and others) which in
1986 controlled 55% of Japan's exports, and 65% of its imports, playa crucial
role for the economy by providing a global trading and information network
of more than 80 000 employees in more than 1600 offices.

In the following, the sectors of the Japanese industry which have engaged in
biotechnology will be discussed [1], followed by a summary of industrial
biotechnology in Japan and by profiles of 419 companies active in this area.
18

Table 21. Change in Major Exports from Japan, 1950 - 1982 (in % of export)

1950 US-$ 828 mill. Cotton fabric 24.9

Iron and steel 8.7
Raw silk 4.7
Rayon 4.6
Marine products 3.5
1960 US-$ 4 055 mill. Iron and steel 9.6
Cotton fabric 8.7
Ships 7.1
Clothing 5.3
Automobiles 2.6
1970 US-$ 19 318 mill. Iron and steel 14.7
Ships 7.3
Automobiles 6.9
Radios 3.6
Synthetic fabrics 3.2
1982 US-$ 138 831 mill. Passenger vehicles 13.0
Iron and steel 11.3
Ships 4.9
Tape recorders, VCR 3.9
Trucks 3.0

2. The Fermentation Industry

Fermentation products such as beer, sake, fermented soybean paste ("miso")
or sauce ("shoyu"), amino acids, antibiotics, and enzymes command a large
market in Japan (Table 2.2).

Table 22 Markets for Traditional Fermentation Products in Japan

Product 1975 1980 1986

Alcoholic beverages (mill I)

Beer 3897 4559 5075

Sake, refined 1350 1193 1061
Whiskey 248 364 271

Seaso~ (mill. I)

Soy sauce 1120 1189 1201

 19

The number of companies in this field exceed 30 and are led by several firms
of top international ranking such as Kyowa Hakko and Ajinomoto. Some of
these companies have founded daughter firms which have engaged in other
segments of the biotechnology market (e.g., Kyowa Medics).
Alcohol producing companies, e.g., Suntory Whiskey and Kirin Beer, have
rapidly developed in-house expertise in the new biotechnologies and have
entered new fields such as the pharmaceutical and seed business.

3. The Pharmaceutical Industry

Japan's market for pharmaceuticals is the second largest in the world, with
sales of 5090 bill. Yen in 1988 [4]. About 6% of the Japanese GNP are spent
for health care, with expenditures of 17 070 bill. Yen in 1986. As a result, the
Japanese pharmaceutical industry has continuously shown high profits, and
some biotechnology-related areas such as antibiotic production are quite
dominant (22% of the total pharmaceutical market, and 34% of the world
market in pharmaceuticals). For many other products, however, it has
remained dependent on licensing from U.S. and European companies. The
large traditional pharmaceutical companies, e.g., Fujisawa, Takeda, Shionogi,
and others, maintain their powerful position through their huge detail and
salesman group, but the expectation to develop unique new products by
biotechnology has led many new contenders into the field. The present
situation of the pharmaceutical industry is illustrated in Table 2.3.

Table 23. Situation of the Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry (FY 1988) (Bill. Yen)

Company Total Sales of Profits· R&D

Pharmaceuticals Total % change** expenditure***

Takeda 687 445 39 2.3 7.5

Sankyo 426 278 14 17.6 7.6
Shionogi 292 258 12 0.6 9.6
Fujisawa 225 198 3 -66.6 10.7
Tanabe 232 187 10 8.2
Eisai 186 167 11 11.3 13.3
Yamanouchi 185 175 23 34.4 9.3
Daiichi 201 177 20 22.3 10.3
Taisho 147 145 20 17.3 8.0
Chugai 125 117 8 -9.4 14.8

* after tax
** compared to FY 1987
***in % of sales
20

4. The Chemical Industry

Japan's chemical industry is characterized by a mixture of large and relatively
small companies: in 1987,46.1 of the chemical companies had less than 300
employees. It produces about 9% of the GNP. Major products are indicated
in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4. Production of selected Chemicals (excluding Pharmaceuticals)
(Mill. t)

Product 1975 1980 1986

Ammonia 3.6 2.5 1.8

Compound fertilizer 3.5 4.5 3.5
Sulfuric acid (100) 6.0 6.8 6.5
Caustic soda 2.9 3.2 3.1
Soda ash 1.1 1.4 1.0
Oxygen (mill. m3) 7.7 6.9 6.8
Pure benzene 1.6 2.1 2.3
Ethylene dichloride 1.8 2.1 1.9
Polyethylene 1.3 1.9 2.1
Polyvinyl chloride 1.1 1.4 1.5
Synthetic rubber 0.8 1.1 1.2

Photographic fIlm (1000 m2) 59 109 174

Soap 122 198 182

Paint 1142 1542 1823

Source: MITI

Due to Japan's lack in all major chemical resources, this market reacts to
raw material prices in a very sensitive way. Thus, the two oil crises resulted
in a major shake-out among the smaller companies. Most of the chemical
companies at the beginning of the 1980s had little or no experience or human
resources capable to tackle biotechnology-related research or production, but
the past years have seen considerable progress.

5. The Food Industry

The food industry of Japan mostly comprises small and medium-size
companies (1987: 86.5% of all food companies with less than 150 employ-
ees). Growth of the food industry was remarkable until the early 1970s, since
family expenses for food increased as eating habits changed. In recent years,
as the standard of diet of the Japanese (Table 2.5. comparison with Western
diet [2]) had reached a high level in terms of quality and quantity, production
of food has tended to remain steady.
 21

Table 25. Comparison of Food Intake of Japanese and Americans

(kca1jgram per inhabitant per day)

Japan USA
(1985) (1982)

Energy (kcal) 2581 3647

Cereals 296 170
- out of which rice 204 7
Sugar 58 178
Meat 69 307
Fish and seafood 98 19
Milk and milk products 184 589
Fats and oils 39 66
Potatoes
Vegetables same or similar intake
Fruits
Eggs

The development of food production over the past decade is indicated in

Table 2.6.

Table 26. Production of Food and Related Products

Product 1975 1980 1986

Processed meat products (1000 t)

Ham 138 184 182
Sausage 143 181 258

Milk products (1000 t)

Butter 40.2 64.0 87.7
Cheese 53.7 65.9 73.0

Sugar and salt (1000 t)

Sugar (domestic) 449 765 885
Salt 1068 1112 808

Canned foods (mill. cases)

Canned foods 155.8 303.8 405.1
Bottled foods 13.7 11.7 12.9
Retort pouch foods 5.8 1.8 15.8

Source: Statistical Handbook of Japan, 1988

The food industry is guided by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and

Fisheries which over the past 5 years has made large and fairly successful
efforts to introduce biotechnology and other high-tech procedures into small
and medium-size companies. Large firms, e.g., Meiji Seika, Morinaga Milk
22

Products, and others, have initiated strong in-house research in the biotech-
nology field.

6. The Agriculture and Fishery Industry

Agriculture in Japan is generally a family pursuit. Within the 3653 mill. farm
households (1987), 3021 persons have engaged in additional jobs; only 14.7%
work exclusively in agriculture. The ratio of cultivated land to the total land
area was 14.3% in 1987, and the average area of cultivated land per farm
household was only 1.2 ha. Table 2.7 gives a comparison to Western countries
[2].

Table 2.1. Statistical Data on Agriculture in Japan

USA Japan W.-Germany France UK Italy

Inhabitans (mill.,1988) 246.33 122.61 61.20 55.87 57.08 57.44

Area (1000 km2) 9373 378 249 547 245 301
Inhabitants/km 26 324 246 102 233 191
Farm land (1000 km 2) 6321 55 121 312 186 172
Persons employed in
agriculture (mill., 1984) 3.14 4.61 1.21 1.54 0.61 1.91
ha agricultural land per
farmer 137.3 1.2 9.9 20.2 29.9 9.0

As a result, intensive farming practices are common, and new technologies

are introduced continuously. Accordingly, labor productivity is very high.

The major items of agricultural food production are indicated in Table 2.8.

Nearly 68% of the total land area of Japan is covered by forests, and 40.5%
of the total forest area has been reforested. As 86% of the planted trees are
younger than 35 years, the self-sufficiency rate of timber for buildung
construction and wood pulp was only 33.5% in 1986.

Japan is the major fishing nation of the world; average daily protein intake
from fish and shellfish is estimated to provide 44% of animal protein taken
in by the Japanese. In 1986, 423 000 fishermen worked on 435 000 fishing
vessels. 69% of the fishermen were independent. The total catch was 12.7
mill. tons in 1986, of which about 11 mill. t came from the sea. 1198 mill. t
of fish were collected from culture in marine water.
 23

Table 2.8. Agriculture Food Production (1000 t)

Product 1975 1980 1985

Rice 12689 9751 11647

Wheat 474 241 876
Barley 418 174 314

Potatoes 3611 3261 4073

Tomatoes 793 1024 816
Cabbages 1433 1423 1666
Onions 973 1032 1252
Japanese radish 2778 2545 2655

Mandarin oranges 2552 3665 2168

Apples 1021 898 986
Grapes 234 284 302

Tobacco 150 166 117

Crude tea 91 105 94

Sugar beets 2332 1759 3862

Beef and veal meet 279 354 559

Pork 734 1039 1551
Chicken 310 609 1112

Cow milk 4761 4961 7457

Eggs 1734 1788 2231

Marine fish 8597 9573 10326

Fish from marine culture 549 773 1198
Inland fishery and culture 168 199 200

Source: MAFF

A traditionally strong but highly segmented industry, the fisheries are

expected to profit quickly from the new methods of biotechnology, e.g., in the
case of the seed business and fish farming. As in the case of the food
industry, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries has taken
decisive moves to introduce biotechnology to this field.

7. The Textile Industry

Before the war and during the early postwar years, textile fibers and their
products were Japan's main export articles. This changed rapidly: while textile
products accounted for 76% of the total value of exports in 1947, this figure
dropped to 3.3% in 1986. The production of the textile industry is indicated
in Table 2.9.
24

Table 2.9. Production of Selected Textile Materials

Product 1975 1980 1986

Fibers and yarn (1000 t)

Synthetic staple fiber 571 758 787

Cotton yarn 460 504 445
Woolen yarn 142 119 112

Fabrics (mill. m2)

Cotton fabrics 2142 2202 1974

Woolen fabrics 357 294 313
Silk fabrics 168 152 108
Synthetic fabrics 2411 3159 2859
Knitwear (mill.)

Outwears 240 288 304

Underwears and foundations 353 470 436
Hosiery 912 1325 1374

Source: MITI

The textile industry has strongly diversified into pharmaceutical, chemical

and other business since the beginning of the 1970s. Some companies in thi~
field, e.g., Toray and Toyobo, are leaders in the introduction of high-tech.

8. The Pulp and Paper Industry

The pulp and paper industry played an important role as a basic material
industry during the economic reconstruction after the World War. The
production figures are indicated in Table 2.10.
Table 2.10. Production of Pulp and Paper (1000 tons)

Product 1975 1980 1986

Dissolving pulp 280 300 172

Paper pulp 8350 9488 9068

Paper 7711 10536 12272

Newsprint 2160 2674 2641
Paperboard 5890 7552 8790
Source: MITI
 25

Companies such as Oji Paper have a long tradition in biological wastewater

treatment. This often led to diversification into biotechnology-related areas
of new business.

9. The "Heavy Industries"

In a recent survey on biotechnology in large-scale industries, it was shown that

substantial activity in this area can be found. A considerable part of this
activity is directed towards the manufacture of equipment and measurement
devices. Construction, engineering, and shipbuilding companies participate in
government-organized projects for the development of equipment and plants,
e.g., for advanced sewage treatment (Chap. 7).

9.1 The Energy Industry

Japan is poor in energy resources, and the mechanism of energy supply is
very fragile as compared to other industrial countries. As a consequence, the
two oil crises have initiated considerable efforts to reduce petroleum
consumption by energy conservation and by substitution of other energy
sources for petroleum. A survey is given in Table 2.11.
Table 211. Supply of Primary Energy Resources (Selection)
(1 Trill. kcal)

Energy resource 1975 1980 1986

Total 3105 3657 3998

Hydropower 196 210 211
Nuclear 11 61 412
Coal 642 602 764
Petroleum 2177 2678 2205
Natural Gas 27 27 22

Source: MIT!

9.2 The Iron and Steel Industry

The iron and steel industry has played a basic role in the economic growth
of Japan who is among the three leading countries in crude steel production
26

(after the USSR and the USA). The production figures are indicated in Table
2.12.

Table 2.12 Steel Production (1000 tons)

Product 1975 1980 1986

Pig iron 86877 87041 74651

Ferroalloys 2139 1866 1105
Crude steel 102 313 111395 98275
Ordinary rolled steel
products 76512 87227 76913

9.3 The Shipbuilding Industry

For more than two decades among the top three items of Japan's exports, this
industry has shrunk considerably over the past decade, as indicated in Table
2.13.

Table 2.13. Steel Vessel Production (1000 G/T)

1975 1980 1986

Production 15227 6189 7656

Exports 12617 3411 4176

Source: Mm, Ministry of Transport

9.4 The Construction Industry

Keeping pace with the high rate of economic growth, the construction industry
flourished on the strength both of a boom in housing construction and in
national land development projects during the 1960s. In the 1970s, with slower
economic growth, public investment was given high importance in order to
help the economy to recover from the recession. In the 1980s, however, the
construction activities slowed down caused by restraints in public spending as
well as sluggishness of housing construction. The figures are indicated in
Table 2.14.
 27

Table 2.14. Construction Investment (Bill. Yen)

Item 1970 1975 1986

Total 31624 49472 52920

Building construction 19760 29216 318200

Civil engineering works 11864 20 256 21100
Non-public works 5893 8959 6780
(Railways, telephone, gas,
electricity, and water etc.)
Public investment 11860 19619 20320
Private investment 19764 29853 32600

Source: Ministry of Construction

10. The Electric Machinery Manufacturing Industry

Electric machinery equipment production has become one of the key powerful
industries in Japan. Electronic products such as electronic calculators, radios,
TV and video equipment, computers, and robots compete very successfully in
most markets of the world. Table 2.15 indicates selected examples.

Table 2.15. Production of Selected Items of Electric Machinery (1000 units)

Product 1975 1980 1986

Electric washing machines 3173 4879 4661

Color TVs 7473 10 909 12958
Video tape recorders 119 4441 31272
Digital computers 8 17 2124
Facsimiles 22 100 1234

Transistors (mill.) 2238 5528 15769

Integrated circuits (mill.) 302 2543 10711

Source: MITI

In ion of equipment is one of the most active areas of research. It is

estimated that at present more than 500 companies in Japan are active in the
manufacture of equipment for the growing biotechnology-related market.
Some companies such as Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electric, and others have rapidly
diversified in this field. Other large firms such as, e.g., Shimadzu have rapidly
expanded their product range. The majority of products, however, has been
developed by small companies.
28

Stimulated by concepts such as "bioelectronics" or bionics, the electronics

industry has deployed considerable activity in the field of biotechnology.
While most of this is directed toward the development of measurement
devices such as, e.g., biosensors, there is also significant R&D activity in fields
such as molecular electroncis and neurocomputing.

11. The Trading Houses

The Japanese trading companies playa unique role in the country's foreign
trade [3]. Founded in the Meiji era, particularily at the end of the last century
when the demand for raw materials by Japan's cotton spinning industry raised
steeply, the 16 major trading houses (*c. Itoh & Co., Chori Company, Itoman
& Co., *Kanematsu-Gosho, Kawasho Corp., Konsho-Mataichi Corp.,
*Marubeni Corp., *Mitsubishi Corp., *Mitsui & Co., *Nichimen Corp.,
*Nissho Iwai Corp., Nozaki & Co., Okura & Co., *Sumitomo Corp., Toshoku
Ltd., and *Toyo Menka Kaisha) attained a dominating role: about 45% of the
national exports, and about 70% of the imports, pass through their networks
(Table 2.16).

Table 216. Share of Japan's Trade handled by the 16 largest Trading Houses

1978 1982 1986*

Exports (bill. US-$) 97.5 138.8 35 290 bill. Yen

% Share of the 16 trading 50.8 52.7 45.8
houses

Imports (bill. US-$) 79.3 131.9 21 551 bill. Yen

% Share of the 16 trading 58.1 62.2 68.2
houses

*of 9 trading houses marked with * in the above listing

The trading houses are involved in distribution, financing, investment, joint

ventures, resource development, transportation, research, planning, marketing,
information, and technology transfer. They employ over 80 000 people in
some 1700 offices around the globe (Table 2.17). One of the trading houses,
for instance, operates 187 offices in 77 countries.

As many other industries, the trading companies have been struggling to

succeed in the transition from an economy based on heavy industries and
mass production/marketing to one based on value-added, high-technology
products. As a consequence, most trading companies have initiated biotech-
related research in the sister companies of their group and at the same time
have played a key role as intermediaries for technology transfer, joint
ventures, and investments.
 29

Table 211. Global Network and Personnel of the Japanese Trading Houses (1/1984)

Country or world region Subsidiary or Personnel

representative
Offices

Japan 4625 7355

North America 178 5284
Central and South America 169 2543
Asia and Oceania 401 9170
Middle East/Africa 272 3400
W.- and E.-Europe 207 3973

Total 1689 81125

12. Biotechnology in Japanese Companies - A General Assess-

ment
The biotechnology boom in the United States was started by a small number
of venture-fund supported companies, notably Cetus, Genentech, and Genex,
whose lead was followed over the years by the large pharmaceutical and
chemical corporations. In Japan, in contrast, venture capital played no role
in the foundation of a "biotechnology industry". Rather, the following back-
ground and events prevailed:

- fermentation was an important business already before the advent of the

"new biotechnologies" (cloning techniques, mass culture of plant and animal
cells, and bioreactor technology): fermentation products in Japan accounted
for 4% of the GNP as early as 1974. Thus, many companies, e.g.,
Ajinomoto, Kyowa Hakko, Kikkoman, Suntory, and others, were abreast of
new technology and eager to apply them to their product lines,

- diversification had always played a key role in the Japanese industry. Stimu-
lated by the government and its worldwide information network (notably
MITIjJETRO and the trading houses), and motivated by the stiff
competition prevailing in the Japanese marketplace, the foundation of new
business activities by companies working in declining markets (e.g., textiles,
shipbuilding, steel) was rather the rule than the exception,

- a perceived "patent attack" by foreign companies (during the period of 1973

-1981, 77% of all rDNA patents disclosed in Japan were foreign - a quota
which fell to 48% for the period of 1982 - 1987)[5], the award of two basic
rDNA patents to Stanford University and the University of California, and
the spectacular public offering of Genentech stock in the USA in 1981 led
Japanese industrialists to look for own as well as for government-organized
moves into this new field,
30

- the large trading companies (which command about 2/3 of Japan's imports,
and about half of its exports) started early to initiate biotechnology-related
research in their own affiliations and in the companies financially related
to their house banks; in many cases, the trading companies also negotiated
licences to foreign-based companies, leading Japanese companies or
consortia to buy into foreign venture companies,

- the unique Japanese system of "research associations" (Chap. 7) estab-

lished by MITI in 1962 proved a very powerful tool to introduce new
methods (often from abroad) to the industry on a very broad basis. In fact,
the favorable attitude of Japanese industrialists towards cooperation with
other companies and government institutes differs significantly from
Western attitudes, as nicely reflected in a survey carried out by the
magazine Nikkei Biotech in 1985 [6](Table 2.18).

Table 218. Attitudes of Japanese Industrialists towards R&D Cooperation

Question: Which measures of the government do you consider most important to promote
industrialization of biotechnology?

Answers (survey among Z14 companies)

Promote key research 66%

Establish R&D associations 62%
Train researchers 45%
Establish guidelines and regulations 39%
Establish resource (gene) banks 31%
Allow for tax exemptions 25%
Revise the patent law 11%
Other measures 1%

The status of biotechnology R&D in Japanese industry has been repeatedly

the subject of surveys carried out by the ministries (mainly by MITI), by the
Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA)(formerly BIDEC), and by publishing or
consulting companies, especially by Nikkei Biotech (e.g. [7-9]).
According to surveys of this magazine, the number of companies involved in
biotechnology R&D rose from 158 in 1983 to 548 in 1989 [10]. As indicated
in Table 1.1 of Chap. 1, this includes companies involved in many types of
business activity.

According to the same survey, the total industrial workforce in biotechnology

in the beginning of 1989 was estimated to comprise 10 000 workers, of which
about 1700 were engaged in rDNA-related research (Table 2.19). The number
of qualified industrial researchers in the "Life Sciences" amounted to 18 286
in 1988 [10], and 4500 in the field of rDNA research [ll](details: Chap. 8).
 31

Table 219. Number of Industrial Researchers in the Life Sciences (1989)

Total Researchers Assistants Other

All companies (426) 34 966 20 001 11330 3635

Small* (141) 3856 2230 1245 281

Medium* (129) 7978 4948 2329 701
Large* (155) 23110 12703 7756 2651

Special (1) 22 20 2

*small: Turnover 108 - 109 Yen; medium: 109 - 1010 Yen; large: more than 1010 Yen

It becomes evident from these figures that advanced procedures such as

rDNA technology are broadly established in industry (as early as 1985, more
than 100 companies had established in-house skill bases in techniques such
as rDNA methods, tissue culture, and bioreactor technology)(see Chap. 7, Fig.
7.1)[12].
In a survey conducted by BIDEC (today's JBA) in 1986, the prospective
market size of the bio-industries in the year 2000 was estimated (Chap. 1,
Table 1.6). It was expected that about 15.5 trill. Yen, or about 10% of the
total added value in industrial production, will come from the bio-industries.
Most new products will be derived from applying the methods of biotechnol-
ogy within standard production processes [13](Fig. 2.1).

1980 2000
~>4 %
....J- Total contributions of
8:5 '% bioindustries
---- --- ----+-----{ 9,87 %

35,4% 33,2%

__ . --- --f---'---{

D Services
55,9% 56,9% D Manufacturing and other industrics
,------, fantT/·but/·ons of tradit ional
L....J ul0lCC lno ogy
~ Contributions of"ncw biolcchnologic~ "

(JBAlBIDEC Survey, 1986)

555 1028 Total Production (Trill. Yen)

Fig. 2.1. Contributions of the Bio-Industries to the Japanese Industry in Year 2000 (BIDEC/-
JBA,1986)
32

The attitude of Japanese companies towards the market chances of biotech-

nology-derived products and processes in recent years became more
conservative. Asked for the share of their expected sales based on biotech-
nology in the year 2000, 43% expected a proportion below 10% [10]
(Chap. 1, Table 1.6).

At present, the market size for products of the "new biotechnologies" in Japan
is 194.3 bill. Yen (Chap. 1, Table 1.4). The 1989/90 sales comprise the
following products (in bill. Yen)[14]:

Recombinant products:
human insulin (5.2)(1990: 6.5), growth hormone (15)(1990: 24), a-inter-
feron (3.25)(1990: 43), B-type hepatitis vaccine (2)(1990: 2.4), diagnostic
enzymes (0.1)(1990: 2), tryptophan (2.5), restriction enzymes (1.8),
detergent enzymes (30)(1990: 60), erythropoietin (1990: 20).
Products from fused cells:
monoclonal antibodies (20-25), herbicides (1.3), sake (0.27), wine (6), bread
(0.01), pharmaceuticals (3)
Products from cell cultures:
seeds (6), replacements for animal experiments (0.065), urokinase (3), B-
interferon (5.6), a-interferon (7.6), food derived from ginseng (1).

As indicated in Table 2.20, there is a considerable number of recombinant

pharmaceuticals under application and testing [14, 15].

Table 2.20. Recombinant Pharmaceuticals, Diagnostics, and Chemicals under Application in

Japan (November, 1990)

Product Being Being Total

applied Tested

Anticancer agents 13 4 17
Circulation 7 4 11
Blood 8 2 10
Hormones 6 1 7
Vaccines 3 3 6
Antibodies 2 1 3
Other 1 0 1

Total 40 15 55

Approved products are listed in Table 2.21 [15].

Table 2.21. rONA-related Manufacturing Plans authorized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare

Company Product App 1icat ion Host Origin of the DNA Safety level

Aggroval on March 25, 1987

Toyo Jozo Pyruvate oxidase diagnostics E. col i K12 aerobic, grampositive GILSP
Micrococcus
Creatinase diagnostics E. coli K12 aerobic, grampositive GILSP
Micrococcus
Kirin Beer Erythropoietin therapeutics CHOC h-l iver ce lls GILSP
Chugai Pharmaceuticals Erythropoietin therapeutics CHOC h-l i ver ce 11 s GILSP
Toyobo Biotech TPA therapeutics MRIII h-uterus ce lls category-1

Aggroval on Ma~ 15, 1987

Chugai Pharmaceuticals Granulocyte CSF therapeutics CHOC h-oral epithelial GILSP
Kyowa Hakko h-B-Interferon therapeutics E. col i K12 h-fibroblasts GILSP
h-7-Interferon therapeutics E. col i K12 h-lymphocytes GILSP
Asahi Chemicals h-TNF therapeutics E. col i K12 h-l iver cells GILSP
Meiji Seika h-7-Interferon therapeutics E. coli K12 h-lymphocytes GILSP
Dainippon Pharmaceuticals h-TNF therapeutics E. coli K12 h-macrophages GILSP
Aggroval on August 11, 1987
Fujisawa Pharmaaceuticals Somatomedin C therapeutics E. col i K12 chemical synthesis category-1
Suntory h-7-Interferon therapeutics E. col i K12 chemical synthesis GILSP
Nippon Roche h-7-Interferon therapeutics E. col i K12 h-peripheral GILSP
lymphocytes
h-a-2a-Interferon therapeutics E. coli K12 h-bone marrow cells GILSP
Takeda h-7-Interferon therapeutics E. coli K12 h-peripheral GILSP
lymphocytes
h-a-2a-Interferon therapeutics E. col i K12 h-bone marrow cells GILSP
h-Interleukin-2 therapeutics E. col i K12 h-peripheral GILSP
lymphocytes
Mitsubishi Chemicals B-Hepatitis vaccine vaccine CHOS HB-virus GILSP
Wakunaga Pharmaceuticals h-EGF therapeutics E. col i K12 chemical synthesis GILSP
Kirin Beer Granulocyte-CSF therapeutics E. coli K12 chemical synthesis GILSP c,.)
c,.)
Approval on November 17. 1987 ~

Earth Pharmaceuticals h-IL-1B-derivative therapeutics E. coli K12 h-peripheral GILSP

lymphocytes
Otsuka Pharmaceuticals h-IL-1B-derivative therapeutics E. col i K12 h-peripheral GILSP
lymphocytes
Toyobo Biotech Erythropoietin therapeutics MRIII h- 1i ver ce 11 s GILSP
Toyo Jozo Sarcosin oxidase diagnostics E. coli K12 aerobic, gram-positive GILSP
rods
Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals TPA therapeutics CHOC h-epidermal cells GILSP
Nihon Chemicals h-Superoxide therapeutics E. co 1i K12 h-placenta GILSP
dismutase
Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Hepatitis-B diagnostics baker's yeast HB-virus GILSP
Center antibodies

Approval on February 16. 1988

Midori Juji Hepatitis-B vaccine vaccine baker's yeast HB-virus GILSP
Unitika Leucin- diagnostics E. coli K12 aerobic, grampositive GILSP
Dehydrogenase rods
Kikkoman Soy Sauce Creatinase diagnostics E. coli K12 aerobic, grampositive GILSP
rods
Sarcosin oxidase diagnostics E. co 1i K12 aerobic, grampositive GILSP
rods
Shionogi Pharmaceuticals h-IL-2 therapeutics E. co 1i K12 h-sp leen ce 11 s GILSP
h-PSTI therapeutics baker's yeast h-pancreas cells GILSP
Kyowa Hakko CSF therapeutics E. col i K12 h-macrophages GILSP

Approval on May 16. 1988

Asahi Chemicals Cytidin-S'-Diphos- therapeutics baker's yeast baker's yeast GILSP
phate phat idylcho 1ine
Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals Somatomedin C therapeutics E. coli K12 chemical synthesis GILSP
Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals TPA therapeutics CHOC h-epidermal cells GILSP
Osaka Prefectural University h-Sodium diuretic therapeutics E. coli K12 h-heart cells GILSP
polypeptide
h-,,-Interferon therapeutics E. coli K12 chemical synthesis GILSP
Approval on August 8. 1988
Snow Brand Milk Products Erythropoietin therapeutics CHOC h-liver cells GILSP
Osaka Institute for Microbial Hepatitis-B vaccine vaccine baker's yeast HB virus GILSP
Diseases
Approval on November 28. 1988
Ube Chemical Industries h-Superoxide Dismutase therapeutics E. coli K12 h-urine GILSP
Dainippon Pharmaceuticals h-IL-1a therapeutics E. coli K12 h-leukocytes GILSP
Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Herpes vaccine vaccine baker's yeast attenuated Herpes virus GILSP
Kyowa Hakko HTLV-I antibody diagnostics E. coli K12 HTLV-I GILSP
Approval on February 20. 1989
Shionogi Chemicals h--y-Interferon diagnostics E. coli K12 h-pituitary GILSP
Unitika Alanine Dehydrogenase diagnostics E. coli K12 aerobic gram-positive GILSP
microorganism
Approval on May 3~. 1989
Mitsubishi Chemicals Hepatitis-B vaccine vaccine CHOC HB virus GILSP
Toyobo Erythropoietin therapeutics Mouse R- II I cellsh-liver cells GILSP
t-PA therapeutics Mouse R- II I h-uterus ce 11 s GILSP
Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals t-PA therapeutics Mouse R- I II h-fibroblast cells GILSP
Eisai t-PA therapeutics SHOC h-epidermal cells GILSP
Shin-Nihon Chemicals Neuraminidase diagnostics Streptomyces Streptomyces GILSP
Earth Pharmaceuticals h-EGF therapeut ics E. co 1i K12 chemical synthesis GILSP
Toyo Jozo Glucose-6P-Dehydrogenase diagnostics E. coli K12 aerobic gram-positive GILSP
microorganism
Lactate Oxidase diagnostics E. coli K12 as above GILSP
Sarcosine Oxidase diagnostics E. coli K12 as above GILSP
Approval on August 18. 1989
Mochida Pharmaceuticals h-PSTI diagnostics E. co 1i K12 chemical synthesis GILSP
Kikkoman Soy Sauce Creatinase diagnostics E. coli K12 aerobic Gram-positive GILSP
microorganism
Sarcosine Oxidase diagnostics E. coli K12 as above GILSP
Carpis Food EBNA1 expression system diagnostics CHOC EB virus GILSP
Tojobo Creatininase diagnostics E. coli K12 aerobic Gram-negative GILSP
microorganism
c.u
U1
Approval on February 20, 1990 Co)
0>

Midori Juj i Hepatitis-B Vaccine vaccine baker's yeast HB virus GILSP

Takara Shuzo Cellular Domain Poly- diagnostics E. coli K12 h- 1i ver ce 11 s GILSP
peptide (Fibronectin)

CHOC Chinese hamster ovary cells

SHOC Syrian hamster ovary cells
IL Interleukin
t-PA Tissue plasmin activator
TNF Tumor necrosis factor
PST! Pancreatic serum trypsin inhibitor
MRIII Mouse-R-III derived cell line
 37

13. Biotechnology in 419 Companies - A Detailed Description

This summary is essentially based on information from literature [9], with

additional data from [7]. Personal information from many companies is
gratefully acknowledged [15].

Amano Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

7(mf~~
Address 1-2-7, Nishiki, Naka-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 460
Phone (052) 211-3034
Established 1948
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Drugs, industrial and food enzymes, food
Sales not announced
(95% from bio-related products)
Personnel 400
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Center
51, Nishi-Shiroyashiki, Kunotsubo, Nishi-haru-cho
Nishi-Kasugai-gun, Aichi 481
(about 100 researchers)
Pharmaceutical Research Center
Tsukuba, Ibaragi
(about 15 researchers)
Bio-products Enzymes for pharmaceutical use, diagnostic enzymes,
industrial and food enzymes
Bio-targets Novel microbial enzymes, enzymatic transformations,
protein eingineering
Contact address Mr. Shizuo Mihara, Director
Above address (Ai chi 481)
Phone (0568) 21-1411
Fax (0568) 21-0280
38

Ajinomoto Co., Inc.

Address 1-5-8, Kyobashi

Chuo-1m, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3272-1111
Established 1925
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Seasonings, cooking oils and vegetable proteins, amino
acids, specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Sales (1988) 432.5 bill. Yen
(11 % from bio-related products)
Personnel (1988) 5476
Bio-R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories
1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-1m
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210
109 researchers
Bio companies Eurolysine (with Orsan, France)
Lenti-Chemico Pharmaceuticals (New York)
Bio-products Amino acids, nucleotides, antiviral agents
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals, plant breeding, amino acid deriva-
tives, food processing
Contact address Mr. Mikio Aoki, Assistant Manager Planning and
Development Dept.
Shuwa Higashi Yaeso Bldg, 4F
2-9-1, Hatchobori
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3297-8604
Fax (03) 3297-8698

Fig. 2.2: Ajinomoto Basic Research Laboratory, Kawasaki

(Courtesy of Ajinomoto Co.)
 39

Akita Co., Ud.

74-.1
Address 981, Nakayama, Takayama-mura
Kamitakai-gun, Nagano 381-02
Phone (0262) 45-0535
Established 1946
Business Food
Main activities Mushrooms, food, health food
Sales (1988) 3.2 bill. Yen
(3% from bio-related products)
Personnel 594
Bio R&D facilities Akita R&D Laboratory
Above address
12 researchers
Bio-products Mushrooms, miso bean paste
Bio-targets Improvement of mushrooms for food and health food
production
Contact address Mr. Masao Hondo, Vice Director
Above address
Phone (0262) 45-0535
Fax (0262) 45-0535

Akita Jujo Chemicals Co., Ltd.

tkm-tf~{tnX
Address 1-1, Araya, Toriki-machi
Akita, Akita 010-16
Phone (0188) 28-1776
Established 1986
Business Chemicals
Main activities Fermentation media, mushrooms, medical supply,
agrochemicals
Sales (1987) 360 mill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 40
Bio-products Casein hydrolyzate via protease degradation, mush-
rooms, glutathione, virus-free seedlings
Bio-targets Protein derivatives, products from mushrooms, other
cell mass, mass propagation of plants
Contact address Dr. ShullZo Inoue, Chief, Technical Group
Above address
Phone (0188) 28-1776
Fax (0188) 28-7921
40

Akita Konno Co., Ltd.

fj(ffi~mr
Address 248, Kariwano, Nishi-Senboku-machi
Senboku-gun, Akita 019-21
Phone (0187) 75-1250
Business Food
Main activities Koji starter cultures
Sales (1988) 200 mill. Yen
(95% from bio-related products)
Personnel 25 (5 researchers)
Bio-products Microbial strains with high enzymatic activity
Bio-targets Special yeasts, health food
Contact address Mr. Hiroshi Konno, Executive Director
Above address
Phone (0187) 75-1250
Fax (0187) 75-1255

Arakawa-Chotaro & Co.

mJll~~a~
Address 3-2-26, Marunouchi, Naka-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 460
Phone (052) 951-7211
Established 1853
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals
Sales (1988) 670 mill. Yen
Personnel 365
Bio R&D facilities General Research Laboratory
1, Hananoki-cho, Kusakabe
Inazawa, Aichi 492
33 researchers
Bio-targets Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies, restric-
tion enzymes, genetic engineering of E. coli and yeast
Contact address Mr. Eitaro Arakawa, Director, Manager R&D Division
Above address (Aichi 492)
Phone (0587) 32-4181
Fax (0587) 32-5999
 41

Asahi Breweries Co., tid.

Address 2-13-1, Omori-kita

Ota-ku, Tokyo 143
Phone (03) 3567-5111
Established 1949
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Beer, soft drinks, food, pharmaceuticals
Sales (1988) 544.9 bill. Yen
(80% from bio-related products)
Personnel 3241
Bio-R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories
Above address
60 researchers
Aquisition of Shimai Pharmaceuticals Co. from Merck
Co., USA
Bio-products Beer, seasonings from yeast, pharmaceuticals from yeast
Bio-targets Brewing science, improvement of yeast, bioactive
compounds from yeast, genetic engineering using yeast,
bioreactors and biosensors, monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Mr. Y oshihiro Tsumura, Director
Above address
Phone (03) 3763-6393
Fax (03) 3765-4080

Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

j@1tQX:I~
Address 1-1-1, Uchisaiwai-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3507-7849
Established 1931
Business Chemicals
Main activities Textile fibers, chemicals, plastics, construction materials,
food, pharmaceuticals
Sales (1987) 726.2 bill. Yen
(8% from bio-related products)
Personnel 15500
Bio R&D facilities Life Science Laboratory
2-1, Samejima
Fuji, Shizuoka 416
300 researchers
42

Bio-products Glutamate, antibiotics, TPA

Bio-targets Genetic engineering applied to amino acids and an-
tibiotics; cell culture and cell fusion applied to phar-
maceuticals and seeds; bioreactor; monoclonal
antibodies
Contact address Mr. Hiroshi Ohsawa, General Manager
Above address
Phone (03) 3507-7849
Fax (03) 3507-7726

Asahi Glass Co., Ud.

ilEHj~T
Address 2-1-2, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3218-5555
Established 1907
Business Ceramics
Main activities Glass products, ceramics, chemicals, specialties
Sales (1988) 833.4 bill. Yen
« 1% from bio-related products)
Personnel 9500
Bio-R&D facilities Research Center
1150, Matsubara
Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 221
700 researchers
Bio-products Fluorine-containing amino acids and peptides
Bio-targets Fluorine-containing bio-active products, enzymes, cancer
R&D
Contact address Mr. Keiichi Uchida, Director, Biochemical Research
Above address (research center)
Phone (045) 381-1441
Fax (045) 333-1522

Asahi Industries Co., Ltd.

$jBI~
Address Sunshine 60 Bldg.
Higashi-Ikebukuro 3-chome
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170
Phone (03) 3987-2161
 43

Established 1935
Business Food
Main activities Traditional Japanese food, fertilizers, feed, steel and
construction materials
Sales (1988) 50 bill. Yen
Personnel 1500
Bio R&D facilities Biological Engineering Laboratory
1120, Motoabo, Kamikawa-machi
Kodama-gun, Saitama 367-02
40 researchers
Bio-products Enzymes (chitinase), cloned plantlets, seeds
Bio-targets Application of chitinase, food biotechnology, clonal
propagation of flowers and vegetables
Contact address Mr. Chusuke Ohinata, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (03) 3987-2168
Fax (03) 3987-0284

Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Address 2-3-2, Nihonbashi Honcho

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3270-7551
Established 1917; 1984 acquired by Merck & Co., USA
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceutical compounds
Sales (1988) 77.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 2700
Bio-R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories and Exploratory
Research Laboratories
2-9-3, Shimomeguro
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, and
Okazaki Research Laboratories
3-9-1, Kamimutsuna
Okazaki, Aichi 444
20 researchers
Bio-products Hepatitis B vaccine produced by rDNA methods
Bio-targets Physiologically active compounds
Contact address Mr. Shuichi Iwadare, Executive Director R&D, Head-
quarters
Above address
Phone (03) 3270-7551
Fax' (03) 3245-1472
44

Biomaterials Research Institute

Address 1, Taya-cho, Sakae-ku

Yokohama, Kanagawa 244
Phone (045) 851-9271/3
Established 1987, under the Japan Key Technology Center
(see Chap. 7)
Business Pharmaceuticals
Personnel 19
Bio-targets Substrates for animal cell culture, immunoactive
materials (cytokines, lymphokines), bioreactor tech-
nology
Contact address Dr. Shigeyasu Kobayashi, Director
Above address and phone number
Fax (045) 851-9270

Biosensor Laboratories Co., Ltd.

J '\' 1 ;f ~ /' -iT -nJf~pJT
Address 3-41-8, Takada
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171
Phone (03) 3987-7111
Established 1988, under funding of the Ministry of Health and
Welfare
Business Pharmaceuticals
Personnel 32
Bio-targets Biosensors based on immuno reactions, ligand receptor
reactions and DNA/RNA hybridization
Contact address Dr. Yasuo Nishii, Executive Director
Above address and phone number

c. Itoh Sugar Co., Ltd.

{jfKi}~~~*!
Address 3, Tamatsuura
Hekinan, Aichi 447
Phone (0566) 42-0611
Established 1972
Business Food
 45

Main activities Refined sugar

Sales (1988) 38 bill. Yen
Personnel 85
Bio R&D facilities Above address
5 researchers
Bio-targets Microbial fatty acids, health food
Contact address Mr. Kouichi Hanada, Senior Research Scientist, R&D
Division
Above address
Phone (0566) 42-0611
Fax (0566) 42-0619

Central Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.

cp~~frm.:r. :/ Y =- 7 1) :/ Jf'
Address 1-2-4, Meieki, Nakamura-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 450
Phone (052) 582-8201
Established 1968
Business Construction and engineering
Main activities Planning, design, and construction of facilities for plant,
animal, and fish cultivation; buildings, fire prevention
facilities
Sales (1988) 15 bill. Yen
(7% from bio-related products)
Personnel 180
Bio R&D facilities Dispatched to National Universities, Research Centers
3 researchers
Bio-products Bioreactor system, food production facilities, aquatron,
plant cultivation system
Bio-targets Bioengineering, computer control systems, food produc-
tion
Contact address Mr. Minoru Kominami, General Mangager, R&D
Above address
Phone (052) 582-8201
Fax (052) 561-4006

Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute

1t$&J1ninm$tiJf~pJf
Address 668, Okubo
Shimizu-cho, Kumamoto 860
Phone (096) 344-1211
46

Established 1942
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Vaccines, toxoids, antitoxins, blood plasma products,
veterinary vaccines and diagnostics
Sales (1988) 162 mill. Yen
Personnel 613
Bio R&D facilities Kikuchi Laboratories
Kawabe, Kyokushi-mura
Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto 861-15
90 researchers
Bio-targets Genetic and cell engineering, immuno diagnostics, DNA
probes, protein engineering
Contact address Mr. Sadao Susumi, General Manager, Research Ad-
ministration Department
Above address (Kumamoto)
Phone (0968) 37-3100
Fax (0968) 37-3616

Fig. 23. Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Kikuchi Laboratories (Courtesy of

Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute)

Chiyoda Corporation
~1-tfB{tI~~
Address 2-12-1, Tsurumi-chuo, Tsurumi-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 230
Phone (045) 521-1231
Established 1948
Business Construction and engineering
Main activities Engineering and construction of plants and facilities
for process industries, including bio-industry and the
pharmaceutical, food, and fine chemicals industry
 47

Sales (1988) 169 bill. Yen

(3% from bio-related products)
Personnel 2800
Bio R&D facilities Engineering and Development Division, R&D Task
Group
3-13, Moriya-cho
Yokohama, Kanagawa 221
21 researchers
Bio-products Wastewater treatment facility, cultivation system for
animal cells, production process for malto-oligosac-
charides
Bio-targets Facilities for wastewater treatment, animal tissue
culture, bioreactors for food industry, down-stream
processing
Contact address Mr. Tsutomu Jimbo, Manager, Fine Industries Project
4-37-37, Tsurumi-chuo
Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230
Phone (045) 503-3035
Fax (045) 521-7883

Chiyogiku Co., Ltd.

-=f1~~
Address 2733, Takehana-cho
Hashima, Gifu 501-62
Phone (0583) 91-3131
Established 1952
Business Food and beverages
Main activities Sake, shochu, beer, wine, liquors, soft drinks, food
Sales (1988) 2.8 bill. Yen
(100% from bio-related products)
Personnel 80 (3 researchers)
Bio-products Sake, shochu
Bio-targets Improvement of sake yeast, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Sei Sakakura, Vice President
Above address
Phone (0583) 91-3131
Fax (0583) 91-5022
48

Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.

cp$_1J
Address 1, Toshin-cho, Higashi-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 469-91
Phone (052) 951-8211
Established 1951
Business Energy
Main activities Electric power
Sales (1988) 1666.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 20510
Bio R&D facilities 2 Electric Power R&D Centers
20-1, Kitasakiyama, Odaka-cho, Midori-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 459
156 researchers, 4 bio-related researchers
Bio-targets Plant biotechnology, marine biotechnology, environ-
mental applications
Contact address Mr. Tomikazu Matsui, Assistant Manager
Above address (Aichi 459)
Phone (052) 621-6101
Fax (052) 623-5117

Chuetsu Yeast Industry Co., Ltd.

CP~W*£J:I~
Address 4-8-12, Settaya
Nagaoka, Niigata 940-11
Phone (0258) 35-2111
Established 1946
Business Food
Main activities Baker's yeast, starter cultures for fodder, biomass
fertilizers
Sales (1989) 1.3 bill. Yen
(54% from bio-related products)
Personnel 48
Bio R&D facilities Yeast and sake brewing laboratory
Above address
12 researchers
Bio-products Baker's yeast, starter cultures, products from yeast
Bio-targets Yeast improvement using cell fusion, screening,
improvement of yeast culture, waste treatment
technology, food
 49

Contact address Mr. Katsumi Matsunaka, Director of Laboratory

Above address
Phone (0258) 35-2111
Fax (0258) 36-1107

Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Address 2-1-9, Kyobashi

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3281-6611
Fax (03) 3281-2828
Established 1943
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, vitamins
Sales 118.9 bill. Yen (1987)
Personnel 3657
Bio R&D facilities New Pharmaceuticals Research Center
3-41-8, Takada
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171
Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratory
Shizuoka Prefecture
100 researchers
Bio company Joint venture with Upjohn, USA, on EPO
Bio-products Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies (cancer),
CSF
Bio-targets EPO, anti-cancer drugs, EIA-based diagnostics, plant
growth hormones
Contact address Mr. Minoru Shindo, Director
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3987-7111

Fig. 2.4. Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratory, Shizuoka (Courtesy of
Chugai Pharmaceuticals)
50

Ciba-Geigy (Japan) Ltd.

B/-$:f- J '\'j/1 :f'-
Address 10-66, Miyuki-cho
Takarazuka, Hyogo 665
Phone (0797) 74-2472
Established 1952
Business Chemicals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, dyes, softeners, plastics
Sales (1989) 115.1 bill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 2073
Bio R&D facilities International Research Laboratories
Above address
50 researchers
Bio-targets Fundamental research on bioactive proteins and
enzymes
Contact address Mr. Masaharu Shiono
Above address
Phone (0797) 74-2458
Fax (0797) 74-2325

Fig. 25: Ciba-Geigy International Research Laboratories, Takarazuka, Hyogo (Courtesy of

Ciba-Geigy)
 51

Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd.

::I A :C.l '\' -1 ;t
Address 4-13-5, Nihonbashi Honcho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3663-0720
Fax (03) 3663-0725
Established 1983, as subsidiary of Cosma Oil Co., Ltd.
Business Other
Sales 1.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 40
Bio-products Unsaturated fatty acid
Bio-targets Micro algae, specialty biochemicals, diagnostics
Contact address Mr. Kouichi Fujimura, General Manager
Above address and phone

Daicel Chemical Industries, Ud.

~" -11! }v{t~I~
Address 3-8-1, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3507-3155
Established 1919
Business Chemicals
Main activities Cellulose derivatives, organic chemicals, plastics, optical
disks, membranes
Sales (1988) 134.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 3041
Bio R&D facilities Research Center (Biochemical Laboratory)
1239 Shinza-ike, Aboshi-ku
Himeji, Hyogo 671-12
30 researchers
Tsukuba Bio-Research Center (1989)
Seibu Kogyo Danchi
Tsukuba, Ibaragi
Bio-products D-Lactic acid and its derivatives, dihydroxy acetone
Bio-targets Peptide synthesis, fermentation, drugs, pesticides
Contact address Dr. Akira Kamibayashi, Senior Councelor
Above address
Phone (03) 3507-3155
Fax (03) 3507-3159
52

FIg. 2.6: Daicel Tsulruba Research Center

(Courtesy of Daicel Co.)

Daiei Food Industries Co., Ltd.

!j' -1 .I. -jt£I~

Address 5-13, Chuoudori-machi

Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920
Phone (0762) 23-2121
Established 1972
Business Food
Main activities Food materials, food additives, health food, freezing
equipment
Sales (1988) 1.05 bill. Yen
Personnel 14 (2 researchers)
Bio-targets Health food based on algae, fermented food, natural
food additives, products from plant tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Shin-ichi Ibata, Section 5, Development Div.
Above address
Phone (0762) 23-2121
Fax (0762) 23-2120

Daiichi Seiyaku Co., Ltd.

~~~~
Address 1-16-13, Kitakasai
Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134
Phone (03) 3680-0151
 53

Established 1918
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Ethical pharmaceuticals, OTC products, veterinary
products
Sales (1987) 147.5 bill. Yen
(4% from bio-related products)
Personnel 3300
Bio R&D facilities Molecular Biology Research Laboratory
Above address
Bio companies Joint venture with Connaught Laboratories, Canada,
for vaccine development (hepatitis B)
Bio-products Interferon-beta "FERON"
Bio-targets Protein production in animal and insect cells
Contact address Dr. Mitsuru Furusawa, Deputy General Manager
Above address
Phone (03) 3680-0151
Fax (03) 3680-1369

Daiichi Togyo Co., Ltd.

~~fJ!~
Address Yamamoto Bldg.
1-6-3, Nihonbashi, Muromachi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3279-6411
Established 1967
Business Food
Main activities Sugar
Sales (1988) 12 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 160
Bio R&D facilities Hyuga R&D Laboratories
17371, Shinkai, Hichiya
Hyuga, Miyazaki 883
4 researchers
Bio-products Oligosaccharides
Bio-targets Manufacture of oligo- and polysaccharides, microbial
technology, health food, flower breeding using plant
cell culture
Contact address Mr. Masami Irita, Manager
Above address (Miyazaki)
Phone (0982) 52-4169
Fax (0982) 53-2389
54

Daikin Industries Ud.

:l1*/I~
Address 1-1, Nishi Hitotsuya
Setsu, Osaka 566
Phone (06) 349-7361
Established 1934
Business Machinery
Main activities Equipment for air-conditioning, refrigeration; fluoro-
chemicals; computer graphic displays
Sales (1987) 225.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 6500
Bio R&D facilities R&D Department
Above address
about 30 researchers
Bio-products Amylase for raw starch digestion
Bio-targets Diagnostic enzymes, diagnostic equipment, industrial
enzymes
Contact address Mr. Tadashi Higashiura, Chief Researcher
Above address
Phone (06) 349-5333
Fax (06) 349-2582

Dainabot Co., Ltd.

!i'1 T~' ':I "

Address 3-8-21, Toranomon

Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3437-9441
Fax (03) 3437-9367
Established 1983
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Diagnostics
Sales 935 mill. Yen
Personnel 860
Bio-products Monoclonal antibodies (CEA), EIA test kits, urokin-
ase from cell culture
Bio-targets Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Above address
Phone (0473) 62-2177
 55

Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc.

*8*1 ::.;-i=-{t$I~
Address 3-7-20, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3272-4511
Established 1937
Business Chemicals
Main activities Ink production, machinery, chemicals, plastics, petroche-
micals, resins, building materials
Sales (1988) 417.7 bill. Yen
(1.6% from bio-related products)
Personnel 6468
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories
631, Sakado
Sakura, Chiba 285
50 researchers
Bio-products SCP, food products from algae, food colorants, Stevia
sweetener, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, immunodiagnostic
kits
Close collaboration with Dainabot Co., Abbott Labs,
USA
Bio-targets Photosynthetic organisms, oligosaccharides, industrial
enzymes, immunodiagnostic kits
Contact address Mr. Mikio Ohyama, Manager, Corporate Planning Dept.
Above address
Phone (03) 3272-4511, ext. 3094
Fax (03) 3273-5680

Dainippon Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.

*B*~~
Address 2-6-8, Doshomachi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 203-5321
Established 1897
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Ethical drugs, veterinary products, diagnostics, food
additives
Sales (1988) 87.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 2455
56

Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratories

33-94, Enoki-cho
Suita, Osaka 564
250 researchers
Bio-products Diagnostics based on monclonal antibodies
Bio-targets Application of rDNA techniques and monoclonal an-
tibodies, e.g., for human IL-l alpha, human TNF, etc.
Contact address Mr. Susumu Yoshizawa, Director, R&D Administra-
tion
Above address (Osaka 564)
Phone (06) 337-5876
Fax (06) 338-7656

Dainippon Sugar Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

*B*~*!
Address 1-5-1, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 327i-0101
Established 1984
Business Food
Main activities Sugar
Sales (1988) 20 bill. Yen
Personnel 70 (8 researchers)
Bio-targets Bioactive materials from plant cell culture, bioreactor
technology
Contact address Mr. Shinichi Abe, Manager of Development
Above address and phone number

Daiseki Co., Ud.

1"1 ~4-
Address 1-86, Funami-cho
Minato-ku, Nagoya 455
Phone (052) 611-6321
Established 1958
Business Environment
Main activities Industrial waste management, trade in petrochemicals
Sales (1988) 4 bill. Yen
(20% from bio-related products)
Personnel 170
 57

Bio R&D facilities Technical Department

Above address
12 researchers
Bio-products Wastewater treatment facility
Bio-targets Wastewater treatment, bioreactor, separation proces-
ses
Contact address Mr. Isamu Tominaga, Assistant General Manager
Above address
Phone (52) 611-6321
Fax (052) 611-0160

Daishin Marine Products Co., Ltd.

*{$7j(i£
Address 13-31, Showa-cho
Sakai-minato, Tottori 684
Established 1972
Business Aquaculture
Main activities Fish food, bulk products from fish and shellfish, chitin,
chitosan
Cooperations Asahi Denka Kogyo K.K.
Sales (1984) 11.1 bill. Yen
(20% from bio-related products)
Personnel 135 (2 researchers)
Bio-products Enzyme-treated food
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology for food processing
Contact address Mr. Masahiro Kawamoto, Senior Research Scientist
Above address
Phone (0859) 44-6414
Fax (0859) 42-6781

Daiso Co., Ltd.

!/'1 'J-
Address 1-10-8, Edobori
Nishi-ku, Osaka 550
Phone (06)
Established 1915
Business Chemicals
Main activities Inorganic chemicals, organic intermediates
Sales (1988) 4.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 898
58

Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory

9, Ohtakasu-cho
Amagasaki, Hyogo 660
100 researchers
Bio-products Chiral epichlorohydrins
Bio-targets Microbial and enzymatic biotransforrnations for specialty
chemicals
Contact address Mr. Naoya Kasai, Chief Researcher
Above address (Hyogo)
Phone (06) 409-0791
Fax (06) 409-0794

Daiwa Kasei K.K.

Address 5-7-12, Uehonmachi

Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543
Phone (06) 768-5001
Established 1946
Main activities Pharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes
Sales (1988) 2.05 bill. Yen
(100% from bio-related products)
Personnel 109
Bio R&D facilities R&D Department
4-19, Hieda-machi, Kosei-cho
Koga-gun, Shiga 520-32
30 researchers
Bio-products Amylase for industrial use, other industrial enzymes,
digestive enzymes
Bio-targets Industrial enzymes, genetic engineering
Contact address Mr. Toshihiko Kotaka, Executive Director, General
Manager of R&D Department
1978-5, Kogushi
Ube, Yamaguchi 755
Phone (0748) 75-1194
Fax (0748) 75-0312
 59

Drug Delivery System Institute, Ltd. (DDS)

:Y' .{ - • :Y' .{ - X A UJf3tJiff

Address Bldg of the Research Institute for Biosciences
The Science University of Tokyo
2669, Yamazaki
Noda, Chiba 278
Phone (0471) 22-8751
Established 1988, under a fund of the Ministry of Health and
Welfare
(see Chap. 7)
Business Pharmaceuticals
Personnel 44 (40 researchers)
Bio-targets Drug delivery systems based on carbohydrate targeting
devices
Contact address Mr. Takuro Mizuno, General Manager
5-12-8, Koishikawa
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112
Phone (03) 3811-1681
Fax (03) 3811-8385

Denka Seiken Co., Ltd.

-r~ y iJ !±tiH
Address Taiyo Bldg
12-1, Nihonbashi, Kabuto-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3669-9091
Established 1950
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Vaccines, diagnostic agents, immuno reagents
Sales (1988) 3.4 bill. Yen
(80% from bio-related products)
Personnel 315
Bio R&D facilities R&D Division
1-2-2, Minami-honcho
Gosen, Niigata 959-16
50 researchers
Bio-products Vaccines (influenza HA, Japanese encephalitis, pertussis,
diphtheria, tetanus, etc.), diagnostics
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, DNA probes, vaccines, lym-
phokines, diagnostic procedures, protein engineering
60

Contact address Mr. Shosaku Motoda, Director

Above address (Niigata)
Phone (0250) 43-4111
Fax (0250) 43-3789

Denki Kagaku Kogyo K.K.

~~1t~I~
Address 1-4-1, Yuraku-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3507-5193
Established 1915
Business Chemicals
Main activities Inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, plastics,
synthetic rubber, cement, building materials
Sales (1988) 199.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 3927
Bio R&D facilities Research Center, Biochemical Laboratory
3-5-1, Asahi-cho
Machida, Tokyo 194
30 researchers
Bio-products Immobilized glucose isomerase
Bio-targets Lymphokines, amino acid production using bioreactors,
sugar manufacture with immobilized enzymes
Contact address Dr. Motoshi Yasui
Above address
Phone (03) 3507-5193
Fax (03) 3507-5517

Dowa Mining Co., Ltd.

roJfD®t~
Address 1-8-2, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3201-1076
Established 1884
Business Mining
Main activities Smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals, metal
fabrication, chemicals
Sales (1988) 138.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 1239
 61

Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory

277-1, Tobuki-cho
Hachioji, Tokyo 192
8 researchers
Bio-products Wastewater treatment process using iron-oxidizing
bacteria
Bio-targets Molecular genetics of thiobacilli, bioactive materials,
restriction enzymes
Contact address Mr. Hiromi Sonta, Project Manager, Biotechnology
Project Team
Above address
Phone (03) 3201-1076
Fax (03) 3201-7944

Earth Chemical Co., Ltd.

7-A~~
Address 3218-12, Sakoshi
Ako, Hyogo 678-01
Phone (07914) 8-8001
Established 1925
Business Chemicals
Main activities Household insecticides, soft drinks
Sales (1988) 28.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 760
Bio R&D facilities Biomedical Research Laboratories
Above address
39 researchers
Bio-products Research pharmaceuticals (EGF, TGF-alpha, mono-
clonal antibodies)
Bio-targets Recombinant growth factors and growth hormones, fish
growth hormones, animal tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Shigeru Mihara, Director, Research Division
Above address
Phone (07914) 8-8001
Fax (07914) 8-1145
62

Ebara-Infilco Co., Ltd.

1£1* -1 './ '7 .{ )1.1:1
Address 1-6-27, Kohnan
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3458-2211
Established 1956
Business Environment
Main activities Engineering of wastewater treatment facilities and
refuse incineration
Sales (1988) 53.3 bill. Yen
(30% from bio-related products)
Personnel 516
Bio R&D facilities Ebara Research Co., Ltd.
4-2-1, Honfujisawa
Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251
150 researchers
Bio-products Wastewater treatment plant, biofilm treatment plant,
plants for methane fermentation, denitrification and
phosphate elimination
Bio-targets Wastewater treatment
Contact address Mr. Iwao Seto, Manager R&D
Above address
Phone (03) 3458-2211
Fax (03) 3458-2293

Ebara Research Co., Ltd.

--J+o fi=i~;\ A"411 -ro,C
ff/~/I"~ 1=111) I nfY I
Address 4-2-1, Hon Fujisawa
Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251
Phone (0466) 81-1121
Established 1984
Business Machinery
Main activities Equipment for hydrodynamic and aerodynamic
machines, nuclear power plants, water treatment and
environmental improvement
Sales (1988) 2.5 bill. Yen
(20% from bio-related products)
Personnel 150 (25 researchers)
Bio-products Water and wastewater treatment facilities, environ-
mental control facilities
 63

Bio-targets As above; immobilized aerobic and anaerobic micro-

oganisms, bioreactors, microbial genetics and metabo-
lism
Contact address Dr. Yasunori Toya, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (0466) 81-1121
Fax (0466) 82-2630

Ensuiko Sugar Refining Co., Ltd.

i:M7l<~f!
Address 13-46, Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 230
Phone (045) 501-1251
Established 1950
Business Food
Main activities Sugar, cyclodextrin, mushrooms
Sales (1988) 29.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 201
Bio R&D facilities Carbohydrate Research Center
Above address
24 researchers
Bio-products Cyclodextrins
Bio-targets Oligosaccharides, cyclodextrins
Contact address Mr. Atsushi Hosomi, Vice Manager, Development
Department
Above address
Phone (045) 521-3531
Fax (045) 521-3532

Ezaki Glico Co., Ud.

iIdffif 7" I) :J
Address 4-6-5, Utajima
Nishi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 555
Phone (06) 472-1221
Established 1922
Business Food
Main activities Confectionary, ice cream, food
Sales (1988) 123.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 1633
64

Bio R&D facilities Biochemical Research Laboratories

4-6-5, Utajima
Nishi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 555
10 - 20 researchers
Bio-targets Microbial enzymes for food technology, plant tissue
culture
Contact address Mr. Shigetaka Okada, General Manager
Above address
Phone (06) 472-1332
Fax (06) 472-6983

Fuji Chemical Industries, Ltd.

M±1t~I~
Address 530, Chokeiji
Takaoka, Toyama 933
Phone (0766) 21-3456
Established 1951
Business Chemicals
Main activities Specialty chemicals
Sales (1988) 9.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 370
Bio-products Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies (ATL,
AIDS)
Bio-targets Cancer diagnostic tests, monoclonal antibodies,
bioreactor technology for production of pharmaceuti-
cals and vitamins
Contact address Mr. Osamu Akazawa, Manager, Life Sciences
Above address and phone number

Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.

M±'~~
Address 1-12-1, Yuraku-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3211-7111
Established 1923
Business Electrical machinery
Main activites Electrical machinery, instrumentation, information
systems, electronic devices, vending machines
 65

Sales (1988) 408.0 bill. Yen

(3% from bio-related products)
Personnel 12810
Bio R&D facilities Fuji Electric Corporate R&D Ltd.
2-1-2 Nagasaka
Yokosuka 240-01
Bio-products Ammonia analyzer, clean room facilities
Bio-targets Biosensors, analyzers, wastewater treatment, bioreac-
tors
Contact address Mr. Koichi Takai, General Manager Basic Technology
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3211-1159
Fax (03) 3211-6296

Fuji Oil Co., Ltd.

~=~7lB
Address 2-5-1, Nishi-Shinsabashi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 213-8151
Established 1950
Business Food
Main activities Fats and oils, food oil, confectionary, soy protein,
cheese, peptides
Sales (1988) 77.1 bill. Yen
(10% from bio-related products)
Personnel 1280
Bio R&D facilities R&D Center, Basic Research Division
1, Sumiyoshi-cho
lzumisano, Osaka 598
20 researchers
Bio-products Vegetable cheese, soy protein, peptides, oleochemicals
Bio-targets Bioreactor for oil processing, plant genetic engineer-
ing
Contact address Dr. Wataru Hashida, Director
Above address (Osaka 598)
Phone (0724) 63-1120
Fax (0724) 62-0491
66

Fuji Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.

C=7±~dI*
M ~lJlJ ~
Address 1-9-11, Shikahama
Adachi-ku, Tokyo 123
Phone (03) 3899-5003
Established 1954
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Drugs, diagnostics, monoclonal antibodies
Sales (1988) 2.9 bill. Yen
(3% from bio-related products)
Personnel 155
Bio R&D facilities Research Division
1515, Tsujigado
Mizuhashi, Toyama 939-05
6 researchers
Bio-products Diagnostics
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, cultivation of pathogens
Contact address Mr. Yoshihiro Tanaka, Leader, Research Division
Above address
Phone (0764) 78-0032
Fax (0764) 78-3565

Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.

M±~1{7 .-( Jvk
Address 2-26-30, Nishi-azabu
Minato-ku, Tokyo 106
Phone (03) 3406-2111
Fax (03) 3486-4291
Established 1934
Business Other
Main activities Cameras, films, specialty chemicals
Sales (1988) 740 bill. Yen
Personnel 10 985 (46 bio-researchers)
Bio-products Diagnostic reagents and equipment
Bio-targets Diagnostic products
Contact address Mr. Hiroyuki Amano, Research Director
Above address
Phone (0484) 63-3110
 67

Fuji Spinning Co., Ltd.

c!:::;.P±*~£
M 1J9Jtl~
Address 1-18-12, Nihonbashi Ningyo-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3665-7777
Fax (03) 3669-2037
Established 1896
Business Textiles
Main activities Synthetic fibers
Sales (1987) 73.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 2769 (50 bio-researchers)
Bio R&D facilities Product Development Center
47, Koyama, Koyama-cho
Shuntou-gun, Shizuoka 410-13
Bio-products Chitosan
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, pharmaceuticals, artificial organs
Contact address Mr. Y oshiaki Kinemura, Manager
Above address (Okayama)
Phone (0550) 76-1414

Fujijin Shoyu Co., Ltd.

M±~flilE
Address 551-2, Usuki, Oita 875
Phone (09726) 3-3111
Established 1924
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, miso, soups
Sales (1988) 8 bill. Yen
(75% from bio-related products)
Personnel 300
Bio R&D facilities Usuki Bio Research Center Cooperative
2307-2, Maeda
Usuki, Oita 875
5 researchers
Bio-products Soy sauce, miso
Bio-targets Improved production process, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Takashi Kume, General Manager
Above address
Phone (09726) 3-3111
Fax (09726) 3-2654
68

Fujirebio, Inc.
M±V l::';t
Address 51, Komiya-cho
Hachioji, Tokyo 192
Phone (0426) 45-0071
Established 1950
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Drugs and diagnostic kits for infectious diseases, cancer,
etc.
Sales (1988) 3.68 bill. Yen
Personnel 813
Bio R&D facilities Diagnostic Research Laboratories, Biotechnology
Division
Above address
15 researchers
Bio-investments 1982 in Biotech Research Labs and Hana Biologics,
both USA
Bio-products ELISA-based diagnostic kits for HIV, A TLA, TP, and
drugs
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, DNA probes, test kits
Contact address Mr. Satoru Ito, Ass. Manager, Research Planning
Division
Above address
Phone (0426) 45-0071
Fax (0426) 46-8352

Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

ijiiR~£I~
Address 3-4-7, Doshomachi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 202-1141
Fax (06) 222-4988
Established 1930
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Ethical drugs, veterinary drugs, medical equipment and
supplies, consumer products, chemicals
Sales (1988) 190.3 bill. Yen
(25% from bio-related products)
Personnel 5436
 69

Bio R&D facilities Exploratory Research Laboratory

5-2-3, Tokodai
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 300-26
New Drug Research Laboratory
2-6-1, Kashima
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532
1000 researchers
Bio-products Antibiotics
Bio-targets Antibiotics, hormones, lymphokines, veterinary products,
food additives, industrial chemicals
Contact address Dr. lin-itsu Saito, Director, R&D Administration
Above address (Osaka)
Phone (06) 390-1111
Fax (06) 308-5006

F'1g. 2.7. Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals Exploratory Research Lab., Tsukuba (Courtesy of Fujisawa
Pharmaceuticals)

Fujita Corporation

Address 4-6-15, Sendagaya

Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151
Phone (03) 3402-1911
Established 1937
Business Construction and engineering
Main activities Buildings, civil engineering, real estate
Sales (1987) 491.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 5500
70

Bio R&D facilities Technical Research Institute

74, Ohdana-cho, Kohoku-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 223
110 researchers
Bio-targets Bioreactor for wastewater treatment, screening for
sludge-decomposing microorganisms
Contact address Mr. Keizaburo Watanabe, Manager, Research
Department No.4
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (045) 591-3946
Fax (045) 592-5816

Fundokin Shoyu Co., Ltd.

7 Y r" - -*" Y-ililiJ

Address 783, Ichihama
Usuki, Oita 875
Phone (09726) 3-2111
Established 1861
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, miso, vinegar
Sales (1988) 6.5 bill. Yen
(85% from bio-related products)
Personnel 80 (5 researchers)
Bio-products Soy sauce, miso, seasonings
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, cell fusion
Contact address Headquarters

Fuso Water Industries Co., Ltd.

jj(~~~I~
Address 2-17-17, Nishikicho
Takamatsu, Kagawa 760
Phone (0878) 51-1001
Established 1948
Business Contruction
Main activities Equipment for water and wastewater treatment
Sales (1988) 35 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 700
 71

Bio R&D facilities Water and Wastewater Treatment Laboratory

792-105, Toto-cho
Takamatsu, Kagawa 761
5 researchers
Bio-products Water and wastewater treatment facilities
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Yoichi Hirose, Director
Above address
Phone (0878) 82-2819/2820
Fax (0878) 81-1292

Gakken Co., Ud.

$~tiJfJE*±
Address 4-40-5, Kamiikedai
Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145
Phone (03) 3726-8111
Established 1947
Business Information
Sales (1988) 130.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 2160
Bio R&D facilities Gakken Institute of Plant Technology
1-2-14, Honson
Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253
20 researchers
Bio-products Wasabi (horse radish) plantlets
Bio-targets Plant breeding using tissue culture, cell fusion, and
genetic engineering; micropropagation of plants
Contact address Mr. Hisaaki Tawa, Acting Director
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0467) 53-2027
Fax (0467) 51-3091

Gekkeikan Sake Co., Ud.

J3t!lff
Address 300, Katahara-cho
Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612
Phone (075) 623-2101
Established 1637
Business Food and beverages
72

Main activities Sake, plum wine, shochu, wine imports

Sales (1988) 631 mill. Yen
(100% from bio-related products)
Personnel 992
Bio R&D facilities General Research Laboratory
24, Shimoatoba Koyanagi-cho
Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612
25 researchers
Bio-products Sake, plum wine, shochu
Bio-targets Fermentation raw materials, handling techniques for
yeast and fungal enzymes, bioreactor for sake brewing,
products and procedures involving yeast, fungi, plants,
and rDNA
Contact address Mr. Yasuhisa Abe, Ass. to General Manager
24, Shimotoba, Koyanagi-cho
Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612
Phone (075) 623-2130
Fax (075) 623-2132

Ghen Corporation

/1'- /' · :1 - ~V- Y a /'

Address 296-1, Oritate
Gifu, Aichi-501-11
Phone (0582) 34-0777
Established 1963
Business Agriculture
Main activities Livestock, vaccines, silage, Lactobacillus-based feed,
diagnostics
Sales (1988) 4.1 bill. Yen
(40% from bio-related products)
Personnel 165
Bio R&D facilities Gifu Laboratory
Sano, Gifu
Tochigi Laboratory
82,Ogura
Imaichi, Tochigi
18 researchers
Bio-products Veterinary vaccines and diagnostics (ELISA), veteri-
nary drugs based on enzymes, silage products
Bio-targets Immunodiagnostics, vaccines
Contact address Mr. Mao Bando, Corporate Vice President
Above address (Ai chi)
Phone (0582) 34-0777
Fax (0582) 34-0892
 73

Gifu Bio Farm Co., Ud.

~JjlJ~' -1 ;t '7 '7 - A
Address 333-3, Shimomakuwa Shinseicho
Motosu-gun, Gifu 501-04
Phone (0583) 24-0008
Established 1988
Business Agriculture
Main activities Flowers and seedlings based on plant tissue culture
Sales (1988) 30 mill. Yen
Personnel 10 (8 researchers)
Bio-products Seedlings for bulb plant
Bio-targets Seedlings, bulbs based on plant tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Noboru Takahashi, General Manager
Above address
Phone (0583) 24-0008
Fax (0583) 24-8880

Godo Shusei Co., Ltd.

~fD1i@m
Address 6-2-10, Ginza
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3575-2705
Established 1924
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Sake, wine, liquors, health drinks and food, enzymes,
pharmaceuticals
Sales (1987) 34.2 bill. Yen
(95% from bio-related products)
Personnel 850
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
250 Nakahara, Kamihongo
Matsudo, Chiba 271
Phone (0473) 62-1158
50 researchers
Bio-products Sake, wine, alcohol, liquors
Enzymes such as glucose isomerase, lactase, protease,
cellulase, and chitinase
Pharmaceuticals
Bio-targets Food, industrial enzymes, biologically active substan-
ces, diagnostics
74

Contact address Mr. Mitsutaro Shimada, General Manager, R&D

Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3575-2705
Fax (03) 3574-6429

Green Cross Corporation

1J.c'~+~
Address 1-3-3, Imabashi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 228-0700
Established 1950
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Plasma products
Sales (1988) 73.7 bill. Yen
(1.4% from bio-related products)
Personnel 2574
Bio R&D facilities Biotechnology Center
2-1180-1, Shodai-ohtani
Hirakata, Osaka 573
45 researchers
Bio-investments Chimeratech Corp., USA, joint venture with Ingene
Co., USA (AIDS research)
Bio-products Interferon-alpha, hepatitis-B vaccine cloned in yeast,
ELISA-based diagnostic kits for hepatatis B, AFP,
ferritin, etc.

Fig. 2.8. The Green Cross Central Research Laboratories, Osaka

(Courtesy of The Green Cross Co.)
 75

Bio-targets Plasma products produced by rDNA technology, cell

culture; monoclonal antibodies; basic study for gene
therapy; protein engineering
Contact address Dr. Haruhide Kawabe, Director of Biotechnology Center
Above address (Osaka 573)
Phone (072» 50-0100
Fax (0720) 57-5020

Green Research Center Co., Ltd.

I;~*~1t~iJ~~~ y >' -
Address 949, Miyanoue, Shigai-cho
Innoshima, Hiroshima 722-21
Phone (08452) 5-0236
Established 1988, under the BRAIN program of MAFF
(see Chap. 7)
Business Environment
Personnel 19
Bio-targets Development of plants for "interioscapes", hydroculture
systems, biochemical studies on environmental stress
Contact address Mr. Norimi Tsunemasa, Executive Chief, General
Affairs
Above address and phone number
Fax (08452) 5-0237

Gunze Ltd.
7" Y--e'
Address Umeda Center Bldg
2-4-12, Nakazaki-nishi
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 348-1313
Established 1896
Business Textiles
Main activities Textile fibers, underwear, textile engineering, phar-
maceuticals
Sales (1988) 42.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 4609
Bio R&D facilities Research Center, Bio-Research Department
1, Ishiburo, Ikurashin-cho
Ayabe, Kyoto 623
10 researchers
76

Bio-products Red dye from Monascus pilosus

Bio-targets Microbial colorants, health food
Contact address Mr. Michio Wakashiro, Bio Research Office
Above address (Kyoto)
Phone (0773) 42-9268
Fax (0773) 42-2887

Hakutsuru Sake Brewing Co., lid.

Bt~~~
Address 4-5-5, Sumiyoshi-minami-machi, Higashinada-ku
Kobe, Hyogo 658
Phone (078) 822-8910
Established 1743
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Sake, shochu, mirin, liquor, imported wines
Sales (1988) 50 bill. Yen
Personnel 520 (10 researchers)
Bio-products Sake, shochu, mirin
Bio-targets Sake yeast breeding, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Hideo Mishima, General Manager, Production
Management Department
Above address
Phone(078) 822-8910
Fax (078) 841-8332

Harima Chemicals, Inc.

1'l§{tJJXI~
Address 4-21, Dosho-machi
Higashi-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 201-2461
Fax (06) 227-1030
Established 1947
Business Chemicals
Main activities Synthetic resins, specialty chemicals
Sales (1988) 18.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 363 (10 bio researchers)
Bio R&D facilities Tsukuba Research Center
5-9-3, Tokodai
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 300-26
 77

Bio-products Unsaturated fatty acids

Bio-targets Fine chemicals from micro algae, orchids using plant
cell culture, pharmaceuticals
Contact address Mr. Yasutaka Nishii
Above address (Tsukuba)
Phone (0794) 22-3301

Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc.

f*JJi{!£~m{t~nJf~pjf
Address 1-2-3, Shimoishii, Okayama 700
Phone (0862) 24-4311
Business Food
Main activities Food additives, sugar specialties, pharmaceuticals,
enzymes
Sales (1988) 1.9 bill. Yen
(100% from bio-related products)
Personnel 209
Bio R&D facilities Fujisaki Institute and Fujisaki Cell Center
1-Fujisaki, Okayama 702
Amase Institute
7-7, Amase-minami-machi, Okayama 700
128 researchers
Bio-products Starch-derived sweeteners, interferon-alpha, de-
branching enzymes
Bio-targets Bioactive products from animal cell culture, starch-
based sweeteners, industrial enzymes, health food
Contact address Mr. Shuzo Sakai, Chief Director
Above address (Okayama 700)
Phone (0862) 22-7776
Fax (0862) 27-5285

Fig. 2.9. Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Fujisaki Cell Center, Okayama (Courtesy of
Hayashibara Co.)
78

Hayashikane Sangyo Co., Ud.

***~~
Address 2-4-8, Yamato-machi
Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 750
Phone (0832) 66-0215
Business Food
Main activities Fish sausage, sausages, ham
Sales (1988) 71.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 1320 (25 researchers)
Bio-products Protamine
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology for health food, low-temperature
protease
Contact address Mr. Tsuneo Shoji, Director, General Manager Develop-
ment
Above address
Phone (0832) 66-0215
Fax (0832) 66-1266

Hazama-Gum~ Ud.

fh~*Ji
Address 2-5-8, Kita-Aoyama
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3405-1111
Established 1889
Business Construction
Main activities Planning, design, construction and management of civil
engineering, construction of buildings and other
architectures
Sales (1988) 455.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 4772
Bio R&D facilities Research Center
4-17-23, Honmachi Nishi
Yono, Saitama 338
100 researchers
Bio-products Facilities for biotechnology R&D and manufacture,
e.g., clean rooms for the pharmaceutical and food
industry
Bio-targets Design and construction of facilities for biotechnology,
marine biotechnology such as fish and coral breeding,
wastewater treatment
 79

Contact address Mr. Toyoyasu Sada, General Manager of Research

Center
Above address (Saitama)
Phone (048) 854-3113
Fax (048) 854-6602

Higashimaru Shoyu Co., Ltd.

l:: jf Y 7 }vi!1EI:I
Address 100-3, Tominaga, Tatsuno-cho
Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-41
Phone (0791) 63-4567
Established 1942
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, moromi, mirin, seasonings, vinegar, dressings,
soups
Sales (1988) 18.0 bill. Yen
(65% from bio-related products)
Personnel 450 (50 researchers)
Bio-products Fermented food, soy sauce, moromi, mirin
Bio-targets Breeding of microorganisms, microbial enzymes,
bioreactor technology, functional food
Contact address Mr. Terasu Nishiyama, Director of Laboratories
Above address
Phone (0791) 63-4567
Fax (0791) 63-4852

Higeta Shoyu Co., Ltd.

l:: If' ~ lI1EI:I
Address 2-3, Koami-cho, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3669-1441
Established 1918
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce
Sales (1988) 12 bill. Yen
Personnel 503
Bio R&D facilities Higeta Research Center
2-8 Chuo-cho
Choshi, Chiba 288
19 researchers
80

Bio-products Soy sauce, biochemical reagents

Bio-targets Genetic engineering of bacteria, amino polysaccharides
Contact address Dr. Kiyoshi Kadowaki, Director
Above address (Chiba)
Phone (0479) 22-1180
Fax (0479) 25-2132

Hiroshima Institute for Tissue Culture Technology, Ltd.

J1:lffi*Jl~~lt~Jf~pfi
Address 10, Otoshi, Hichijo-kabusaka, Shiwa-cho
Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-02
Phone (0824) 33-4271
Established 1985
Business Agriculture
Main activities Asparagus, flowering grasses by tissue culture techni-
ques
Sales (1988) 10 mill. Yen
Personnel 11 (5 researchers)
Bio-targets Flowers and vegetables using tissue culture techniques,
mushrooms
Contact address Headquarters

Hitachi Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Co., Ltd.

BlL~~
Address 1-23-2, Kanda, Suda-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3255-7271
Established 1963, as subsidiary of Hitachi Ltd.
Business Machinery
Main activities Commodities and equipment, engineering, services and
maintenance
Sales (1987) 102.8 bill. Yen
(7% from bio-related products)
Personnel 1100
Bio R&D facilities Environmental Technology Research Center
508, Joyohuta, Aza-Mizusuna
Kashiwa, Chiba 277
15 researchers
 81

Bio-targets Clean room systems, air conditioning, low-temperature

control systems, instrumentation, agriculture and marine
equipment
Contact address Mr. Toshio Wada, Chief Engineering of Environmen-
tal Technology Research Center
Above address (Chiba)
Phone (0471) 32-8191
Fax (0471) 32-5309

Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.

BJL{tJJJ:I~
Address Shinjuku Mitsui Bldg
2-1-1 Nishi-Shinjuku
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163
Phone (03) 3346-3111
Established 1962
Business Chemicals
Main activities Electronic products, industrial and inorganic chemicals,
pharmaceuticals and diagnostics, fine chemicals
Sales (1987) 249.7 bill. Yen
(2% from bio-related products)
Personnel 4982
Bio R&D facilities Tsukuba Research Laboratory
48 Wadai
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-42
80 researchers
Ibaraki Research Laboratory
4-13-1, Higashi-cho
Hitachi, Ibaraki 317
120 researchers
Hitachi Research Center
California Medical University, Irvine
from 1990, with 30 researchers
Bio-products Urokinase, MS antigen, ointments, diagnostics for blood
analysis, HPLC columns
Bio-targets Pharmaceutical products and diagnostic reagents,
monoclonal antibodies, animal and plant tissue culture,
wastewater treatment
Contact address Dr. Sumio Noguchi, Executive Manging Director, R&D
Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3346-3111
Fax (03) 3346-2572
82

Fig. 210. Hitachi Chern. Co., Tsukuba Research Laboratory

(Courtesy of Hitachi Co.)

Hitachi, Ltd.

BJL~fFpJT
Address 4-6, Kanda-Surugadai
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3258-1111
Established 1920
Business Electrical Machinery
Main activities Power systems and equipment, industrial plants and
machinery, control systems, industrial and scientific
instrumentation, information and communication
systems, electronic devices, consumer products
Sales (1988) 3395.8 bill. Yen
« 1% from bio-related products)
Personnel 78352
 83

Bio R&D facilities Advanced Research Laboratory

1-280, Higashi-koigakubo
Kokubunji, Tokyo 185
80 researchers
Bio-products Equipment for biotechnology
Bio-targets Genetic engineering, protein engineering, cell culture,
measurement and control equipment for biotechnology
Contact address Mr. Youji Odawara, Manager, System Engineering Div.
Above address (Tokyo 101)
Phone (03) 3258-1111
Fax (03) 3258-5811

Hitachi Plant Engineering and Constuction Co., Ltd.

81L7°7:'; r~~
Address 1-1-14, Uchi-Kanda
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3292-8111
Established 1929
Business Construction and Engineering
Main activities Advanced environmental control systems, construction
of factories and power plants, wastewater treatment
facilities, air-pollution control systems, software
engineering, material handling systems
Sales (1988) 166 bill. Yen
Personnel 2300
Bio R&D facilities Matsudo Research Laboratory
537, Funatsuki, Kamihongo
Matsudo, Chiba 271
Bio-products Clean rooms, biohazard systems, pyrogen-free water
systems, wastewater treatment facilities, factory and
laboratory automation systems
Bio-targets Wastewater treatment, products relating to chromato-
graphy and electrophoresis
Contact address Mr. Setsuo Koga, General Manager
1-3-2 Kita-Otsuka
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170
Phone (03) 3910-7171
Fax (03) 3910-7120
84

Hitachi Zosen Corporation

BJL~Wd
Address 2274-1, Habu-cho
Innoshima, Hiroshima 722-23
Phone (08452) 2-0131
Established 1881
Business Machinery
Main activities Shipbuilding, construction of plants, machinery, engines,
power generation systems, nuclear power- and environ-
ment-related equipment
Sales (1987) 256.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 4550
Bio-products Health drink, equipment for biomass conversion and
aquaculture
Bio-targets Ethanol, methane production, bioreactor technology,
marine biotechnology, animal and plant cell culture,
health food
Contract address Mr. Junji Kimura, General Manager
Above address
Phone (08452) 2-0131
Fax (08452) 2-1229

Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.

{:~± Jr ~{t~I~
Address 1-4-2, Toranomon
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3504-8631
Established 1916
Business Chemicals
Main activities Chemicals for reprographic processes, pharmaceuticals,
agrochemicals
Sales (1987) 33.2 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 1111
Bio R&D activities Biochemical Laboratories
6-2-30,Oji
Kita-ku, Tokyo 114
30 researchers
Bio-products Plant growth regulator
Bio-targets Industrial enzymes, protein engineering, enzymatic
synthesis of chemicals, bio-pesticides, lymphokines,
plasminogen activator
 85

Contact address Mr. Izumi Yamane, R&D Department

Above address (Tokyo 105)
Phone (03) 3504-8720
Fax (03) 3504-8797

Hoechst Japan Ltd.

.A..4-:A r· Y~.I~/
Address 1-10-16, Akasaka
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3479-5131
Established 1966
Business Pharmaceuticals
Sales (1987) 82.5 bill. Yen
(10% from bio-related products)
Personnel 1861
Bio R&D facilities Pharma Research Laboratory
1-3-2, Minamidai
Kawagoe, Saitama 350
180 researchers
Bio-products Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies

Fig. 2.11. Hoechst Pharma Research Laboratory, Kawagoe, Saitama (Courtesy of Hoechst Co.)
86

Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, erythropoietin, drugs against

autoimmune diseases, growth-regulatory factors, DNA
probes, protein engineering
Contact address Dr. Hiromi B. Maruyama, Deputy Head
Above address (Saitama)
Phone (0492) 43-6100
Fax (0492) 45-6036

Hohnen Oil Co., Ud.

~£F~iE8
Address 1-2-3, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3211-6511
Fax (03) 3214-2778
Established 1922
Business Food
Main activities Fats and oils, starch
Sales (1987) 75.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 856
Bio R&D facilities R&D Laboratory
2, Shin-Minato-machi
Shimizu-shi, Shizuoka
Sugiyama Laboratory
11, Kagetori-cho, Totsuka-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa
Bio-products Lectin, diagnostics
Bio-targets Lectin-derived products, enzymes using genetic engineer-
ing
Contact address Mr. Noburu Kato, Director, R&D Division
Above address (Tokyo)

Hokkai Can Co., Ltd. - Canning Research Institute

Address 396, Miyanosawa, Teine, Nishi-ku

Sapporo, Hokkaido 063
Phone (011) 661-2581
Established 1921
Business Food
 87

Main activities Canning

Sales (1988) 64.7 bill. Yen (company)
Personnel 1070 (company), 12 (research institute)
Bio-products Plantlets and seeds produced by tissue culture methods
Bio-targets Plant tissue culture, screening of enzymes
Contact address Mr. Shigeki Satoh, Manager
Above address
Phone (011) 661-2581
Fax (011) 661-0928

Hokkaido Green-Bio Institute

~t#ij]! ~~ I) - ::,; J~' -1 ;f liJf~pJT
Address East 5 North 15
Naganuma, Hokkaido 069-13
Phone (01238) 9-2046
Established 1987, under the BRAIN program of MAFF
(see Chap. 7)
Business Agriculture
Main activities Plant breeding using biotechnology
Personnel 20 (18 researchers)
Bio-targets Breeding of cold-tolerant rice, soybean, and other beans;
breeding of disease resistant wheat (blight)
Contact address Mr. Tsuyoshi Kageura, General Manger, Research
Division
Above address
Phone (01238) 9-2046
Fax (01238) 9-2041

Hokkaido Nissin Co., Ltd.

Address 1007-90, Izumisawa

Chitose, Hokkaido 066
Phone (0123) 28-3155
Established 1987
Business Food
Main activities Confectionary, soy protein, vegetable cheese
Sales (1988) 1.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 80
88

Bio R&D facilities Biotech and Food Development Division

Above address
6 researchers
Bio-targets Microbial enzymes for food processing, plant tissue
culture, health food, genetic engineering of lactobac-
teria
Contact address Mr. Kiyoshi Ohba, Manager
Above address
Phone (0123) 28-3155
Fax (0123) 28-3159

Hokkaido Sugar Co., Ud.

~ti~:@~*!
Address 2-1, Kanda linbo-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3265-7908
Established 1968
Business Food
Main activities Beet sugar, industrial enzymes
Sales (1988) 36.1 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 613
Bio R&D facilities Kitami Factory, Enzyme Department
101, Kitagami
Kitami, Hokkaido 099-15
6 researchers
Bio-products Industrial enzymes (related to sugars, protease), micro
algae
Bio-targets Sugar-related enzymes, bioreactors, micro algae
Contact address Mr. Ryuji Kanda, General Manager, Technical Depart-
ment
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3265-7908
Fax (03) 3264-8326
 89

Hokko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

~t~1t$I~
Address 4-4-2, Nihonbashi Hongo
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3279-5151
Fax (03) 3279-5195
Established 1950
Business Chemicals
Main activities Agrochemicals
Sales (1988) 43.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 796
Bio R&D facilities R&D Center
2165, Toda
Atsugi-shi
(5 researchers)
Bio-targets Antibiotics for agrochemical use, insect and plant cell
culture, rice breeding, bio-pesticides
Contact address Mr. Kaoru Chiba, Director
Above address
Phone (0462) 28-5881

Holrudo Co., Ltd.

*'l' r"-
Address 10-4-28, Nishi Hachiken 9-jo, Nishi-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 063
Phone (011) 641-7507
Established 1973
Business Trade
Main activities Experimental animals, animal facilities, medical research
facilities, veterinary diagnostic materials
Sales (1989) 400 mill. Yen
(8% from bio-related products)
Personnel 12
Bio R&D facilities Toya Research Laboratory
19, Shimizu, Abuta-cho
Abuta-gun, Hokkaido 049
2 researchers
Bio-targets Immunoreagents, diagnostic antibodies
Contact address Mr. Hiroshi Nagai, General Manager
Above address (Hokkaido 049)
Phone (01428) 3-3982
Fax (01428) 3-2959
90

Hokuto Industries Co., tid.

*1"f!l~
Address 138-1, Ohji-minamihorijimura-higashi
Nagano, Nagano 380
Phone (0262) 43-3111
Established 1963
Business Food
Main activities Mushrooms
Sales (1988) 5.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 130 (26 researchers)
Bio-products Mushrooms
Bio-targets Cell fusion, gene technology
Contact address Headquarters

Hombo Brewery Co., Ltd.

*~i@~
Address 1-5, Sumiyoshi-cho
Kagoshima, Kagoshima 892
Phone (0992) 26-1291
Established 1909
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Liquors, wines, whisky
Sales (1988) 8 bill. Yen
Personnel 257
Bio R&D facilities Biotechnology Laboratory
3-27, Nanei
Kagoshima, Kagoshima 891-01
10 researchers
Bio-products Liquors, wine, whiskey
Bio-targets Cell fusion applied to beverage production, plant
production using plant tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Kiichiro Hombo, Vice President
Above address
Phone (0992) 26-1291
Fax (0992) 26-1296
 91

Hoyu Co., Ltd.

*-.:z.-
Address 1-501, Tokugawa, Higashi-ku
Nagoya, Aichi
Phone (052) 935-9556
Established 1924
Business Chemicals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics
Sales (1988) 17 bill. Yen
Personnel 600
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratories
1-12, Rouboku, Nagakute, Nagakute-cho
Aichi-gun, Aichi
60 researchers
Bio-targets Bio-cosmetic materials derived from plant and animal
cell culture
Contact address Mr. Masayasu Tsuji, Director R&D
Above address
Phone (05616) 2-0511
Fax (05616) 2-1777

Ichibiki Co., Ltd.

-1 1- t:'.:f-
Address 1-11-6, Shinotou, Atsuta-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 441
Phone (052) 671-9111
Established 1919
Business Food
Main activities Miso, soy sauce
Sales (1988) 11.4 bill. Yen
(73% from bio-related products)
Personnel 391
Bio-products Miso, soy sauce
Bio-targets Microbial screening, cell fusion, killer yeasts, bioreac-
tor technology
Contact address Mr. Makoto Nakamura, Director R&D
I-Saito, Hanada-cho
Toyohashi, Aichi-440
Phone (0532) 32-3631
Fax (0532) 31-1343
92

Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd

tltJt!ID!~
Address 3-1-1, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3213-9332
Established 1911
Business Energy
Main activities Petroleum refining, sale of oils, gas, and coal
Sales (1988) 1552.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 5497
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories, Bioscience Laboratory
1280, Kamiizumi, Sodegaura-machi
Kimitsu-gun, Chiba 299-02
20 researchers
Bio-targets Bioreactors for the manufacture of fine chemicals,
diagnostics using monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Mr. Seiji Doi, R&D
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3213-9332
Fax (03) 3201-7677

Idemitsu Petrochemical Co., Ltd.

lliJtEM31t~
Address 3-1-1, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3213-9383
Established 1964
Business Chemicals
Main activities Petrochemicals, resins, food, reagents
Sales (1987) 250 bill. Yen
(0.05% from bio-related products)
Personnel 2300
Bio R&D facilities R&D Center for Biochemicals
1660, Kamiizumi, Sodegaura-cho
Kimitsu-gun, Chiba 299-02
19 researchers
Bio-products Gamma linoleic acid, health food containing this acid,
other polyunsaturated fatty acids, staple food
Bio-targets Microbial produ~tion of polyunsaturated fatty acids,
natural product screening, super-critical extraction of
ethanol from fermentation broths, health food, phar-
maceuticals
 93

Contact address Mr. Kazumi Ito, Manager, Planning and Development

Department
Mr. Shigeru Matsui, Senior Engineer, Planning and
Development Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3213-9383
Fax (03) 3214-7337

Ihara Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

-1 j " :;:; 'r ~ :h }v I~
Address 26-1-4, Ikenohara
Taito-ku. Tokyo
Phone (03) 3822-5223
Establishe.d 1968
Business Chemicals
Main activities Agrochemcials, specialty chemicals, pharmaceutical
intermediates, paints
Sales (1988) 15.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 357
Bio R&D facilities R&D Division
2256, Nakanoko, Fujikawa-cho
Ihara-gun, Shizuoka 421-33
69 researchers
Bio-targets Marine biotechnology, cultivation of algae
Contact address Mr. Masao Matsushita, Manager, Administration Section
Above address (Shizuoka)
Phone (0545) 81-3377
Fax (0545) 81-3680

Ikeda Tohka Industries Co., Ltd.

jiQrn*J!1tI~
Address 2-28, Sakurababa-cho
Fukuyama, Hiroshima 720
Phone (0849) 21-3141
Established 1904
Business Food
Main activities Caramel color, seasonings, sweeteners, food colorants,
food
94

Sales (1988) 30.5 bill. Yen

(5% from bio-related products)
Personnel 290 (7 researchers)
Bio-products Natural flavors and food colorants
Bio-targets Microbial products, bioreactor technology, plant
breeding, health food
Contact address Mr. Hisanori Jin, Chief, Research Division
95-1, Minooki-cho
Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721
Phone (0849) 54-5733
Fax (0849) 53-5177

Imuraya Confectionary Co., Ltd.

#*'fm~~
Address 3730, Takachaya-komoricho
Tsu, Mie 514
Phone (0592) 34-2131
Established 1947
Business Food
Main activities Confectionary, food, restaurants
Sales (1988) 24 bill. Yen
Personnel 660
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
Above address
40 researchers
Bio-targets Microbial products, cell fusion, food additives
Contact address Mr. Hirotaka Atsumi, Director
Above address
Phone (0592) 34-2131
Fax (0592) 34-2130

Ina Food Industry Co., Ltd.

{Jf11~]t£I~
Address 5047, Nishi-haruchika
Ina, Nagano 399-44
Phone (0265) 78-1121
Established 1958
Business Food
Main activities Agar for pharmaceutical, food, and industrial use
Sales (1988) 5.8 bill. Yen
 95

Personnel 148
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory
Above address
16 researchers
Bio-products Agar media, agarose
Bio-targets Other polysaccharides, diagnostic reagents, functional
foods
Contact address Mr. Yuji Uzuhashi, General Manager
Above address
Phone (0265) 78-1121
Fax (0265) 78-6803

Iseki & Co., Ltd.

Address 700, Umaki-cho

Matsuyama, Ehime 799-26
Phone (0899) 79-6111
Established 1936
Business Machinery
Main activities Equipment for agriculture, food; buildings, civil en-
gineering
Sales (1988) 118 bill. Yen
Personnel 3300
Bio R&D facilities Tsukuba Research Laboratories
4818, Ami, Ami-cho
Inashiki-gun, Ibaragi 300-03
20 researchers
Bio-targets Plant biotechnology using tissue culture and genetic
engineering techniques
Contact address Mr. Toshihiko Tachibana, General Manager
Above address (Ibaragi)
Phone (0298) 87-8471
Fax (0298) 87-8474

Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Co., Ltd.

{1JJj{itl~
Address 1-3-22, Edoboro
Nishi-ku, Osaka 550
Phone (06) 444-1452
96

Established 1920
Business Chemicals
Main activities Inorganic pigments, magnetic materials, agrochemicals,
organic intermediates
Sales (1088) 67 bill. Yen
Personnel 1600
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Institute, Biochemistry Research
Laboratory
2-3-1, Nishi-shibukawa
Kusatsu, Shiga 525
33 researchers
Bio-targets Drugs based on rDNA technology, monoclonal
antibodies
Contact address Mr. Hiroyuki Mori, Dputy General Manager, Corporate
Planning Division
2-10-3, Fujimi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3230-8748
Fax (03) 3230-8788

Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

{1JIl~tl§mI~
Address 2-2-1, Okutemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3244-5111
Fax (03) 3244-6053
Established 1889
Business Shipbuilding
Main activities Ships, airplanes, spacecrafts, land machinery, plant
construction
Sales (1988) 714.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 15585
Bio R&D facilities Kumamoto, under construction
Bio-products Health food
Bio-targets Bioengineering, marine biomass technology, plant
production facilities, plant cell culture, wastewater
treatment facilities
Contact address Mr. Shin Shimizu, Assistant Manager, Industrial
Laboratory
Above address
Phone (03) 3534-3334
 97

Itoh Oil Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

{jfni~M:J
Address 13-26, Suehiro-cho
Yokkaichi, Mie 510
Phone (0593) 52-5104
Established 1946
Business Chemicals
Main activities Castor oil, elastomers, paint additives
Sales (1988) 4.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 72
Bio R&D facilities Chemical Division, Bio Group
Above address
3 researchers
Bio-targets Bioreactor for oleochemicals production
Contact address Mr. Chozo Yamaguchi, Managing Director, Chemical
Division
Above address
Phone (0593) 52-5104
Fax (0593) 53-9531

Iwata Chemical Co., Ltd.

~ff1{t~I~
Address 3069, Naka-izumi
Iwata, Shizuoka 438
Phone (0538) 35-5100
Established 1957
Business Chemicals
Main activites Organic acids, food additives
Sales (1988) 4.3 bill. Yen
(75% from bio-related products)
Personnel 83
Bio-products Organic acids, enzymes
Bio-targets Improvement of production processes, new products
Contact address Mr. Miyaji Terada
Above address
Phone (0538) 35-5100
Fax (0538) 35-5105
98

Iwate Bio-Research Center Ltd.

B-=FJ'C 1 ;t? A~Jf~~ /':!-
Address Koiwai Farm
Shizukuishi, Iwate 020-05
Phone (0196) 92-4701
Business Agriculture
Main activities Cultivation bed derived from forest biomass for the
culture of vegetables, flowers, and mushrooms
Personnel 9 (6 researchers)
Bio-targets Utilization of forest biomass
Contact address Mr. Shohachi Murasato, General Manager
Above address
Phone (0196) 92-4701
Fax (0196) 92-4702

Japan Com Starch Co., Ltd.

B*:J-/'A:!-T
Address 2-20-19, Marunouchi, Nakaku
Nagoya, Aichi 460
Phone (0566) 42-3131
Established 1962
Business Food
Main activities Cornstarch, corn syrup, high-fructose corn syrup,
modified starches, gluten, feed
Sales (1988) 40 bill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 320
Bio R&D facilities Development Center
Above address
30 researchers
Bio-products Corn syrup, high-fructose corn syrup
Bio-targets Enzymatic starch hydrolysis, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Akihiko Kawakita, General Manager R&D
Above address
Phone (0566) 42-3138
Fax (0566) 48-2479
 99

Japan Element Industry Co., Ltd.

B*.:r:vj/'rI~
Address 5-23-3, Watanabe dori
Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810
Phone (0942) 27-0141
Established 1962
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Veterinary products
Sales (1988) 570 mill. Yen
(55% from bio-related products)
Personnel 35
Bio R&D facilities Kurume Factory
1698-1, Yasutake Hon, Yasutake
Kurume, Fukuoka 839-01
6 researchers
Bio-products Feed additives containing enzymes, veterinary enzyme
drugs, fermentation aids
Bio-targets Veterinary antibiotics, health food, alcoholic beverages
Contact address Mr. Hikaru Imamura, Managing Director
Above address (Fukuoka 839)
Phone (0942) 27-2045
Fax (0942) 26-7316

Japan Food Processing Co., Ltd.

B*jtt-t1tI
Address 66, Aoba-cho, Miyazaki 880
Phone (0985) 23-2241
Established 1960
Business Food
Main activities Seasonings, canned food, smoked prodcuts
Personnel 80 (2 researchers)
Bio-targets Cell fusion applied to Basidiomyces mushrooms, mush-
room seasonings
Contact address Mr. Kouichi Sugita
Food Research Institute
66, Aoba-cho, Miyazaki 880
Phone (0985) 23-2241
Fax (0985) 29-7677
100

Japan Organo Co., Ltd.

;t JJ.;i//
Address 5-5-16, Hongo
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3812-5151
Established 1946
Business Machinery
Main activities Water deionizers, sugar refining plants, water and waste-
water treatment plants
Sales (1988) 44 bill. Yen
(5% from bio-related products)
Personnel 900
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories
1-4-9, Kawagishi
Toda, Saitama 335
20 researchers
Bio-products Laboratory equipment, gels, anaerobic wastewater
treatment system
Bio-targets Bioreactors for pharmaceuticals and food, laboratory
equipment
Contact address Mr. Masaharu Horie, Manager
Above address
Phone (0484) 46-1881
Fax (0484) 46-1966

Japan Pharmaceutical Development Co., Ltd.

B*~gf}rj~
Address Ekimae 3rd Bldg. 1027
1-1-3, Umeda
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 344-5481
Established 1968
Business Pharmaceuticals
Sales (1989) 3.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 200
Bio R&D facilities Hagiware Institute of Health
Maruyama, Asazuma
Kasai, Hyogo 679-01
20 researchers
Bio-products Serum-free media for animal cell culture, monoclonal
antibodies, superoxide dismutase
 101

Bio-targets Health food, pharmaceuticals from animal tissue culture,

protein engineering, pharmaceuticals against AIDS,
neuro-immunopathies, skin diseases
Contact address Dr. Hideaki Hagiwara, Director, Foods and Drugs
Laboratories
1-26-1, Mitsuya Minami
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532
Phone (06) 308-1471
Fax (06) 308-3381

Japan Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd.

Bf4~
Address 22-1, Ichiban
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3264-8191
Established 1965
Business Machinery
Main activities Scientific instruments
Sales (1988) 7.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 250
Bio-products DNA synthesizer, gas-phase protein sequencer
Bio-targets Bio-related equipment, biosensors, HPLC
Contact address Mr. Toshihiko Senba, Manager
Above address
Phone (03) 3686-8810

Japan Steel Works, lid.

B*~~~pJT
Address Hibiya Mitsui Bldg.
1-1-2, Yuraku-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3501-6111
Established 1907
Business Steel
Main activities Steel, pressure vesels, plastic machinery, chemical plants,
and processing machinery; waste recycling equipment
Sales (1988) 108.7 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 3930
102

Bio R&D facilities Research Center for Advanced Technologies

3rd Group Research Section
1321, Yoshioka
Yotsukaido, Chiba 284
5 researchers
Bio-products Composting system, soil-bed type deodorizing system
Bio-targets Composting and deodorizing systems for municipal
garbage, lifestock breeding, bioreactors using im-
mobilized enzymes, microbial screening
Contact address Mr. Akira Kosaki, General Manger, Development
Center, R&D Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3501-6125
Fax (03) 3595-4615

Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd.

B*~~~"J:..
Address 2-11-24, Tsukiji
Chuo-ku. Tokvo 104
Phone (03) 3541-4111
Established 1957
Business Chemicals
Main activities Production and sale of synthetic rubber, latex, resins,
adhesives, coating materials, photoresists, chemicals
Sales (1989) 174.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 2806
Bio R&D facilities Tsukuba Research Laboratory
25, Miyukigaoka
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305
50 researchers
Bio-targets Equipment, reagents for mammalian cell culture, and
production of products using this technology; bioreac-
tors for production of commodity chemicals; diagnos-
tics, medical materials
Contact address Dr. Masao Kariya, Manager R&D
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3541-4111
Fax (03) 3542-3067
 103

Fig. 2.12 Japan Synthetic Rubber, Tsukuba Research Laboratory

(Courtesy of Japan Synthetic Rubber Co.)

Japan Tobacco Inc.

B:$:t.: '-f L. j£~
Address 2-2-1, Toranomon
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3582-3111
Established 1985 as a private company
Main activities Tobacco, cigarettes, salt
Sales (1988) 2797.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 28 100
Bio R&D facilities Life Science Research Laboratory
6-2, Umegaoka, Midori-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 227
42 researchers
Plant Breeding and Genetics Research Laboratory
700, Higashi-hara, Toyoda-machi
Iwata-gun, Shizuoka 438
28 researchers
Bio companies Gei Di Agris (1987), for the marketing of agricultural
products
Lifics (1988), joint venture for the development of
pharmaceuticals, veterinary products and health food
Bio-products Tobacco seed
Bio-targets Virus control, novel cell lines, novel proteins, protein
engineering
104

Contact address Mr. Shigeki Nishikawaji, Fundamental Research

Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3582-3111
Fax (03) 3583-1098

JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.

8*-;- ~ 7J}v 1) ~-T
Address 3-4-20, Mikagehonmachi, Higashi-nada-ku
Kobe, Hyogo 658
Phone (078) 842-1189
Established 1975
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Biological products from urine, human growth factors
Sales (1988) 5.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 80
Bio R&D facilities 3-2-61, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku
Kobe, Hyogo 673-02
25 researchers
Bio-products Urokinase, growth hormone (HCG), research reagents
(cytokines, inhibitors, antibodies)
Bio-targets Human interferon-alpha, drugs from microorganisms
and human plasma, bioactive substances from urine
Contact address Mr. Hajime Hiratani, Executive Director
Above address
Phone (078) 991-4461
Fax (078) 991-4460

JGC Corporation

Address 2-2-1, Otemachi

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3279-5441
Established 1928
Business Engineering
Main activities Construction and engineering for petroleum refineries,
gas processirig, nuclear and petrochemical plants, food
processing and medical facilities, pipelines, and environ-
mental facilities
 105

Sales (1989) 215.3 bill. Yen

(8% from bio-related products)
Personnel 2595
Bio R&D facilities Yokohama Research Laboratory
1-14-1, Bessho, Minami-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 232
30 researchers
Bio-products Bioreactors for alcohol fermentation, food production
and synthesis, scale-up equipment for cell culture, waste-
water treatment
Bio-targets Bio-related plant construction and engineering, develop-
ment of biotechnological processes for alcohol, food,
pharmaceuticals, etc., facilities for fermentation and cell
culture
Contact address Dr. Tomiaki Yamada, Manager, Biotechnology Research
Department
above address (Yokohama)
Phone (045) 721-7130
Fax (045) 721-7321

Jujo Paper Co., Ltd.

+f~~m
Address 5-21-1,Oji
Kita-ku, Tokyo 114
Phone (03) 3911-5106
Established 1949
Business Paper, pulp
Main activities Paper, printing, carbonless copying, carton blanks,
housing, landscape
Sales (1987) 342 bill. Yen
Personnel 4500
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
Above address
5 researchers
Bio-targets Mass production of plants using tissue culture, breeding
offorest trees withstanding various diseases using rDNA
procedures
Contact address Dr. Kunio Rata, General Mananger
Above address
Phone (03) 3911-5106
Fax (03) 3914-3350
106

K.F. Engineering Co., Ltd.

Jr-1x. 7.I. / y'::'7 I) /~f'
Address 2-27-10, Hachobori
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3552-6751
Established 1979
Business Construction and Engineering
Main activities Construction and engineering of plants for chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, food, agrochemicals, and farming.
Facilities for sake, wine, and alcohol production; R&D
facilities for biotechnology, including GLP laboratories
Sales (1988) 650 mill. Yen
(90% from bio-related products)
Personnel 20
Bio-targets Bioreactors for fermentation, cell culture and marine
biotechnology, equipment for down-stream processing,
e.g., by membrane separation
Contact address Mr. Takeshi Saito, marketing and New Business
Development Division
Above address
Phone (03) 3552-6751
Fax (03) 3552-6565

K.I. Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

Jr -1 · 7-11bJX
Address 328, Shioshinden Hamano, Fukude-cho
Iwata-gun, Shizuoka 437-2
Phone (0538) 58-1000
Established 1976
Business Chemicals
Main activities Intermediates for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,
pesticides, food additives, enzymes
Sales (1988) 3.3 bill. Yen
(15% from bio-related products)
Personnel 125
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory, Bio Group
Above address
6 researchers
Bio-targets Enzymes, microorganisms, bioreactor technology
 107

Contact address Mr. Hajime Miwa, Senior Researcher, R&D Division

Above address
Phone (0538) 58-1000
Fax (0538) 58-1263

Kagome Co., Ltd.

fJ ::i' j.
Address 3-14-15, Nishiki, Naka-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 460
Phone (052) 951-3571
Established 1949
Business Food
Main activities Soft drinks, ketchup and sauces, fast food
Sales (1988) 106.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 1099
Bio R&D facilities Kagome Research Institute
17, Nishi-tomiyama, Nishi-nasuno-cho
Nasu-gun, Tochigi 329-27
20 researchers
Bio-products Orchid seedlings, tomatoes
Bio-targets Flowers and tomatoes produced by tissue culture and
cell fusion
Contact address Mr. Kiyoshi Fukuya, Manager
Above address (Tochigi)
Phone (0287) 36-2935
Fax (0287) 36-7169

Kagura Shuzo K.K.

fEll~i@~
Address 144-1, Takachiho-cho
Nishi-Vsuki-gun, Miyazaki 882-16
Phone (0982) 76-1111
Established 1954
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Liquors
Sales (1987) 4.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 110 (2 researchers)
Bio-targets Cell fusion, health food, agro biochemicals
Contact address Headquarters
108

Kainos Laboratories, Inc.

iJ1J7..
Address 4-2-1, Yushima
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3816-4115
Established 1975
Business Chemicals
Main activities Diagnostic reagents for clinical testing, materials for
medical care
Sales (1988) 3.55 bill. Yen
(20% from bio-related products)
Personnel 135
Bio R&D facilities Ito Laboratory
1247-7, Aza Asahi, Oka
Ito, Shizuoka 417
16 researchers
Bio-products Diagnostic enzymes, biochemical reagents, tumor marker
reagents based on immunoassays, monoclonal antibodies
Bio-targets Immunodiagnostics, biochips
Contact address Mr. Hiroie Ohno, Planning Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3816-4115
Fax (03) 3816-4970

Kajima Corporation

~lffi~5~
Address 1-2-7, Motoakasaka
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3404-3311
Established 1840
Business Construction and Engineering
Main activities All aspects of construction, engineering, management
and consulting including land development and
improvement
Sales (1988) 12 300 bill. Yen
Personnel 12776
Bio R&D facilities Kajima Institute of Construction Technology
2-19-1, Tobitakyu
Chofu, Tokyo 182
16 researchers
 109

Bio-products Facilities for wastewater treatment, bio-deodorization,

methane fermentation, biohazards, plant production,
fish farming, tree planting
Bio-targets Environmental control including bacterial deodoriza-
tion and waste fluid reclaim; marine biotechnology, tree
planting
Contact address Dr. Masayoshi Morimoto, Chief Research Engineer
Above address (Tokyo 182)
Phone (0424) 85-1111
Fax (0424) 89-2896

Kanebo Ltd.
ii~1J
Address 1-5-90, Tomobuchi-cho
Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534
Phone (06) 922-8096
Established 1887
Business Textiles
Main activities Textiles, synthetic fibers and staples, cosmetics, phar-
maceuticals, food, industrial materials, information
systems
Sales (1089) 481.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 9086
Bio R&D facilities Chemistry Laboratory
5-3-28, Kotobuki
Odawara, Kanagawa 250
Bio-products Shikonin dye from plant tissue culture, bio cosmetics,
facial cleansers containing immobilized enzymes
Bio-targets Bioactive su bstances from plant tissue culture, biopolym-
ers, anti-cancer drugs and diagnostics, health food
Contact address Mr. Takemoto Shizume, Manager, Biochemistry
Laboratory
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0465) 34-6116
Fax (0465) 34-2787
110

Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

ifiRM1t$I~
Address 3-2-4, Nakanoshima
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 226-5027
Established 1949
Business Chemicals
Main activities Chemicals, synthetic resins, plastics, synthetic fibers,
electronic materials, food, pharmaceuticals, medical
devices
Sales (1988) 200 bill. Yen
Personnel 3290
Bio R&D facilities Biochemical Research Laboratories
1-8, Miyamae-cho
Takasago-cho, Hyogo 676
140 researchers
Bio-products Baker's yeast, glutathione, ergosterol, biochemicals
Bio-targets Bulk pharmaceuticals, optically active intermediates,
drugs, serum-free culture, recombinant animal tissue
culture
Contact address Mr. Kiyoshi Watanabe, Executive Director, General
Manager
Above address (Hyogo)
Phone (0794) 45-2400
Fax (0794) 45-2459

Kanoji Institute Research Foundation

U~U)f~wr
Address 2-9-41, Yahata-machi
Kanonji, Kagawa 768
Phone (0875) 25-4171
Established 1934
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Promotion of projects from the Research Institute for
Microbial Diseases, Osaka University (see Chap. 5)
Service research in the clinical and environmental area
Sales (1988) 4.2 bill. Yen
(87% from bio-related products)
Personnel 271 (205 researchers)
Bio-products Vaccines for human and veterinary use (antitoxins,
hepatitis, varicella, measles, etc); diagnostics; media
and sera for animal tissue culture
 111

Bio-targets Immunology, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, cloning

services including cloning from pathogens; cancer
research; biomimetics, bioelectronics
Contact address Dr. Takeo Konobe, Vice Director
Above address
Phone (0875) 25-4171
Fax (0875) 23-2517

Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.

~~~7J
Address 3-3-22, Nakanoshima
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 441-8821
Established 1951
Business Energy
Main activities Electric power
Sales (1987) 2012.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 24354
Bio R&D facilities Technical Research Center
3-11-20, Nakoji
Amagasaki, Hyogo 661
162 researchers, 7 bio-researchers
Bio-targets Waste control using bacterial fiocculants, plant cell
culture, plant factories
Contact address Mr. Torn Akano, Manager, Environmental Research
Division
Above address (Hyogo)
Phone (06) 491-0221
Fax (06) 491-0221

Kansai Koso Co., Ltd.

Address 2-8-41, Nakahata

Chojo, Fukuoka 816
Phone (092) 581-9171
Established 1976
Business Manufacturing
Main activities Toiletries containing enzymes
Sale (1988) 2.5 bill. Yen
112

Personnel 100
Bio-products Protease-containing toiletries
Bio-targets Immobilized enzymes, bioactive compounds from plant
cell culture
Contact address Mr. Shiro Hayashi
Above address
Phone (092) 581-9171
Fax (092) 574-0166

Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.

1U]~~1/'~
Address 4-3-6, Fushirni-machi
Chuo-1m, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 203-5531
Established 1918
Business Chemicals
Main activities Paints
Sales (1987) 135.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 2825

Fig. 2.13. Kansai Paint Research Center, Hiratsuka (Courtesy of Kansai Paint)
 113

Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory

4-17-1, Higashi-Yawata
Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254
370 researchers
Bio-products Immobilization equipment using photo-crosslinkable
resin
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, koji acid fermentation, marine
biotechnology
Contact address Mr. Hiroyuki Nakayama, Manager, Technical Division
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0463) 23-2100
Fax (0463) 24-0637

Kanzaki Paper Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

fEfI_~*l1:
Address 3-7, Kanda, Ogawa-cho
Chiyoda-ku. Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3259-7211
Established 1948
Business Paper/pulp
Main activities Paper
Sales (1987) 138 bill. Yen
Personnel 2900
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory
4-3-1, Jokoji
Amagasaki, Hyogo 660
130 researchers
Bio-targets Sugar from biomass using bioreactor technology, biosen-
sors
Contact address Mr. Taiji Higaki, Director, Manager of Research
Laboratory
Above address (Hyogo)
Phone (06) 488-3211
Fax (06) 489-1181

Kao Corporation
rd
Address 1-14-10, Nihonbashi, Kayaba-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3660-7111
114

Established 1940
Business Chemicals
Main activities Consumers products, detergents, cosmetics, specialty
chemicals from fats and oils, floppy disks
Sales (1988) 490 bill. Yen
(15% from bio-related products)
Personnel 6697
Bio R&D facilities Tochigi First Research Laboratory
2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi
Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-34
182 researchers
Research facilities in Los Angeles, Berlin, Barcelona,
and Mindanao
Bio-products Industrial enzymes (protease, cellulase), microbial
glycolipids
Bio-targets Detergent enzymes, biotechnology applied to fats and
oils, plant tissue culture applied to oleaginous plants
Contact address Dr. Koichi Yoshimura, Research Manager
Above address (Tochigi)
Phone (0285) 68-3282
Fax (0285) 68-3265

Fig. 2.14. Kao Production and Research Facilities in Kashima (Courtesy of Kao Corporation)

Kashima Oil Company

~~E1EH
Address Kioi-chyo Park Bldg.
3-6, Kioi-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3265-0411
 115

Established 1967
Business Energy
Main activities Oil refining, petrochemistry
Sales (1987) 210 bill. Yen
Personnel 655
Bio R&D facilities Research and Development Center
4, Towada, Kamisu-machi
Kashima-gun, Ibaragi 314-02
Bio-targets Production of optically active compounds using enzymes
and microorganisms
Contact address Mr. Tetsuo Niida, Associate Director
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3265-0411
Fax (03) 3265-0430

Katokichi Co., Ltd.

no ra
Address 294-1, Ko, Kanonji-cho
Kanonji, Kagawa 768
Phone (0875) 25-4781
Established 1956
Business Food
Main activities Frozen food
Sales (1988) 85.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 1363
Bio R&D facilities Biosciences Research Laboratory
4056-3, Kanonji-cho
Kanonji, Kagawa 768
8 researchers
Bio-products Chitin and chitosan
Bio-targets Use of chitin and chitosan, enzyme production using
rDNA technology, plant growth activators
Contact address Mr. Takashi Tsugita, Manager, Biosciences Research
Laboratory
Above address
Phone (0875) 25-5116
Fax (0875) 23-2607
116

Kawano Meric10ne Co., tid.

ftlJlf;l I) ~ 0 :,;

Address 562-1, Kitanosho, Wakimachi

Mirna-gun, Tokushima 779-36
Phone (0883) 52-2189
Established 1977
Business Agriculture
Main activities Mericlonal plant breeding, particularily of Cymbidium
varieties
Sales (1988) 717 mill. Yen
Personnel 69
Contact adress Headquarters

Kawasaki Heavy Industry Co., tid.

Jlr_mI~
Address World Trade Center Bldg.
2-1-4, Hamamatsu-cho
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3435-2971
Established 1896
Business Machinery
Main activities Ships, rolling stocks, aircrafts, cars, motorcycles, machin-
es, plants
Sales (1988) 579.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 16662
Bio R&D facilities Technical Institute, Biotechnology Laboratory
1-1, Kawasaki-cho
Akashi, Hyogo 673
10 researchers
Bio-products Wastewater treatment plant, fermentation equipment
Bio-targets Wastewater treatment, equipment for cell culture,
bioreactors, down-stream processing, protein en-
gineering, biosensors, plant cell culture
Contact address Mr. Hajimu Tsugeno, General Manager, Biotechnol-
ogy Laboratory
Above address (Hyogo)
Phone (078) 921-1638
Fax (078) 923-2437
 117

Kawasaki Steel Corporation

Address 2-3-2, Uchisaiwai-cho

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3597-3111
Established 1950
Business Steel
Main activities Steel, chemicals, engineering and construction, silicon
wafers, foils, ceramics, electronic equipment, LSI
Sales (1988) 936.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 20803
Bio R&D facilities Chemical Research Center, High-Technology Resea-
rch Laboratories
1-Kawasaki-cho, Chiba 260
2 researchers
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals from microorganisms and plants, health
food
Contact address Mr. Tepopei Matsunaga, Staff General Manager, New
Business Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3597-4620
Fax (03) 3597-3634

Kayaku Antibiotics Research Co., Ltd.

Address 2-8-16, Funabata

Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174
Phone (03) 3558-2721
Fax (03) 3558-6458
Established 1954
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, diagnostics
Sales (1987) 3 bill. Yen
Personnel 250
Bio-products Antibiotics
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies for cancer detection
Contact address Mr. Yoshio Koide, Manager, R&D Division
Above address and phone number
118

Kewpie Jozo Co., Ud.

-t- ..:L - t:0 - Bjl£
Address 5-19-7, Sumiyoshi
Fuchu, Tokyo 183
Phone (0423) 61-8521
Established 1962
Business Food
Main activities Vinegar, seasonings, lactic acid, alcohol, beverages
Sales (1988) 4.5 bill. Yen
(70% from bio-related products)
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory
Above address
20 researchers
Bio-products Vinegar, fermented seasonings, lactic acid by fermen-
tation, alcohol
Bio-targets Genetic engineering of acetic acid bacteria, bioreactor
technology, antibacterial agents
Contact address Dr. Akihiko Mori, Chief Scientist
Above address
Phone (0423) 61-8521
Fax (0423) 33-7864

Kibun Food Chemifa Co., Ud.

~G)( '7 - I"?- ~ '7 7

Address 3-2-5, Shinbashi
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3591-4381
Established 1939
Business Food and Beverages
Main activities Soy milk and other beverages, seasonings, processed
fish meat, alginic acid and its derivatives
Sales (1988) 11.4 bill. Yen
Bio R&D facilities R&D Department
1-11-8, Shinsayama
Shinsayama, Saitama 350-13
Bio-products Sodium alginate, sodium hyaluronate, chitosan
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, biopolysaccharides, restriction
endonucleases
Contact address Mr. Tokuichi Tabuchi, Adviser, R&D Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3591-4381
Fax (03) 3591-1725
 119

Kiku-Masamune Sake Brewing Co., Ltd.

~x ~,JiJJ1'.th
~lL~{£::3JE.
Address 1-7-15, Mikage, Higashi-nada-ku
Kobe, Hyogo 658
Phone (078) 851-0001
Established 1919
Business Food
Main activities Sake
Sales (1988) 29.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 520
Bio R&D facilities Research Institute
1-8-6, Uozaki-nishi, Higashinoda-ku
Kobe, Hyogo 658
Bio-products Sake
Bio-targets Sake yeast breeding, yeast genetic engineering, improve-
ment of sake fermentation, fermented food
Contact address Mr. Tsuneshi Kawasaki, Manager, Research Institute
Above address
Phone (078) 854-1071
Fax (078) 854-3040

Kimitsu Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.

~i${t~I~
Address Tsukasa Bldg.
2-15-4, Uchikanda
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3252-8708/8709
Fax (03) 3252-8704
Established 1941
Business Chemicals
Main activities Specialty chemicals, cosmetics
Sales (1987) 1.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 60
Bio-products Alginates, chitin, vitamins
Bio-targets Veterinary drugs, specialty chemicals from biomass,
additives for sewage treatment
Contact address Mr. Masahiro Ishikawa, Assistant Manager, R&D Divis-
ion
Above address and phone number
120

King Brewing Co., Ltd.

~/~"~~
Address 321, Takokusa, Inami-cho
Kako-gun, Hyogo 675-11
Phone (0794) 95-0010
Established 1900
Business Food/beverages
Main activities Seasonings, mirin, cooking sake, cooking wine
Sales (1987) 5.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 83
Bio R&D facilities King Institute
2333-2, Kirigaikedani, Shinza-ike
Kakogawa, Hyogo 675-01
10 researchers
Bio-products Transforming growth factors (TGF) beta 1 and 2
Bio-targets Cell growth factors, seasonings using bioreactor techno
logy
Contact address Dr. Shiro Yamashoji, Director
Above address
Phone (0794) 22-8234
Fax (0794) 22-1214

Kinjirushi Wasabi Co., Ltd.

~Ent> ~ rJ'
Address 2-61, Yawatohon-dori
Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454
Phone (052) 361-3121
Established 1952
Business Agriculture
Main activities Horseradish, food
Sales (1988) 5 bill. Yen
(2% from bio-related products)
Personnel 150
Bio R&D facilities Abashiri Research Laboratories
276-1, Yobito
Abashiri, Hokkaido 099
7 researchers
Bio projects Disease-resistant seed, novel foods, food production
technology
Contact address Headquarters (Nagoya)
Phone (052) 361-3121
Fax (052) 352-9528
 121

Kikkoman Corporation
*,,;::1-<,/
Address 399, Noda
Noda, Chiba 278
Phone (0471) 23-5511
Established 1917
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, mirin, wine, tomato ketchup, fruit juice
Sales (1988) 142.7 bill. Yen
(68% from bio-related products)
Personnel 3400
Bio R&D facilities Bioscience Research Laboratory
Above address
70 researchers
Bio-products Soy sauce, mirin, wine, enzymes, biochemicals
Bio-targets Improvement of brewing process, fermentation control,
hybrid plants using cell fusion, pharmaceutical raw
materials, diagnostic reagents, health food
Contact address Mr. Narimasa Saito, Office of Planning, R&D Division
Above address
Phone (0471) 23-5515
Fax (0471) 23-5550

*
Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd.
f) / I::"-)v
Address 6-26-1, Jingumae
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150
Phone (03) 3499-6111
Established 1907
Business Food and beverages
Main activities Beer, soft drinks
Sales (1987) 1266.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 7557
Bio R&D facilities Central Key Technology Laboratories
3, Miyahara-cho
Takasagi, Gunma 370-12
70 researchers
Pharmaceutical Laboratory
1-2-2, Soja-cho
Maebashi, Gunma 371
190 researchers
122

Plant Laboratory
3377, Oaza Saotome Aza Saruzuka, Kitsuregawa-machi
Shioya-gun, Tochigi 329-24
80 researchers
Bio-investments Genetics Institute, USA (1984)
Kirin-Amgen Joint-venture (1984)(erythropoietin)
Flowergate (1986), ornamental flowers from cell culture,
Gemini Science, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and
Immunology (1988)
Tweyford International (1988) (plant cell culture)
Bio-products Beer, vegetables (onions, water melons) produced by
plant tissue culture
Bio-targets Plant breeding, pharmaceuticals from animal tissue
culture, brewing
Contact address Mr. Keiichi Morimoto, General Manager R&D Depart-
ment
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3499-6111
Fax (03) 3499-7421

FIg. 2.15. Kirin Central Laboratories of Key Technology, Takasaki, Gunma (Courtesy of Kirin
Beer Co.)

Kitamura Miso Shoyu Jozo

~t*1,*D~il1ffiM~t~
Address 1594, Tade, Mitagawa-cho
Kanzaki-gun, Saga 842
Phone (0952) 52-2441
Established 1955
Business Food
Main activities Seasonings
 123

Sales (1988) 53 mill. Yen

(75% from bio-related products)
Personnel 9
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology applied to the production of
seasonings, health food
Contact address Head quarters

Kobe Steel, Ltd.

fElIP~~~JT
Address 3-18-1, Wakihama-cho, Chuo-ku
Kobe, Hyogo 651
Phone (07) 261-5111
Established 1905
Business Steel
Main activities Steel, aluminum, copper
Sales (1987) 975.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 22741
Bio R&D facilities Biotechnology Research Laboratory
1-24-14, Kannondai
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305
35 researchers
Bio-targets Biomass utilization, utilization of steelmill by-products,
environmental sanitation
Contact address Mr. Masaru Saito, Manager
Above address (Ibaragi)
Phone (02975) 6-2411
Fax (02975) 6-2209

Kobori Sake Brewing Co., lid.

IJ\mi@~h!i
Address Wa 47, 1 Honmachi
Tsurugi-machi, Ishikawa 920-21
Phone (07619) 3-1171
Established 1951
Business Food/beverages
Main activities Sake, liquors, food
Sales (1988) 7.8 bill. Yen
(35% from bio-related products)
Personnel 90
124

Bio R&D facilities Manufacturing Division, R&D Group

Above address
2 researchers
Bio-targets Screening for sake yeast, genetic engineering and cell
fusion, bioreactor technology, plant tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Mamoru Yoshida, Chief, Research Division
Above address
Phone (07619) 2-1171
Fax (07619) 3-3725

Kohjin Co., lid.

JJ!A
Address 1-1-1, Shinbashi
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3504-3115
Established 1937
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, enzymes for phar-
maceutical and diagnostic use, food additives
Sales (1988) 50 bill. Yen
(4% from bio-related products)
Personnel 1050
Bio R&D facilities Saiki Research Laboratories
11277, Higashihama
Saiki, Oita 876
40 researchers
Bio-products Biochemicals (glutathione), enzymes (galactosidase,
proteases), cofactors, diagnostic kits based on mono-
clonal antibodies, xanthan gum, yeast extract
Bio-targets Microbial metabolites, enzyme production using genetic
engineering, monoclonal antibodies-based diagnostics,
bioreactor technology, plant cell culture
Contact address Mr. Tadauki Hino, General Research Manager, Fermen-
tation and Chemicals Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3503-1461
Fax (03) 3580-5621
 125

Kokando Co., Ltd.

1I1t~
Address 2-9-1, Umezawa-cho
Toyama, Toyama 930
Phone (0764) 24-2271
Established 1876
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Traditional medicine
Sales (1988) 8 bill. Yen
Personnel 500 (20 researchers)
Bio-targets Cell culture for medicinal plants, extraction of bioactive
compounds
Contact address Mr. Yasuaki Masakawa, Section Chief
Above address
Phone (0764) 24-2271
Fax (0764) 24-2278

Komatsu Ltd.
IJ\tl~fFpJf
Address 2-3-6, Akasaka
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3584-7111
Established 1920
Business Machinery
Main activities Construction equipment, industrial machinery
Sales (1989) 566.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 15 707
Bio R&D facilities Research Division
1200, Manda
Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254
16 researchers
Bio-targets Seedlings by plant tissue culture, wastewater treatment
facilities, screening for microorganisms degrading
aromatic compounds, down-stream processing
Contact address Mr. Takashi Abe, Deputy General Manager, Planning
and Coordination Department
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0463) 34-1111
Fax (0463) 34-7022
126

Fig. 2.16. Komatsu Research Division, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa (Courtesy of Komatsu Co.)

Komatsugawa Chemical Engineering Co.

IJ\f~Jll1tI~
Address TMM Buildg. SF
1-10-5, Iwamoto-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3862-0515
Established 1947
Business Machinery
Main activity Pressure vessels, towers, heat exchangers, tanks
Sales (1987) 1.35 bill. Yen
(45% from bio-related products)
Personnel 100
Bio R&D facilities Biochemical Research Laboratory
2-87, Takatsu
Misato, Saitama 341
5 researchers
Bio-products 100 - 400 I fermenters, jar fermenters, sterilizers, filters,
facilities for genetic engineering and tissue culture,
measurement and control devices
Bio-targets Automatic control systems for fermentation, facilities
for recombinant and tissue culture processes, bioreac-
tor systems, down-stream processing
Contact address Mr. Yoji Kobayashi, Chief Engineer
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3862-0515
Fax (03) 3866-0216
 127

Konoshima Chemicals, Inc.

:J r; J S/ 7 {tJJJ<:
Address 5-1-15, Nishitenma
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 363-6550
Established 1971
Business Chemicals
Main activities Fertilizers, inorganic chemicals, organic fine chemicals
Sales (1988) 8.7 bill. Yen
(3% from bio-related products)
Personnel 200
Bio R&D facilities 3366, Konoshima Sotoura
Kasaoka, Okayama 714
Bio-products Bio fertilizer
Bio-targets Microorganisms for agricultural use, plant nutrients,
and growth regulators; plant cell culture
Contact address Mr. Takashi Tomita, Director, Development Division
Above address (Okayama)
Phone (08656) 7-2211
Fax (08656) 7-2165

Kowa Co., Ltd.

~fD
Address 3-6-29, Nishiki
Naka-ku, Nagoya 460
Phone (052) 963-3033
Established 1939
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, opto-mechatronic products, trade
Sales (1988) 190 bill. Yen
Personnel 1900
Bio R&D facilities Kowa Research Institute
1-25-5, Kannon-dai
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305
22 researchers
Bio-products Urokinase, TPA, ATP, dextran sulfate
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, animal tissue culture, an-
ticoagulants, anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory drugs
Contact address Dr. Toshito Mori, Director, New Product Planning,
Pharmaceutical Division
3-4-14, Nihonbashi, Honcho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3279-7430
Fax (03) 3241-5650
128

KRI International, Inc.

fUj[§*JTtt1,fgnJf~pJT
Address Kyoto Research Park
17, Chdoji-mionami-machi
Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600
Phone (075) 322-6828
Established 1987
Main activites Consulting and contract research in new materials,
surface science, electronics, artificial intelligence,
biotechnology; affiliation in San Jose, California
Personnel 47
Bio R&D facilities Biotechnology Research Laboratory
Above address
8 researchers
Bio-products Bioactive peptides, monoclonal antibodies, DNA syn-
thesis, functional food
Bio-targets Bioactive peptides, monoclonal antibodies, enzymes for
food production, DNA probes, bacteria for plant breed-
ing, animal tissue culture, biosensors
Contact address Dr. Kazunobu Miura, Director
Above address
Phone (075) 322-6828
Fax (075) 315-3752

Kubota Ltd.
~{~E8~~~\illJ
Address 1-2-47, Shikitsu-Higashi
Naniwa-ku, Osaka 556
Phone (06) 648-2111
Established 1890
Business Machinery
Main activities Industrial and farm machinery, pipes, castings, home
utilities
Sales (1988) 557.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 15519
Bio R&D facilities R&D Headquarters
1-1-1, Hama
Amagasaki, Hyogo 661
20 researchers
Environmental Control Division
Above address (Osaka)
8 researchers
 129

Bio-products Silage equipment, environmental technology

Bio-targets Agricultural and environmental technology, products
from lactic acid bacteria, energy
Contact address Mr. Tadaaki Kawasugi, Manager
Above address (Hyogo)
Phone (06) 494-7518
Fax (06) 489-7510

Kumagai Gumi Co., Ltd.

ff~*Jl
Address 2-1, Tsukudo-cho
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162
Phone (03) 3260-2111
Established 1938
Business Construction
Main activities Contractors
Sales (1989) 859.3 mill. Yen
Personnel 8490
Bio R&D facilities Tsukuba Institute of Construction Technology
1043, Shimoyama, Onigakubo
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 300-22
5 researchers
Bio-products Wastewater purification facility
Bio-targets Wastewater treatment by immobilized microorganisms,
biological deodoration
Contact address Mr. Kazutami Kohashi, General Manager, Environ-
mental Research Department
Above address (Ibaragi)
Phone (02975) 6-2501
Fax (02975) 6-1175

Kumiai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

~ ~ 711t~I~
Address 1-4-26, Ikenohata
Taito-ku, Tokyo 110
Phone (03) 3822-5036
Established 1949
Business Chemicals
Main activities Pesticides
130

Sales (1988) 61.1 bill. Yen

Personnel 600
Bio R&D facilities Tohoku Experimental Farm
100, Yamanokami, Minami-kogota, Kogota-cho
Toda-gun, Miyagi 987
10 researchers
Life Science Research Institute
3360, Kamo, Kikugawa-cho
Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka 439
6 researchers
Bio-targets Soil microorganisms, microbial enzymes, genetic en-
gineering, bio-pesticides
Contact address Dr. Hironari Sugiyama, Technical Manager
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3822-5160
Fax (03) 3823-6850

Kurabo Industries tid.

~tx~_
Address 2-41, Chuo-ku, Osaka 556
Established 1888
Business Textiles
Main activities Textiles, chemicals, engineering, information systems,
electronic devices, biomedical products
Sales (1987) 117 bill. Yen
(0.5% from bio-related products)
Personnel 3672
Bio R&D facilities Technical Research Laboratory
14-5, Shimokida-cho
Neyagawa, Osaka 572
100 researchers
Bio-products Human cell culture test kits, custom synthesis of DNA,
affinity columns
Bio-targets Cell culture technology, DNA and peptide synthesis,
laboratory automation, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Kiyoshi Shibahara, Manager, Assistant Project
Leader
Above address
Phone (0720) 20-4504
Fax (0720) 21-9641
 131

Kuraray Co., Ltd.

~7V
Address 1-12-39, Umeda
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 348-2111
Established 1926
Business Textiles
Main activities Synthetic fibers, textiles, synthetic leather, resins, plastic
films, synthetic rubber, terpene-derived chemicals,
medical products, optoelectronics
Sales (1988) 198.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 5169
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories, Bioscience Laboratory
2045-1, Sakazu
Kurashiki, Okayama 710
40 researchers
Bio-targets Immuno modulators, DNA probes, biosensors, bone
metabolism, animal cell culture, genetic engineering,
peptide synthesis, L-phenylalanine
Contact address Dr. Kyoichiro Shibatani, Director
Above address (Osaka)
Phone (06) 348-2152
Fax (06) 348-2189

Hg. 2.17. Kuraray Central Research Laboratories, Kurashiki (Courtesy of Kuraray Co.)
132

Kureha Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

~~~{t~I
Address 1-9-11, Nihonbashi, Horidome-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3662-9611
Established 1944
Business Chemicals
Main activities Chemicals, plastics, packaging, agrochemicals, advanced
materials, pharmaceuticals, home products, and leisure
goods
Sales (1988) 118.4 bill. Yen
(30% from bio-related products)
Personnel 2631
Bio R&D facilities Tokyo Biomedical Research Laboratories
3-26-2, Hyakunin-cho
Shinjuku,ku, Tokyo 169
200 researchers
Bio-products Agro Biochemicals
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biodegradable plastics,
vitamin D
Contact address Mr. Takaaki Aiba, General Manager, R&D Planning
Department
Above address (Tokyo 103)
Phone (03) 3662-9611
Fax (03) 3639-4785

VI&- 2.18. Kureha Tokyo Advanced Material Systems Laboratories (Courtesy of Kureha Co.)
 133

Kurita Water Industries Ltd.

Address 3-4-7, Nishi-Shinjuku

Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3347-3111
Established 1949
Business Machinery
Main activities Water and wastewater treatment facilities, environ-
mental control facilities, laboratory equipment (e.g.,
HPLC), water treatment chemicals
Sales (1988) 71.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 1400
Bio R&D facilities Central Laboratories
7-1, Morinosato-Wakamiya
Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-01
200 researchers
Bio-products Bioreactors, HPLC etc.
Bio-targets Enzymatic processes for water treatment, purification
techniques for biologically active substances, facilities
for anaerobic wastewater treatment and for biological
deodoration, genetic engineering of anaerobic bacteria
Contact address Dr. Yusho Miyaji, General Manager
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0462) 48-2551
Fax (0462) 48-2577

Kyodo Shiryo Co., Ltd.

tZbFoJjOj*4
Address 2-5-12, Takashima, Nishi-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 220
Phone (045) 461-5711
Fax (045) 461-5601
Established 1946
Business Food
Main activities Meat, animal feed
Sales (1988) 86.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 521
Bio-products Silkworm feed based on bio-production
Bio-targets Microbial pesticides, preservatives, embryo transfer
Contact address Mr. Saburo Hoita, Managing Director, R&D Division
Above address
134

Kyorin Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltdo

:a*~l!!~
Address 2-5, Kanda Suruga-dai
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3293-3411
Fax (03) 3293-6588
Established 1923
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, medical supply
Sales (1988) 26.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 748
Bio-products Fibrinolytic agent from animal cell culture, biochemi-
cals
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals using animal cell culture and genetic
engineering
Contact address Mr. Kuniyasu Masuzawa
Above address

Kyoto Daiichi Kagaku Co., Ltd.

EttiB*~{t$
Address 57, Nishi-Meidencho
Minami-ku, Kyoto 601
Phone (075) 672-5311
Fax (075) 672-6997
Established 1963
Business Chemicals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, diagnostic equipment
Sales (1988) 5.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 270
Bio-products Diagnostic agents, biosensors
Bio-targets Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies, biosen-
sors
Contact address Mr. Shigeki Yamada, Technology Section
Above address
Phone (075) 681-3786
 135

Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd.

Address 1-6-1,Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3201-7211
Established 1949
Business Chemicals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, chemicals, fertilizers,
food, alcohol and alcoholic beverages, health food,
cosmetics
Sales (1988) 255.7 bill. Yen
(75% from bio-related products)
Personnel 5059
Bio R&D facilities Tokyo Research Laboratories
3-6-6, Asahi-cho
Machida, Tokyo 194
Tsukuba Research Laboratories
2, Miyukigaoka
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305
Foods and Liquors Research Laboratories
4041 Ami, Ami-machi
Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-03
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories
1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-machi
Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411
Aquaculture Research Laboratories
2548, Fujimagari
Ube, Yamaguchi 755
Technical Research Laboratories
1-1, Kyowa-machi
Hofu, Yamaguchi 747
850 researchers
Bio-products Pharmaceuticals, food, seasonings, alcoholic beverages,
etc.
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals from animal tissue culture, production
of amino acids and nucleic acids, protein engineering,
plant biotechnology, etc.
Contact address Dr. Katsunobu Tanaka, Managing Director, R&D
Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3282-0033
Fax (03) 3284-0470
136

FIg. 2.19. Kyowa Hakko Tokyo Research Laboratory (Courtesy of Kyowa Hakko Kogyo)

Kyowa Seeds Co., Ltd.

tthfofi-=f
Address 15-13, Minami-hiradai
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150
Phone (03) 3463-7421
Fax (03) 3463-0513
Business Agriculture
Main activities Seeds
Sales (1985) 6.86 bill. Yen
Personnel 100 (5 researchers)
Bio-products Vegetable seeds derived from plant cell culture
Bio-targets Seeds, plant cell culture, genetic engineering
Contact address Mr. Izumi Komoritani, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (03) 3463-7426

Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc.

1L~H~1J
Address 2-1-82, Watanabe-dori
Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810
Phone (092) 761-3031
 137

Established 1951
Business Energy
Main activities Electric utilities
Sales (1987) 1030 bill. Yen
Personnel 14964
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory
2-1-47, Shiobara
Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815
Phone (092) 541-0431
96 researchers
Bio-targets Plant biotechnology
Contact address Mr. Takeo Miyaishi
Above address (Fukuoka 815)
Phone (092) 541-0431
Fax (092) 551-1583

Kyushu Kako Co., Ltd.

:fL1H{tI
Address 1100, Tasaki
Kanoya, Kagoshima 893
Phone (0994) 42-4121
Established 1960
Business Chemicals
Main activities Food additives, fermented food, vinegar, organic inter-
mediates, inorganic fine chemicals
Sales (1988) 1.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 105 (15 researchers)
Bio-products Citric acid, vinegar, mushrooms, silage starters, veteri-
nary drugs
Bio-targets Cell fusion (Aspergillus, mushrooms), seedlings by plant
cell culture, microbial inscecticides, bioreactor
technology for the synthesis of chiral compounds
Contact address Mr. Osamu Hatakeyama, Head, Kyushu Research
Laboratories
Above address
Phone (0994) 42-4121
Fax (0994) 42-4123
138

Kyushi Nyugyo Co., tid.

fL1~'1~L~
Address 4311, Daigaku-daibu
Oita, Oita 870
Phone (0975) 43-4135
Established 1964
Business Food
Main activities Milk, milk products
Sales (1988) 22 bill. Yen
(6% from bio-related products)
Personnel 380 (10 researchers)
Bio-products Yoghurt
Bio-targets Lactobacillus germintation technology, food-related
bioreactor technology, health food
Contact address R&D Laboratories, above address
Phone (0975) 43-4135
Fax (0975) 44-6530

Lion Corporation
71;t:/
Address 7-13-12, Hirai
Edogawa-ku. Tokyo 132
Phone (03) 3613-6071
Established 1881
Business Chemicals
Main activities Toothpaste, detergents, sanitary goods, food, medi-
cines, industrial chemicals from fats and oils
Sales (1988) 303 bill. Yen
(17% from bio-related products)
Personnel 4000
Bio R&D facilities Biological Science Laboratories
202, Tajima
Odawara, Kanagawa 256
37 researchers
Bio-products Detergents and toothpaste containing enzymes
Bio-targets Microbial production of enzymes and fine chemicals
Contact address Dr. Kenkichi Ohba, Director of Biological Science
Laboratories
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0465) 48-3211
Fax (0465) 48-4079
 139

Fig. 2.20. Lion Biological Research Laboratories, Odawara (Courtesy of Lion Co.)

Lotte Co., Ltd.

P "J -
-r
Address 3-20-1, Nishi-Shinjuku
Shiniuku-ku. Tokvo 160
Phone (03) 3375:1211
Business Food
Main activities Food, food additives
Sales (1988) 175 bill. Yen
Personnel 2100
Bio R&D facilities Central Laboratory for Bioscience
3-1-1, Numakage
Urawa-shi,
Bio-products Microbial glucan as anticariogenic agent
Bio-targets Sweeteners using bioreactor technology, parodontose
research, health food, plant cell culture products, e.g.,
for peppermint production
Contact address Mr. Yoshio Ito, Manager
Above address
Phone (0488) 61-1551
140

Maeta Concrete Industry, Ud.

WJEE~~
Address 6-7, Kamihoncho
Sakata, Yamagata 998
Phone (0234) 23-5111
Established 1948
Major activities Concrete, environmental measures, biotechnology
Sales (1987) 32.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 1250
Bio-targets Mass propagation of plantlets using tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Toru Fujii, R&D Section Chief
Above address
Phone (0234) 23-5022
Fax (0234) 22-1283

Mann's Wine Co., Ltd.

7/'A'r;1/'
Address 1-25, Nishiki-cho, Kanda
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Established 1962
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Wine and brandy
Sales (1988) 4 bill. Yen
Personnel 80
Bio R&D facilities Katsunuma Winery
400, Yama, Katsunuma-cho
Higashi-yamanashi-gun, Yamanashi 409-13
8 researchers
Bio-products Wine from virus-free grapes, wine containing ginseng
extracts produced by tissue culture
Bio-targets Grape improvement by tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Hideo Togawa
Above address (Yamanashi)
Phone (0553) 44-1151
Fax (0553) 44-2621
 141

M&D Research Co., Ltd.

:L. A · .:r' -1 • l}..J} - f'-

Address 3-8-1, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3507-3249
Established 1986, under funding of the Ministry of Health and
Welfare (see Chap. 7)
Business Chemicals
Bio R&D facilities Himeji Laboratory
1239, Shinza-ike, Aboshi-ku
Himeji, Hyogo 671-12
Yokohama Laboratory
760, Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 222
Bio-targets Peptide synthesis using chemical and biochemical
methods
Contact address Mr. Yasuo Kikuchi, Director, Research Division
Above address and phone number

Marine Biotechnology Institute Co., Ltd.

ifii$/'\'1 ;t::;- ~ / 0 y-nJfJ1:pff
Address 2-35-10, Hongo
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 5684-6211
Established 1988, under a grant from NEDO (see Chap. 7)
Business Aquaculture
Sales (1988) 12 mill. Yen
Personnel 42 (24 researchers)
Bio R&D facilities Above address
Bio-targets Production of useful chemicals and use of biological
functions of marine organisms, basic technology and
supporting systems
Contact address Dr. Mamoru Endo, Senior Manager, Research Planning
Division
Above address and phone number
Fax (03) 5684-6200
142

Marubeni Corporation

1L*J
Address 1-4-2, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-88
Phone (03) 3282-2111
Established 1949
Business Trade
Main activities Trade, information service, technical cooperation and
licensing
Sales (1988) 14 189.4 bill. Yen
(0.01 % from bio-related products)
Bio-targets Hybrid corn, new vector system for E. coli
Contact address Mr. Toshiyuki Tanaka, General Manager, Biochemical
and Life Science Section, Corporate Development
Department
Above address
Phone (03) 3282-7288
Fax (03) 3282-7259

Marubishi Bioengineering Co., Ltd.

1L~.l"'1 ;t X Y Y
Address 1-9-9, Kajicho
Chiyoda-ku. Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3252-7236
Established 1959
Business Machinery
Main activities Fermentation equipment and accessories
Sales (1988) 1.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 55
Bio R&D facilities R&D Group
55-6, Chigusa-cho
Chiba, Chiba 281
6 researchers
Bio-products Fermentation equipment
Bio-targets Bioprocess equipment, control systems, software
Contact address Mr. Hideo Sakuma, Manager of R&D Department
Above address (Chiba)
Phone (0472) 59-5151
Fax (0472) 59-5162
 143

Marukin Shoyu Co., Ud.

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Address Nohma, Uchinomi-cho
Shozu-gun, Kagawa 761-44
Phone (0879) 82-1221
Established 1907
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, seasonings, diagnostic and industrial enzymes,
biochemicals
Sales (1988) 7.2 bill. Yen
(80% from bio-related products)
Personnel 310
Bio R&D facilities Kyoto Research Laboratories
27, Monnomae, Todo
Uji, Kyoto 611
12 researchers
Bio-products Soy sauce, diagnostic enzymes (neuraminidase, NANA
aldolase etc.), biochemical reagents (nucleotide sugars)
Bio-targets Sialic acid related enzymes, glyco-conjugates, diagnos-
tic enzymes, application of cell fusion and genetic
engineering, especially in halotolerant yeasts
Contact address Mr. Yoji Tukada, Director of Research
Above address (Kyoto)
Phone (0774) 22-0934
Fax (0774) 22-8566

Marusan-Ai Co., Ltd.

'"7 }].;.:tj- /'71
Address 1, Arashita
Okazaki, Aichi 444-21
Phone (0564) 45-5111
Established 1952
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Miso, soybean milk, soft drinks
Sales (1988) 11.5 bill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 400 (7 researchers)
Bio-products Miso, fermented soybean milk, soybean yoghurt
Bio-targets Yeast breeding using protoplast fusion, genetic engineer-
ing, soybean milk coagulating enzymes, bioactive com-
pounds from soybean
144

Contact address Mr. Akinori Ito, Research Group Leader

Above address
Phone (0564) 45-3112
Fax (0564) 45-6607

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.

fl-r~;{Ij£~
Address 1006, Kadoma
Kadoma, Osaka 571
Phone (06) 908-1121
Established 1918
Business Electric Machinery
Main activities Electric and electronic utilities
Sales (1988) 3000 bill. Yen
Personnel 50000
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory, Science Intelligence
Laboratory
3-15, Yagumo-nakamachi
Moriguchi, Osaka 570
7 researchers
Basic Studies Research Center
Planned for Kansai Science City, 1991
Bio-targets Immuno biosensors, bio-information systems
Contact address Mr. Tadayasu Mitsumata, Manager
Above address (Osaka 570)
Phone (06) 906-4862
Fax (06) 906-4594

Medical and Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd.

~~!±l~~U3fJi:pJT
Address Surnitomoshoji Marunouchi Bldg. 5F
3, Marunouchi, Naka-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 460
Established 1969
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Drugs, medicine-related publishing, management of
medical enterprises
Sales (1988) 1.13 bill. Yen
Personnel 115
 145

Bio R&D facilities INA labratories

1063-103, Ohara, Terasawaoka
Ina, Nagano 396
45 researchers
Bio-products Monoclonal antibodies, biochemicals, immuno reagents
and kits (MESA < CEA, Beta-2)
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, diagnostic kits, cloning of
proteins
Contact address Mr. Katsuhiko Nishida, Marketing Director
Above address
Phone (052) 971-2081
Fax (052) 971-2337

Meiji Milk Product Co., Ud.

BJ1i~~L~
Address 2-3-6, Kyobashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3281-6133
Established 1917
Business Food
Main activities Dairy products, baby food, foods and beverages,
livestock
Sales (1988) 360.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 5586
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Institute
1-23-1, Sakae-cho
Higashi-Murayama, Tokyo 189
Phone (0423) 91-2955
130 researchers
Meiji Institute of Health Science
540, Naruda
Odawara, Kanagawa 250
70 researchers
Bio-products Fermented milk, butter, cheese, flavors; diagnostics
based on monoclonal antibodies
Bio-targets Use of microorganisms and enzymes for the produc-
tion of dairy products; flavors, food preservatives;
bioreactor technology; pharmaceuticals and diagnostics
from rDNA and animal cell culture procedures; protein
engineering; embryo transfer
146

Contact addresses Mr. Takao Fujimori, Director, Pharmaceuticals Depart-

ment
2-3-6, Kyobashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3281-6133
Fax (03) 3274-1839, and
Mr. Hideo Suzuki, Manager of Applied Microbiology
Department
1-23-3, Sakaecho
Higashi-Murayama, Tokyo 189
Phone (0423) 91-2955
Fax (0423) 95-1829

Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd.

aJ1iEr~~
Address 2-4-16, Kyobashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3272-6511
Established 1916
Business Food
Main activities Confectionary, foods and beverages, pharmaceuticals,
veterinary drugs, herbicides
Sales (1988) 197.3 bill. Yen
(35% from bio-related products)
Personnel 5700
Bio R&D facilities Pharmaceutical Research Center
760, Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 177
150 researchers (including those in 2 other research
labs)
Bio-products Monoclonal antibodies and diagnostic kits, fine
chemicals from fermentation (gamma linolenic acid,
hyaluronic acid), bio-herbicides
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, DNA probes, diagnostic kits,
industrial enzymes, health food using bioreactor techno-
logy
Contact address Mr. Suzuo Watanabe, Director R&D Planning, Phar-
maceutical Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3273-3417
Fax (03) 3271-5784
 147

Hg. 2.21. Meiji Seika Pharaceutical Research Center, Yokohama

(Courtesy of Meiji Seika Kaisha)

Meito Sangyo Co., tid.

~f!~~
Address 2973-2, Ishikawa-cho
Hachioji, Tokyo 192
Phone (0426) 42-7522
Established 1945
Business Food
Main activities Confectionary, dextran, enzymes (rennet, lipase), food
additives
Sales (1987) 18.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 500
Bio R&D facilities Tokyo Research Labortory
Above address
Nagoya Research Laboratory
25-5, Nishi-Hiwajima-cho Kaechi
Nishikasugai-gun, Aichi 452
60 researchers
Bio-products Dextran, dextran derivatives, microbial rennet, microbial
lipase, milk flavor
Bio-targets Microbial food additives, bioreactor technology for
interesterification of fats and oils, pharmaceuticals and
chemicals
Contact address Dr. Shinjiro Iwasaki, General Manager, Tokyo Research
Laboratory
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (0426) 42-7522
Fax (0426) 46-2734
148

Microtec Two-One Co., Ltd.

~ ~ 0'::;- "; ~ • ';J-r; /'
Address Tenjin Yano Bldg. 4F
2-4-12, Tenjin
Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810
Phone (092) 712-0396
Fax (092) 714-5595
Established 1984
Business Machinery
Main activities Deodorizing agents, biogas facilities, functional food
Personnel 6 (3 researchers)
Bio-products Biogas facility
Bio-targets Methane gas production facilities
Contact address Headquarters

Mikado Seed Growers

lj. 1J). c'Wtl~i~
Address 1203, Hoshikuki-cho
Chiba, Chiba 280
Phone (0472) 65-6111
Established 1949
Business Agriculture
Main activities Vegetable breeding
Sales (1988) 4 bill. Yen
Personnel 80
Bio R&D facilities Otaki Research Station
Shimo-Otaki, Otaki
Isumi-gun, Chiba 298-02
25 researchers
Bio-products Seedless watermelon plants
Bio-targets Plant breeding and propagation using tissue culture and
genetic engineering
Contact address Mr. Y. Tamao, Managing Director
Above address (Chiba)
Phone (0472) 65-6111
Fax (0472) 65-6118
 149

Mitsubishi Corporation
~Ifij$
Address 2-6-3, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3210-2121
Fax (03) 3210-8051
Established 1950
Business Trade
Main activities Machinery, metals, fuels, food, chemicals
Sales (1988) 12 281.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 8216
Bio-products Maltitol sweeteners
Bio-targets Fuels from biomass, plant breeding using plant cell
culture
Contact address Mr. Yasushi Takahara, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (03) 3210-2460

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

~~F:P-*l~
~~I::E!W<i

Address 2-3-2, Marunouchi

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3218-2111
Established 1921
Business Electric machinery
Main activities Electric and electronic machinery, consumer goods
Sales (1987) 1954.2 bill. Yen
(0.1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 48000
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory, Biotechnology Group
8-1-1, Tsukaguchi-honmachi
Amagasaki, Hyogo 661
30 researchers
Bio-products Construction of plants, monitoring systems
Bio-targets Bio-electronics, biosensors, neural networks, bioreac-
tor technology, plant cell culture, marine biotechnol-
ogy
Contact address Dr. Tetsu Takeyama, Manager, Biotechnology Group
Above address (Hyogo)
Phone (06) 491-8021
Fax (06) 493-4951
150

Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc.

~~JiJJf1t~
Address 2-5-2, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3283-5000
Established 1951
Business Chemicals
Main activities Organic solvents, ammonia, industrial chemicals,
synthetic resins
Sales (1988) 182.1 bill. Yen
(0.2% from bio-related products)
Personnel 3744
Bio R&D facilities Niigata Research Laboratory
182, Shinwari, Tayuhama
Niigata, Niigata 950-31
53 researchers
Bio-products SCP from methanol (discontinued), drugs, diagnostic
enzymes, food
Bio-targets Industrial enzymes from methylotrophs, diagnostic
reagents, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Sadao Ohtsuka, General Manager, Technical
Planning and Development Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3283-5123
Fax (03) 3287-0833

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

~~mI~
Address 2-5-1, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3212-3111
Established 1950
Business Machinery
Main activities Engineering, manufacture and repair of ships, motor
vehicles, aircraft, missiles, turbines, boilers, bridges,
stacks, offshore facilities, arms, industrial machinery,
equipment and plants including steel manufacturing,
chemical and food processing, and power systems
Sales (1988) 1842.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 45200
 151

Bio R&D facilities Advanced Technology Research Center

1-8-1, Sachiura, Kanazawa-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 236
10 researchers
Bio-targets Bioreactors and down-stream processing in the food
and chemical industry, wastewater treatment equip-
ment, facilities for biomass conversion, methane
generation, plant tissue culture. Marine biotechnology,
bioelectronics, biomaterials
Contact address Mr. Hideo Koganezawa, Technical Administration
Department, Technical Headquarters
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3212-3111
Fax (03) 3201-4519

Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ud.

-=:~1tI~
Address 1-4-28, Mita
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3505-9271
Established 1935
Business Machinery
Main activities Engineering and construction of plants for food process-
ing, water treatment, petroleum refinery and petroche-
micals, chemicals and bio-processing, airpollution
control. Centrifuges, filters, dryers, mixers, etc.
Sales (1988) 31.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 797
Bio R&D facilities R&D Department, 2nd Group, and
Plant Engineering Department II, 2nd Group
2-1, Ohkawa-cho, Kawasaki-ku
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210
10 researchers
Bio-products HPLC, membrane separation systems, centrifuges,
evaporators, fermentors for microorganisms and plant
cells, bioreactor systems
Bio-targets Equipment for plant cell culture, bioreactor systems,
down-stream processing and supercritical fluid extraction
Contact address Mr. Yutaka Nishishita, Manager
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (03) 3333-5343
Fax (03) 3333-5546
152

Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation

~~{tpj(:
Address 2-5-2, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3283-6245
Established 1950
Business Chemicals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, food and food additives, cosmetics,
diagnostic instruments, pesticides, feedstuffs, fertilizers,
resins, carbon products and inorganic chemicals,
petrochemicals, information and electronic products
Sales (1988) 623 bill. Yen
(6.4% from bio-related products)
Personnel 8829
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
100, Kamoshida, Midori-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 227
1100 researchers
Mitsubishi Kasei Life Science Institute
11, Minami-Oya
Machida, Tokyo 194
195 researchers (see Chap. 4)
Plant Engineering Research Center
1-5-2 Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
30 researchers
2-1-30, Shiba
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
95 researchers
Bio-products Diagnostics, drugs, cosmetics, pesticides, feed additives,
sugars
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, food and food additives,
feed, bioreactor technology, plant biotechnology, protein
engineering
Contact address Mr. Masayoshi Matsui
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3283-6762
Fax (03) 3286-0091
 153

Mitsubishi Oil Co., Ud.

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~ 7fT;: ~
~~

Address 1-2-4, Toranomon

Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3595-7069
Established 1931
Business Energy
Main activities Petroleum refining, manufacture of oil fractions and
petrochemicals
Sales (1988) 672 bill. Yen
Personnel 2500
Bio R&D facilities Research and Development Laboratory
4-1, Ohgimachi, Kawasaki-ku
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210
70 researchers
Bio-targets Microbial products, biotransformation reactions
Contact address Mr. Masayoshi Takanashi, General Manager, Develop-
ment Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3595-7524
Fax (03) 3502-2780

Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd.

~itB{t
Address 2-5-2 Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3283-5700
Established 1956
Business Chemicals
Main activities Manufacture of petrochemicals, fine chemicals,
electronic materials
Sales (1988) 340.3 bill. Yen
(0.3% from bio-related products)
Personnel 2873
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
8-3-1, Ami-machi
Inashi-gun, Ibaragi 300-03
170 researchers
Bio-products Fine chemicals (aspartic acid, aspartate, maleic acid
etc.), diagnostic kits (AVP, calcitonin)
154

Bio-targets Diagnostic agents, agrochemical and chemical products

from recombinant microorganisms and animal tissue
culture
Contact address Mr. Kiichiro Tanabe, General Manager, Bio-Business
Development Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3283-5796
Fax (03) 3283-5472

Fig. 222. Mitsubishi Petrochemical Industry, Tsukuba and Yokkaichi (Mie) Research Centers
(Courtesy of Mitsubishi Petrochemical Industry)

Mitsubishi Rayon Co., lid.

~~v13/
Address 2-3-19, Kyobashi
Chuo-1m, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3245-8692
Established 1933
Business Textiles
Main activities Production of synthetic fibers and of chemicals
Sales (1988) 193.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 4244
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories
20-1, Miyuki-cho
Otake, Hiroshima 739-06
10 researchers
Bio-products Dicarboxylic acids
Bio-targets Bioreactor for manufacture of fine chemicals
 155

Contact address Mr. Kazuo Ito, Director, R&D Planning Department

Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3245-8692
Fax (03) 3245-8790

Mitsui & Co., Ltd.

~#~~~
Address 1-2-1, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3285-7858
Established 1947
Business Trade
Main activities Trading in steel, machinery, chemicals, food, oil and
gas, metals, textiles
Sales (1988) 14 121.2 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 8471
Bio R&D facilities Advanced Technology Division, Biotechnology Section
Above address
7 researchers
Bio-investments Ram Hybrid International (1985), hybrid rice, jointly
with Ring Around and Mitsui Toatsu
Bio-products Fine chemicals as intermediaries for pharmaceuticals,
diagnostics; amino acids, enzymes; food and drinks;
seedlings; medical, physical, and chemical equipment;
computer software
Bio-targets Technology transfer, trade, especially for advanced
medical equipment, immunological agents, cardiovas-
cular devices. Bio-pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, plant
biotechnology, computer software, drug delivery systems
Contact address Mr. Toshio Nakata, General Manager, Advanced Tech-
nology Division, Biotechnology Section
Above address
Phone (03) 3285-7859
Fax (03) 3285-9808
156

Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ud.

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-=::1i"Ja~JIl
Address 5-6-4, Tsukiji
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3544-3131
Fax (03) 3544-3050
Established 1937
Business Shipbuilding
Main activities Plant construction and engineering, shipbuilding,
machinery
Bio R&D facilities Chiba R&D Laboratory
Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Research Division
1, Yawata-kaigan-dori
Ichihara, Chiba 290
12 researchers
Bio-targets Bioengineering, bioreactor technology, ethanol
production using Zymomonas
Contact address Mr. Kei Ouo, Director
Above address (Chiba)
Phone (0436) 41-1111

Mitsui Norin Co., Ud.

#~f,*
Address 3-1-20, Nihonbashi Muromachi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3241-3113
Established 1949
Business Food
Main activities Tea, soft drinks, frozen shrimps
Sales (1988) 62.1 bill. Yen
Bio R&D facilities Food Research Laboratories
2-1-17, Fujieda
Fujieda, Shizuoka 426
17 researchers
Bio-products Antioxidants and antimicrobial agents from tea leaves,
biochemicals from tea
Bio-targets Plant tissue culture, health food, biologically active
compounds
Contact address Mr. Yukihiko Hara, Manager, Food Research Laborato-
ries
Above address (Shlzuoka)
Phone (0546) 44-1411
Fax (0546) 44-6255
 157

Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd.

#EilE1t$I~
Address 3-2-5, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3580-0649
Established 1955
Business Chemicals
Main activities Industrial chemicals, plastics, elastomers; fine chemi-
cals, electronic chemicals
Sales (1988) 270 bill. Yen
Personnel 4371
Bio R&D facilities Bioscience Research Laboratories
6-1-2, Wagi, Wagi-cho
Kuga-gun, Yamaguchi 740
Bio-products Colorant Shikonin from plant tissue culture, used for
cosmetics. Ornamental plants from plant tissue culture
Bio-targets Plant breeding and phytochemicals derived from plant
tissue culture, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Hiroshi Fujimura, Director, R&D Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3580-3636
Fax (03) 3581-2741

rig. 2.23. Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Bioscience Research Center (Courtesy of Mitsui
Petrochemical Industries)
158

Mitsui Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

#~~I~
Address Asahi Bldg., 6F
3-12-2, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3274-4711
Established 1971
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Ethical drugs, pharmaceuticals
Sales (1988) 17 bill. Yen
(3% from bio-related products)
Bio R&D facilities Institute of Biological Sciences
1900, Togo
Mobara, Chiba 297
112 researchers
Bio-products Enzyme immunoassay kits for insulin, alpha fetoprot-
ein, IgE, CEA, ferritin, microglobulin, TSH
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, diagnostic kits, drugs based on
monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Mr. Toshio Suganuma, Deputy Director, New Product
Planning Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3274-2281
Fax (03) 3274-2204

Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd.

~#~*!
Address 3-8-3, Honcho Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3663-3111
Established 1947
Business Food
Main activities Sugar, sweeteners
Sales (1988) 52 bill. Yen
(2% from bio-related products)
Personnel 373
Bio R&D facilities R&D Department
2-1, Mizue-cho, Kawasaki-ku
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210
30 researchers
Bio-products Isomaltulose sweetener
 159

Bio-targets Sweeteners, sweetness inhibitors, microbial enzymes,

enzymatic synthesis of sweeteners, plant tissue culture,
palatinose
Contact address Mr. Koji Nishio, Director of R&D Department
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (044) 288-7332/4
Fax (044) 276-2950

Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc.

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Address 3-2-5, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku. Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3592-4111
Established 1933
Business Chemicals
Main activities Industrial chemicals, plastics, specialty resins, fertilizers,
pesticides, pharmaceuticals, electronic materials
Sales (1987) 352.1 bill. Yen
(10% from bio-related products)
Personnel 5452
Bio R&D facilities Life Science Laboratory
1190, Kasamacho, Sakae-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 247
about 150 researchers
Bio-products Amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, cysteine, serine,
etc.)
Bio-targets Amino acid manufacture, pharmaceuticals (nerve-
growth factor), insecticides, plant breeding (rice)
Contact address Mr. Sugamu Hiromu, Executive Director
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3592-4410
Fax (03) 3592-4267

Mitsusawa Rikagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.

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Address 1-11-1, Tenma
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 351-9631
Established 1953
160

Business Machinery
Main activities Fermentors, measuring devices, computer systems
Sales (1988) 9 bill. Yen
(5% from bio-related products)
Bio R&D facilities Kudamatsu University
Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi 744
10 researchers
Bio-products Fermentors
Bio-targets Fermentation equipment, measuring devices, biosen-
sors
Contact address Mr. Kazuhumi Nakayama, General Manager, Planning
Division
Above address
Phone (06) 351-9633
Fax (06) 351-9610

Miyajima Shoyu Co., Ltd.

~~41i1iJ
Address 2318, Funamiya
Karatsu, Saga 847
Phone (0955) 73-2151
Fax (0955) 74-1160
Established 1882
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, miso, vinegar, seasonings
Sales (1988) 4.7 bill. Yen
(50% from bio-related products)
Personnel 313 (20 researchers)
Bio-products Soy sauce, miso, vinegar
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, microbial screening
Contact address Headquarters

Miyoshi & Co., Ltd.

Address 2-1-8, Hachiman-yama

Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156
Phone (03) 3302-4755
Established 1949
Business Agriculture
 161

Main activities Ornamental plant seeds and bulbs

Sales (1988) 2 bill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 130
Bio R&D facilities Miyoshi Meroclone Laboratory
Kamisasao, Kobuchizawa-cho
Kitakoma-gun, Yamanashi 409-16
20 researchers
Bio-products Plantlets and seeds produced by tissue culture
Bio-targets Tissue culture, cell fusion, embryo culture
Contact address Mr. Hisao Tsurushima, Manager and Director
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3302-4755
Fax (03) 3306-5344

Miyoshi Oil and Fat Co., Ltd.

~ 3 Y1EBn~
Address 3-8-12, Midori
Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130
Phone (03) 3634-4451
Fax (03) 3631-7124
Established 1937
Business Chemicals
Main activities Edible oils, oleochemicals, soap
Sales (1988) 38.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 960
Bio product Soap produced with bioreactor technology
Bio-targets Highly unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, health
food
Contact address Headquarters

Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

~83~~
Address 1-7, Yotsuya
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3358-7211
Fax (03) 3358-7887
Established 1945
Business Pharmaceuticals
162

Main activities Pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, medical equipment

Sales (1988) 45.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 1954
Bio R&D facilities Tokyo Laboratory for Cell Science
1-1-1, Kamiya
Kita-ku, Tokyo 115
(about 100 researchers)
Bio-products Monoclonal antibodies (CEA, AFP); interferon-alpha
and -beta
Bio-targets Interferons, collagen, pro-urokinase, and TPA using
animal cell culture, novel antibiotics, imrnunoregulators
for cancer treatment
Contact address Mr. Noboru Aizawa, Executive Vice President
Above address
Phone (03) 3358-7211

F'Jg. 2.1A. Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Fuji Central Research Laboratory (Courtesy of Mochida
Pharmaceutical Co.)

Momoya Co., Ud.

*g~~
Address 16-2-2, Kakigara-cho, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3668-5771
Established 1920
Business Food
Main activities Seaweeds, pickles, sauces, and seasonings
Sales (1988) 27.3 bill. Yen
(5% from bio-related products)
Personnel 373
 163

Bio R&D facilities Momoya Research Laboratory

410, Dohmen, Akanuma
Kasukabe, Saitama 344
30 researchers
Bio-targets Bioactive compounds from microorganisms, seaweed;
plant tissue culture; health food, genetic engineering
in lactobacilli
Contact address Mr. Kiyoshi Kanasaki, Director
Above address (Saitama)
Phone (048) 735-6311
Fax (048) 737-6082

Morinaga & Co., Ltd.

~i<
Address 5-33-1, Shiba
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3456-0111
Fax (03) 3452-7438
Established 1910
Business Food
Main activities Confectionary, food
Sales (1988) 118.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 2844
Bio R&D facilities see Morinaga Institute of Biological Science KK
Contact address see Morinaga Institute of Biological Science KK

Morinaga Institute of Biological Science K.K.

~7k!±f4~
Address 2-1-1, Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 230
Phone (045) 572-8247
Established 1980
Business Chemicals
Main activities Cancer diagnostics, cell culture
Sales (1988) 248 mill. Yen
Personnel 15 (10 researchers)
Bio-products Antibodies for AFP, BMG, ferritin, collagen, and NCA;
human EGF
164

Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, diagnostic kits, cell culture

media, cancer therapy using antibodies
Contact address Dr. Teruhiko Morimoto, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (045) 572-8247
Fax (045) 571-5042

Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.

~7k~L~
Address 5-33-1, Shiba
Minato-ku. Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3798-0111
Fax (03) 3798-0104
Established 1949
Business Food
Main activities Milk, milk products, ice cream
Sales (1988) 315.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 4363

Fig. 2.25. Morinaga Milk Industry, Bioscience Laboratory, Tokyo

(Courtesy of Morinaga Milk Industry)
 165

Bio R&D facilities Central Laboratories, Bioscience Laboratory

4-4-22, Meguro
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153
(about 40 researchers)
Central Research Laboratory
Kanagawa (scheduled 1989)
Bio-products Functional food products, pharmaceuticals
Bio-targets Bioactive factors from urine (CSF), diagnostics for
cancer, enzymes, wastewater treatment systems
Contact address Dr. Minoru Saito, Assistant Director
Above address
Phone (03) 3712-1131

Morita Co., lid.

~EB
Address 1-4-30, Sakae, Naka-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 460
Phone (052) 203-5371
Established 1955
Business Food
Main activities Sake, miso, soy sauce, tsuyu, and mirin
Sales (1987) 5.7 bill. Yen
(100% from bio-related products)
Personnel 300
Bio R&D facilities Kosugaya Factory, Technical Section
21, Aza-herichi, Kosugaya
Tokoname-shi, Aichi 479
2 researchers
Bio-products Sake, miso, soy sauce, fermented seasonings
Bio-targets Improvement of yeast, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Osami Hashimoto, Factory Manager
Above address (Aichi 479)
Phone (05693) 7-0511
Fax (05693) 7-0532

Nacalai Tesque, Inc.

7-1J71.:rA~
Address Nishi-iru, Nijo Kawasuma
Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604
Phone (075) 231-5301
166

Established 1958
Business Chemicals
Main activities Research chemicals, diagnostics, chromatography
columns, instrumental analysis
Sales (1988) 10.2 bill. Yen
(65% from bio-related products)
Personnel 260
Bio R&D facilities Research Institute
17, Ishibashi, Kaide-cho
Mukou, Kyoto 617
15 researchers
Bio-products Biochemicals for molecular biology, cell culture, etc.,
chromatography equipment
Bio-targets Diagnostic reagents, analytical bioreactors, analytical
equipment
Contact address Mr. Sei-ichiro Ohnishi, Director
Above address (Kyoto 617)
Phone (075) 932-1818
Fax (075) 932-4872

Nagase Biochemicals, tid.

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Address 1-1-17, Shinmachi
Nishi-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 535-2324
Established 1939
Business Chemicals
Main activities Enzymes for pharmaceutical, diagnostic, food, and
industrial use
Sales (1988) 2.7 bill. Yen
(90% from bio-related products)
Personnel 78
Bio R&D facilities Fuchiyama Factory, Microbial Research Division
1-52, Osadono-cho
Fukuchiyama, Kyoto 620
Bio-products Enzymes
Bio-targets Novel enzymes from microorganisms and plants,
bioactive substances from microoganisms, functional
food, genetic and protein engineering
Contact address Mr. Zenro Minami, General Manager, Microbial
Research Division
Above address (Kyoto)
Phone (0773) 27-3495
Fax (0773) 27-2040
 167

Nakano Vinegar Co., lid.

cp~fFm
Address 2-6, Nakamura-cho
Handa, Aichi 475
Phone (0569) 21-3331
Established 1804
Business Food
Main activities Vinegar, condiments, food, alcoholic beverages
Sales (1988) 126.5 bill. Yen .
Personnel 1650
Bio R&D facilities Nakano Central Research Institute
Above address
120 researchers
Bio-products Vinegar
Bio-targets Genetic engineering, cell fusion of acetic acid bacteria,
bioreactor technology, biosensors, biopolymers
Contact address Mr. Yoshiya Kawamura, Director
Above address
Phone (0569) 21-3331
Fax (0569) 23-8486

National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations

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Address 1-8-3, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3245-7108
Established 1972
Business Agriculture
Main activites Marketing of agricultural products produced by the
members
Sales (1988) 6730 bill. Yen
Bio R&D facilities Agricultural Technical Center
5-1-5, Higashi-Hachiman
Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254
90 researchers
Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock
1708-2, Tsukuriya
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-33
80 researchers
Bio projects Mass propagation of seedlings using plant tissue culture,
cow and swine breeding using inseminated eggs
168

Contact address Mr. Takeshi Nishida, Director

Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3245-7106
Fax (03) 3245-7441

NEC Corporation

Address 5-33-1, Shiba

Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3454-1111
Established 1899
Business Electrical machinery
Main activities Computers, communication systems, industrial
electronics, electronic home products
Sales (1988) 2714.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 102452
Bio R&D facilities Resources and Environment Protection Research
Laboratories
4-1-1, Miyazaki, Miyamae-ku
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213
1000 researchers
Bio-targets Biosensors, bio-electronics
Contact address Mr. Izuru Sugano, General Manager
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (044) 855-1111
Fax (044) 856-2241

Neos Co., Ltd.

Address 6-2-1, Kano-cho

Chuo-ku, Kobe 650
Phone (078) 331-9381
Established 1954
Business Chemicals
Main activities Oil dispersing agents, metal-cutting fluids, paint remo-
vers, anticorrosive agents, fluorine chemicals, construc-
tion chemicals
Sales (1987) 7.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 273
 169

Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory, Department of Biology

1-1, Oike-cho, Kosei-cho
Koga-gun, Shiga 520-32
5 researchers
Bio-targets Products from plant tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Tadashi Okawa, Chief
Above address (Shiga)
Phone (0748) 75-3161
Fax (0748) 75-1329

New Japan Chemical Co., Ud.

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Address 13, Yoshijima, Yagura-cho
Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612
Phone (075) 611-2201
Established 1919
Business Chemicals
Main activities Oleochemicals, specialty chemicals
Sales (1989) 32 bill. Yen
Personnel 559 (5 bio-researchers)
Bio-targets Microbial and enzymatic transformation of oleochem-
icals, bioactive compounds
Contact address Mr. Yuji Kawashima, General Manager
Above adress
Phone (075) 611-2201
Fax (075) 623-3082

NGK Insulators, Ud.

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Address 2-56, Suda-cho, Mizuho-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 467
Phone (052) 872-7171
Established 1919
Business Ceramics
Main activities Electric insulators, power equipment, ceramic produ-
cts, special metals, environmenal control equipment
Sales (1988) 171.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 4918
170

Bio R&D facilities R&D Laboratory, Engineering Business Group

1, Maegata-cho
Handa-shi, Aichi 475
17 researchers
Bio-products Bioreactor for wastewater treatment
Bio-targets Bioreactors for wastewater, food; plant cultivation
systems
Contact address Mr. Mitsuru Koketsu, Manager
Above address (Ai chi 475)
Phone (0569) 23-5790
Fax (0569) 23-5767

Nibishi Shoyu K.K.

;:. t:' y ilitiI
Address 1236, Koga, Koga-machi
Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-31
Phone (092) 943-2231
Fax (092) 943-8270
Established 1919
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, seasonings
Sales (1988) 4.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 300 (15 researchers)
Bio-products Soy sauce, seasonings
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, cell fusion applied to yeasts,
killer yeasts
Contact address Headquarters

Nichimen Corporation

Address 1-13-1, Kyobashi

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3277-5111
Established 1883
Business Trade
Main activities Trade
Sales (1989) 4721 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 3100
 171

Bio-investments Cellco Advanced Bioreactors, Inc.

Kensington, Maryland, USA
10 researchers
Bio-products Hollow fiber bioreactor for mammalian cell culture
Bio-targets Bioreactors for mammalian cell culture
Contact address Mr. Shinya Abe, Sub-Manager
Above address
Phone (03) 3277-5391
Fax (03) 3277-5398

Nichirei Co.

Address 3-23, Misaki

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3237-2101
Fax (03) 3237-2271
Established 1942
Business Food
Main activities Marine food, livestock, frozen food
Sales (1988) 171.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 2433
Bio R&D facilities 1-52-14 Kurumegawa-cho
Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189
(about 35 researchers)
Bio-investments Biotechno-System Agrogenetics Co. (1984), tomato,
potato breeding based on rDNA technology; col-
laboration with Max Planck Institute, Koeln
Tokai University: Nichirei Gene Laboratory (HLA,
RFLP)
Bio-products Diagnostic tests for lung cancer and AIDS
Bio-targets Bioactive products from marine organisms, monoclo-
nal antibodies for cancer diagnosis, tomato breeding
using plant cell culture, rice breeding
Contact address Dr. Katsumi Ito, Director of Research
Above address
Phone (0423) 91-1100
172

Nichiro Fisheries Co., Ud.

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Etf~,,~

Address Shinyorakucho Bldg.

1-12-1, Yuraku-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3240-6287
Established 1906
Business Food
Main activities Canned food, frozen food, fishing, aquaculture
Sales (1988) 220 bill. Yen
Personnel 1694
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
7-36-5, Kurihama
Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239
35 researchers
Bio-products Protamine, nucleoproteins, DNA, chitosan
Bio-targets Marine biochemicals, chromosome engineering and
genetic engineering of fish, plant tissue culture
Contact asddress Mr. Raruo Akazawa, General Manager
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0468) 34-2381
Fax (0468) 35-0847

Nihon Denpun Kogyo Co., Ltd.

B*~*JtI~
Address 3-20, Nanei
Kagoshima, Kagoshima 891-01
Phone (0992) 69-1011
Established 1938
Business Food
Main activities Starch, dextrose, high-fructose corn syrup, sugars, pickles
Sales (1988) 13 bill. Yen
(50% from bio-related products)
Personnel 350 (5 researchers)
Bio-products Dextrose, high-fructose corn syrup
Bio-targets Microbial enzymes, bioreactor technology, oligosac-
charides, health food
Contact address Mr. Tyoma Mitsutake, General Manager, Research
Division
Above addrress
Phone (0992) 69-1011
Fax (0992) 68-5225
 173

Nihon Iyakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd.

B*~~£I~
Address 1-6-21, Sogawa
Toyama-shi, Toyama 930
Phone (0764) 32-2121
Fax (0764) 41-5106
Established 1965
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Drugs, vitamins
Sales (1988) 8 bill. Yen
Personnel 465
Bio-targets Prostaglandins, monoclonal antibodies, drugs using
animal cell culture
Contact address Mr. Yasumasa Nakamoto, Manager, R&D Division
Above address
Phone (0764) 75-5530

Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ud.

B*;l Y7.{ Y':! ~ A
Address 4-2-1, Takatsukasa
Takarazuka, Hyogo 665
Phone (0797) 71-4771
Established 1973
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Radioactive diagnostics
Sales (1988) 11.6 bill. Yen
(1% from bio-related products)
Personnel 442 (30 researchers)
Bio-targets Immunodiagnostic agents and kits
Contact address Mr. Yoshio Mori, Manager, Technical Planning Section
Above address
Phone (0797) 85-2213
Fax (0797) 73-3821

Nihon Nosan Kogyo K.K.

Address 1-11-20, Kita-saiwai, Nishi-ku

Yokohama, Kanagawa 230
Phone (045) 320-3200
174

Established 1931
Business Food
Main activities Agricultural products, livestock, fish, food, oil,
fertilizers, grain, flour, veterinary drugs, sales
Sales (1988) 114.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 1180
Bio R&D facilities Research Center
2-20-4, Hinode
Funabashi, Chiba 273
67 researchers
Bio-targets Feed, animal reproduction, veterinary drugs, food
Contact address Dr. Yoichiro Shimogori, Group Leader, Bioscience
Group
Above address (Chiba)
Phone (0474) 33-7671
Fax (0474) 33-7680

Nihon Shokken Co., Ud.

B*tstti]f
Address 5-35, Hiogashi-Toryu-cho
Imabari, Ehime 794
Phone (0898) 24-1881
Established 1971
Business Food
Main activities Seasonings, spices, condiments, ham, sausages, sauces
Sales (1988) 13.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 1020 (7 researchers)
Bio-targets Plant tissue culture for the production of spices,
microbial enzymes
Contact address Mr. Hisashi Horiuchi, Deputy Manager
Above address
Phone (0898) 32-6261
Fax (0898) 31-5798

Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ud.

B*tst£1.JoI
Address 3-4-1, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku. Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3212-2081
 175

Established 1948
Business Food
Main activities Food raw materials, feed, fermentation media, modified
starch
Sales (1988) 43 bill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 600
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratories
30, Tajima
Fuji, Shizuoka 417
49 researchers
Bio-products High-fructose syrup, dextrose, high-maltose syrup,
oligosaccharides, cyclodextrins, biochemicals
Bio-targets Microbial enyzmes, bioreactor, modified poly-
saccharides, cyclodextrines, health food
Contact address Mr. Akira Tanabe, General Manger, Fine Chemicals
Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3212-2085
Fax (03) 3212-8707

Nikken Chemicals Co., Ud.

B1iJf1t~
Address 5-4-14, Tsukiji
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3544-8701
Fax (03) 3545-8556
Established 1947
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Drugs, transfusion fluids
Sales (1988) 40.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 1150
Bio R&D facilities Omiya R&D Laboratory
1-346, Kita-Ikeburo
Omiya, Saitama 330
Bio-products Drugs, cyclodextrins
Bio-targets Application of genetic engineering, bioreactor tech-
nology
Contact address Mr. Hatsuo Yokoi, Manager, Development Division
Above address (Saitama)
Phone (0486) 41-5211
176

Nikken Food Co., Ltd

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Address 723-1, Aza Yata, Haruoka
Fukuroi, Shizuoka 437-01
Phone (0538) 49-0121
Established 1964
Business Food
Main activities Flavors and seasonings, health food
Sales (1988) 10.5 bill. Yen
(10% from bio-related produts)
Personnel 140
Bio R&D facilities Research Institute for Future Food
Research Institute for Ageing Control
Research Institute for Farming Systems
24 researchers
Bio-products Food enzymes, microbial processes
Bio-targets Microbial enzymes, restriction enzymes, genetic
engineering of yeast, R&D on ageing
Contact address Mr. Morio Kuboyama, Director R&D
Above address
Phone (0538) 49-0121
Fax: (0538) 49-0126

Nippoh Chemicals Co., Ltd.

B~{t~
Address CM Bldg.
3-3-3, Nihonbashi-Muromachi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3270-5341
Established 1948
Business Chemicals
Main activities Iodine, HCN, methyl bromide, fumigants, orthoformic
acid, bromine compounds, agrochemical and phar-
maceutical intermediates
Sales (1987) 5.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 220
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory, Biochemical Section
1240, Matsumaru, Isumi-machi
Isumi-gun, Chiba 298-01
10 researchers
Bio-products Clostridium butyricum preparation for intestinal flora
control
 177

Bio-targets Microbial screening, butyric acid bacteria, genetic

engineering
Contact address Mr. Joe S. Akatsuka, Chugai Boyeki Co. Ltd.
Konwa Bldg
1-12-22, Tsukiji
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3544-8122
Fax (03) 3545-0953

Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Co., Ud.

B* t" - " Y ::2 if-
Address 2-13-3, Kyobashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3273-4383
Established 1919
Business Food
Main activities Beet sugar, feed, sweeteners, health food, mushrooms,
baker's yeast
Sales (1988) 67.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 1060
Bio R&D facilities Research Center
Inada-cho
Obihiro, Hokkaido 080
32 researchers
Bio-products Baker's yeast, mushrooms, orchids
Bio-targets Yeast and mushroom improvement, dietary fibers,
health food, methane fermentation using biomass, bio-
pesticides, plant breeding
Contact address Mr. Akiyoshi Masuda, Director
Above address (Hokkaido)
Phone (0155) 48-4102
Fax (0155) 47-0711

Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd.

B*-'""- I) :/ if--1 :/ 'f'J}.;/'\ -1 1:..

Address 103, Takada, Yato
Kawanishi, Hyogo 666-01
Phone (0727) 93-8351
Fax (0727) 93-8566
178

Established 1987
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals
Sales (1988) 29 bill. Yen
Personnel 900
Bio R&D facilities Kawanishi Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Department of
Molecular and Cellular Biology
Above address
9 researchers
Bio-targets Application of genetic engineering
Contact address Headquarters

Fig. 2.26. Nippon Boehringer Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Kawanishi, Hyogo (Courtesy of

Nippon Boehringer Pharmaceuticals)

Nippon Chemical Feed Co., Ltd.

B*1t$inJf4
Address 3-6, Asano-cho
Hakodate, Hokkaido 040
Phone (0138) 41-6101
Business Chemicals
Main activities Feed, fish oil, marine food, health food, cosmetics,
specialty chemicals
Sales (1988) 13.6 bill. Yen
(20% from bio-related products)
Personnel 200
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
Above address
20 researchers
 179

Bio-products Feed, DNA, extracts from marine organisms

Bio-targets DNA from fish, functional food products, high-purity
chemicals from marine sources, flavors
Contact address Mr. Ken-ichi Kataya, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (0138) 41-6104
Fax (0138) 41-7444

Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd.

B*~*))
Address 5-27-5, Sendagaya
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151
Phone (03) 3350-2311
Established 1896
Business Food
Main activities Wheat flours, wheat germ, wheat germ oil, frozen food,
wheat clay dough
Sales (1988) 150 bill. Yen
Personnel 1460
Bio R&D facilities Central Laboratory, Biochemistry R&D
2114-2, Nurumizu
Atsugi, Kanagawa 243
20 researchers
Bio-products Competent cells, fermentation media, wheat extract
Bio-targets Growth factors for fermentation, wheat genetic research,
food, inhibitors against dental plaque formation
Contact address Mr. Yasuhiro Tonosaki, Deputy General Manager
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0462) 23-5115
Fax (0462) 21-4970

Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.

B*y-:I
Address 1-4, Wakaba
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3355-4524
Established 1982
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Biochemical reagents, diagnostic kits
180

Sales 100% from bio-related products

Personnel 48
Bio R&D facilities Enzymological and Immunological Laboratories
1-29, Tonyamachi and 100-29, Nishishinjo
Toyama, Toyama 930
32 researchers
Bio-products Restriction enzymes, other enyzmes, vectors, bio-
chemicals, pregnancy test kit
Bio-targets Medical supplies, monoclonal antibodies, growth hor-
mones for livestocks, bioreactor technology, plant cell
culture
Contact address Dr. Yuko Yoneda, President
Above address (Toyama)
Phone (0764) 51-6548
Fax (0764) 51-6547

Nippon Kayaku Co., Ud.

B*1~
Address Tokyo Fujimi Bldg.
1-11-2, Fuji-mi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3237-5370
Established 1916
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical intermediates,
agrochemicals, fine chemicals, dyes, explosives
Sales (1989) 109.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 3211
Bio R&D facilities Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories
3-31-12, Shimo
Kita-ku, Tokyo .115
336 researchers
Bio-products Pharmaceuticals, e.g., superoxide dismutase, antibiotics,
amino acids, polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, mono-
clonal antibodies, and diagnostic kits
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals, diagnostic agents and kits, bioreactor
technology
Contact address Mr. Shuji Kurashige, Corporate R&D Planning Office
Tokyo Kaijo Bldg.
1-2-1, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3212-4389
Fax (03) 3212-4347
 181

Nippon Kokan K.K.

B*~~
Address 1-1-2, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3212-7111
Fax (03) 3214-8404
Established 1912
Business Iron and steel
Main activities Steel products, plant construction, shipbuilding
Sales (1985) 1500.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 32395
Bio-targets Amino acid production, wastewater treatment facilities
Contact address Mr. Kenichi Kikuchi
Above address and phone number

Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.

S*;l-j-- f:'
Address 3-5-24, Marunouchi, Naka-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 451
Phone (052) 961-3181
Established 1959
Business Chemicals
Main activities Cosmetics, health food
Sales (1988) 114.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 1200
Bio R&D facilities Biochemical Research Institute
4-66, Asakusa-cho
Ohgaki, Gifu 503
40 researchers
Bio-products Extracts from plants and Bifidus as cosmetic material
and health food additive
Bio-targets Microbial metabolites, plant tissue culture for Cucur-
bitaceae, plant vector systems, drugs, health food
Contact address Dr. Hiroaki Konishi, Director, General Manager
2-130, Torimi-cho, Nishi-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 451
Phone (052) 531-5394
Fax (052) 531-9210
182

Nippon Mining Co., Ud.

B*iJt~
Address 2-10-1, Toranomon
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3505-8111
Established 1929
Business Mining
Main activities Metal mining, smelting, and refining; alloy fabrication;
production of natural gas, chemicals; petroleum refining.
Sales (1988) 709.9 bill. Yen
(0.1% from bio-related products)
Personnel 5540
Bio R&D facilities Bioscience Research Laboratories
3-17-3, Niizo Minami
Toda, Saitama 335
about 40 researchers
Bio-products Dicarboxylic acids, chiral epoxides, cydopentadecanone
Bio-targets Fine chemicals by fermentation, bioreactors; polypep-
tide pharmaceuticals using DNA technology and animal
cell culture; seeds and seedling using plant tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Fujio Sato, Senior Engineer, Biobusiness Develo-
pment Dept.
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3505-8503
Fax (03) 3505-8685

F"1g. 2IT. Nippon Mining Bioscience Research Laboratories, Toda, Saitama (Courtesy of Nippon
Mining Co.)
 183

Nippon Oil Co., Ltd.

B*{:j7m
Address 1-3-12, Nishi Shinbashi
Minato-ku. Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3502-1111
Established 1888
Business Energy
Main activitis Petroleum refining, petrochemicals
Sales (1988) 1667 bill. Yen
Personnel 5300
Bio R&D facilities Central Technical Research Laboratory
8, Chidori-Chuo, Naka-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 231
473 researchers
Bio-products Seedlings using plant tissue culture
Bio-targets Seedlings, fine chemicals from plants, vitamin B12,
wastewater treatment using bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. lkutoshi Matsumura, Manager
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3502-9177
Fax (03) 3502-9362

Nippon Oils and Fats Co., Ltd.

B*;mij~
Address 1-10-1, Yuraku-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3283-7035
Established 1937
Business Chemicals
Main activities Oil and fats, edible oils, paints, explosives, organic
peroxides, pharmaceutical products
Sales (1989) 116 bill. Yen
Personnel 2970
Bio R&D Facilities Tsukuba Research Center
5-10, Tokodai
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 300-26
56 researchers
Bio-products Unsaturated fatty acids produced by bioreactor, lipid
drugs, diagnostics
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology for fatty acid production, bio-
mimetic materials
184

Contact address Mr. Tadashi Funada

Above address (Tsukuba)
Phone (029) 747-8891
Fax (029) 747-8862

Nippon Paint Co., lid.

B*~1:/"
Address 6-8-10, Fukushima
Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553
Phone (06) 458-1111
Fax (06) 454-0609
Established 1898
Business Chemicals
Main activities Paints
Sales (1988) 109.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 2840
Bio R&D facilities Technology Center
19-17, Ikeda, Nakamachi
Neyakawa-shi, Osaka 553
(4 bio researchers)
Bio-targets Plant cell culture for colorant production, natural
flavors, antibiotics from microorganisms and plants
Contact address Mr. Tomoaki Okada, Manager
Above address
Phone (0720) 27-1111

Nippon Petroleum Refining Co., Ltd.

B*EilE~~
Address 1-3-12, Nishi Shinbashi
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3502-1111
Established 1951
Business Energy
Main activities Petroleum refining
Sales (1988) 520 bill. Yen
Personnel 2400
 185

Bio R&D facilities Kudamatsu Refinery, Plant Bio-Research Group

766, Higashi Toyoi
Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi 744
Phone (0833) 43-2123
20 researchers
Bio-targets Plant cell culture, cell fusion, and genetic engineering
for the production of flowers and vegetables
Contact address Mr. Masato Tanaka, Group Leader
Above address (Yamaguchi)
Phone (0833) 44-8176
Fax (0833) 44-2800

Nippon Shoji Kaisha, lid.

B*Iffl$~*±
Address 2-2-9, Kokumachi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 540
Phone (06) 941-0301
Established 1930
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, diagnostics
Sales (1088) 120 bill. Yen
Personnel 2300
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratories
2-24-3, Sho
Ibaraki, Osaka 567
4 researchers
Bio-targets Diagnostics for infectious and genetic diseases based
on monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Mr. Koji Mizuno, Assistant Section Manager
Above address (Osaka)
Phone (0726) 22-4941
Fax (0726) 22-4999

Nippon Roche K.K.

S*OY..:z.
Address 3-2-3, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3214-5172
Established 1932
186

Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, vitamins, diagnostics, agrochemicals,
fine chemicals
Sales (1988) 49.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 1700
Bio R&D facilities Nippon Roche Research Center
200, Kajiwara
Kamakura, Kanagawa 247
Phone (0467) 47-2202
270 researchers
Bio-products Alpha-Interferon, EIA-based diagnostics, bioreagents,
vitamins
Bio-targets Bioactive compounds from fermentation, animal cell
culture, genetic engineering, bioreactor and biomass
Contact address Dr. Yasuhiro Furuichi, Biotechnology Subdivision Head
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0467) 47-2222
Fax (0467) 45-1675

FIg. 2.28. Nippon Roche Research Center, Kamakura (Courtesy of Nippon Roche)
 187

Nippon Sharyou, Ltd.

B*~iilli
Address 1-1, Sanbonmatsu-cho, Atsuta-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 456-91
Phone (052) 882-3317
Established 1896
Business Manufacturing
Main activities Rolling stock, industrial and electric machinery
Sales (1988) 86.4 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 2618
Bio R&D facilities R&D Division
Above address
10 researchers
Bio-products Bioreactor for soy sauce production, for wastewater
treatment; biosensors for alcohol, glucose
Bio-targets Bioreactors, biosensors, food industry wastewater treat-
ment, plant tissue culture, health food
Contact address Mr. Hiroshi Wakazono, Manager, Research Division
Above address
Phone (052) 882-3317
Fax (052) 882-2427

Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.

B*iT~
Address 14, Nishinosho, Monguchi-cho, Kisshoin
Minami-ku, Kyoto 601
Phone (075) 321-1111
Established 1919
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, plant extracts
Sales (1988) 42.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 1772
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory
Above address
300 researchers
Bio-products Monoclonal antibodies for membrane proteins
Bio-targets Protein-derived pharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibody-
based diagnostics, bioreactor technology, animal models,
plant biotechnology
188

Contact address Dr. lunichi Yano, Chief biochemist

Above address
Phone (075) 321-1111
Fax . (075) 314-3269

Nippon Shiryo Kogyo Co., Ltd.

B*inJ*4I~
Address 1-1-18, Kanda, Suda-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3254-1721
Established 1971
Business Food
Main activities Starch products, glucose, high-fructose corn syrup,
dextrin
Sales (1988) 11.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 170
Bio R&D facilities Chemical Research Division
24-13, Kitahama-cho
Chita, Aichi 478
5 researchers
Bio-products Enzymes for carbohydrate transformations
Bio-targets Bioreactors, diet sugars, isomalto-oligosacchrides
Contact address Mr. Toshihiko Miyamoto, Manager
Above address (Aichi)
Phone (0562) 55-1191
Fax (0562) 55-9403

Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Co., Ltd.

B*~!R~{t~
Address Kogin Bldg
4-1-1, Koraibashi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 233-9111
Established 1941
Business Chemicals
Main activities Petrochemicals, industrial and specialty chemicals, resins
and catalysts
Sales (1989) 100 bill. Yen
Personnel 2000
 189

Bio R&D facilities Tsukuba Research Laboratory

1-25-12, Kannondai
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, fermentation, plant biotech-
nology, health food, husbandry
Contact address Mr. Ryoichi Oshiumi, Section Manager, Biotechnology
Research Section
Above address (lbaraki)
Phone (02975) 6-2564
Fax (02975) 6-2566

Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.

B*~ll
Address 2-2-1, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
~hone (03) 3245-6207
Established 1920
Business Chemicals
Main activities Inorganic chemicals, agrochemicals, feed additives,
pigments
Sales (1988) 90 bill. Yen
Bio R&D facilities Odawara Research Center, Biotechnology Laboratory
345, Aza Yanagi-machi, Takada
Odawara, Kanagawa 250-02
20 researchers
Bio projects Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, bioreactor technology,
plant tissue culture, bio pesticides, amino acid produc-
tion, pro-urokinase
Contact address Mr. Masami Shibuya, Manager, R&D Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3245-6207
Fax (03) 3242-2882

Nippon Steel Corporation

iTB~j~
Address 2-6-3, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3242-4111
Established 1970
190

Business Steel
Main activities Steel, engineering, chemicals, new materials, electro-
nics, information and communication, service, biobusi-
ness
Sales (1988) 2147 bill. Yen
Personnel 61423
Bio R&D facilities R&D Laboratory I
1618, Ida, Naskahara-ku
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211
about 20 researchers
Bio-targets Specialty vegetable oil, rice seedlings from tissue culture,
marine biotechnology
Contact address Mr. Yoshide Fujitake, Group Manager, Planning and
Coordination Department, Biotechnology Business
Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3275-7685
Fax (03) 3275-5667

Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ud.

8*7]<;£
Address 2-6-2, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3244-7000
Established 1911
Business Aquaculture
Main activities Marine products, frozen food, fish oil
Sales (1987) 481.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 3772
Bio R&D facilities Nippon Suisan Central Research Center
559-6, Kitano-cho
Hachioji, Tokyo 192
Bio-products Pure fatty acids, chitin, and chitosan
Bio-targets Transgenic fish, functional foods, micro algae, marine
biomass
Contact address Dr. Eizo Nagahisa, Manager, Bio-Group
Above address (Tokyo 192)
Phone (0426) 45-9151
Fax (0426) 46-2568
 191

Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

B*~JJX1t$I~
Address 9-6, Nozaki-cho
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 314-3175
Established 1927
Business Chemicals
Main activities Industrial chemicals, fine chemicals, polymers, bulk
pharmaceuticals
Sales (1988) 48.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 905
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
2-13-1, Muroyama
Ibaraki, Osaka 567
100 researchers
Bio-targets Amino acid and nucleic acid production using bio-
technology, chiral intermediates
Contact address Mr. Shigeo Kishi, General Manager, New Enterprise
Division
Above address (Osaka 53)
Phone (06) 314-3175
Fax (06) 312-5601

Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.

B*~~
Address 1-1, Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asaka-machi
Koriyama, Fukushima 963-01
Phone (0249) 45-2300
Established 1946
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Veterinary products, meat
Sales (1988) 12.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 522
Bio R&D facilities Cell Technology Laboratory
Above address
11 researchers
Bio-targets Veterinary drugs and diagnostics, vaccines, mono-
clonal antibodies, transgenic animals
Address Dr. Tadashi Sudo, Manager
Above address
Phone (0249) 45-2300
Fax (0249) 46-0923
192

Nippon Zeon Co., lid.

8*1i';d- /'
Address 2-6-1, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3216-1773
Fax (03) 3216-0501
Established 1950, as joint venture between The Furukawa Group
and Goodrich Chemicals, USA
Business Chemicals
Main products Synthetic rubber and resins
Sales (1988) 102.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 2844
Bio R&D facilities Molecular Biology Research Center
1-2-1, Yako
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210
(about 40 researchers)
Bio-products DNA synthesizer and reagents
Bio-targets DNA synthesis and reagents, amino acid production,
veterinary vaccines, vaccines for hepatitis Band
Japanese encephalitis
Contact address Mr. Terukazu Kawai, General Manager
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (044) 266-6511

Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.

8~{t~I~
Address 3-7-1, Kanda-Nishiki-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3296-8391
Established 1887
Business Chemicals
Main activities Industrial chemicals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals,
specialty chemicals
Sales (1987) 94.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 1700
Bio R&D facilities Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science
1470, Oaza Shiraoka, Chiraoka-cho
Minami-Saitama-gun, Saitama 349-02
8 researchers
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals using rDNA technology, plant biotech-
nology, microbial enzymes
 193

Contact address Mr. Shuuji Tsuchiya, Manager

Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3296-8391
Fax (03) 3296-8210

Nissan Pharmaceutical Co., Ud.

B~~~
Address 2-11-1, Sugamo
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170
Phone (03) 3918-8161
Established 1935
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Culture media, diagnostic reagents, pharmaceuticals,
health food supplements
Sales (1987) 10 bill. Yen
(25% from bio-related products)
Personnel 470
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
1075-2, Hokunanmoro
Yu-ki, Ibaragi 307-01
60 researchers
Bio-products Cell culture media, serum-free media
Bio-targets Cell culture media, autoclavable media, diagnostics for
home use
Contact address Headquarters

Nisshin Flour Milling Co., Ud.

Bj_~*)}
Address 19-12, Koami-cho, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3660-3111
Established 1900
Business Food
Main activities Wheat flour, feed, food, pharmaceuticals, plant
engineering
Sales (1988) 298.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 3073
Bio R&D facilities Research Center
5-3-1, Tsurugaoka, Ohi-machi
lruma-gun, Saitama 354
250 researchers
194

Bio-products Fermentation raw material, substrates for mushroom

production, animal feed, media for clinical diagnostics
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology for food production, embryo
transfer technology for livestock production, alkaline
phosphatase assay system, genetic engineering of lac-
tobacilli, wheat breeding
Contact address Mr. Akio Kobayashi, Fine Chemicals and Phar-
maceuticals Research Laboratory
Above address (Saitama)
Phone (0492) 61-111
Fax (0492) 66-5166

Nisshin Oil Mills, Ud.

Bm~M3
Address 1-23-1, Shinkawa
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3555-6923
Fax (03) 3555-6986
Established 1907
Business Food
Main activities Food, oil cakes, oleochemicals
Sales (1988) 108.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 1211
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
1-3, Chiwaka-cho, Kanagawa-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 221
(about 25 researchers)
Bio-products Chlorella, vitamin E, lecithin
Bio-targets Unsaturated fatty acids from Chlorella, application of
cell fusion, immunoactive substances, anaerobic waste-
water treatment
Contact address Mr. Hisashi Watanabe, Leader
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (045) 461-0181

Nissin Food Products Co., Ud.

Big1st~
Address 4-1-1, Nishinakajima
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532
Phone (06) 305-7711
 195

Established 1948
Business Food
Main activities Instant food, chilled and frozen food
Sales (1988) 150.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 1155
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Institute
2247, Noji
Kusatsu, Shiga 525
74 researchers
Bio-targets Enzyme production using rDNA technology, animal
cell culture, monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Dr. Koujirou Iso, Director
Above address (Shiga)
Phone (0775) 62-9111
Fax (0775) 62-9109

Nissho lwai Corporation

Address 2-4-5, Akasaka

Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3588-4553
Established 1928
Business Trade
Sales (1988) 10 139 bill. Yen
Personnel 5430
Bio-products licensing, trade in pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, seed,
equipment
Bio-investments Helix International, USA
Bio-targets Health food, drugs, diagnostics
Contact address Mr. Haruo Yoshizawa, Manager, Medical Team
Above address
Phone (03) 3588-3647
Fax (03) 3588-4883

Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

87l<~~
Address 2-11-1, Sugama
Toyoshima-ku, Tokyo 170
Phone (03) 3918-8161
196

Established 1935, as subsidiary of Nippon Suisan KK

Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Culture media, drugs, diagnostics
Sales (1987) 10.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 461
Bio-products Culture media, RIA test for rheuma factor, diagnostic
test systems using monoclonal antibodies
Bio-targets Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies and DNA
probes
Contact address Mr. Mitsuru Takada, Manager
Above address
Phone (02963) 5-1221

Nitto Bion Co., Ltd.

Address Nitto Bldg.

68-1, Ohmachi
Kitami, Hokkaido 090
Phone (0157) 24-7549
Established 1968
Business Fertilizer
Sales (1988) 7.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 100
Bio R&D facilities Bioscience Research Center
436-7, Kita-gami
Kitami, Hokkaido 099
Phone (0157) 38-2211
7 researchers
Bio-products Plant growth stimulators, seed protection chemicals
Bio-targets Plant growth regulators, plant tissue culture, seeds, food
using microorganisms
Contact address Mr. Keiichi Yamaguchi, Vice Director
Above address (Kita-gami)
Phone (0157) 38-2211
Fax (0157) 39-3924
 197

Nitto Hoseki Co., lid.

8JJ;l,Vi*_
Address 1-2-1, Hamacho, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3669-1440
Established 1918
Business Textiles
Main activities Textile fibers, construction materials, glass fiber,
diagnostic reagents
Sales (1988) 121.5 bill. Yen
(0.6% from bio-related products)
Personnel 4600
Bio R&D facilities Biochemical Laboratory
1, Siojima, Fukuhara, Fukuyama-machi
Koriyama, Fukushima 963
40 researchers
Bio-products Diagnostic reagents
Bio-targets Diagnostics, mono- and polyclonal antibodies, peptide
chemistry, pharmaceuticals
Bio-investments Nittobo Medical (1988)
Contact address Mr. Takeshi Nagasawa, Biochemical Laboratory
Manager
Above address (Fukuyama)
Phone (0249) 32-6015
Fax (0249) 34-8603

Nitto Chemical IndustIy Co., Ltd.

8*{t~I~
Address New Narunouchi Bldg.
1-5-1, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3271-0251
Established 1937
Business Chemicals
Main activities Organic and inorganic chemicals, catalysts, fertilizers,
specialty chemicals, soil chemicals, construction
materials
Sales (1987) 36.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 760
198

Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory

10-1, Daikoku-cho, Tsurumiku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 230
110 researchers
Bio-products Acrylamide using biotransformation
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, wastewater treatment, protein
engineering, bio pesticides, marine biotechnology
Contact address Mr. Yoshiya Kametani, Director
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3271-0253
Fax (03) 3287-2725

Fig. 2:19. Nitto Chemical Industry, Central Research Laboratory, Yokohama (Courtesy of Nitto
Chemical Industry)

Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ud.

BJ'f~W:~
Address 1-1-2, Shimohozumi
Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567
Phone (0726) 22-2981
Fax (0726) 26-1505
Established 1918
Business Electric Machinery
Main activities Electronic and electric materials
Sales (1988) 132.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 3138
 199

Bio R&D facilities Biochemical Laboratory

Above address
(about 40 researchers)
Bio-products Bioreactor technology, Korean ginseng from plant cell
culture
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, pheromones
Contact address Mr. Hisashi Ichinose, General Manager
Above address
Phone (0726) 22-2981

Nitto Foods Product Co., Ud.

B*it£
Address 4-27, Saiwai-cho
Sagae, Yamagate 991
Phone (0237) 86-3170
Business Food
Main activities Canned food, refrigerated food
Sales (1987) 26.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 600
Bio R&D facilities Central Laboratory
Above address
40 researchers
Bio-targets Seasonings using bioreactor technology, antimicrobial
procedures, plant tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Takao Komatsu, Group Leader
Above address
Phone (0237) 86-3170
Fax (0237) 86-0144

NKK Corporation
B*jrmJ~
Address 1-1-2, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3217-2640
Established 1912
Business Steel
Main activities Steel, engineering and construction, shipbuilding
Sales (1988) 1050.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 25 193
200

Bio R&D facilities Advanced Technology Research Center

1-1, Minami-Watarida-cho
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210
14 researchers
Bio-products Plant for municipal wastewater treatment
Bio-targets Amino acid production process (tryptophan), mono-
clonal antibodies; pharmaceuticals, feed additives,
veterinary drugs, diagnostics
Contact address Headquarters

NOK Corporation
Address 1-12-15, Shiba, Daimon
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 432-4211
Established 1939
Business Machinery
Main activities Seal products, hydraulic and pneumatic equipment,
nuclear power equipment, chemicals, electronic
materials
Sales (1989) 159.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 4000
Bio R&D facilities First Research Department
4-3-1, Tsujido-Shinmachi
Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251
Bio-targets Biosensors, plant growth regulation, protein separation
and purification
Contact address Dr. Takao Kanno, Manager
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0466) 35-4649
Fax (0466) 33-5375

Novo Industri Japan Ltd.

J ;f • -1 :/:/' A i' 1)_
Address Sakura Bldg.
1-3-3, Uchikanda
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3295-6767
Established 1977, subsidiary of NOVO Industri A/S, Denmark
Business Chemicals
Main activities Industrial enzymes
Personnel 33
 201

Bio R&D facilities Above address

17 researchers
Bio-investments Novo Biochemical Industry Japan Ltd.
Ishikari, Hokkaido (enzyme production)
Bio-products Industrial enzymes
Bio-targets Screening for novel enzymes, novel applications of
enzymes
Contact address Mr. Tom Busk Nielsen, Manager R&D
Above address
Phone (03) 3295-6767
Fax (03) 3295-0470

Nursery Technology Inc.

j--~ f) -7 ~ / 0 y-
Address 3-4-12, Mita
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3769-5361
Established 1987, through funding from BRAIN, MAFF
(see Chap. 7)
Business Agriculture
Personnel 37
Bio-targets Production systems for seedlings of crop plants
Contact address Mr. Junichi Agematsu, Managing Director, Research
Department
Above address and phone number
Fax (03) 3769-5363

Ohayo Dairy Products Co., Ud.

;t /'\;:1 -~L~
Address 565, Kohnoshita, Okayama 703
Phone (0862) 79-1231
Established 1953
Business Food
Main activities Milk products, cheese, icecream, desserts
Sales (1988) 1.9 bill. Yen
(20% from bio-related products)
Personnel 560 (20 researchers)
Bio-targets Products from lactobacilli, Bifidus bacteria and yeast
using cell fusion and rDNA technology; health food
202

Contact address Mr. Hiroshi Furukawa, Manager, Research Division

Above address
Phone (0862) 79-1238
Fax (0862) 79-8679

Ohbayasbi Corporation

****Jl
Address 2-3, Kanda Tsukasa-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3292-1111
Established 1936
Business Construction
Main activities Regional, urban, environmental, and oceanic develop-
ment; engineering, managing, and consulting in the field
of construction
Sales (1988) 944.7 bill. Yen
(5% from bio-related products)
Personnel 10214
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory
4-640 Shimo Kiyoto
Kiyose, Tokyo 204
159 researchers
Bio-products Clean room, wastewater treatment plant
Bio-targets Miniaturized clean room, antifungal technology for food
factories and laboratories, garbage and sewage
treatment plant using anaerobic microorganisms, green-
house for indoor use, desert forestation, life-support
systems for extraterrestrial bases
Contact address Mr. Takao Sasabe, General Manager, Project Dept.,
Engineering Division
Above address (Tokyo 101)
Phone (03) 3292-1111
Fax (03) 3258-2747

Oita Shoyu Kyogyo Corporation

*5t4lil±Ithh~*Jl~
Address 1500, Mochizuki
Usuki, Oita 875
Phone (09762) 3-6111
Fax (09726) 3-1355
 203

Established 1974
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce
Sales (1988) 200 mill. Yen
(90% from bio-related products)
Personnel 80 (8 researchers)
Bio-products Soy sauce
Bio-targets Cell fusion applied to yeast, bioreactor technology
Contact address Headquarters

Oji Paper Co., Ltd.

3:~~*I£
Address 4-7-5, Ginza
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3563-1111
Established 1873
Business Paper, pulp
Main activities Paper and pulp, forestry, mining, electric power gene-
ration, transport service, real estate
Sales (1099) 460 bill. Yen
Personnel 5600
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
1-10-6, Shinonome
Koto-ku, Tokyo 135
50 researchers
Kameyama Breeding Station
24-9, Nobono-cho
Kameyama, Mie 519-02
14 researchers
Bio-targets Plant breeding, mainly for trees, bio pesticides, mush-
rooms by protoplast culture, microbial enyzmes
Contact address Dr. Masaru Shibata, Director
Above address (Mie)
Phone (05958) 5-0122
Fax (05958) 5-1528
204

Okinawa Seikagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.

itPM1t$I~
Address 649, lribaru
Gushikawa, Okinawa 904-22
Phone (09897) 4-0351
Established 1977
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Medical and diagnostic enzymes
Sales (1988) 150 mill. Yen
Personnel 13 (4 researchers)
Bio-products Medical enzymes (elastase)
Bio-targets Medical and diagnostic enzymes from animal tissue,
bioreator technology, health food
Contact address Mr. Nobushige Yagi, Consulting Director
Above address
Phone (09897) 4-0351
Fax (09897) 3-7542

Okinawa Sun Chlorella Manufacturers Co., Ltd.

itP_~;,; · ~ 0 V7~~
Address 550 Aza-Takahara, Okinawa 904-21
Phone (09893) 7-9018
Established 1970
Business Food
Main activities Chlorella powder
Sales (1988) 344 mill. Yen
Personnel 21 (2 researchers)
Bio-targets Chlorella cultivation using laser technology, Chlorella
growth factors
Contact address Mr. Higa Yutaka, Production Division
Above address
Phone (09893) 7-9018
Fax (09893) 8-3327
 205

Okinoerabu Bio Laboratory Co., Ltd.

jt:pZJ§!$11<fN~ '\' -1 ;t tiJfJEpJT
Address 423-3, Taniyama, Wadomori-cho
Oshima-gun, Kagoshima 891-91
Phone (0997) 92-3690
Established 1987, through funding from BRAIN, MAFF
(see Chap. 7)
Business Agriculture
Personnel 7
Bio-targets Bulb flowers (lilies) breeding and propagation using
plant cell culture
Contact address Mr. Sadao Shikae, Head
Above address and phone number
Fax (0997) 92-3690

Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.

;t l) y~-eA*~I~
Address Shinjuku San-Ei Bldg.
1-22-2, Nishi-Shinjuku
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-91
Phone (03) 3340-2111
Established 1919
Business Machinery
Main activities Cameras, microscopes, endoscopes, clinical analyzers,
laser discs , etc.
Sales (1987) 122.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 4513
Bio R&D facilities Biotechnology Research Department
2951, Ishikawa-cho
Hachioji, Tokyo 192
10 researchers
Bio-products Clinical analyzers, immunassay equipment, electroph-
oretic equipment
Bio-targets Research equipment for diagnostic use, e.g., immun-
assays, development of diagnostic reagents and
monoclonal antibodies, neuroscience
206

Contact address Dr. Atsuo Miyakawa

Biomedical Research Center
2-3, Kuboyamacho
Hachioji, Tokyo 192
Phone (0426) 91-7111
Fax (0426) 46-2245
Phone (0426) 91-71

Okura Shuzo Co., lid.

~im~
Address 247, Minami-hamacho
Fuchimi-ku, Kyoto 621
Phone (075) 611-0111
Established 1981
Business Food and beverages
Main activities Sake, food, cosmetics
Sales (1985) 65.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 915
Bio R&D facilities 24, Shimotoba, Koyanagi-cho
Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 621
(about 20 researchers)
Bio-products Yeast for sake fermentation from cell fusion
Bio-targets Improved yeasts using genetic engineering
Contact address Mr. Satoshi Imayasu, Manager
Above address
Phone (075) 611-5365

Ono Pharmaceutical Co., lid.

IJ\If~~I~
Address 2-14, Doshomachi
Higashi-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 222-5551
Fax (06) 222-5706
Established 1947
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main products Drugs, diagnostics
Sales (1988) 64 bill. Yen
Personnel 1699
 207

Bio R&D facilities Research Institute

3-1-1, Sakurai, Honmachi
Mishima, Osaka 618
(about 10 researchers)
Bio-products Prostaglandins
Bio-targets Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies (CEA),
drug delivery systems, thromboxan, interleukin-4
Bio-investments Ono Research Foundation (1988). Research on lipids.
Contact address Mr. Masami Tsuboshina, Manager
Above address (Mishima)
Phone (0776) 82-6161

Onoda Cement Co., Ud.

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Address 1-1-7, Toyosu
Koto-ku, Tokyo 135
Phone (03) 3531-4111
Established 1881
Business Ceramics
Main products Cement, concrete
Sales (1988) 186.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 1451 (10 bio researchers)
Bio-products Functional food
Bio-targets Mushroom, food from micro algae, anti-cancer drugs
Contact address Mr. Tsuji Nakajima, Manager, Laboratory for New
Products
Above address and phone number

Oriental Electric Co., Ud.

;f l) .:r. :/ ~ }l/~~
Address 3-6-10, Azusawa
Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174
Phone (03) 3968-1111
Established 1960
Business Electrical Machinery
Main activities Instrumentation for process control
Sales (1988) 1.5 bill. Yen
(38% from bio-related products)
Personnel 50
208

Bio R&D facilities R&D Division

3-9-7, Nobidome
Niiza, Saitama 352
15 researchers
Bio-products Glucose analyzer, freshness meter, hydrogen peroxide
meter, DO-, pH-, CO2-analyzers, jar fermenter
Bio-targets Biosensors, bioreactors, measurement and control
devices, feeding equipment for experimental animals
Contact address Mr. Yoshio Nose, Senior Managing Director
Above address (Saitama)
Phone (0484) 77-1255
Fax (0484) 79-4784

Oriental Instruments Ltd.

Address Taiki Bldg.

1-34-8, Takadanobaba
Shiniuku-ku, Tokyo 169
Phone (03) 3209-0425
Established 1973
Business Machinery
Main activities Analytical, laboratory and scientific instruments
Sales (1988) 600 mill. Yen
(70% from bio-related products)
Personnel 20
Bio R&D facilities Sagamihara Factory, Technical Research Facilities
5-5436-12, Hibarigaoka
Zama, Kanagawa 228
Bio-products Colony analyzer, ELISA analyzer, automatic colony
transfer system
Bio-targets Laboratory automation for biotechnology, biosensors
Contact address Mr. Mamoru Narumiya
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3209-0425
Fax (03) 3209-9807
 209

Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.

;t l) ;c :/ J )vW~£J:I~
Address Nihonbashi Fukawa Bldg.
10-11, Nihonbashi, Kodenma-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 663-8211
Established 1929
Business Food
Main activities Baker's yeast, food additives, flour, mayonnaise, ex-
perimental animals, veterinary drugs, immuno dia-
gnostics, monoclonal antibodies
Sales (1988) 43.3 bill. Yen
(32% from bio-related products)
Personnel 699
Bio R&D facilities Nagaoka Life Science Research Center
19 researchers
Osaka Research Center
25 researchers
Bio-products Yeast, monoclonal antibodies, diagnostic enzymes
Bio-targets Yeast, immunological reagents, experimental animals
Contact address Mr. Toshikuni Naito, Director, Bioindustry Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3663-8218
Fax (03) 3663-8238

Osaka Gas Co., Ltd.

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Address 4-1-2, Hirano-machi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 202-2221
Fax (06) 226-1681
Established 1897
Business Energy
Main activities City gas
Sales (1988) 552.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 9766
Bio R&D facilities Osaka Gas Research Center
6-19-9, Torishima
Konohana-ku, Osaka 554
New Research Center
Kansai Science City (scheduled for 1994)
210

Bio-investments Techno-Green Co. (plant cell culture)

Kansai Research Institute International, Kansai Science
City
Bio-products Wastewater treatment facilities
Bio-targets Application of microbial technology, plant tissue culture,
health food
Contact address Mr. Tomohiro Sato, Assistant Manager
Above address (Osaka 554)
Phone (06) 462-3231
Fax (06) 464-1805

Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ud.

*j~~~
Address 2-9, Tsukasa-cho, Kanda
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3292-0021
Established 1964
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, health products
Sales (1988) 282.6 bill. Yen
(1.1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 4106
Bio R&D facilities Cell Technology Institute
463-10, Kagasuno
Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-01
59 researchers
New Drug Research Laboratories
115, Tateiwa aza, Kuguhara, Muya-cho
Naruto, Tokushima 772
35 researchers
Maryland Research Center, Gaithersburg
Bio-investments Pharma Bio Co., USA, 1988 (health food, pharmaceuti-
cals)
Biomembrane Research Center, University of Washi-
ngton, Seattle, and Oncomembrane Co., Seattle (1986)
Bio-products Monoclonal antibodies for interleukins, anti M-CSF
Bio-targets Immuno modulators, tumor immunology, diagnostics
based on monoclonal antibodies, application of genetic
and protein engineering
Contact address Mr. Kenichi Imagawa, Manager, General Mfairs
Above address (Tokushima)
Phone (0886) 65-2126
Fax (0886) 65-5662
 211

F"Jg. 2.30. Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Saga Research Institute

(Courtesy of Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co.)

Ozeki Sake Brewing Co., Ud.

*~i@~
Address 4-9, Imazu-Dezaike-cho
Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663
Phone (0798) 32-2171
Established 1711
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Sake, shochu, rice wine, soft drinks, food
Sales (1987) 44.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 646
Bio R&D facilities Genera Research Institute
Above address
28 researchers
Bio-products Sake, shochu, rice wine
Bio-targets Yeast improvement by recombinant techniques and cell
fusion, bioreactor technology, plant tissue culture for
pigment production, monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Mr. Takemitsu Honma, Vice Head
Above address
Phone (0798) 32-2171
Fax (0798) 36-1538

P.c.c. Technology, Inc.

PCC7~/OY-
Address 2-8-7, Shibuya
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150
Phone (03) 3409-3925
212

Established 1987, under funding from the Japan Key Technology

Center
Business Chemicals
Personnel 20
Bio-targets Specialty chemicals from plant cell culture
Contact address Mr. Toshiro Ishii, Director, R&D Department
Above address and phone number
Fax (03) 3409-3747

Plantech Nitten Co., lid.

7°7 :/.::;- 'Y ~ • .::. 'Y .::;- :/

Address 15-29-S-1, Higashi-Memuro, Memuro-cho

Kasai-gun, Hokkaido 082
Phone (0155) 62-5453
Business Agriculture
Main activities Orchids using plant tissue culture
Sales (1988) 40 mill. Yen
Personnel 12
Bio-targets Orchids using meristem culture, virus-free plants
Contact address Mr. Shoichi Gojo, Director, Business Division
Above address
Phone (0155) 62-5453
Fax (0155) 62-5449

Plantech Research Institute

~!to/JI~Wf3-'lPJf
Address 2-5-2, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3283-6441
Established 1982
Business Agriculture
Main activities Crop improvement using rDNA technology and cell
fusion
Sales (1988) 400 mill. Yen
Personnel 35
Bio R&D facilities Plantech Research Institute, Research Division
1000, Kamoshida-cho, Midori-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 227
30 researchers
Bio-targets Crops improved by biotechnology, e.g., rice and Brassica
 213

Contact address Mr. Susumu Yamauchi, Manager

Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3283-6194
Fax (03) 3283-6787

Protein Engineering Research Institute, Co.

~ BI~ftJf1EpJT
Address 6-2-3, Furuedai
Suita, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 872-8200
Established 1986, under funding from the Japan Key Technology
Center (see Chap. 7)
Personnel 62
Bio-targets Protein engineering
Contact address Dr. Morio Ikehara, Managing Director
Above address and phone number
Fax (06) 872-8210

Q.P. Corporation
.::f- ..:L - 1:::°_
Address 1-4-13, Shibuya
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150
Phone (03) 3486-3331
Established 1919
Business Food
Main activities Mayonnaise, sauces, canned and bottled food
Sales (1988) 1435 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 2013
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory of Q.P. Corporation
5-13-1, Sumiyoshi
Fuchu, Tokyo 183
15 researchers
Bio-products Vinegar
Bio-targets Improved microorganisms for vinegar production,
bioreactor technology, plant propagation factory, secon-
dary plant metabolites from tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Hitoshige Yanase, Vice Head of Office
Above address (Tokyo 183)
Phone (0423) 61-5965
Fax (0423) 61-6271
214

Research Institute of Brewing Resources, tid.

Gffi1OOiJf~JT
Address 1-54-18,
Kita-ku, Tokyo 114
Phone (03) 3949-2311
Established 1987, under funding from BRAINjMAFF
(see Chap. 7)
Business Food
Personnel 15
Bio-targets Special research on brewing sciences
Contact address Mr. Tamura
Above address and phone number
Fax (03) 3949-2311

Research Institute of Industrial Bio-Science Japan, Ltd.

!±!fo/.Jf4~0UJf~pJT
Address 41-3, Takamachi
Iwata, Shizuoka 438
Phone (0538) 34-5981
Established 1983
Main activities Consultants, R&D in cell culture
Sales (1987) 85 mill. Yen
Personnel 7
Bio-products System for microbial control in the food industry,
culture media for tissue culture
Bio-targets Culture media for cells and marine organisms, tropical
plant biomass utilization
Contact address Mr. Takatsugo Kawano, Director
Above address
Phone (0538) 34-5981

Rice Breeding Research Laboratories

Address 7-2-1, Nakayama, Aoba-ku

Sendai, Miyagi 981
Phone (022) 279-8510
 215

Established 1988, by funding from BRAIN, MAFF (see Chap. 7)

Business Agriculture
Main activities Development of rice varieties
Bio R&D facilities Japan Tobacco Research Center
Second research team
700, Higashibara, Toyota-cho
Iwata-gun, Shizuoka 438
2 researchers
Bio-targets New rice varieties using genetic engineering and cell
fusion
Contact address Dr. Masayoshi Sato, R&D Manager
1-24-1, Wakaba
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3225-0477
Fax (03) 3225-0478

Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

O-rU
Address 1-8-1, Tatsumi-nishi
Ikuno-ku, Osaka 544
Phone (06) 758-1239
Established 1899
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals
Sales (1988) 18.1 bill. Yen
(1% from bio-related products)
Personnel 510
Bio R&D facilities R&D Division, 2nd Research Department
Above address
8 researchers
Bio-products Pregnancy test kit
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, serum-free media for animal
tissue culture, production of recombinant peptide
antigenes for antibody preparation
Contact address Dr. Takashi Nishihara, Senior Research Manager R&D
Above address
Phone (06) 758-1239
Fax (06) 757-1106
216

Ryuhodo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

~[3lmn
Address 2-17-1, Kishibe Minami
Suita, Osaka 564
Phone (06) 382-4642
Established 1953
Business Food
Main activities Cosmetics, health food
Sales (1988) 7 bill. Yen
(30% from bio-related products)
Personnel 210
Bio R&D facilities Shiga Research Laboratory
61-1, Sasadani, Yamadera
Kusatsu, Shiga 525
10 researchers
Bio-products Additives for bio-cosmetics
Bio-targets Products from plant tissue culture and fermentation
Contact address Dr. Takuji Miyamoto, Chief of Laboratory
Above address (Shiga)
Phone (0775) 64-3837
Fax (0775) 64-7739

Ryukyu Cement Co.

fjfJ;J( --l! j /' "

Address 3-22-12, Kumoji
Naha, Okinawa 900
Phone (0980) 53-8311
Established 1959
Business Ceramics
Main activities Cement
Bio R&D facilities Hokubu Factory
1008, Awa
Nago, Okinawa 905-01
3 researchers
Bio-targets Fermented food, health food, physiologically active
materials from plant tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Ryouchi Nakagawa, Department Head
Above address
Phone (0988) 63-5549
 217

Saga Ken Shoyu Kyogyo Kumiai

{&~Uf!?§tffithh~*Jl€t
Address 1-1, Motoishimachi
Karatsu, Saga 847
Phone (0955) 73-1655
Established 1981
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce
Sales (1989) 400 mill. Yen
Personnel 14 (3 researchers)
Bio-products Soy sauce
Bio-targets Screening for yeasts, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Hideaki Takahashi, Karatsu Factory Manager
Above address
Phone (0955) 73-1655
Fax (0955) 74-5354

Sagami Chemical Research Center

t§f~CP~{t~UJfJ1:pJf
Address 4-4-1, Nishi-Ohnuma
Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229
Phone (0427) 42-4791
Established 1963
Personnel 130 (30 in genetic engineering section)
Business Chemicals
Main activities Thrombolytic agents, cytokines, peptide hormones,
industrial enzymes
Bio-targets Plasminogen activator, lymphokines, specialty chemi-
cals, industrial enzymes
Contact address Mr. Muneki Ohmori, Director, Genetic Engineering
Section .
Above address
Phone (0427) 42-4791
Fax (0427) 49-7631
218

Saibu Gas Co., lid.

~$jlA
Address 1-17-1, Chiyo
Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-91
Phone (092) 641-1261
Established 1930
Business Energy
Main activities City gas, construction of gas equipment
Sales (1988) 79 bill. Yen
Personnel 1930
Bio R&D facilities General Research Institute
Above address
2 bio-researchers
Bio-targets Mass culture of autotrophic microorganisms, bio-
chemicals from autotrophs, polyhydroxy butyric acid
Contact address Mr. Takehiko Kawai, Deputy General Manager
Above address
Phone (092) 641-1261
Fax (092) 641-4524

Saikin Kagaku Institute Co., Ltd.

*mi~Ht~liJf~jf
Address 5-12, Hayama-cho
Sendai, Miyagi 981
Phone (022) 271-6721
Established 1950
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Vaccines, cancer diagnostic kits
Sales (1988) 800 mill. Yen
(12% from bio-related products)
Personnel 56
Bio-products Vaccines for influenza, Japanese encephalitis, cholera,
typhoid; lAP kit
Bio-targets Cancer diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies,
genetic and protein engineering
Contact address Dr. Keiji Tamura, General Manager, R&D Division
Above address
Phone (022) 271-6721
Fax (022) 271-8921
 219

Sainte Neige Wine Co., Ud.

~;/ "*-Y.::L '71;/
Address 107-1, Kamikanogawa
Yamanashi-shi, Yamanashi 405
Phone (0553) 22-1511
Established 1942
Business Beverages
Main activities Wine, brandy, and liquor
Sales (1988) 2.9 bill. Yen
Personnel 55
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratories
Above address
10 researchers
Bio-products "Fusion" wine from yeasts obtained through protoplast
fusion
Bio-targets Breeding of wine yeasts, screening for killer yeasts,
grape cell culture, cell fusion
Contact address Dr. Kenichi Shimizu, Manager
Above address
Phone (0553) 22-1514
Fax (0553) 22-9130

Sakata Seed Corporation

~EBtI~
Address 3-1-17, Nagata-higashi
Minami-ku, Yokohama 232
Phone (045) 715-2111
Established 1913
Business Agriculture
Main activities Vegetable breeding
Sales (1989) 27.6 bill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 560
Bio R&D facilities Plant Biotechnology Center
358, Uchikosi, Sodega-ura
Kimitsu-gun, Chiba 299-02
10 researchers
Bio-products Seed and seedlings from plant tissue culture
Bio-targets Application of tissue culture methods and protoplast
fusion to vegetable and flower breeding
220

Contact address Dr. Toshio Shiga, Director

Above address (Chiba)
Phone (0438) 75-2681, 2369
Fax (0438) 75·7276

Sanbishi Co., Ltd.

if /' l::" ~
Address 53, Wakamiya, Shinozuka, Kozakai-cho
Hoi-gun, Aichi 441-01
Phone (05337) 2-3111
Established 1896
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, seasonings, mirin
Sales (1988) 3.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 101 (3 researchers)
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, cell fusion
Contact address Mr. Yoshoaki Shibata, Deputy Head
Above address
Phone (05337) 2-3111
Fax (05337) 2-3120

Sanin Kensetsu Kogyo Co., Ltd.

LiI~~~I~
Address 2334-3, Jinzai, Oki-cho
Izumo, Shimane 699-08
Phone (0853) 43-1113
Established 1963
Business Construction
Main activities Construction and engineering
Sales (1988) 760 mill. Yen
Personnel 50 (4 researchers)
Bio-products Chitosan, chitinase
Bio-targets Pesticides based on chitinase, improved production
processes
Contact asddress Mr. Yozi Omura, President
Above address
Phone (0853) 43-1113
Fax (0853) 43-3258
 221

San-Jirushi Corporation
~;:/ y )v~M~
Address 1, Meisei-dori
Kuwana, Mie 511
Phone (0594) 22-3333
Established 1951
Business Food
Main activities Miso, soy sauce, seasonings, food, drinks
Sales (1988) 5.5 bill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 200 (5 researchers)
Bio-products Miso, tamari, shoyu
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, cell fusion
Contact address Mr. Haruo Kimura, Production Manager
Above address
Phone (0594) 22-3333
Fax (0594) 23-3333

Sankai Co., Ltd.

Address 796-40, Yahata-cho

Matsue, Shimane 690
Phone (0852) 37-1331
Established 1973
Business Machinery
Main activities Food-related equipment
Sales (1987) 21.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 1116 (4 bio-researchers)
Bio-products Extraction and purification equipment
Contact address Mr. Hideyuki Araki, President
Above address and phone

Sanken Setsubi Kogyo Co., tid.

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Address 1-35-8, Nihonbashi-Kakigaracho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3667-3431
222

Established 1946
Business Engineering
Main activities Environmental engineering and construction, air con-
ditioning, sanitary engineering, fire prevention
Sales (1988) 55.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 890
Bio R&D facilities Technical Department, R&D Division
Above address
12 researchers
Bio-products Clean bench, clean unit, separators
Bio-targets Biohazard protection facilities, plant cultivation facilities,
wastewater treatment facilities
Contact address Mr. Teruo Takezoe, Director, Manager of Technical
Department
3-7, Nihonbashi-Hakozaki-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3667-7051
Fax (03) 3667-7294

Sankyo Co_, Ltd.

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Address 3-5-1, Nihonbashi Honcho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3562-0411
Established 1899
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, medical supply, agrochemicals, food,
cosmetics
Sales (1988) 291.7 bill. Yen
(3% from bio-related products)
Personnel 5888
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratories for Active Compounds
Bio-Science Research Laboratories
Fermentation Research Laboratories
1-2-58, Hiromachi
Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140
200 researchers
Basic Research Laboratory
Tsukuba, Ibaragi
Bio-products Biologically active substances, antibiotics, enzymes,
plant seedlings, bio-pesticides
Bio-targets Microbial screening, drugs using genetic engineering,
bioreactor technology, animal and plant tissue culture
 223

Contact address Dr. Mamoru Arai, Director

Fermentation Research Laboratories
Above address
Phone (03) 3492-3131
Fax (03) 3495-6734

Fig. 2.31. Sankyo Co., Research Building for Bioscience and Fermentation
(Courtesy of Sankyo Co.)

Sanraku InC.

Address 1-5-8, Kyobashi

Chuo-1m, Tokyo 104
Established 1934. Capital investment from Ajinomoto
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Wine, whisky, sake, shochu liquor; pharmaceuticals,
veterinary drugs, enzymes, reagents, solvents; feedstuff
for animals and fish
Sales (1988) 67 bill. Yen
(98% from bio-related products)
Personnel 1417
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories
4-9-1, lohnan
Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251
about 100 researchers
Bio-products Wine, whiskey, antibiotics, antitumor agents, cyclodex-
trin, enzymes, solvents, protein A, ect.
Bio-targets Physiologically active agents, improvement of yeast for
brewing, diagnostic reagents
224

Contact address Dr. Hiroshi Tone, Manager, Planning and Develop-

ment Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3231-3927
Fax (03) 3276-0151

Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

~~~~
Address 3-9-19, Shimoshinjo
Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533
Phone (06) 321-7000
Fax (06) 328-5082
Established 1925
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main products Ophthalmological drugs, other drugs
Sales (1988) 22 bill. Yen
Personnel 991
Bio-targets Enzymes, lymphokines, drug delivery systems, CADD
Contact address Mr. lunichi Iwaro, Manager, R&D Division
Above address and phone number

Sanwa Shurui Co., Ltd.

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Address 4-3, Karashima
Usa, Oita 879-04
Phone (0978) 32-1431
Established 1958
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Sake, liquors, wine
Sales (1988) 19.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 149
Bio R&D facilities Sanwa Institute
2231-1, Yamamoto
Usa, Oita 879-4
Bio-products Sake, liquors, wine
Bio-targets Screening for high-flavor yeast, cell fusion using yeast
and Aspergillus, genetic engineering, health food
Contact address Mr. Masahiko Shimoda, Section Chief, R&D
Above address
Phone (0978) 32-1431
Fax (0978) 33-3030
 225

Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ud.

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Address 11-1, Ikkyo, Nomoto-cho
Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto605
Phone (075) 541-4311
Established 1949
Business Chemicals
Main activities Textile chemicals industrial chemicals, specialty chemi-
cals, coatings and adhesives, diagnostics
Sales (1988) 55.4 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 1300
Bio R&D facilities Research Division, Biotechnology Research Depart-
ment
Above address
Bio·products Diagnostic reagents based on enzyme immunoassays
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Jun-ichiro Kikutake, President
Medical Care Unit and Manager, Biotechnology
Research Department
Above address
Phone (075) 541-4311
Fax (075) 551-2557

Sanyo Electric Co., Ud.

-i$m~
Address 2-18, Keihan-hondori
Moriguchi-shi, Osaka 570
Phone (06) 991-1181
Fax (06) 991-5411
Established 1950
Business Electric machinery
Main products Electrical and industrial equipment, information systems
Sales (1987) 909.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 34653
Bio R&D facilities Ibaragi Research Center
2-1, Konodai
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305
Bio-products Bioreactors, freezers
Bio-targets Protein structure equipment, biosensors, biochips,
mushroom culture
226

Contact address Mr. Atsuo Minakami, Manager

Above address (lbaragi)
Phone (02975) 5-1151

Sanyo-Kokusaku Pulp Co., Ltd.

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Address 1-4-5, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3211-3411
Established 1946
Business Paper and pulp
Main activities Paper, pulp, converted film, chemicals derived from
pulp, building materials, lumber trading
Sales (1988) 401.5 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 4300
Bio R&D facilities Research Center for Production Technology
2-8-1, Iida-cho
Iwakuni, Yamaguchi 740
Research Center for Product Development
1-30-6, Kamiochiai
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 161
23 researchers
Bio-products Ribonucleic acid for medicine and seasoning, yeast and
yeast extracts for food, seasonings, and as fertilizer,
Stevia sweetener
Bio-targets Yeast improvement, biochemicals from yeast, plant
tissue culture, Stevia sweetener improvement
Contact address Mr. Akiyoshi Shimada, Senior Manager, R&D Head-
quarters
Above address (Tokyo 100)
Phone (03) 3287-6437
Fax (03) 3287-6480

Sanwa Com Starch Co., Ltd.

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Address 594, Unate-cho, Kashihara
Nara, 634
Phone (07442) 2-5531
 227

Established 1947
Business Food
Main activities Starch products, sugars
Sales (1988) 20 bill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 220 (10 researchers)
Bio-products Com syrup, maltose, oligosaccharides
Bio-targets Enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides, diagnostic
agents, health food
Contact address Mr. Zenichi Yoshino, Executive Managing Director
Above address
Phone (07442) 2-5531
Fax (07442) 2-4580

Sapporo Breweries Co., lid.

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Address 7-10-1, Ginza
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3572-6111
Established 1949
Business Food and beverages
Main activities Beer, soft drinks, wine, spirits, restaurants, real estate
Sales (1988) 489.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 3900
Bio R&D facilities Pharmaceutical Research Center
Yaizu, Shizuoka
Plant Bioengineering Research Center
Nittacho, Gunma
Brewing Research Center
Yaizu, Shizuoka
Soft Drinks and Food Research Center
Atsugi, Kanagawa
85 researchers
Bio-investments Sapporo Foundation for the Promotion of Life Science
Bio-products Beer, wine, spirits, diagnostic reagents, diagnostic
enzymes (uricase, urease, phospholipase C), laboratory
equipment
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals for cancer treatment, cytokines,
herbicides, crop improvement for cereals, potatoes
Contact address Mr. Takahide Chikano, R&D Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3572-6111
Fax (03) 3289-2634
228

Satsuma Shuzo Co., Ud.

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Address 4131, Nishi-kago
Makurazaki, Kagoshima 898
Phone (0993) 72-1231
Fax (0993) 72-5554
Established 1936
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Liquors
Sales (1988) 15 bill. Yen
Personnel 292 (6 researchers)
Bio-products Liquors
Bio-targets Improvement of molds and yeast, bioreactor technology
Contact address Headquarters

Seika Shokuhin Co., Ud.

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Address 15-17, Chuo Kagoshima
Kagoshima 890
Phone (0992) 54-6111
Established 1918
Business Food
Main activities Confectionary, ice cream
Sales (1988) 13 bill. Yen
Personnel 410
Bio R&D facilities Seika Shokuhin Laboratories
933, Toso
Korimoto-cho, Kagoshima 890
2 researchers
Bio-targets Bioreactor technology for confectionary wastewater
treatment
Contact address Mr. Tadashi Enatsu, Adviser
Above address
Phone (0992) 56-2334
Fax (0992) 58-6580
 229

Seikagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.

~1t$I~
Address 2-9, Nihonbashi Honmachi
Chuo-1m, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3270-0966
Fax (03) 3242-5335
Established 1947
Business Chemicals
Main products Biochemicals
Sales (1988) 3.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 203
Bio R&D facilities R&D Laboratory
3-1253, Tateno
Higashi-Yamato-shi, Tokyo 189
(about 10 researchers)
Bio-products Enzymes, chemicals for DNA synthesis, hyaluronic acid,
lectins
Bio-targets Enzymes, diagnostic systems, hormones using genetic
engineering and animal cell culture, anti-cancer drugs
Contact address Mr. Kiyochika Tokuyatsu, Manager
Above address
Phone (0425) 61-2611

Seiken Inc.

Address 23, Nagaoka, Okayama 703

Phone (0862) 79-0501
Established 1961
Business Food
Main activities Food additives based on lactic acid, food preservants
Sales (1988) 400 mill. Yen
Personnel 20 (5 researchers)
Bio-targets Natural food preservants, Bifidus bacteria products,
Lactobacillus fermentation process
Contact address Headquarters
230

Seiko Instruments Inc.

~1:1-_-TI~
Address 6-31-1, Kameido
Koto-ku, Tokyo 136
Phone (03) 3682-1111
Established 1937
Business Machinery
Main activities Watches, information and measurement devices,
electronic equipment
Sales (1988) 130.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 5000
Bio R&D facilities R&D Department, Fundamental Research Group
563, Takazuka-shinden
Matsudo, Chiba 271
10 researchers
Research Center (scheduled for 1991)
Bio-targets DNA and protein analysis, sequencers, biosensors
Contact address Mr. Masamitsu Saito, Manager
Above address (Chiba)
Phone (0473) 91-2448
Fax (0473) 91-2460

Seinan Kaihatsu Co., Ud.

Address 1-300-1, Miyauchi, Honai-cho

Nishiuwa-gun, Ehime 796-02
Phone (0894) 36-0651
Established 1951
Business Food
Main activities Frozen food, sausages
Sales (1988) 5 bill. Yen
Personnel 215 (4 researchers)
Bio-targets Agrochemicals and food products from plant cell culture
Contact address Headquarters
 231

Seitetsu Kagaku Co., Ud.

~~~1t~I~
Address The Sumitomo Bldg. No.2
4-7-28, Kitahama
Chuo-ku, Osaka 5411
Phone (06) 220-8508
Established 1944
Business Chemicals
Main activities Inorganic chemicals, fine chemicals, water-soluble
polymers, gases and gas equipment
Sales (1988) 35 bill. Yen
Personnel 865
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory 1
346-1, Miyanishi, Harima-cho
Kako-gun, Hyogo 675-1
10 researchers
Bio-products Diagnostics and reagents for blood transfusion, sugar
nucleotides, complex sugars, glycosidases
Bio-targets Sugar biochemicals, sugar-related enzymes, bioreactor
technology
Contact address Mr. Seiichi Akutsu, Manager, Development Depart-
ment, Chemical Division
Above address (Osaka)
Phone (06) 220-8534
Fax (06) 220-8578

Sekisui Chemical Co., Ud.

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Address 2-4-4, Nishi-tenma
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 365-4122
Fax (06) 365-4347
Established 1947
Business Chemicals
Main products Prefabricated houses, pipes, chemicals for construction
Sales (1988) 441.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 5150
Bio R&D facilities General Laboratory
Minase, Shimamoto-cho
Mishima-gun, Osaka 618
(about 30 researchers)
232

Bio-products Monoclonal antibodies, biosensor

Bio-targets Cancer diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies,
pharmaceuticals based on genetic engineering and
animal cell culture
Contact address Mr. Shui Nakanishi, Manager
Above address
Phone (075) 962-8811

Sekisui Plastics Co., Ltd.

fJ71<{tJJX£I~
Address 670, Morimoto-cho, Tenri
Nara, 632
Phone (07436) 5-0504
Established 1959
Business Chemicals
Main activities Plastic products
Sales (1988) 72 bill. Yen
Personnel 1200
Bio R&D facilities Central R&D Laboratory
Above address
9 researchers
Bio-targets Plant cell culture for propagation of tropical and sub-
tropical plants, flowers, and production of biomaterials
Contact address Mr. Akira Kannan, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (07436) 5-0504
Fax (07436) 5-0595

Senmi Ekisu Co., Ltd.

{W'W.:c. 4- A
Address 779-2, Noda, Hirano-cho
Ozu, Ehime 795
Phone (0893) 24-6878
Established 1976
Business Food
Main activities Flavors, yeast autolyzates
Sales (1988) 1.8 bill. Yen
(90% from bio-related products)
Personnel 55 (to researchers)
 233

Bio-products Flavors, autolyzates

Bio-targets Bioreactor technology, fermentation, flavors, biologi-
cally active peptides from fish
Contact address Mr. Katsuhito Osajima, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (0893) 24-6878
Fax (0893) 23-2092

Serotec Co., Ltd.

~07"J~
Address 5-1-10, Chuo-Dori, Tsuksamu, Toyohira-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 062
Phone (011) 855-11319
Established 1981
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Diagnostics using monoclonal antibodies
Sales (1989) 1.3 bill. Yen
(50% from bio-related products)
Personnel 79
Bio R&D facilities Serotec Laboratory
132-1, Higashi-Nopporo
Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069
16 researchers
Bio-products Enzymes, biochemicals
Bio-targets Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Mr. Naokiyo Ochi, Deputy General Manager
Above address (Hokkaido 069)
Phone (011) 383-3431
Fax (011) 383-4322

Shikoku Electrical Construction Co.

flYOO~~I$
Address 1-11-22, Matsushimacho
Takamatsu, Kagawa 760
Phone (0878) 34-1111
Business Construction
Main activities Water and wastewater treatment equipment, trans-
mission lines, electrical installations, air conditioning,
factory and office automation
234

Sales (1987) 49.3 bill. Yen

(3% from bio-related products)
Personnel 1802
Bio R&D facilities Wastewater Treatment Team
1418, Tsuruichi-cho
Takamatsu, Kagawa 761
10 researchers
Bio-products Compact wastewater treatment facilities
Bio-targets Bioreactors, filters for wastewater treatment, cultiva-
tion tanks
Contact address Mr. Masaharu Oonishi, Team Leader
Above address
Phone (0878) 62-1777
Fax (0878) 37-8474

Shikoku Kasei Kogyo K.K.

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Address 147-1, Minato-machi
Marugame, Kagawa 763
Phone (0877) 22-4111
Established 1947
Business Chemicals
Main activities Inorganic and organic chemicals, electronic and building
specialty chemicals, tourism
Sales (1988) 29.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 640
Bio R&D facilities Tokushima R&D Department
127, Yoshinari, Ohjincho
Tokushima, Tokushima 711-11
Marugame R&D Department
Above address
10 researchers
Bio-products Enzymes, microorganisms for sewage treatment
Bio-targets Bioprocesses for waste treatment, plant tissue culture,
plant genetic engineering, bioorganic chemicals
Contact address Mr. Tadaaki Fujimoto, Team Leader
Above address (Kagawa)
Phone (0877) 22-4111
Fax (0877) 23-9372
 235

Shikoku Research Institute, Inc.

1m~~~ttJf~jf
Address 2109-8, Yashima-nishi-machi
Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-01
Phone (0878) 43-8111
Established 1987, by Shikoku Electric Power Co., Inc.
Business Agriculture
Main activities R&D on agriculture, fisheries, food processing, wood
and metal processing, and civil engineering
Sales (1988) 3.6 bill. Yen
(4% from bio-related products)
Personnel 100
Bio-targets Consulting, greenhouse control systems, plant tissue
culture, bioreactor technology and biosensors relating
to the food industry
Contact address Dr. Hidetoshi Miyazaki, Director of Biotechnology and
New Materials Research Division
Above address
Phone (0878) 43-8111
Fax (0878) 41-6972

Shimaya Co., Ltd.

Y7'"\?
Address 3-8-31, Fukugawa
Shinnanyo, Yamaguchi 746
Phone (0834) 63-2525
Established 1950
Business Food
Main activities Flavors and seasonings, soy sauce, bean paste
Sales (1988) 15 bill. Yen
(3.6% from bio-related products)
Personnel 417
Bio R&D facilities Development Laboratories
2-9-1, Shinden
Shinnanyo, Yamaguchi 746
21 researchers
Bio-products Soy sauce, bean paste
Bio-targets Fermented seasonings, screening for microorganisms,
plant cell culture, marine biotechnology
Contact address Mr. Norio Kanbara, Manager
Above address
Phone (0834) 63-6712
Fax (0834) 63-6619
236

Shimadzu Corporation

Address 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabara-cho
Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604
Phone (075) 823-1351
Established 1875
Business Machinery
Main activities Analytical and measuring instruments, medical equip-
ment, instrumentation for aircrafts
Sales (1987) 133.4 bill. Yen
(5% bio-related products)
Personnel 4000
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory, Bio-Technology
Instruments Department
Above address
52 researchers
Bio-products Instruments for cell fusion, DNA synthesis, HPLC,
protein sequencing, etc.
Bio-targets Biological laboratory equipment and reagents
Contact address Mr. Isao Iwasaki, Head, Bio-Technology Instruments
Department
Above address
Phone (075) 823-1351
Fax (075) 811-3188

Shimizu Corporation
1~7J<~~
Address 2-16-1, Kyobashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (030) 3535-4111
Established 1804
Business Construction, engineering
Main activities Building construction, civil engineering, construction of
plants and facilities, development of urban and regional
districts
Sales (1988) 1101.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 14 455
Bio R&D facilities Institute of Technology
3-14-7, Echujima
Koto-ku, Tokyo 135
168 researchers
 237

Bio-targets Biohazard facilities, wastewater treatment facilities,

greenhouses
Contact address Mr. Kiyoshi Minami, General Manager, Advanced
Technology Research Department
Above address (Tokyo 135)
Phone (03) 3643-4311
Fax (03) 3643-7260

Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.

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Address 2-6-1, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3246-5011
Fax (03) 3243-1491
Established 1926
Business Chemicals
Main products Chemicals, electronics
Sales (1988) 185.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 3187 (5 bio-researchers)
Bio-products Pheromone pesticides
Bio-targets Bio-pesticides, veterinary vaccines, bioelectronics
Contact address Mr. Shinichi Koyanagi, Manager
Above address
Phone (03) 3287-6618

Shinko-Pfaudler Co., Ltd.

t$IDIiITJ 7 7 9 r" '7 -
Address 1-4-78, Wakinohama, Chuo-ku
Kobe, Hyogo 651
Phone (078) 232-8018
Established 1954
Business Machinery
Main products Industrial machinery
Sales (1985) 25.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 1196
Bio-targets Equipment for hydrogen and methane production from
biomass, wastewater treatment systems
Contact address Mr. Kenji Tachi
Headquarters
238

Shin Nihon Chemical Co., Ltd.

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Address 19-10, Showa-cho
Anyo, Aichi 446
Phone (0566) 76-5171
Established 1959
Business Chemicals
Main activities Pharmaceutical and industrial enzymes
Sales 99% from bio-related products
Personnel 150
Bio R&D facilities Research Division
Above address
40 researchers
Bio-products Pharmaceutical and industrial enzymes, mainly
hydrolases
Bio-targets Microbial enzymes, diagnostic enzymes, bioreactor for
food production
Contact address Mr. Talmo Yamazumi, Manager, Planning Section
Above address
Phone (0566) 76-5171
Fax (0566) 75-0010

Shin-Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.

Address 2438, Miyanoura

Yoshida-cho, Kagoshima 891-13
Phone (0992) 94-2600
Established 1973
Business Other
Main activities Toxicology studies based on laboratory animals and
plants, contract R&D
Sales (1988) 2 bill. Yen
Personnel 130
Bio R&D facilities Tokyo Pathology Center
20-5, Nihbnbashi, Kabuto-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 105
5 researchers
Bio-targets Safety studies using animals, plants, and microorganisms
Contact address Mr. Ryoichi Nagata, Managing Director
Above address (Kagoshima)
Phone (0992) 94-2600
Fax (0992) 94-3619
 239

Shionogi & Co., Ltd.

i:glf~~~
Address 3-1-8, Doshomachi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 202-2161
Established 1878
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, diagnostics
Sales (1987) 206.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 6410
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratories, Division of Molecular Biology
5-12-4, Sagisu
Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553
50 researchers
Bio-products Human insulin, hepatitis B vaccine, antibodies for
human proinsulin C-peptide, human pancreatic secretory
trypsin inhibitor
Bio-targets Peptide hormones, recombinant products with
physiological activity, monoclonal antibodies, yeast and
mammalian cell culture. Human interferon-gamma has
been approved, clinical studies for interleukin-2
Contact address Dr. Nobuo Yoshida, Research Director
Above address (Osaka 553)
Phone (06) 458-5861
Fax (06) 458-0987

Shiraimatsu Shinyaku Co., Ltd.

t=rJff~~JT~
Address 37-1, Ukawa, Minakuchi-cho
Koka-gun, Shiga 528
Phone (0748) 62-3250
Established 1948
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Hemostatic agents, digestive aids, antibacterial drugs,
diagnostic reagents, cosmetics, food additives
Sales (1988) 1.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 100
Bio-products Monoclonal antibodies for human amylase, HLA,
serotonin, epithelial and myoepithelial cells
Bio-targets Diagnostic reagents based on monoclonal antibodies,
protein engineering
240

Contact address Mr. Shingo Hiroishi, Director R&D Division

Above address
Phone (0748) 62-3250
Fax (048) 62-9061

Shiseido Co., lid.

~!±~
Address 7-5-5, Ginza
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3572-5111
Established 1872
Business Chemicals
Main acitivities Cosmetics, toiletries, fragrances, health food, phar-
maceuticals
Sales (1988) 320.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 15000
Bio R&D facilities Basic Research Center
1050, Nippa-cho, Kouhoku-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 223
116 researchers
Bio-products Hyaluronic acid, gamma linolenic acid, monoclonal
antibodies
Bio-targets Bioactive materials, biotransformation through plant
tissue culture, monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Mr. Hironobu Kamoda, General Manager, Planning
and Development Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3572-5111
Fax (03) 3572-2675

Showa Chemical Co., lid.

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Address 1-2-2, Dojima
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 345-1091
Established 1918
Business Chemicals
Main activities Food additives such as citric acid, fermented food,
mushrooms, dyes, silage, veterinary drugs, organic
intermediates, organic tin compounds
 241

Sales (1988) 9.3 bill. Yen

(30% from bio-related products)
Personnel 200
Bio R&D facilities Kyushu Research Laboratories
1100, Tsaki-cho
Kanoya, Kagoshima 893
15 researchers
Bio-products Citric acid, vinegar, mushrooms, silage, veterinary drugs
Bio-targets Antimicrobial agents, flavors from fermentation, im-
provements of citric acid fermentation
Contact address Mr. Osamu Hatakeyama, Head, Kyushu Research
Laboratories
Phone (0994) 42-4121
Fax (0994) 42-4123

Showa Denko K.K.

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Address 2-10-12, Shiba Daimon
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3432-5111
Established 1939
Business Chemicals
Main activities Petrochemicals, ceramics and metals, gases, inorganic
materials, fertilizers, biochemicals, electronic material,
building and instrument supplies, environmental systems
Sales (1988) 471 bill. Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 5000
Bio R&D facilities Life Science Research Laboratory
2-24-25 Tamagawa
Ota-ku, Tokyo 146
about 80 researchers
Bio-products Amino acids, enzymes
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food, environmental
products
Contact address Mr. Masahiko Nushi, Deputy Chief Manager
Above address (Tokyo 105)
Phone (03) 3436-5913
Fax (03) 3431-2944
242

Showa Sangyo Co., Ltd.

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Address 2-2-1, Uchikanda
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3257-2020
Established 1936
Business Food
Main activities Flour milling, vegetable oil, dextrose, animal feed, food
Sales (1989) 124.9 bill. Yen
(10% from bio-related products)
Personnel 1564
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratory
2-20-2, Hinode
Funabashi, Chiba 273
120 researchers
Bio-products Isomaltooligosacchairdes, cyclodextrines, high-fructose
syrup
Bio-targets Sweeteners, biotransformation of fats and oils,
antihypertensive pepiides, antitumor polysaccharides,
drug delivery systems, monoclonal antibodies, embryo
transfer in swine
Contact address Mr. Fumio Fukui, Head, Biochemical Section
Above address
Phone (0474) 33-1240
Fax (0474) 31-8592

Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.

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Address 3-2-5, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3503-4371
Business Energy
Main activities Petroleum refinement
Sales (1988) 1265.6 bilh Yen
Personnel 2578
Bio R&D facilities Central R&D Laboratory
123-1, Shimokawairi
Atsugi, Kanagawa 243
Bio-products Alcohol test stick for saliva
Bio-targets Bioactive compounds, biotransformation using
bioreactors, protein engineering, diagnostic kits
 243

Contact address Mr. Hideo Matsuzawa, Sub-General Manager, Central

R&D Laboratory
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0462) 45-6216
Fax (0462) 45-4963

Snow Brand Embryo Transfer Research Center

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Address 119, Uenai
Tomakomai, Hokkaido 059
Phone (0144) 58-2339
Main activities Embryo transfer technology, reproductive biology
Personnel 21
Bio-targets Embryo transfer, reproduction, sex determination in
cattle
Contact address Mr. Sadaji Kanagawa, General Manager
Above address
Phone (0144) 58-2339
Fax (0144) 58-2928

F'..g. 232. Snow Brand Embryo Transplantation Laboratory, Hokkaido (Courtesy of Snow Brand
Milk Products)
244

Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd.

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Address 13, Honshio-cho
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3226-2147
Established 1925
Business Food
Main activities Milk, dairy products, food, drugs
Sales (1988) 460.7 bill. Yen
(25% from bio-related products)
Personnel 8213
Bio R&D facilities Technical Research Institute
1-1-2, Minami-Dai
Kawagoe, Saitama 350
tife Science Research Institute
Shimoishibashi, Ishibashi-machi
Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329
Sapporo Research Center
6-1-1, Naebo-cho
Higashi-ku, Sapporo 065
410 researchers
Bio-products Cheese, yoghurt, beverages containing lactobacilli,
hydrolyzed casein, sialic acid
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals, health food, erythropoietin, using
rDNA technology, bioreactor, and tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Junzo Furuyama, Manager, R&D Administration
Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3226-2147
Fax (03) 3226-2109

Sumirin Agro-Products Industries Co., Ltd.

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Address 2-59, Kiba, Tobishima-mura
Ama-gun, Aichi 490-14
Phone (05675) 5-2320
Established 1973
Main activities Soil chemicals, health food, plants
Sales (1989) 1.1 bill. Yen
(30% from bio-related products)
Personnel 20
 245

Bio R&D facilities Sumitomo Forestry Co., Ltd.

Nagoya Laboratory
Above address
6 researchers
Bio-products Microorganisms as soil improvement agents, rose variety
produced from plant tissue culture
Bio-targets Components for health food, plant tissue culture applied
to ornamental flowers
Contact address Mr. Yuzuru Mori, General Manager
Sumitomo Forestry Co., Ltd.
Nissin Bldg
14-1, Nihonbashi Koami-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3669-5720
Fax (03) 3662-7084

Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.

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Address 4-5-33, Kitahama
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 220-3396
Established 1925
Business Chemicals
Main activities Industrial chemicals, plastics, rubber, dyes, pesticides
Sales (1987) 78.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 7671
Bio R&D facilities Takarazuka Research Center, Biotechnology Labora-
tory
4-2-1, Takatsukasa
Takarazuka, Hyogo 665
80 researchers
Bio-investments Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Co., USA (pharmaceut-
icals)
Valent Co., USA (bio pesticides)
Bio-products Chiral pesticides, feed additives, immobilized lactase
Bio-targets Recombinant DNA technology, cell fusion, monoclo-
nal antibodies, enzyme technology, plant biotechnology
for the production of chiral compounds, agrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, and diagnostics
Contact address Mr. Ryuichi Sonoda, Manager, Corporate Planning
Office
2-7-9, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3278-7166
Fax (03) 3278-7188
246

Sumitomo Corporation
{±:&]:@j$
Address 3-11-1, Kanda nishiki-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-91
Phone (03) 3294-1611
Established 1919
Business Trade
Sales (1989) 14571 bill. Yen
Personnel 6248
Bio-investments Contracts with Cancer Research Campaign Technol-
ogy, UK, Cell tech and Celltech Diagnostics, UK,
Medical Research Council, UK, Fermentech, UK,
PolyCell Co., USA, Inro Biomedical Co., Sweden and
others
Bio-products Licenses on cancer drugs, diagnostics, plant biotech-
nology products; representative of ATCC in Japan
Contact address Mr. Akikazu Tarnai, Deputy General Manger, New
Drug and Biochemicals Development Department
Above address and phone number
Fax (03) 3294-1614

Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.

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Address 2-2-1, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3245-4321
Established 1934
Business Machinery
Main activities Chemical, water and wastewater treatment plants; paper
machines, plastics machinery; iron and steel making
equipment; design and construction of ships and barges
Sales (1987) 200 bill. Yen
Personnel 6000
Bio R&D facilities Hiratsuka Research Laboratory
63-30, Yuhigaoka
Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254
10 researchers
Bio-products Membrane bioreactor, fermentor, chromatography
systems, supercritical fluid extraction facility
Bio-targets Bioreactors for food and fine chemicals production;
advanced fermentors; down-stream processing equip-
ment; cell culture systems
 247

Contact address Mr. Yasuhiko Seike, Manager, Chemical and Bioche-

mical Engineering Section
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0463) 23-1819
Fax (0463) 23-3966

Sumitomo Jukikai Environment, Inc.

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Address 2-1, Kanda Nishiki-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3233-9711
Established 1971
Business Environment
Main activities Water and wastewater treatment, liquid/solid separa-
tion, ore dressing, coal preparation, refuse incineration
Sales (1989) 23.3 mill. Yen
(50% from bio-related products)
Personnel 300
Bio R&D facilities Hiratsuka Research Center
63-30, Yuhigaoka
Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254
20 researchers
Bio-products Wastewater treatment equipment
Bio-targets Bioreactor based on novel membrane, separation equip-
ment
Contact address Mr. Taiji Tsurutani
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3233-9718
Fax (03) 3233-9794

Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ud.

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Address 4-5-33, Kitahama
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 220-5111
Established 1897
Business Steel, metals
Main activities Steel, titanium, ceramic products, carbon products,
construction and engineering, system engineering
248

Sales (1987) 909.2 bill. Yen

Personnel 23 108
Bio R&D facilities Advanced Technology Research Laboratories
16, Sunayama, Hasakicho
Kashima-gun, Ibaragi
3 researchers
Bio-targets Plant biotechnology, functional food, pharmaceuticals
Contact address Mr. Jun Furusawa, R&D Planning Section Staff
Manager
Above address (Osaka)
Phone (06) 220-5662
Fax (06) 220-5878

Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co., Ud.

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Address 2-2-8,
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 229-8900
Established 1984
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main products Drugs derived from cloning and animal cell culture
Sales (1988) 146.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 2026
Bio R&D facilities 3-1-98, Kasugaidenaka
Shika-Ku, Osaka 554
(40 bio-researchers)
Bio-products Growth hormone, interferon-alpha, insulin, GM-CSF,
vitamin D3, gastrin
Bio-targets Pharmaceuticals derived from cloning and animal cell
culture, neuronal peptides
Contact address Mr. Shinda
Phone (06) 229-8905
Fax (06) 220-2050

Sunstar Inc.

Address 1-3-1, Asahi-machi

Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569
Phone (0726) 82-5541
Fax (0726) 82-8162
 249

Established 1950
Business Chemicals
Main products Toothpaste, cosmetics
Sales (1988) 37.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 909
Bio R&D facilities Biochemical Laboratories
5-30-1, Kamihamuro
Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569
Bio-targets Interferon-beta from animal cell culture, DNA probes,
fermented milk products, mushrooms
Contact address Mr. Hiraki Hashimoto, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (0726) 82-5541

Suntory Ltd.
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Address 2-1-40, Dojimahama

Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 346-1131
Fax (06) 345-1169
Established 1899
Business Food and beverages
Main products Whiskey, beer, soft drinks, food
Bio R&D facilities Biomedical Laboratory
1-1-1, Wakayama-dai, Shimamoto-cho
Mishima, Osaka 618
Biopharmaceutical Technology Center
2716, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-ku
Ora, Gunma 370-05
(about 450 researchers)
Bio-products Pharmaceuticals, enzymes, plants from tissue culture,
improved brewing yeasts, bioreactor technology
Bio-targets Interferon-gamma, TNF, human ANP, interleukins-2
and 5, morphine and other hormones, superoxide
dismutase, monoclonal antibodies, anti-cancer drugs,
pharmaceuticals from marine sources, microbial
pesticides, chielectronics, virus-free grape seedlings,
continuous production of wine and beer using bio-
reactor technology, bio-colorants
Contact address Mr. Hisateru Noguchi, Director
Above address (Osaka)
Phone (075) 962-8238
250

Fig. 233. Suntory Bio·Phanna Tech Center, Akaiwa, Gunma (Courtesy of Suntory Co.)

T. Hasegawa Co., Ud.

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Address 4-4-14, Honcho, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 241-1151
Established 1961
Business Chemicals
Main activities Fragrances, flavors, industrial perfumes
Sales (1988) 23.3 bilL Yen
(1 % from bio-related products)
Personnel 770
Bio R&D facilities Kawasaki Research Laboratories
335, Kariyao, Nakahara-ku
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211
Bio-targets Microbial flavors and colorants, flavors using bioreac-
tor technology
Contact address Mr. Izumi Yajima, General Manager
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (044) 411-0131
Fax (044) 434-5257

Tabai Espec Corporation

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Address 3-5-6, Tenjinbashi
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 358-4741
 251

Established 1954
Business Machinery
Main activities Cabinets for semiconductor manufacture, medical
purposes, environmental test; incubators
Sales (1988) 16.1 bill. Yen
(4% from bio-related products)
Personnel 636
Bio R&D facilities Bio-Medical Equipment Division and Research Division,
2nd Group
Above address
31 researchers
Bio-products Incubators, deep freezers, bench-top fermentors, pilot-
scale and industrial fermentors, shakers
Bio-targets Systems for animal and plant cell culture, cultivation
of microorganisms, marine biotechnology, artificial
organs
Contact address Mr. Hajime Mori, Chief
Above address
Phone (06) 358-4744
Fax (06) 358-5500

Taiko Sangyo K.K.

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Address 1858-3, Ebara-cho
!bara, Okayama 715
Phone (0866) 62-0138
Established 1922
Business Food
Main activities Organic acids as food additives
Sales (1989) tOO mill. Yen
(30% from bio-related products)
Personnel 50 (5 researchers)
Bio-targets Immobilized microorganisms, bioreactor technology for
organic acid production
Contact address Headquarters
252

Taito Co., Ltd.

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Address Chuo Bldg., No. 20
4-13-5, Nihonbashi-Honcho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3663-3851
Established 1946
Business Food
Main activities Sugar, agar, carrageenan, anticancer drugs, food
colorants and flavors
Sales (1988) 38.7 bill. Yen
(2% from bio-related products)
Personnel 380 (25 researchers)
Bio-products Anticancer drug, natural food colorant
Bio-targets Polysaccharides, food colorants, anticancer drugs
Contact address Mr. Takemasa Kojima, Manager, Technical Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3663-3861
Fax (03) 3663-3940

Taiyo Foods Co., Ltd.

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Address 136, Tsuchida, Okayama 703
Phone (0862) 79-0542
Established 1957
Business Food
Main activities Food additivies, e.g., lactic acid
Sales 1.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 37 (3 researchers)
Bio-targets Food additives and health food based on lactic acid,
flavors
Contact address Headquarters
 253

Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

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Address 3-24-1, Takata
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171
Phone (03) 3985-1111
Established 1928
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, health products
Sales (1988) 123.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 3694
Bio R&D facilities Research Center
1-403, Yoshino-cho
Ohmiya, Saitama 330
28 researchers
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, genetic engineering, antibiotics,
cell fusion
Contact address Mr. Kazunori Hanada, General Manager, Applied
Biology
Above address (Saitama)
Phone (048) 663-1111

Taiyo Fishery Co., Ltd.

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Address 1-2-1, Ohtemachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3216-0811
Established 1943
Business Aquaculture
Main activities Fish products, canned and frozen food, sauces and
sausages from fish, sugar, fertilizer, feed, drugs, cos-
metics
Sales (1988) 658 mill. Yen
Personnel 3690
Bio R&D facilities Tsukuba Research Center
16-2, Wadai
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305
60 researchers
Bio-products Cyclodextrin
Bio-targets Microbial enzymes, recombinant fish growth hormones
(tuna), micro algae, biosensor for fish freshness
254

Contact address Mr. Yasuhiko Sasamoto, General Manager, Basic

Research Laboratory
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3531-5709
Fax (03) 3533-2110

Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd.

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Address 9-5, Akahori-Shinmachi
Yokkaichi, Mie 510
Phone (0593) 52-2555
Established 1946
Business Food
Main activities Pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediates
Sales (1988) 27 bill. Yen
(3% from bio-related products)
Personnel 480
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories
1-3, Takara-machi
Yokkaichi, Mie 510
93 researchers
Bio-products Products from enzymatic treatment of eggs, e.g., lecithin,
conalbumin, ovomucin; water-soluble dietary fiber from
enzymatic process
Bio-targets Enzyme-treated food products, food additives, bioactive
substances, plant breeding
Contact address Mr. Noriaki Kadota, Section Manager
Above address
Phone (0593) 46-3705
Fax (0593) 46-5839

Takada Industries, Ltd.

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Address 1-1, Tsukiji-machi, Yahata-nishi-ku
Kita-Kyushu, Fukuoka 806
Phone (093) 632-2611
Established 1940
Business Construction, engineering
 255

Main activities Engineering and construction of plants for chemicals,

oil, refineries, nuclear power, anti-pollution and off-
shore facilities
Sales (1988) 29 bill. Yen
Personnel 1730
Bio-targets Bioreactor for continuous alcohol production
Contact address Mr. Hiroshi Goto, Chief Engineer, Department for
Development of Technology and Engineering
Above address
Phone (093) 632-2580
Fax (093) 632-2660

Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.

2''iiHi''&'
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Address Nissei Shijo Bldg.

Higashi-no-toin, Higashi-iru, Shijo-dori
Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600
Phone (075) 241-5110
Established 1925
Business Food
Main activities Sake, liquors, wine, whiskey, food, biomedicals, enzymes
Sales (1987) 129.3 bill. Yen
(4% from bio-related products)
Personnel 1900
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Laboratories
3-4-1, Seta
Otsu, Shiga 520-21
200 researchers
Bio-products Restriction enzymes
Bio-targets Diagnostic reagents, medical products, alcohol fermenta-
tion technology, plants from plant cell culture
Contact address Mr. Keiichiro Furukawa, General Manager, R&D
Department
Above address (Kyoto)
Phone (075) 241-5181
Fax (075) 241-5199
256

Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.

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Address 2-3-6, Doshomachi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 204-2111
Established 1925
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals food products,
agrochemicals, animal health products
Sales (1988) 539.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 10770
Bio R&D facilities Biotechnology Laboratories, Applied Microbiology
Laboratories
2-17-85, luso-honmachi
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532
115 researchers
Tsukuba Research Center (scheduled for 1990)
Bio-investments Takeda-Abbott-Pharmaceuticals, USA (1985)
Imre Co., USA (1988)(Protein A technology)
Bio-products Interferons, antibiotics, enzymes, glutamate, inosinic
acid, guanylic acid
Bio-targets Human cytokines, enzymes, and growth factors based
on rDNA technology, monoclonal antibodies based on
cell culture; protein engineering; plant drugs using plant
cell culture
Contact address Dr. Hisashi Iwatsuka, Director, Research Planning and
Coordination
Above address (Osaka 532)
Phone (06) 300-6660
Fax (06) 300-6207

Fig. 234. Takeda Tsukuba Research Laboratory (Courtesy of Takeda Co.)

 257

Takenaka Corporation
ttcpIf~rn
Address 2-5-14, Minami-suna
Koto-ku, Tokyo 136
Phone (03) 3647-3161
Established 1899
Business Construction
Main activities Building, design and engineering, civil, environmental,
mechanical, and material engineering; construction
systems
Sales (1988) 1013 bill. Yen
Personnel 8315
Bio-products Biohazard facilities, biotrons, radioisotope facilities,
bioreactor for wastewater treatment, water-purification
systems using aquatic plants
Bio-targets Wastewater treatment systems
Contact address Mr. Takehiko Ohsawa, Chief Research Engineer
Above address
Phone (03) 3647-3461
Fax (03) 3645-0911

Takii Co., Ltd.

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Address 180, Umekoji Inokuma
Shimokyo-ku, Kyoto 600-91
Phone (075) 365-0123
Established 1920
Business Agriculture
Main activities Seed, bulbs, and plants of vegetables and flower
Sales (1988) 34.2 bill. Yen
(60% from bio-related products)
Personnel 750
Bio R&D facilities Takii Plant Breeding and Experiment Station
Hari, Kosei
Koga-gun, Shiga 520-32
20 researchers
Bio-products Broccoli, Chinese cabbage from plant tissue culture
Bio-targets Seeds and seedlings from plant tissue culture, proto-
plast fusion and rDNA technology
258

Contact address Mr. Kanji Minato, Chief Researcher, Basic Research

Section
Above address (Shiga)
Phone (0748) 72-1271
Fax (0748) 72-1285

Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.

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Address 3-2-10, Dosho-machi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 205-5555
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs, agrochemicals, in-
dustrial chemicals, cosmetics
Sales (1987) 167.2 bill. Yen
(6% from bio-related products)
Personnel 5100
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry
3-16-89, Kashima
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532
100 researchers
Biological Research Laboratory
2-2-50, Kawagishi
Toda, Saitama 335
170 researchers
New Research Center, Osaka (scheduled for 1993)
Bio-investments Cooperation with E. Merck, Darmstadt (1988)(new
pharmaceuticals)
Bio-products Amino acids, organic acids
Bio-targets Amino acids, bioactive substances, using rDNA and
bioreactor technology
Contact address Dr. Shigeki Yamada, Director, General Manager,
Research Planning and Investigation Division
Above address (Osaka)
Phone (06) 300-2720
Fax (06) 300-2694
 259

Tatsuuma Honke Brewing Co., Ud.

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Address 6-20, Kurakake-cho
Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662
Phone (0798) 32-2701
Established 1662
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Sake, pickles
Sales (1988) 20.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 370 (10 researchers)
Bio-products Sake
Bio-targets Improved yeast, bioreactor technology, genetic engineer-
ing of yeast, mold, and lactobacilli
Contact address Mr. Yoshio Takaoka, Managing Director
Above address
Phone (079~)132-2381
Fax (0798) 32-2810

Teijin Ud.

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Address 2-1-1, Uchisaiwai-cho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3506-4121
Established 1918
Business Textiles
Main activities Synthetic fibers, films, pharmaceuticals
Sales (1988) 309.7 bill. Yen
(10% from bio-related products)
Personnel 6400
Bio R&D facilities Institute for Biomedical Research
4-3-2, Asahigaoka
Hino, Tokyo 191
Bio-products Pharmaceuticals
Bio-targets Synthetic materials, medicals
Contact address Dr. Iwao Omae, Manager, Technical Department
Above address (Tokyo 191)
Phone (0425) 86-8102
Fax (0425) 83-7541
260

FIg. 235. Teijin Institute for Biomedical Research, Tokyo (Courtesy of Teijin Co.)

Terumo Co., Ltd.

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Address 2-44-1, Hatagaya
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151
Phone (03) 3374-8000
Established 1921
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Solutions for Lv. application, blood bags, single-use
medical supplies, artifical organs, medical electronic
instruments, products for home health care, phar-
maceuticals
Sales (1989) 84 bilL Yen
Personnel 3035
Bio R&D Division Technical R&D Division
Above address
382 researchers
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, drug delivery systems, lym-
phokine drugs, artificial organs combined with growth
factors, bio-medical devices, diagnostic kits
Contact address Me. Katsuyuki Asano
Above address
Phone (03) 3374-8024
Fax (03) 3374-7493
 261

Toa Gosei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

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Address 1-14-1, Nishi-Shinbashi
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3597-7215
Established 1942
Business Chemicals
Main activities Synthetic resins, adhesives, paints, inorganic chemicals,
fertilizers, insecticides, gases, specialty chemicals
Sales (1988) 105.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 1731
Bio R&D facilities Biochemical Research Laboratory
1-1, Funami-cho, Minato-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 455
30 researchers
Tsukuba Research Laboratory (1989)
Bio-products Sericulture insecticide based on Bacillus thuringensis
spores
Bio-targets Bio-insecticides, cancer diagnostics, anticancer drugs,
reagents for DNA synthesis
Contact address Mr. Jo Itakura, Director, Biochemical Research Depart-
ment
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3597-7221
Fax (03) 3597-7217

Toa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

*![H~gI~
Address 2-1-11, Sasazukia
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151
Phone (03) 3375-0511
Established 1948
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, health care products, cosmetics,
diagonstics, trade
Personnel 100
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratory
606, Kondo Kogyo Danchi
Tatebayashi, Gunma 374
18 researchers
262

Bio-products Drug containing bacteria

Bio-targets Anaerobic bacteria, plant tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Nobuaki Komazawa, Research Director
Above address (Gunma)
Phone (0276) 72-4942
Fax (0276) 72-4943

Toho Gas Co., Ltd.

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Address 19-18, Sakurada-cho, Atsuta-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 456
Phone (052) 871-3511
Established 1922
Business Energy
Main activities Gas, heat, chemicals derived from gas, gas equipment,
construction projects
Sales (1987) 145.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 3569
Bio R&D facilities Technical Research Institute, Advanced Basic Tech-
nology Group
507-2, Shinpo-machi
Tokai, Aichi 476
several researchers
Bio-targets Plant tissue culture, cell fusion, methane fermentation
Contact address Mr. lunichi Kimura, General Manager
Above address (Ai chi 476)
Phone (052) 603-5311
Fax (052) 601-8671

Tohoku Electric Co., Inc.

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Address 7-2-1, Nakayama, Aoba-ku
Sendai, Miyagi 981
Phone (022) 278-0356
Established 1951
Business Energy
Main activities Electric utilities
Sales (1987) 1010.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 13 817
 263

Bio R&D facilities Applied Technology R&D Center

Above address
48 researchers (total)
Bio-targets Plant biotechnology
Contact address Mr. Kunio Watanabe, Manager
Above address
Phone (022) 278-0356
Fax (022) 278-2176

Tohoku Oil Co., Ud.

*~tEM3
Address 5-1-1, Minato
Sendai, Miyagi 985
Phone (022) 363-1111
Established 1968
Business Energy
Main activities Oil refining
Sales (1987) 94 bill. Yen
Personnel 320
Bio R&D facilities Plant Biotechnology Research Laboratory
Above address
9 researchers
Bio-targets Plant breeding using tissue culture, specialty chemicals
from plants
Contact address Mr. Jun-ichi Noka, Manager
Above address
Phone (022) 363-1184
Fax (022) 363-1125

Tohoku Seed Co., Ud.

*~tfim
Address 3-5-1, Ekimae-dori
Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321
Phone (0286) 34-5428
Established 1947
Business Agriculture
Main activities Seeds, seedlings, bulbs
Sales (1984) 4.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 234
264

Bio R&D facilities Kiyohara Research Station

1625, Nishihara, Himuro-cho
Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-32
5 researchers
Bio-products Virus-free strawberry seedlings
Bio-targets Virus-free vegetable seedlings, embryo culture
Contact address Dr. Yukio Fujita, Director, General Manager
Above address
Phone (0286) 67-1321
Fax (0286) 67-6802

Tokita Seed Co., Ud.

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Address 1069, Nakagawa
Ohmiya, Saitama 330
Phone (048) 683-3434
Established 1947
Business Agriculture
Main activities Seed, seedlings, trade
Sales (1988) 160 mill. Yen
Personnel 40
Bio R&D facilities Otone Research Station
Azama
Otone, Saitama 349-11
12 researchers
Bio-products Onion from tissue culture
Bio-targets Brassica, Cucurbita, and Solanum breeding using plant
tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Tsutomu Tokita, President
Above address (Ohmiya)
Phone (048) 683-3434
Fax (048) 684-5042

Tokuyama Soda Co., Ud.

iiLlr&~
Address 1-4-5, Nishi-Shinbashi
Minato-ku, Tokyo 1Q5
Phone (03) 3597-5055
Established 1918
 265

Business Chemicals
Main activities Inorganic, organic, and petrochemicals, cement,
electronic materials
Sales (1988) 134.4 bill. Yen
(5% from bio-related products)
Personnel 2700
Bio R&D facilities Fujisawa Research Laboratory
2051, Endou
Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252
80 researchers
Bio-products Enzyme diagnostic reagents, immunoassays
Bio-targets Diagnostics, pharmaceuticals, chemicals
Contact address Mr. Yoshito Matsumura, Manager
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3597-5050
Fax (03) 3597-5416

Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd.

*::G=til:A
Address 1-5-20, Kaigan
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3433-2111
Established 1885
Business Energy
Main activities City gas
Sales (1987) 677.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 12876
Bio R&D facilities Frontier Technology Research Institute
1-16-25, Shibaura
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
10 researchers
Bio-targets Microbial metabolites, metabolites from plant tissue
culture, development of "green factories", biosensors
Contact address Mr. Toshiyuki Takasuna, Manager, Research Group 2
Above address (Shibaura)
Phone (03) 3452-2211
Fax (03) 3452-0915
266

Tomita Pharmaceutical Co., Ud.

I=:!::7rn~C1
a!:r ~[J[J
Address 85-1, Maruyama, Akinokami, Seto-cho
Naruto, Tokushima 771-03
Phone (0886) 88-0511
Established 1893
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Drugs, food additives
Sales (1988) 3 bill. Yen
(7% from bio-related products)
Personnel 165 (33 researchers)
Bio-products Gluconate
Bio-targets Gluconates, lactobionates
Contact address Mr. Takeshi Suzuki, Director R&D
Above address
Phone (0886) 88-0511
Fax (0886) 88-1371

Toray Fuji Bionics, Inc.

I' - V • 7 ~.1 '\' -1 ;;t.::. ''J ~ 7..
Address 1-11-12, Kitamachi
Nerima-ku, Tokyo 176
Phone (03) 3937-0531
Established 1982, as a joint venture of Toray Industries and Fuji
Rebio
Business Trade
Main activities Diagnostics, medical and laboratory equipment
Sales (1988) 3.3 bill. Yen
(100% from bio-related products)
Personnel 60
Bio-products Various tumor marker kits licensed from Centocor,
DNA probe-based virus detection kit (human papil-
loma virus) licensed from Life Technologies
Bio-targets Tumor diagnostics, automatic diagnostic devices
Contact address Mr. Mitsuru Suzuki, Director, R&D Department
Above address
Phone (03) 3937-0531
Fax (03) 3559-1076
 267

*1/
Toray Industries, Inc.

Address 2-2-1, Nihonbashi-Muromachi

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3245-5663
Established 1926
Business Textiles
Main activities Textiles, fibers, plastics, fine chemicals, pharmaceuti-
cals, diagnostics, medical devices, electronic materials,
imaging materials, composite materials
Sales (1988) 541.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 9956
Bio R&D facilities Basic Research Center
1111, Tebiro
Kamakura, Kanagawa 248
Bio-products Beta-interferon, diagnostics, amino acids, organic acids
Bio-targets Health care products, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics,
agrochemicals, specialty chemicals based on genetic
engineering, bioconversion, fermentation technology,
protein engineering, and monoclonal antibody develop-
ment
Contact address Dr. Masaki Nishino, Senior Staff, R&D Planning
Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3245-5663
Fax (03) 3245-5555

*1/.
Toray Research Center, Inc.
l)~-T-1!Y.1-
Address 3-1-8, Nihonbashi-Muromachi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo
Phone (03) 3245-3033
Established 1978
Main activities Custom R&D, analytical R&D, market studies, comput-
ing, toxicology and biotechnology services
Sales (1987) 3.6 bill. Yen
(25% from bio-related services)
Personnel 260
Bio-products Custom synthesis of peptides, nucleotides, deuterated
lipids, ect. analytical contract research
268

Bio-targets Analytical services, amino acid and nucleotide sequenc-

ing, cloning immunoassays, enzyme analysis, flow
cytometry, antibody preparation, structure analysis
Contact address Mr. Hitoshi Ozawa, General Manager, Biological
Sciences Laboratory
1111, Tebiro, Kamakuras 248
Phone (0467) 32-2111
Fax (0467) 32-0414

Toshiba Corporation

*Z
Address 1-1-1, Shibaura
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3457-4511
Established 1875
Business Electrical machinery
Main activities Electronic components, industrial electronics, com-
puters, electrical machinery, consumer products
Sales (1988) 2682.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 70· 888
Bio R&D facilities Toshiba R&D Center
1, Komukai, Toshiba-cho, Saiwai-ku
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210
Bio-products Biosensor, bioreactor for food processing
Bio-targets Bioelectronics, biosensors, immunoassays, wastewater
treatment, equipment for plant biotechnology
Contact address Mr. Hiroaki Watake, Senior Specialist, Control and
Instrumentation Marketing Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3457-4720
Fax (03) 3456-3228

Tosoh Corporation

*'J-
(formerly Toyo Soda Manufacturing Co., Ltd.)

Address 1-7-7, Akasaka

Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3585-3311
 269

Established 1935
Business Chemicals
Main activities Inorganic chemicals, resins, fine chemicals, scientific
and diagnostic systems (HPLC, EIA)
Sales (1988) 210.3 bill. Yen
(2% from bio-related products)
Personnel 4381
Bio R&D facilities Biotechnology Research Laboratory
2743-1, Hayakawa
Ayase, Kanagawa 252
100 researchers
Tsukuba Research Center (1989)
Bio-products Aspartame, HPLC equipment, random access im-
munoassay system
Bio-targets Bioactive compounds from animal cell culture, protein
engineering, monoclonal antibodies as diagnostic agents
and drugs, enzymes for bioreactor use
Contact address Mr. Makoto Yoshiyagawa, General Manager R&D
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3585-3316
Fax (03) 3588-8129

Towa Kagaku K.K.

Address 6-5, Funairi-cho

Naka-ku, Hiroshima 730
Phone (082) 291-0464
Established 1969
Business Construction
Main activities Planning and construction of facilities for environmental
control, animal experiments, aquatrons
Sales (1988) 897 mill. Yen
Personnel 101 (15 researchers)
Bio-targets Equipment for marine sanitation, starch hydrdolysis,
alcohol production; microbial sensors
Contact address Headquarters
270

Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd.

~tlJft~I~
Address 3-2-5, Nishi-Shinjuku
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3348-6611
Established 1936
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals
Sales (1988) 44.7 bill. Yen
Personnel 2196
Bio R&D facilities Toyama Research Laboratories
4th Research Department
2-4-1, Shimookui
Toyama 930
17 researchers
Bio-products Anti-cancer drugs from bacteria, microbial enzymes
Bio-targets Drugs, recombinant enzymes and proteins, protein
engineering
Contact address Mr. Shohachi Murakami, General Manager
Above address (Toyama)
Phone (0764) 32-3136
Fax (0764) 32-9252

Toyo Soda Manufacturing Co., Ud. ~ Tosoh Corporation

Toyobo Co., Ud.

*7$*15*1
Address 2-8-2, Dojima Hama
Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 348-3374
Established 1882
Business Textiles
Main activities Textiles, plastics, films, biochemicals, medical and
electronic materials
Sales (1988) 298 bill. Yen
Personnel 8500
Bio R&D facilities Research Institute
2-1-1, Katata
Otsu, Shiga 520-02
 271

Bio-products Enzymes, diagnostic reagents, clinical analyzers

Bio-targets Enzyme production, diagnostics, analyzers, reagents for
genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, protein engineer-
ing bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Akira Chiba, R&D Coordination Division
Above address (Osaka)
Phone (06) 348-2374
Fax (06) 347-0821

Fig. 236. Toyobo Research Institute, Katata, Shiga (Courtesy of Toyobo Co.)

Toyo Jozo Co., Ltd.

*i$U
Address 632-1, Mifuku, Ohito-cho
Tagata-gun, Shizuoka 410-23
Phone (0558) 76-2111
Established 1920
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs, food, alcoholic
beverages, enzymes
Sales (1987) 73.2 bill. Yen
(95% from bio-related products)
Personnel 2307
Bio R&D facilities Bioengineering Laboratory
Above address
230 researchers
Bio-products Pharmaceuticals (SOD, M-CSF, erythropoietin, PTH),
pharmaceutical intermediates (6-APA), diagnostic
enzymes, veterinary products, food, alcoholic bevera-
ges
272

Bio-targets Agrobusiness, enzymes, bioreactor for production of

pharmaceuticals, sake; animal tissue culture
Contact address Mr. Masaru Otani, Director
Above address
Phone (0558) 76-2111
Fax (0558) 76-4325

Ube Industries, Ud.

~U~
Address 1-12-32, Akasaka
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3505-9200
Established 1942
Business Chemicals
Main activities Industrial chemicals
Sales (1988) 41.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 7152
Bio R&D facilities Ube Research Center
1978-5, Kogushi
Ube, Yamaguchi 755
30 researchers
Ube Bioscience Laboratory, within
Science University of Tokyo, Research Institute of
Bioscience
2669, Yamazaki
Noda, Chiba 278
Bio-investments United Agriseeds Co., USA: joint venture 1988 (seed)
Bio-products Monoclonal antibodies (Cu-Zn SOD, shellfish poison)
diagnostic kits (aflatoxin, ochratoxin, saxitoxin)
Bio-targets Diagnostics, drugs, pesticides, protein engineering
Contact address Mr. Hideo Okazaki, General Manager, Research
Division
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3505-9231
Fax (03) 3505-9234
 273

Ueda Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.

J:EB1t~I~
Address 2-6, Takayanagi-chome
Neyagawa, Osaka 572
Phone (0720) 26-0287
Established 1936
Business Food
Main activities Enzymes for pharmaceuticals and food
Sales (1988) 700 mill. Yen
Personnel 50 (15 researchers)
Bio-products Microbial enzymes
Bio-targets Novel microbial enzymes
Contact address Mr. Yoshikazu Matsumura, Director, Technical Division
Above address
Phone (0720) 26-0287
Fax (0720) 26-2818

Unitika Ud.
:2~1-iJ
Adress 3-1-3, Kyutaro-machi
Chuo-ku. Osaka 541
Phone (06) 281-5695
Established 1889
Business Textiles
Main activities Synthetic fibers, plastics, diagnostic enzymes
Sales (1988) 250 bill. Yen
(0.5% from bio-related products)
Personnel 4250
Bio R&D facilities Central Research Center, Biochemistry Department
23, Uji Kozakura
Uji, Kyoto 611
35 researchers
Bio-products Diagnostic and other enzymes, superoxide dismutase
Bio-targets Microbial enzymes, diagnostic reagents, enzymatic
synthesis of fine chemicals, application of rDNA
technology, protein engineering
Contact address Dr. Kosuke Tomita, General Manager, Biochemistry
Department
Above address (Kyoto)
Phone (0774) 25-2223
Fax (0774) 25-2350
274

FIg. 237. Unitika Central Research Center, Uji, Kyoto (Courtesy of Unitika Co.)

Unkai Shuzo Co., lid.

~,~ ,'JjJ:f; '&
~ftg: H::3J.E.

Address 45-1, Shoei-cho

Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880
Phone (0985) 23-7890
Established 1967
Business Food, beverages
Main activities Sake, liquors
Sales (1989) 11.4 bill. Yen
Personnel 340 (11 researchers)
Bio-products Sake, liquors
Bio-targets Improved yeast, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Makoto Yamashita, Director R&D
Above address
Phone (0985) 23-7890
Fax (0985) 23-9381
 275

Usuki Bio-Research Center Cooperative

thbfOJ*Jl€t '5 T ~ ~4mf4~liJf~pJT
Address 2307-2, Maeda
Usuki, Oita 875
Phone (09726) 3-8108
Established 1986, as joint activity of Fujijin Shoyu Co., Ltd.,
Fundokin Shoyu Co., Ltd., Usuki Seiyaku Co., Ltd. and
Sekko Co., Ltd.
Business Other
Main activities Soy sauce, seasonings, enzymes, pharmaceuticals
Personnel 8
Bio-products Mycolytic enzyme, plant cell wall lytic enzyme
Bio-targets Cell fusion applied to mushrooms and fungi, cultiva-
tion of novel microorganisms, brewing and food
technology
Contact address Mr. Takashi Kume, Director
Above address
Phone (09726) 3-8108
Fax (09726) 3-8109

Wakamoto Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.

:bi])~ C:~~
Address 1-5-3, Nihonbashi-Muromachi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3279-0371
Established 1933
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Ethical and OTC drugs, toothpaste
Sales (1988) 10.3 bill. Yen
Personnel 500
Bio R&D facilities 378, Kanade, Oi-machi
Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258
58 researchers
Bio-products Koji, lactic acid bacteria preparations, urokinase,
coenzyme A, microbial enzymes, ELISA-based
diagnostics
Bio-targets ELISA-based diagnostics, thermostable enzymes,
bioreactor, monoclonal antibodies, animal cell culture
Contact address Dr. Haruhisa Hirata
Above address (Kanagawa)
Phone (0465) 82-3311
Fax (0465) 82-0861
276

Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ud.

fOJGQI~
Address 3-10, Dosho-machi
Chuo-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 203-3741
Fax (06) 222-1203
Established 1922
Business Chemicals
Main products Analytical reagents, specialty chemicals
Sales (1988) 339.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 1320
Bio R&D facilities Central Laboratory
6-1, Takada-cho
Amagasaki, Hyogo
Tokyo Laboratory
1633, Oaza-matoba
Kawagoe-shi, Saitama
Bio-products Diagnostics based on monoclonal antibodies, restric-
tion enzymes, serum-free media for animal cell culture
Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, EIA-based diagnostic tests
Contact address Mr. Ryo Fuwatari
Above address
Phone (0826) 45-2331

Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ud.

mlkU
Address 3-1-39, Fukushima
Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553
Phone (06) 458-8901
Established 1955
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Drugs, food
Sales (1988) 11.2 bill. Yen
(0.2% from bio-related products)
Personnel 440
Bio R&D facilities Institute for Biotechnology Research
1624, Shimokoutachi, Kouda-cho
Takata-gun, Hiroshima 729-64
43 researchers
Bio-products Reagents and diagnostics (EOF), DNA probes
 277

Bio-targets Monoclonal antibodies, DNA probes, genetic en-

gineering applied to E. coli and yeast, plant biotech-
nology
Contact address Mr. Tohu Fuwa, General Manager, R&D
Above address (Hiroshima)
Phone (0826) 45-2331
Fax (0826) 45-4351

Fig. 2.38. Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Institute for Biotechnology Research, Hiroshima
(Courtesy of Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co.)

Yae Nogei Co., Ltd.

J\iI!!~
Address 383-2, Kosei-cho
Isahaya, Nagasaki 854
Phone (0957) 24-1111
Established 1948
Business Agriculture
Main activities Plant breeding using cell fusion and cell culture
Sales (1989) 430 mill. Yen
Personnel 120
Bio R&D facilities Plant Breeding Station
1441-3, Fukuda-cho
Isahaya, Nagasaki 854
11 researchers
278

Bio-products Seeds for virus-free vegetables and flowers

Bio-targets Plant cell culture, cell fusion, and genetic engineering
in plant breeding
Contact address Headquarters

Yaegaki Shuzo Co., lid.

--\? .:c. ti'.t- i@~
Address 681, Mukadani, Hayashida-cho
Himeji, Hyogo 679-42
Phone (0792) 61-2008
Established 1915
Business Food
Main activities Sake, shochu, mirin, alcohol, natural seasonings, food
colorants, food enzymes
Sales (1988) 3.6 bill. Yen
(85% from bio-related products)
Personnel 190 (40 researchers)
Bio-products Natural food colorants, food enzymes, alcoholic
beverages
Bio-targets Food colorants, seasonings, use of chitin and chitosan,
cell fusion techniques, mushroom cultivation, health
food, cell culture
Contact address Mr. Nobukatsu Miyashita, Chief Engineer
Above address
Phone (0792) 61-2008
Fax (0792) 61-3921

Yaeyama Shokusan Co., lid.

J\:mW9@;m
Address 287-14, Shirabo
Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-02
Phone (09808) 6-7154
Established 1975
Business Food
Main activities Chlorella cultivation
Sales (1988) 1 bill. Yen
Personnel 40
Bio-targets Cell fusion applied to Chlorella
 279

Contact address Mr. Noboru Sahota

Above address
Phone (09808) 6-7154
Fax (09808) 6-7509

Yagai Corporation
~f.l1
Address 8, Togamidai
Yamagata, Yamagata 990-01
Phone (0236) 43-7735
Established 1974
Business Food
Main activities Processed meat, fine chemicals from blood, biochemi-
cals, diagnostic agents
Sales (1988) 6 bill. Yen
Personnel 350
Bio R&D facilities Yagai Research Center
Above address
Bio-products Serum albumin, fibronectin, transferrin, LDL, vitro-
nectin, macroglobulin, IgG, ceruloplasmin; enzymes,
growth factors, glycolipids, serum-free media
Bio-targets Use of animal blood and organs, growth factors, serum-
free media, protein engineering, veterinary diagnostics
Contact address Dr. Seishi Konno, Research Director
Above address
Phone (0236) 43-7735
Fax (0236) 44-7919

YakuIt

Address 1-1-19, Higashi-Shinbashi

Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3574-8960
Established 1955
Business Food, Beverages
Main activities Dairy products, beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceutical
products, enzymes
Sales (1988) 128.2 bill. Yen
Personnel 2843
280

Bio R&D facilities Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research

1796, Yaho
Kunitachi, Tokyo 186
120 researchers
Bio-products Fermented milk products, beverages, cosmetics, phar-
maceuticals, enzymes
Bio-targets Bioreactors, genetic engineering, protein engineering,
monoclonal antibodies, animal tissue culture, embryo
transfer
Contact address Mr. Tatsuo Gohki, Deputy General Manager, Mange-
ment Office
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (0425) 75-8960
Fax (0425) 77-3020

Fig. 239. Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo (Courtesy of Yakult Co.)

Yamada Foods Co., Ltd.

--r 7 !J' 7 - 'A"
Address 279, Kaidonoue, Noara-machi, Sennan-mura
Senhoku-gun, Akita 019-13
Phone (0182) 37-2246
Established 1954
Business Food
Main activities Natto (fermented soybean)
Sales (1988) 180 mill. Yen
Personnel 168
 281

Bio R&D facilities Laboratory for Food R&D

124, Motohigashine, Kanezawa, Sennan-mura
Senhoku-gun, Akita 019-13
5 researchers
Bio-products Natto
Bio-targets Improved Bacillus strains for natto production, other
use of soybean protein, cell fusion, genetic engineering
Contact address Mr. Hisao Takada, General Manager
Above address
Phone (0182) 37-3630
Fax (0182) 37-3630

Yamae Food Industry Co., Ltd.

--\?7.:r:jttf6I~
Address 2-13-34, Hakataeki Higashi
Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812
Phone (092) 474-0711
Established 1950
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, miso, dressings
Sales (1987) 2.3 bill. Yen
(83.5% from bio-related products)
Personnel 100
Bio R&D facilities Miyakonojo Factory
3646, Nishi-machi
Miyakono-jo, Miyazaki 885
Bio-products Soy sauce, miso
Bio-targets Soy sauce, condiments using bioreactor technology,
improvement of yeasts using cell fusion
Contact address Mr. Tamiya Nakahara, General Manager
Above address (Miyazaki)
Phone (0986) 22-4611
Fax (0986) 25-9007

Yamaka Shoyu Co., Ltd.

--\?71J?l1EH
Address 20, Yasuoka-Ebata
Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-66
Phone (0832) 58-0031
282

Established 1880
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce
Sales (1988) 500 mill. Yen
Personnel 34 (4 researchers)
Bio-products Soy sauce, fruit vinegar
Bio-targets Continuous fermentation of fruit vinegar
Contact address Mr. Yoshitake Kawamura, Engineer, Research
Laboratory
Above address
Phone (0832) 58-0031
Fax (0832) 58-2000

Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Address 2-3-11, Nihonbashi-Honcho

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3244-3000
Established 1923
Business Pharmaceuticals
Main activities Medical products, diagnostic equipment and diagnos-
tics, OTC products, health food, veterinary products
Sales (1987) 164.1 bill. Yen
(14% from bio-related products)
Personnel 3500

Fig. 240. Yamanouchi Tsukuba Research Center (Courtesy of Yamanouchi Co.)

 283

Bio R&D facilities Bioscience Research Laboratories

1-8-1, Azusawa
Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174
650 researchers
Tsukuba Research Center
Bio-products alpha interferon
Bio-targets Diagnostics, immuno-reagents, cancer drugs
Contact address Dr. Hiroshi Nagano, Director, Bioscience Laboratory
Above address (Tokyo 174)
Phone (03) 3960-5111
Fax (03) 3969-2700

Yamasa Shoyu Co., Ltd.

--\77~~183
Address 2-10-1, Araoi-cho
Choshi, Chiba 288
Phone (0479) 22-0095
Established 1645
Business Food
Main activities Soy sauce, seasonings, pharmaceuticals
Sales (1987) 33.5 bill. Yen
Personnel 1200
Bio R&D facilities Research Laboratories
Above address
69 researchers
Bio-products Nucleic acids and derivatives, diagnostics, biochemi-
cals, enzymes, monoclonal antibodies, receptors
Bio-targets Improvement of soy sauce production, microbial screen-
ing, drugs and diagnostics, monoclonal antibodies
Contact address Mr. Tetsuro Fujishima, Manager, Patent and Infor-
mation
Above address
Phone (0479) 22-0095
Fax (0479) 22-3435

Yokogawa Electric Corporation

fiiQ]~~
Address 2-9-32, Nakacho
Musashino, Tokyo 180
Phone (0422) 54-1111
284

Business Electrical Machinery

Main activities Measurement, control and information systems,
industrial automation, sensors, recorders, analytical
instruments
Sales (1988) 183.8 bill. Yen
Personnel 6600
Bio-products HPLC, measurement and control systems
Bio-targets Analytical devices for biotechnology
Contact address Mr. Kenta Mikuriya, Corporate R&D
Above address
Phone (0422) 52-5547
Fax (0422) 55-0092

Yonekyu Co., Ltd.

*!A.
Address 1259, Terabayashi, Okanomiya
Numazu, Shizuoka 410
Phone (0559) 22-5321
Established 1969
Business Food
Main activities Processed meat and food
Sales (1988) 40 bill. Yen
Personnel 450
Bio R&D facilities Fuji Research Laboratories
50-14, Hashibudaira, Higashino-aza, Nagaizumi-cho
Suntou-gun, Shizuoka 411
10 researchers
Bio-products Mushrooms
Bio-targets Improved mushroom production, microbial products,
meat improvement
Contact address Headquarters

Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd.

aM~~
Address 3-35, Hirano-machi
Higashi-ku, Osaka 541
Phone (06) 201-1600
Fax (06) 227-5165
Established 1940
 285

Business Pharmaceuticals
Main products Drugs
Sales (1988) 61.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 2370
Bio R&D facilities 3-7-25, Koyata-machi
lruma-shi, Saitama 358
(about 15 bio-researchers)
Bio-targets TNF, ANP, interleukin-2 using animal cell culture and
genetic engineering
Contact address Mr. Makoto Dhara
Above address (Saitama)
Phone (0429) 63-3121

Yuki Gosei Kogyo Co.• Ud.

#-I%l~Acl-':* ctI*
'F.J 'fJ))(j t=1 J~D 0~

Address 2-17-4, Kyobashi

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3567-5481
Established 1947
Business Chemicals
Main activities Pharmaceuticals, food additives, tobacco flavors, In-
dustrial products
Sales (1988) 8.1 bill. Yen
Personnel 268
Bio R&D facilities Tokyo Research Laboratory
3-37-1, Sakashita
Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174
23 researchers
Bio-products Reagents for genetic engineering, fluorescence-labeled
DNA probes
Bio-targets Nucleic acid fermentation, gene analysis, thermostable
polymerase, bioreactor technology
Contact address Mr. Tsuneo Sadanaga, Director, Development
Department
Above address (Tokyo)
Phone (03) 3567-5484
Fax (03) 3561-2079
 286

13. References
1. Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency: Statistical
Handbook of Japan, 1989. ISBN 4-8223-0957-6 (E)
2. Keizai Koho Center, Japan Institute for Social and Economic Affairs:
Japan 1989 - an International Comparison. ISBN 4-87605-017-1 (E)
3. Sogo Shosha Committee, The Japan Foreign Trade Council, Inc.: The
Sogo Shosha: A Statistical Guide. Brochure, undated (E)
4. Anon.: Japans Pharmaindustrie im Innovationsfieber. Neue Zuercher
Zeitung, Aug. 9, 1989, P 13 (G)
5. Schmid R D (1986) Biotechnology in Japan 1985. Appl. Microbiol. Bio-
technol. 24, 355-356
6. Nikkei Baioteku, October 7, 1985, P 7 (J)
7. Nikkei Baioteku: Biofile '89 - Sekai no Baio-kigyou 800-sha - Nichi-
Bei-Ou-Asia-Shuyou kigyou no kenkyuukaihatsu-sangyoukadoukou
(Nikkei Biotech Biofile '89: The World's 800 Biocompanies. The most
important companies in Japan, the USA, Europe and Asia, their R&D
and markets). Nikkei BP Co., 1989; ISBN 4-8222-0810-9 (J)
8. Nikkei Baioteku: Biofile '90 - Sekai no Baio-kigyou Gijutsu to Sensaku -
Ni-Bei-Ei-Ashia-Shuyou kigyou no kenkyuukaihatsu-sangyoukadoukou
(Nikkei Biotech Biofile '90: The World's Biocompanies, Technology and
Strategy. The most important companies in Japan, the USA, Europe and
Asia). Nikkei BP Co., 1990; ISBN 4-8222-0812-5 (J)
9. Bioindustry Development Center (BIDEC): Bio-related Companies in
Japan 848 - The All-Japan Bioindustry Sourcebook. Bioindustry Dev-
elopment Center (BIDEC), Tokyo, March 1989,4 volumes (J/E)
10. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence, May 8, 1989, page BIl
11. Statistics Office, Management and Coordination Agency, Tokyo:
Raifusaiensu Kenkyuuchousa Hokoku (Report on Life Sciences).
Brochure, March 1990 (J)
12. Nikkei Baioteku, May Research 16, 1985, P 3 (J)
13. Anon.: Impact of Biotechnology on Industrial Structure in 2000. Japan
Chemical Week 1986, p 299 (E)
14. Nikkei Baioteku: Nikkei Baio-Nenkan 89/90 - kenkyuukaihatsu to shiba-
sangyou doukou (Nikkei Bio Yearbook 89/90: Industrial developments
in R&D and markets). Nikkei BP Co., 1989; ISBN 4-9222-0811-7
15. I am most indebted to Mrs. Aiko Kawashima for organizing the
communication with many of the companies cited in this chapter

(E) English
(J) Japanese
Chapter 3

The Ministries

1. Introduction
Japan through its history has been ruled by a central government ("shogu-
nate") which usually succeeded to control the rivalries of the feudal lords.
After the great civil war from 1570 to 1600, the Tokugawa rule accustomed
Japan to an allmighty administration located in Edo, today's Tokyo ("Edo
period", 1600 - 1867).

After the "Meiji revolution" (1868), under the emperors Mutsuhito ("Meiji
era"), Yoshihito ("Taisho era"), and Hirohito ("Showa era") who had then
moved from the old capital Kyoto to Tokyo, Japan continued to be ad-
ministrated in a centralized way,

During the concomitant industrialization of the country, the government

controlled the "lifelines" of the emerging industries, e.g., foreign exchange,
import quotas, technology licensing rights, and many others. The Ministry of
International Trade and Industry (MITI), founded in 1925, in particular came
to be the major intellectual and factual power which shaped Japanese
industrial and trade policies for much of the period following World War II.

If one wants to understand the present role of the government in science and
technology policy, it is important to realize that in the past 25 years or so
this overall pattern has changed significantly. Thus,

- at least five ministries are actively engaged in biotechnology R&D and

often rival with each other,
288

- the liberalization of Japanese policy which started already in the 1960s has
turned the government from a driver to a partner of industry.

Today, the major role of the government and its ministries, in science and
technology, can be summarized as follows:

1. General endorsement and encouragement to enter a new R&D field

through the formation of advisory groups, provision of research funds,
information on national and international developments, etc.

2. Organization and funding of individual research projects and of multi-

company "research associations"

3. Generation of part of the infrastructure, e.g., education and training

programs, patent harmonization, securing of resources, etc.

4. Establishment of regulatory rules (e.g., for the approval of drugs produced

by rDNA techniques).

As indicated above, there often is a considerable overlap of such programs

among the individual ministries (e.g., 4 ministries have been organizing gene
banks and have set up regulatory on rDNA research). This has been taken
as evidence of relatively poor coordination between the ministries, and in fact
the major industry association Keidanren has occasionally called upon the
Japanese ministries to improve on the coordination of their policies.

However, there are many formal and informal networks which link the
ministries closely together. An important formal tie is the Science and
Technology Agency, which in one of its function serves as a coordinator·
among the other ministries (Sect. 2.2). Informal links are provided by:

- the large number of consultations and committee hearings which typically

precede important decisions,
- the network of personal relationships derived from the Japanese edu-
cational system (and the Japanese culture), and
- the extensive job rotation in (and sometimes among) the ministries (thus,
a section head is often exchanged every 2 years, and Western visitors
expecting to meet their familiar counterparts when returning to Japan often
have to adapt to a new face. In fact, the Western visitor is advised to
comply to the Japanese notion by considering the function (Le., the
organizational structure) more than the person who fills it on temporary
assignment, and to ask his old acquaintance to introduce him to his
successor.
 289

The budget of each ministry must be negotiated with the Ministry of Finance.
The net resulting biotechnology budgets in recent years for each ministry, and
the competitive situation among the ministries are indicated in Table 3.1 [1].

Tab1e 3.1. Relative Bio-Budgets of Japanese Ministries involved in Bio-related R&D.

Ministry/ Bio-related Change relative to preceding year (%)

Agency R&D budget 90/89 89/88 88/87 87/86 86/85
(1990, mill. Yen)

Overall Budget 74700 9.4 17.0 16.0 no 1:1.0

Mm 8400 11.0 33.0 -2.0 7.0 32.0
MAFF 7900 4.9 12.0 13.0 3.0 41.0
MHW 34900 1.2 15.0 30.0 47.0 31.0
STA 20 200 11.0 32.0 30.0 17.0 20.0
Monbusho *16125 *11.4 3.0 3.0 n.i. n.i.
Environmental 300 -9.9 n.i n.i. n.i. 100.0
Agency
Ministry of 20 -83.0 -24.0 n.i. 23.0 30.0
Construction

*personal communication

The location of the ministries involved are indicated in Fig. 3.1.

For a better understanding of the Japanese governmental system relating to
science and technology, it is adequate to start with a brief outline of the
cabinet and of the advisory organs which are actively involved in the
development of science and technology.

2. The Cabinet and the Prime Minister's Advisory Bodies

The administration of science and technology in the Japanese government is
indicated in Fig. 3.2, and will be discussed in more detail in the following
paragraphs [2].

There are 9 advisory organs serving directly to the prime minister. Examples
are: the Atomic Energy Commission and the Space Activities Commission. In
the context of this book, the most important advisory organ is the Council for
Science and Technology.
290
 291

Prime Minister
Council lor
Science and Technolo!,,)

Prime Minister's Office

Science and Technology

Agency (STA) 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - 1 STA Research Institutes

Industrial Technolo!,'Y STA Research Projects

Council
Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI)
of Industrial MITI Research Institutes
and Technology
Agnculture, rllfestry MIT! Research Projects
anil Fishery
Research Council
Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries
MAFF)
Agnculturc, Forestry
and Fisheries Research Institutes
Research Council
Secretariat Research Projects
Health Science Council

Ministry of Health
and Welfare (MHW)
Office of
Pharmaceutical
Affairs Bureau
Office of I - - - - - - - - - - - , - j HospitalS
Affiliated Institutes
Science Council MHW Research Institutes
Ministry of Education,
Science and Culture MHW Research Pro'ects
(Monbusho)

I - - - - - - - - - - - , - j Universities

Monbusho Research Institutes

Monbusho Research Projects
of Finance

Other ministries and agencies Fig. 3.2 Administration of Science and Technology
in the Japanese Government

..... Fig. 3.L Location of the Ministries involved in Biotechnology-related R&D

1 Science and Technology Agency (STA)
2 Kasumigaseki Subway Station
3 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF)
4 Imperial Hotel
5 Hibiya Park
6 Ministry of International Trade and Industries (MIT!
7 Sakurada Avenue
8 Toranomon Subway Station
9 Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (Monbusho)
10 US Embassy
11 Patent Office
12 Ministry of Finance
13 Parliament
 292

The Council for Science and Technology

fiJt¥tstvfg~~
Nihon Gakujutsu Kaigi

Established in 1949, the Council is Japan's supreme advisory board with

regard to science and technology policies. It submits reports and gives advice
as required concerning the following matters:

- formulation of fundamental and comprehensive policies for science and

technology,
- establishment of long-term and comprehensive goals for research and
development targets,
- formulation of basic measures to promote these objectives.

The prime minister, who presides the council, is obliged to respect its views.

A general outline of its structure and function is given in Fig. 3.3. This
diagram also emphasizes the double role of the Science and Technology
Agency (see below) as both a secretariat to the Council and as an agency
involved in the implementation of science policy.

PLANNING

Committee on Policy Matters -------+E--

The Council for Science and Technology Subcommittee on Policy Studies
Subcommittee on Research Evaluation
Subcommittee on Research Projects
Research Topics +
Hearing including
Ministries / Agencies,
Industry and leading scientists

1
Consultations
Science and echnology Agency "'''I-_~-=~~ __' . Other Mlfllstnes /Agencles
concerned
O
° ° °

Research Piln for Each Topic

IMPLEMENTATION Transfer of funds and / or contracts

I
Science and Technology Agency _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..... Ministries / Agencies /
National Research Institutes /
Universities/Industries
Research Promotion Committee ,.
(Project Manager)
+

Fig. 33. Science and Technology Policy in Japan

- Planning and Implementation
 293

The present members of the Council for Science and Technology, and of its
Policy and Life Science Subcommittee, are indicated in Table 3.2 [3].
The recommendations and views of the Council with respect to the life
sciences are summarized in Chap. 7, as well as the measures for their
implementation by each ministry.

Not to be confused with the Council for Science and Council is the Science
Council of Japan ( 8**~~~, Nihon Gakujutsu Kaigi); composed of
leading academicians and industrialists, it is an advisory committee for the
Prime Minister's Office, but it has no formal function and rather serves as a
platform to initiate discussion than to clearly define new targets and
measures.

Table 3.2 Members of the Council for Science and Technology, and of its Policy and Life
Science Subcommittees (as of 1990)

The Council for Science and Technology

Chairman Toshiki Kaifu (prime Minister)

Members Ryutaro Hashimoto (Minister of Finance)
Kohsuke Hori (Minister of Education, Science, and Culture)
Hideyuki Aizawa (Economic Planning Agency, Director)
Tomoji Ooshima (Science and Technology Agency, Director)
Jiro Kondo (Science Council, Chairman)
Yoshimitsu Takeyasu (Full-time Secretary)
Wataru Mori (Full-time Secretary)
Yasusada Kitahara (NTT Corporation, Adviser)
Seiji Morii (Kansai Electric Power Co., Ltd., President)
Sho-ichi Saba (Toshiba Co., Ltd., Counselor)

The Council for Science and Technology, Policy Committee

Chairman Yoshimitsu Takeyasu (Full-time Secretary)

Members Wataru Mori (Full-time Secretary)
Yasusada Kitahara (NTT Corporation, Part-time Secretary)
Sho-ichi Saba (Toshiba Co., Ltd., Counscelor)
Seizi Morii (Kansai Electric Power Co., Ltd., President)
Hiroshi Inose (Information Center of Science and Technology, Director)
Jiro Kondo (Science Council, C.hairman)
Yohtaro !ida (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Chairman)
Yoshikazu Itoh (Toray Co., Ltd., Chairman)
Hiroo Kawada (Suzuki Motor Co., Advisor)
Kunihei Kishi (BRAIN, Member of Executive Board)
Ikuzo Tanaka (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Former President)
Hiromichi Miyazaki (Dai-ichi Kangyo Bank, Advisor)
Mutsuo Yanase (Sofia University, Professor)
294

The Council for Science and Technology, Life Science Subcommittee

Chairman Wataru Mori (Council of Science and Technology, Full-time Secretary)

Members Yoshimitsu Takeyasu (Council of Science and Technology, Full-time Secretary)
Yasusada Kitahara (NTT Corporation, Advisor)
Jiro Kondo (Science Council, Chairman)
Jun-ichi Aomi (University of Air/Broadcast, Professor)
Tsuneo Asai (Nihon Keizai Shinbun, Editorial Staff)
Yozi Ikawa (RIKEN Institute of Life Sciences, Tsukuba, Vice-Director)
Shinogo Hoh (Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Hygiene)
Setsuo Ebashi (Okazaki National Institute of Physiology, Director)
Toshiaki Oosawa (University of Tokyo, Professor)
Akira Ootani (Ministry of Health and Welfare, National Institute of Hygienic
Sciences)
Tokindo Okada (Okazaki National Institute of Basic Biology, Director)
Mikio Katoh (Kyowa Hakko Co., President)
Masakuni Kameyama (Kyoto University, Prof. emeritus)
Akio Satoh (lbaragi University, Professor)
Motoshige Sawada (Keio University, Prof. emeritus)
Takashi Sugimura (Ministry of Health and Welfare, National Cancer Center,
Chairman)
Seizi Suzuki (Mitsubishi Kasei Co., Ltd., President)
Tomoo Suzuki (MITI, Fermentation Research Institute, Director)
Tomio Tada (University of Tokyo, Professor)
Yuzo Tsukada (Keio University, Professor)
Jin-ichi Nagumo (University of Tokyo, Prof. emeritus)
Ken-ichi Hayashi (Ministry af Agriculture, Institute of Agrobiological
Resources, Director)
Hiromichi Matsudaira (STA, National Institute of Radiological Sciences,
Director)
Yasuyuki Yamada (Kyoto University, Professor)
Yuichi Yamamura (Osaka University, Prof. emeritus)
Tohru Yoshimura (Saitama University, Professor)
Ham Watanabe (Keio University, Prof. emeritus)

3. Science and Technology Agency (STA)

f4$~1;fgrr (f4~rr)
Kagaku Gijutsu Chou (Kagichou)

Address Kasumigaseki 2-2-1

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-5271

Introduction and Organizational Structure

The agency was established in 1956 as part of the Prime Minister's Office
with the objective to strengthen the planning and implementation of science
 295

and technology policies. Consequently, an important role of the STA is to

coordinate the other ministries' programs in science and technology. This
mission in the beginning proved to be rather difficult - not to the least due
to the fact that most of its officers were on temporary assignment from these
ministries. In the meantime, the agency was strengthened by the following
measures [2]:

- in 1981, the STA obtained an own budget for the commission of research
from other ministries and agencies (Special Coordination Funds for
Promoting Science and Technology ( *'l-~tt~jtJNJl!~fnt , Kagaku Gijutsu
Shinkyou Chousei Hi); the budget of this fund since increased from 3.35
bill. Yen (1981) to 10.1 bill. Yen (1988),
- in 1983, the Committee on Policy Matters ( iI.&~~jl~, Seisaku Iinkai)
was established under the powerful Council for Science and Technology,
and directly linked to the STA (which serves as its secretariat),
- in 1986, the STA internal affairs departments were reorganized,
- in 1988, the Resources Council ( 'a:iJjj(ilJUt~ ,Shigen Chousa Kai) , an
important advisory body of the STA, was supplemented by the National
Institute of Science and Technology Policy ( *'l-~tt~jil.&~~J'EjiJT ,Kagaku
Gijutsu Seisaku Kenkyuujou).

The present organizational structure of the STA is indicated in Fig. 3.4.

In December 1988, the total staff of the STA was 2132, with 1610 persons
working in attached institutes. A further 7496 people were employed in public
corporations under the supervision of the STA.

The STA has both staff and line functions.

In its staff function, it:

- serves as the administration to the 9 advisory organs to the Prime Minister,

e.g., of the Council for Science and Technology,
- plans, formulates, and implements basic science and technology policies,
- coordinates R&D projects of the other ministries and related administrative
bodies,
- promotes regional science and technology, and
- promotes international cooperation.

In its line function, it:

- supervises a total of 14 institutes and organizations, 7 out of which are

public corporations,
- organizes exploratory and frontier research in its associated institutes, and
- fosters information on science and technology.

As indicated in Fig. 3.4, there are three major units in the STA pertinent to
the development of biotechnology [4]:
296

Atom ic Energy r - - - - - -- - - - - ---l

Bureau

NuclearSafety
Bureau

Ftg. 3.4. Organizational Chart of the Science and Technology Agency (STA) pertinent to the
Field of Biotechnology

The Science and Technology Policy Bureau (t4~tH~ji!X*,FcJ , Kagaku Gijutsu

Seisaku Kyoku) is responsible for basic policies and for coordination among
the ministries. In this function it serves as a secretariat to the Council for
Science and Technology, and it initiates discussions in other councils related
to the STA. The Bureau supervises the National Institute of Science and
Technology Policy. It is responsible for the Human Frontier Science Program
(HFSP)(Chap.7).

The Science and Technology Promotion Bureau (t4~tHm~~Jm, Kagaku

Gijutsu Shinkou Kyoku) is responsible for the promotion of international
exchanges, research exchanges, and the consolidation of conditions and
structures for the promotion of science and technology. Three divisions in this
Bureau are involved in the field of the life sciences:
 297

A - The Research and Development Promotion Division (Ii1f ~~JU~·,

Kenkyuu Shinkou Ka) supervises The Institute of Physical and Chemical
Research (RlKEN), one of the largest research institution of the agency, with
619 employees, and the Frontier Research Program (Chap. 7), which is
carried out in this institute. It further defines research projects (e.g., mapping
and sequencing of the human genome, expression of HIV genes, etc.), and
defines national needs in contextual measures, e.g., the construction of service
units for research (e.g., the STA cell and gene bank, Chap. 8).

B - The Research and Development Coordination Division ( Ii1f~~iiff~,

Kenkyuu Kouryuu Ka) supervises the Research Development Corporation of
Japan (JRDC) and its ERATO projects (Chap. 7).

C - The Science and Technology Information Division (M~tt*jmm~·,

Kagaku Gijutsu Jouhou Ka) supervises the Japan Information Center of
Science and Technology (JICST)(Chap. 8), with 326 employees.

The Research and Development Bureau (-7iJf~M~Faj·, Kenkyuu Kaihatsu

Kyoku) is in charge of promoting R&D in vital science and technology fields
such as space, marine research, and life sciences (number of staff: 69). Its Ufe
Sciences Division ( '7 -1 7 -If -1 .r. ~ A ~ , Raifu Saiensu Ka) is strongly involved
in biotechnology and has the following functions:

- planning, formulation, and implementation of basic policy,

- general coordination of projects of related administrative bodies, including
expenditures, by using the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting
Science and Technology,
- harmonizing rDNA guidelines
- policy on the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP),

The Research and Development Bureau has established the Council for Aer-
nonautics, Electronics, and other Advanced Technologies (~~ . m.:r~tt*jjf
~~, Senkuu Denshitou Gijutsu Shingikai) as its consulting body. Questions
relating to the R&D policy for biotechnology, e.g., with respect to DNA safety
or human genome sequencing, are discussed in the Committee of Biotechnol-
ogy of this council. Its present members are indicated in Table 3.3 [4].

Table 3.3. Members of the Committee of Biotechnology of the Council for Aeronautics,
Electronics and Other Advanced Technologies (as of 1990)

Chairman Zen-ichi Yoshida (Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kyoto)

Members Kazuaki Itoh (News Commentator, NHK - Japanese Broadcasting Corpora-
tion)
Akira Oya (Director-General, National Institute of Health)
Katsura Morita (Senior Managing Director, Takeda Chemical Industries
Ltd.)
298

Special Staff* Yoki Ikawa (Vice Director for Scientific Research, and Chief of Laborat-
0ry of Molecular Oncology, Tsukuba Life Science Center, Institute of
Physical and Chemical Research - RIKEN)
Kunio Toriyama (Technical Consultant, National Federation of Agriculture
Cooperatives Association)
Dueo Machi (Director, Department of Development, Takasaki Radiation
Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Research
Institute)
Ken-ichi Matsubara (professor, Institute for Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Osaka)
Yasuyuki Yamada (Professor, Research Center for Cell and Tissue
Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kyoto)
Akiyoshi Wada (professor, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science,
University of Tokyo)

'" Subcommittees are formed for discussion of special topics

Instruments and Budgets

The Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology

f4~:btVfglJNJ!~mJf
Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkyou Chousei Hi

Established in 1981 as a means to strengthen the role of the STA by

appropriating a special budget for the coordination of the programs of the
other ministries, the fund devotes about 20% of its budget (9.2 bill. Yen in
1989) to the life sciences, as indicated in Table 3.4 [5].
Table 3.4 Projects being carried out using the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting
Science and Technology in the Field of Life Science (FY 1989)

1. Research and development of fundamental technologies for cancer research

2. Research on the development of basic technology to elucidate the immune system
3. Research on the development of basic technology for clarifying cerebral functions
4. Research on the development of high-sensitivity and high-resolution non-destructive
technologies to elucidate the biological functions of living systems at the molecular level
5. Research on fundamental technology for the utilization of energy conversion functions of
organisms
6. Research on the development of technology for analyzing and utilizing chromosomes
7. Fundamental research on risk assessment of rDNA experiments in open fields
8. Research on developmental biotechnology
9. Research on neuro-immuno-endocrine relationships
10. Study on development of new experimental models in life science research

Other Budgets

The overall biotechnology-related budget of the STA is indicated in Table

3.5 [3].
 299

Table 35. Life Science related R&D Budget of the STA (Mill. Yen)

Target FY 1989 FY 1990 Remarks

1. Special coordination funds for 2000 2100 Life sciences only

promoting science and technology
2. Institute of Physical *821 *480 Chap. 4
and Chemical Research (RIKEN) 3259 2935
- Frontier Research Programs *821 Chap. 7
766 877
- Target-oriented projects 372 493 e.g., Human genome
sequencing, genetics of
nerve and immune
system
- Promotion of genetic R&D 1266 881 e.g., AIDS program, on-
cogenes
- Research support 385 499 e.g., Gene bank, culture
collection, information
services and training
Chap. 8
- Others *480
469 168
3. Research Development
Corporation of Japan (JRDC) 3193 3473 Chap. 7
- Contract research 1507 1573
- ERATO projects 1632 1899
4. National Institute of Radiological *8100 *7802 Includes construction of
Sciences 6728 8285 heavy ion medical
accelerator
5. Japan Atomic Energy Institute 116 62
6. Institutional research 341 335
7. Japan Information Center 1111 1200 Chaps. 4, 8
on Science and Technology
8. Others 1487 1893
- Human Frontier Science Program 1456 1862 Chap. 7
(HFSP)
Others 31 31

Total *8921 ·8282

16181 18182

*Government guarantees for appropriation over several years

4. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

imf:frj~~~ (M~)
Tsuushou Sangyou Shou (Tsuusanshou)
Address Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Kasumigaseki 1-3-1
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3501-1511
Fax (03) 3501-2084
300

Introduction and organizational structure

MITI traditionally has been in charge of fostering trade and industry on a
national and international basis. This also includes a national R&D policy
directed towards the Japanese industry. To this end, in 1973 an Industrial
Technology Council (ITC)(e£~tH~jlHN~·, Sangyou Gijutsu Shingi Kai) was
established which investigates and deliberates on important matters related
to science and technology in the mining and manufacturing industries, in
response to inquiries from the Minister of International Trade and Industry.
The various committees, and the present members of the ITC (1989) and its
Future Technology Development Subcommittee (iXt!!:ttDH~j~~$~, Jisedai
Gijutsu Kaihatsu Bukai), are indicated in Table 3.6 [6].

Table 3.6: Subcommittees and Members of the Industrial Technology Council and of its
Future Technology Development Subcommittee (as of June, 1990)

1 Industrial Technology Council, Subcommittees

Coordination Committee
R&D Committee
Environmental Protection Technology Committee
Technology Assessment Committee
International R&D Cooperation Committee
National Development Program Committee
Local Research Organization Committee
New Energy Technology Development Committee
Energy Conservation Technology Development Committee
Future Technology Development Committee

2 Industrial Technology Council, Members

Chairman Hiroshi Inose (Director, JICST)

Members Shun-ichi Amari (Prof., University of Tokyo, Fac. of Eng.)
Takamochi Ishii (Prof., University of Tokyo, Fac. of Eng.)
Kiyoshi Inoue (Vice President, KSP Co.)
Ken-ichi Imai (Prof., Hitostubashi University, Fac. of Commerce)
Eiji Ogawa (Prof., Nagoya University, Fac. of Economics)
Yukio Kasahara (Vice President, Nippon Mining Co.)
Mikio Kato (Vice President, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo)
Yoichi Kaya (Prof., University of Tokyo, Fac. of Eng.)
Hiroo Kawada (Advisor, Suzuki Motor Cars Co.)
Yutaka Kume (Vice President, Japan Automobil Manufacturers Ass.)
Shogo Kurachi (Member, Space Development Association)
Yuri Konno (Director, Life Science Research Center)
Taichi Saito (Director, RCAST, University of Tokyo)
Yasumasa Saito (Vice President, Japan Steel Workers Union)
Shoichi Saba (Consultant, Toshiba Corporation)
Shuichi Suzuki (Vice President, Saitama Institute of Technology)
Yutaka Nakaoki (Governor, Toyama Prefecture)
Tsuneo Nakahara (Vice President, Sumitomo Electrical Co.)
 301

Masao Nakamura (Member, Yomiuri Shinbun Discussion Board)

Masanori Hattori (Director, Association of Medium and Small Enterprises)
Heiichi Hamaoka (Director, Japan Development Bank)
Masayoshi Hayashi (Director, NEDO)
Rei Hirasawa (Prof., University of Tokyo, Fac. of Liberal Arts)
Kazuo Fueki (Prof., Tokyo Science University, Fac. of Science)
Masao Horiba (Vice President, Horiba Manufacturing Co.)
Seizi Morii (President, Kansai Electric Power)
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa (Dean, University of Tokyo, Fac. of Eng.)
Ako Yoshida (Prof., Tsukuba College of Technology)
Masaki Yoshida (President, Mitsubishi Petrochemicals)

3 Future Technology Development Subcommittee, Members·

Yujizo Hayashi (Vice President, Future Engineering Research Center)

Shun-ichi Amari (Prof., University of Tokyo, Fac. of Eng.)
Hiroo Kawada (Advisor, Suzuki Motor Cars Co.)
Masayoshi Hayashi (Director, NEDO)
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa (Dean, University of Tokyo, Fac. of Eng.)
Yasuichi Arao (Director, Japan Aerospace Association)
Takehiko Ish:guro (Prof., Kyoto University, Fac. of Science)
Seiji Iwata (Director, Japan Fine Ceramics Association)
Chikara Kanbara (Prof. em., Tokyo Institute of Technology)
Toru Kinoshita (Director, Nippon Steel Association)
Shinroku Saito (Prof. em., Tokyo Institute of Technology)
Hyuga Saito (Prof. em., Teikyo University)
Kotaro Sado (Prof., Tsukuba University, Physics Dep.)
Kajuzo Shimizu (Director, Japan Industrial Technology Promotion
Association)
Takuo Sugano (Prof., University of Tokyo, Fac. of Eng.)
Takeshi Suzuki (Director, Japan Electric Engineering Ass.)
Megumi Sunagawa (Prof., Yokohama National Univ., Fac. of Eng.)
Hiroshi Takeuchi (Director, Japan Providence Bank)
Shozi Tanaka (Prof. em., University of Tokyo)
Katsumi Tokumaru (Vice President, Tsukuba University)
Osamu Tokura (Director, Information Services Association)
Hiroyuki Torii (Nihon Keizai Shinbun, Japan Economic Newspaper)
Keiko Nakamura (Prof., Waseda University, Fac. of Human Science)
Kimio Hirakawa (Advisor, Showa Denko)
Noboru Makino (President, Mitsubishi General Research Institute)
Matsuo Miyagawa (Prof. em., Tokyo Municipal University)
Masayoshi Yamanaka (Director, Japan Chemical Industries Association)
Haru Watanabe (Prof. em., Keio University)

* Questions relating to biotechnology, until 1989, were discussed within this committee.
Since 1990, however, questions relating to this field are discussed in MITI-associated institu-
tions such as NEDO and the pertinent research associations.

The policy of the ITC is implemented by the Agency of Industrial Science

and Technology within the MIT!. The organizational chart of the units within
MIT! related to biotechnology are indicated in Fig. 3.5.
 302

Technology Policy
Planning Division

Minister of
Post and
Telecommunication Fig. 35. Organizational Chart of MITI pertinent to the Field of Biotechnology

The following organizations within Mm are related to biotechnology:

The Biochemical Industry Division

Seibutsu Kagaku Sangyou Ka

within the Basic Industry Bureau (~IIi£~JaJ ,Kiso Sangyou Kyoku) which
was upgraded in 1989 from the former "Bioindustry Office". This is the most
important division for matters concerning the life sciences within MIT!. It
functions as:

- the policy maker for all questions regarding industrial biotechnology (e.g.,
the proposition of large-scale projects, of tax reductions, patent law
revisions, the establishment of the appropriate infrastructure),
- the political guidance to JBA (formerly BIDEC), the Japan Bioindustry
Association (Chap. 7),
- international aspects of collaboration.
 303

The Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Kougyou Gijutsu In (Kougi-in)

Address Agency of Industrial Science and Technology

Kagaku Gijutsu Kougyouin (Kagikou)
1-3-1, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3501-1511
Fax (03) 3501-2518 (General Coordination Division)

AIST is the science and technology-related organization within MITI [7]. This
includes the life sciences. In the context of this book, the following organiza-
tions within AIST are of importance:

The Technology Policy Planning Division ( tgUj~i@~ , Gijutsu Kikaku Ka)

is responsible for drafting and planning of overall policies related to scientific
and technological items in matters under the control of the MITI, and is in
charge of the MITI side of the Human Frontier Science Program (Chap. 7).

The International R&D Cooperation Division (OO~IVf~m1J~·, Kokusai

Kenkyuu Kyouryoku Ka) is in charge of international projects.

The Tsukuba Administration Office (i)t1Bl"gJlI!$fnpjf , Tsukuba Kanri Jimus-

ho) is responsible for the administration of the Tsukuba institutes of the AIST
(Chap. 3).

The Standards Department ( ~:ii:fl$., Hyoujun Bu) is in charge of the national

standardization system (JIS = Japan Industrial Standards) which also
participates in international standardization such as the ISO and IEC (Chap.
8).

The Japan Industrial Technology Association (JITA)

B*~~jX1,fg1~JJ!t~~
Nihon Sangyou Gijutsu Shinkyou Kyoukai

Address Japan Industrial Technology Association

Nihon Sangyou Gijutsu Shinkyo Kyoukai
20-Mori Bldg., 8F
2-7-4 Nishi Shinbashi, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3591-6271-3
Fax (03) 3592-1368
304

is a subsidiary of the Agency of Science and Technology (AlST) [8]. It:

- transfers AlST-owned patents and technology to national and foreign com-

panies,
- promotes joint research between AlST laboratories and private
enterprise,
- surveys new technologies, e.g., by sending or accepting technology-oriented
missions, and,
- organizes symposia on joint AlST/private research.

The funds of JITA were 1.56 bill. Yen (FY 1988), of which 1.2 bill. Yen
came from the government and 360 mill. Yen were donated by the private
industry.

The industrial properties under AlST's jurisdiction, as administrated by JITA,

are summarized in Table 3.7.

Table 3.7. Industrial properties under AIST's jurisdiction*

(registered or pending as of March 31, 1988)

domestic** foreign***

Laboratories 9230 1332

Commissioned R&D 6027 371
Total 15257 1703

* with an annual increase of about 1200

** patents, utility models, designs and trademarks
*** total number of cases

The Refining Division within the Agency of Natural

Resources and Energy (ANRE)

m~aJ, ~~.J: -*' Jv.:p'-}6J

Seisei Ka, Shigen Enerugii Kyoku

oversees a national program to develop alternatives to petroleum

(RAPAD project), which includes a biotechnology-related subproject for the
production of ethanol from biomass (Chap. 7).
 305

The Patent Office

Tokkyo Chou

Address 3-4-3, Kasumigaseki

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-1101

is in charge of all patents filed in Japan, from national or foreign instituti-

ons (Chap. 8).

Projects and Budgets

Major MIT! projects presently undertaken are listed in Table 3.8. Biotech-
nology-related projects (marked with an asterisk) will be discussed in more
detail in Chaps. 7 and 9.

Table 3.8. Major MITI projects (*with strong relation to biotechnology)

since 1966 Large-scale projects

1974- - The Sunshine Project (R&D on New Energy Technology)
1978- - The Moonlight Project (R&D on Energy Conservation Technology)
1981- - *R&D Project of Basic Technologies for Future Industries
1976- - *R&D Project of Medical and Welfare Equipment Technology
1982- - *Regionallarge-scale projects (Specific Regional Technology Develop-
ment System)
1985- - Joint research between government and industry
1986- - *Aquarenaissance '90 (R&D on wastewater purification)
1988- - *Marine Biotechnology Project
1990- - *G1obal Environmental Technology ("Green Planet Project", global CO 2
reduction)

The biotechnology-related budget of MITI (1986 - 88) is summarized in

Table 3.9.
 306

Table 3.9. Life-science related budget of MITt [9] (Mill. Yen)

FY 1989 FY 1990

Consolidation of Industrial Basis

- Establishment of bioindustry 6 6
- Standardization of biotechnology 5 5
- Standardization of bioengineering 13 8
- Database for bioengineering 29 29
- Operation of Microorganism Depository Center 93 93
Promotion of Research
- Next Generation Industries Project 1155 713
- Large-scale projects
-- Marine Biotechnology 275 1186
-- Aquarenaissance '90 2676 1539
- Other budgets 1009 902
- Alcohol production by yeast (RAPAD) 247 185
- AIST biotechnology funds 300 267
- Wastewater treatment for the mining industry 52 48
- Advanced Technology Promotion Centers (loans) 244 n.l.
- New Energy Project (marine biomass) 2200 2200

Promotion of International Cooperation

-ODA -19 95
. Human Frontier Science Program 1000 1337

Safety-related Projects
- Industrialization of rDNA techniques 166 n.l.
- Information systems 101 25
- Safety of recombinant organisms in the environment

Total· 7600 8400

* the Total can not be calculated from the project entries, since some projects have been
omitted due to ambiguity, and no clarification could be obtained

5. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF)

Nourinsuisanshou (Nousuishou)
Address Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries
Kasumigaseki 1-2-1
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3502-8111
Introduction and Organizational Structure
After an initial lag period, the MAFF - one of the largest ministries of Japan
- has strongly entered into biotechnology. The underlying assessment is that
 307

almost all of the fields under the jurisdiction of this ministry will eventually
be affected by the new biotechnologies [10,11].

The organizational structure of science and technology within the MAFF is

summarized in Fig. 3.6.

Minister of Agriculture,
Forestry and
Fisheries

Agncultule. Forestry
and Fishery Research Liaison and Coordination Division
Council (AFFRC)
R&D Division

International Research Division

Research Promotion Division

Biotechnology Division Information Center

Tsukuba Officc 14 Research Institutes

Forestry Agency

Fisheries Agency

FJg. 3.6. Organizational Chart of the MAFF pertinent to the Field of Biotechnology

The research policy of the MAFF is shaped by the Agriculture, Forestry, and
Fishery Research Council (.etf:7./<~tiH';j~~ , Nourinsuisan Gijutsu Kaigi)
who consists of a chairman and six members who are scholars and experts in
the field. The present members of the council are indicated in Table 3.10.

Table 3.10. Members of the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery Research Council (1989)*

Chairman Makoto Saito (MAFF, Ex Vice Minister)

Members Itaru Watanabe (Prof. emeritus of Keio University, Fac. of Molecular Biology,
Vice President of the Council of Science and Technology)
Makoto Numata (Prof. emeritus, Chiba University, Fac. of Ecology)
Seiji Komatsu (Prof., Dokkyo University, Fac. of Economy; Ex-Governor of
Shimane Prefecture)
Hirofumi Uzawa (Prof. emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Fac. of Economy)
Nobutaka Takahashi (Prof., The University of Tokyo, Fac. of Agriculture)
Ryoichi Kawashima (Director of the Association of Agriculture Information,
Ex-Director of the Agriculture Research Center)
*(the nomination period is 4 years)
 308

The functions of the Council are as follows:

- planning and coordination of research activities,

- administration and supervision of the national research institutions,
- assistance in research activities pursued by prefectural and other pertinent
organizations,
- liaison and coordination between the research institutes and the ad-
ministration.

The implementation of this policy is carried out by:

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Research Council

Secretariat

Nourinsuisan Gijutsu Kaigi Jimukyoku

Address Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council

Secretariat
1-2-1, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1005
Phone (03) 3502-3919
Fax (03) 3502-0843

It oversees the 13 research institutes and the 6 regional research facilities of

the MAFF with a total of 2429 researchers (as of 1989)(Chap. 4).

Important organizations within the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries

Research Council Secretariat are:

The Liaison and Coordination Division ( jf~~JE~, Renraku Chousei Ka)

coordinates and supervises the research activities and liaises between research
organizations and administration services; it is in charge of training of the
personnel of national research institutes.

The R&D Division (IUf1i:M~~ ,Kenkyuu Kaihatsu Ka) is in charge of the

large-scale research projects, special research projects, research and deve-
lopment projects.

The International Research Division (m~IUf1i:~ ,Kokusai Kenkyuu Ka)

plans and coordinates international research activities.
 309

The Research Promotion Division (~JJ!~ ,Shinkou Ka) is responsible for

the guidance and assistance of the prefectural and private research institutes,
specifically assigned research programs, and the training of the personnel of
the prefectural organizations.

The Biotechnology Division ( ~'< 1 ;t 7" 1 / t:I Y - ~ ,Baiotekunorojii Ka)

plans and coordinates the general guidelines and policies relating to biotech-
nology, and executes and coordinates the related budgets.

The Tsukuba Office (1JtiBt$rnfijf ,Tsukuba Jimusho) administrates the

facilities of the Tsukuba Institutional Complex of the MAFF including its
Computer and Information Centers.

Projects and Budgets

Major biotechnology-related projects presently initiated by the Agriculture,
Forestry, and Fishery Research Council, and their budget, are summarized
in Table 3.11 [12]. Further details are given in Chap. 7.

Table 3.11. Biotechnology-related Budget of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and

Fisheries (Mill. Yen)

Target FY 1988 FY 1989 Remarks

1. Basic and advanced R&D 2425 2944

Control of ecosystems 417 "Bio-cosmos

program"
Analysis and control of information systems 467 477 "Bio-media
program"
University research on prospects 100 103
for biotechnology
Molecular biology of rice 79 81
Genetics of agricultural plants 34 33
Plant breeding using biotechnology 448 458
Transformation of plant cells 39
Cell fusion in microorganisms and plants 40 0
"New hybrid" breeding system 53 52
"Bio-nursery" system 39 47
Useful animal genes 73 82
In-vitro fertilization of beef cattle 99 110
Breeding techniques for fish and shellfish 20 18
Safety assessment of rDNA 38 39
organisms in open environments
Promotion of biotechnology R&D 256 258 subsidies to
regional areas prefectures
MAFF Gene bank project etc. 681 730
310

Table 3.11. Biotechnology-related Budget of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and

Fisheries (Mill. Yen)

Target FY 1988 FY 1989 Remarks

2. R&D for food and other agro-reJated 650 638

industries-

Bioreactor system for food industry 235 92 Chap. 7

Improvement of enzyme function for food 106 103 Chap. 7
industry
Food production by high-density fermentation 139
Novel biological fertilizers 48 51
Basic production techniques for agrochemicals 38
Production of agrochemicals using 52 Chap. 7
biotechnology
Immunodiagnosis of veterinary diseases 38
Genetically manipulated vaccines against 37
protozoa
Biomass utilization 72 73
Rhizosphere research 95 90

3. Implementation of technology transfer 19 35

4. International cooperation 9 11)

5. Large-scale programs-- 2174 2353 BRAIN, Chap. 7

and Chap. 8

6. Support for practical implementation 1m 2318

Total 6588 7425

* subsidized to the private sector

**part of these programs is already contained in Position 2

6. Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW)

~~1§
Kouseishou

Address Ministry of Health and Welfare

1-2 Kasumigaseki 1-2
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3503-1711
 311

Introduction and Organizational Structure

The task of the MHW is to improve and enhance social welfare, social secu-
rity, and public health [13]. As such it is responsible for a wide range of admi-
nistrative activities which include:

- welfare for the elderly,

- self-reliance and rehabilitation for the disabled,
- relief for survivors of the war dead,
- healthy upbringing of children,
- public assistance, medical care insurance, and pensions,
- provision of medical care supply system,
- quality control of medical supplies,
- food hygiene,
- water supply, and
- waste treatment.

The organizational structure of the ministry pertinent to the life sciences is

indicated in Fig. 3.7.

Ministry of Health f - - - - - Health Science

and Welfare OlUndl

Minister's Division of
Secretariat Live Sciences

Environmental Food Sanitation

Health Bureau Division Office of Administration

Pharmaceuticals Economic Affairs Office of Advanced Japan Health Science

Affairs Bureau Division Research and Technology Foundation
of Pharmaceuticals

Office of Pharmaceuticals
Central Pharmaceutical
Affairs Council

Biotechnolo/,'Y Committee 97 National Hospitals

Affiliated r - - - - - - - - - - j - 11 National Institutes

Institutions

Other Bureaus
Lj Sanatoria, National Homes I
and Agencies

FIg. 3.7. Organizational Chart of the MHW pertinent to the Field of Biotechnology

The advisory council of the ministry is the Health Science Council ()lJ1:M~
~~, Kousei Kagaku Kaigi), whose present members are indicated in Table
3.12 [14].
312

Table 3.12 Present Members of the Health Science Council and of The Biotechnology
Committee under the Central Pharmaceutical Affairs Council (1990)

Members of the Health Sc:ienc:e Council

Chairman Yuuichi Yamamura (prof. em., Osaka University)

VICe Chairman Takashi Sugimura (President, National Cancer Center)
Members Takamochi Ishii (prof., Fac. of Engineering, University of Tokyo)
Eiji Suzuki (President, Keidanren)
Takaku Fumimaro (Prof., School of Medicine, University of Tokyo)
Ryuichiro Tate (Prof. em., University of Tokyo)
Toshiro Murata (Ex President, Shizuoka College of Pharmacy)
Wataru Mori (Ex President, University of Tokyo, Member of the Science
and Technology Council)
Kunio Yanagida (Journalist)
Itaru Watanabe (prof. em., Keio University)

Members of the Bioteclmology Committee under the Central Pharmaceutical Affairs Council

Chairman Toshiaki Ohsawa (Prof., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tokyo)

VICe Chairman Rintaro Nakatani (Prof., School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental
University)
Members Akira Ohya (President, National Institute of Health)
Katuro Koike (Director, Dept. of Genetics, Research Institute of Japan
Cancer Research Foundation)
Keisuke Sunagawa (Dept. of Pediatrics, Tokyo National Hospital)
Tadao Tarao (Director, Dept. of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry,
National Institute of Hygienic Sciences)
Kiyoshi Toda (Prof., Research Institute of Applied Microbiology, University
of Tokyo)
Hideo Nakajima (Director, National Institute of Animal Health)
Takao Hayakawa (Director, Dept. of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals,
National Institute of Hygienic Sciences)
Teruhiko Beppu (Prof., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo)
Katutoshi Mise (Director, Dept. of Microbiology, National Institute of
Hygienic Sciences)
Shudo Yamazaki (Director, Central Virus Diagnostic Lab, National
Institute of Health)
Kazuya Yamanouchi (Prof., Institute of Medical Science,
University of Tokyo)

In the past, the ministry was mainly concerned with regulatory issues (Chap.
7); recently, it has allotted large resources to the promotion of science and
technology, with considerable emphasis on biotechnology [15]. The major offi-
ces of the MHW concerned with biotechnology are:

The Division of life Science (I!J!£M~~ ,Kousei Kagaku Ka) is part of

the minister's secretariat and coordinates the overall planning and policy
relating to the life sciences including rDNA and its applications in medical
treatment covered by the national health insurance.
 313

Within The Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau (~fjJFtD ,Yakumu Kyoku), The

Office of Advanced Research and Technology of Pharmaceuticals ( ~ ~Jt~tt
~j~., Yakuhin Sentan Gijutsu Shitsu) is responsible for the planning,
research, and coordination of policies to promote the development and
production of pharmaceuticals using advanced technologies. It was establis-
hed in 1983 and reorganized in 1988. The bureau, in 1982, established a
"Policy Discussion Board" which soon after changed into the "Japan Associa-
tion for Advanced Research on Pharmaceuticals" (¢r :!R:~:~niili~ , Chuuou
Yakuji Shingikai). Through the discussions within the association and the
ministry, the following measures emerged: a) in 1986, the "Japan Health
Sciences Foundation" (t..::L - ? ;/ -tJ-1 ;:J:. ; / A ~~ Mm, Hyumansaiensu
Shinkou Zaidan) was formed which presently comprises about 150 member
companies (chapter 7), b) also in 1986, a "Committee on Biotechnology"
(~~' 1 ;t 7" ~ / 0 y: -:oo~, Baiotekunoroji Bukai) was established, and c) in
1987, the "Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Research Promotion Fund"
(~~~;IJfFfIHlIt~;J:j(lRli)fj'E~~~~ , Iyakuhin Fukusakuyou Higai Kyuusai
Kenkyuu Shinkou Kikin), originally founded for research on the side-effects
of pharmaceuticals, was redirected to support research on pharmaceuticals,
medical devices, and cosmetics (Chaps. 7 and 8).

The Section of Affiliated Institutions (bl!i~~IU~, Shisetsutou Kikan)

overseas the national hospitals, sanatoria, homes for the disabled and blind,
etc., and the national research centers established under the Ministry of
Health and Welfare.

In many of these hospitals, and several of the institutes overseen by the mini-
stry, biotechnology-related research is carried out (Chap. 4), and the research
targets are coordinated with the pertinent offices in the ministry, as illustrated
in Table 3.13.
Table 3.13. The Relationship of Organizations within the Ministry of Health and Welfare
and their Research Centers

Item Bureau Research Center, Agency

Cancer, Health Service Bureau, National Institute of Health;

genetic diseases Office of Life Science National Cancer Center;
National Institute of Neurosciences;
National Hospitals etc.;
Foundation for Promotion of
Cancer Research
Food and Drug Safety Center
Vaccines, Pharmaceuticals National Institute of Health;
diagnostics Affairs Bureau Institute of Public Health;
National Institute of Hygienic
Sciences
Water quality, Water supply and Institute of Public Health
waste disposal environmental sanitation National Institute of Hygienic
department Sciences
New foods Environmental Health Bureau National Institute of Nutrition
314

Projects and Budget

The projects and the budget of the ministry in the field of the life sciences
is presented in Table 3.14 [9].

Table 3.14. Budget of the Ministry of Health and Welfare with relation to the life sciences
(Mill. Yen)

Target FY 1989 FY 1990 Remarks

Japan Health Sciences Foundation 1269 1269 Joint projects

among govern-
ment and industry,
Chap. 7
Chromosome analysis and technology 282 undecided From STA Special
Coordination Fund
Research on longevity 508 1013 Research on
diseases of the
elderly including
genetic analysis
Research on non-A non-B hepatitis 130 130
Research on rheumatism 150
Institutional funds 816 809 Cell bank etc.,
Chap. 8

Subtotal 3005 3653*

Research Promotion of Pharmaceuticals 2400 3000 Adverse Drug

Sufferings Relief
and Research
Promotion Fund,
Chaps. 7 and 8
10 years anti-cancer program 1805 2077
Research on AIDS 1179 1190
Total 8388 9911)*

*budget for FY 1990 not yet finalized

7. Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (Monbusho)

)t$1§
Monbusho

Address Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture

2, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-4211
 315

Introduction and Organizational Structure

Monbusho is responsible for the promotion and spread of science, educa-

tion, and culture. To this end, Monbusho:

- establishes or improves national universities, their related institutes and

national inter-university research institutes,
- provides subsidies for research and its facilities to private and public
universities and to private non-profit research institutes,
- provides research grants for stimulating excellence in research,
- promotes specific areas of national importance such as space and life
science,
- cooperates with industry in science and trains young scientists,
- provides the subsidy for the Japan Academy,
- provides the subsidy for the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
(see below),
- encourages international exchange and cooperation, and
- replenishes the science information system.

Science Council
Bioscience
Subcommittee

Ministry of Education,
Science and Culture
(Monbusho) Science Division National Universities (96)
Research Institutes

Research Institutes

Science and
International
Affairs Bureau

Academy

Japan Society for the

Promotion of Sciencc

F'Jg. 3.8. Organizational Chart of the Monbusho pertinent to the Field of Biotechnology
316

The Science and International Affairs Bureau, in conjunction with the Higher
Education Bureau, when necessary, acts as the secretariat for these activities.

The organizational chart of the ministry, as related to the life sciences, is

indicated in Fig. 3.8, and the corresponding budget in Table 3.15.

Table 3.15. Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (Monbusho)

- Life-Science-related Budget (Mill. Yen)

FY 1989 FY 1990

Collection and preservation of biological resources 137 149

- running costs 102 111
- construction 35 38
rDNA experiments 357 402
Expenditure related to animal experiments 1420 1430
Other Life-Science related budgets 710 756
Expenditure relating to biophysics 991 1694

Cancer R&D related expenditure 8058 8800

Other support 2805 2894

Total 14478 16125

Subsidy to scientific research (total) 55800

(about 40% for life-sciences)
Joint research with private sector 3755
(64 out of 583 cases for biotechnology in 1988)

*2112 mill. Yen from 10 years anti-cancer program

The policy-formulating bodies to the Monbusho are the Science Council and
the Geodesy Council, of which only the former will be discussed [17].

The Science Council

Gakujutsu Shingi Kai

The organizational structure and the members of the Science Council are
described in Fig. 3.9 and Table 3.16 [16].
 317

Special Committee on International Planning Subcommittee

Scientific Exchan e
Examination Subcomittee

Nuclear Fusion Subcommittee

Bioscience Subcommittee
General Asscmbl) Committee on the Promotion of
Research in Specific Fields Cancer Research Subcommillce
Space Science Subcommittee
Accclertaor Science Subcommittee
Science Information Subcommittee
Committee on Science Information 1 - - - - 1
and Materials
Science Materials Subcommittee

Comittee on Scientific Terminology

F'Jg. 3.9. Organizational Structure of the Science Council

Tab1e 3.16. Members of the Science Council (12th Session, 1990-1992)

Chairman Kenichi Fukui (Director, Research Institute of Advanced Sciences)

Vice Chairman Tadao Ishikawa (President, Keio University)
Akito Arima (President, University of Tokyo)
Naoki Fuji (president, Sunshine City Co.)
Keiji Higuchi (Prof., Nagoya University)
Tomoo Ishihara (Prof. em., University of Tokyo)
Atsunobu Ichikawa (Prof., Tokyo Technical University)
Katsushike Mita (president, Hitachi Eng. Co.)
Wataru Mori (Member, Science Council of Japan)
Saburo Nagakura (president, Graduate University for Advanced Studies)
Chie Nakane (Prof. emeritus, University of Tokyo)
Tetsuji Nishikawa (Prof. em., High-Energy Physics Research Center)
Haruo Nishihara (President, Waseda University)
Yasunori Nishijima (President, Kyoto University)
Junichi Nishizawa (President, Semicondictor Research Institute)
Shoushichi Nojima (Prof., Teikyo University, Fac. of Pharmacy)
Hayao Kawai (Prof., Kyoto University, Fac. of Education)
Shosaburo Kimura (Prof., University of Tokyo)
Jiro Kondo (President, Council for Science and Technology)
Yoshio Okada (prof., Osaka University, Institute of Cellular and Molecular
Biology)
Hisao Onoe (president, Saga University)
Fuminori Sakai (Director-Genera~ Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science)
Toshio Sawada (President, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science)
Yoshiro Shimura (Prof., Kyoto University, Fac. of Science)
Yoichi Shimizu (Chief Editor of Science Department, Mainichi Shinbun)
Haruo Sugano (Director, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer
Research)
Michiko Tenma (President, Tsudajuku University)
318

Members of the Bioscience Subcommittee OIl the Promotion of Research in Specific FIelds of
the Science Council (12th Session, 1990-92)

Members Wataru Mori (Member, Science Council of Japan)

Haruo Nishihara (President, Waseda University)
Shiyouichi Nojima (prof., Teikyo University, Fac. of Pharmacy)
Yoshio Okada (prof., Osaka University, Cell Engineering Center)
Hisashi Onoe (President, Saga University)
Haruo Sakai (President, National Cancer Research Center)
Yoichi Shimizu (Chief Editor of Science Department, Mainichi Shinbun)
Yoshiro Shimura (prof., Kyoto University, Fac. of Science)
Special Members Kiyoshi Aoki (prof., Sophia University)
Hiroshi Harada (prof., University of Tsukuba, Dept. of Biophysics)
Masao Itoh (RIKEN, Group Director of Frontier Research Program)
Isao Karube (prof., University of Tokyo, RCAST)
Kenichi Matsubara (prof., Osaka University, Research Institute of Cell En-
gineering)
Tashiji Nomura (Tokai University, Central Research Center)
Tokindo Okada (president, Okazaki National Research Center)
Hiuga Saito (Prof., Teikyo University, Fac. of Medicine)
Itaru Watanabe (Prof. em., Keio University)
Yasuyuki Yamada (prof., Kyoto University, Fac. of Agriculture)

The number of full members of the Science Council is limited to 30, but there
are some 1200 ad-hoc members attached for special tasks such as the award
of research grants. Major reports (responding to the minister's specific
requests) and recommendations are discussed in Chap. 7.

These reports and recommendations have led to some important changes in

the policy of Monbusho and in its grant-in-aid distribution, namely:

- to emphasize collaborative research in priority areas (Chap. 5),

- to improve collaboration between universities and industry (Chap. 5)
- to strengthen the academic information system (Chap. 8), and to
- foster international cooperation.

In 1983, the Science Council formed a Bioscience Subcommittee in order to

promote bioscience and biotechnology at the research level in universities and
national institutes relating to Monbusho. In 1986, it presented to the Minister
a policy report which will be discussed in Chap. 7.

The organization within Monbusho which is most strongly involved in the

field of biotechnology is The Science and International Affairs Bureau
( - -;~~IE~Faj ,Gakujutsu Kokusai Kyoku).
 319

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)

B*~1,~j1JNJl!~
Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai

Address Yamato Building

5-3-1, Kojimachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3263-1721

JSPS, established in 1932 as a private foundation, was reorganized in 1967

to become a special juridical person under the auspices of Monbusho. The
activities and budgets of JSPS are in Table 3.17 [17].

Table 3.17. Activities and Budgets of the JSPS (1988)

Activity Budget Remarks

(mill. Yen)

Training of researchers 1650 - 404 junior fellowships,

12 post-doctoral fellowships for cancer
research,
10 post-doctoral fellowships for
research abroad
Promotion of international 2660 - 214 foreign scientists invited,
scientific exchange 100 post-doctoral fellowships for foreigners,
100 post-docotoral fellowships for Japanese
abroad,
48 international joint research projects,
17 international research workshops,
245 scientists exchanged on bilateral
exchange programs,
cooperative projects with developing
countries
Industry-university corporations 200 - mainly entrusted to committees cooperation
Management of patents 53 - patent management, information and science
information system
- system for researchers, publication of
scientific books and journals
Programs funded by private 329 - domestic and international programs contri-
institutions buting to the advancement of science, prizes,
etc.
Subtotal 4892

General administration 454

and reserve fund

Total 5346
320

The Japan Academy

8*~±ff}t
Nippon Gakkushi-in

The Japan Academy, founded in 1879, is an honorary organization which

offers membership and preferential treatment to those who have made
outstanding contributions to the advancement of science. Members are limited
to 150 and receive an annuity. The Academy is organized in 7 subcommittees
of which the 6th (agriculture) and 7th subcommittee (medicine, pharmacy,
dentistry) relate to the field of biotechnology. The Academy awards the Japan
Academy Prize for outstanding achievements (9 prizes a year).

8. Other Ministries and Agencies Involved in Biotechnology

Ministry of Finance
The Ministry of Finance is involved in various aspects of biotechnology R&D.
Its resposibilities include:

- alloting the pertinent budgets to the other ministries,

- accepting, on their request, tax deductions in strategic areas of technology,
and
- supervising the Research Institute of Brewing, which is involved in-
biotechnology R&D.

Address Ministry of Finance (*iX1!i Okura-shou)

3-1-1, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku. Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-4111

Environmental Agency
The Environmental Agency coordinates R&D in the environmental field. It
carries out pertinent research through the National Institute for Environ-
mental Studies in Tsukuba (Chap. 4)

Address Environmental Agency (m:l:jJT Kankyou Chou)

1-2-2, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-3351
 321

Ministry of Construction
The Ministry of Construction is involved in BioFocus WT, a program aiming
at the development of compact biological sewage plants (see Chap. 7). Part
of the pertinent work is carried out at the Public Works Research Institute
in Osaka (Chap. 4).

Address Ministry of Construction (~N:~ Kensetsu Shou)

2-1-3, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3580-4311

9. References
1. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence, Jan. 15, 1990, P BIl
2. STA - its roles and activities 1988. Science and Technology Agency,
Brochure (E)
3. STA, personal communication
4. Science and Technology Agency (STA), Government of Japan: Com-
prehensive Strategy for Promoting R&D on Human Genome Analysis.
Council for Aeronautics, Electronics and Ohter Advanced Technologies.
June 27, 1988 (E)
5. Science and Technology Agency, Collections of the Science Policy
Bureau (1989) Indicators of Science and Technology, ISBN 4-17-152264-
1 (JjE)
6. AIST, personal communication
7. AIST - Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of
International Trade and Industry, Japan. Brochure, 1989 (E)
8. JITA - Japan Industrial Technology Association. Brochure, undated (E)
9. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence, Jan. 15, 1990, P BI-4 - BI-7
10. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery Research Council Secretariat: Nourin-
suisan kankei Kenkyuu Kaihatsu no Genzai (Present state of R&D in
the field of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries). Brochure, June 1989 (J)
11. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries: Nourin Suisan Kankei
Kenkyuu Kaihatsu no Gentou, (State of R&D in the field of Agricul-
ture, Forestry and Fisheries). Brochure, June 1989 (J)
12. MAFF, personal communication
13. Ministry of Health and Welfare: Health and Welfare in Japan 1989.
Brochure (E)
14. MHW, personal communication
15. Fujii Motohiko: Biotechnology R&D intensifies. Business Japan, p 74
(July 1989) (E)
16. Monbusho, personal communication
17. Monbusho - Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture: The Univer-
sity Research System in Japan. Brochure, 1988 (E and J).
(E) English
(J) Japanese
Chapter 4

Research Institutes*

[*Research Institutes under the supervision of the Ministry of Education and

Culture (Monbusho) will be discussed in Chap. 5]

1. Introduction
According to official statistics, Japan in 1987 counted 1129 research institutes
with a total expenditure of 1312.3 bill. Yen. 143.7 bill. Yen with about 11%
of this budget were spent in the field of life sciences [1].

In this chapter, some 80 research institutes will be described. Some of them

are entirely devoted to biotechnology R&D; in others, some divisions or
departments have focussed on this field.
Most research institutes are under the supervision of a ministry. Some are
prefectural, municipal, or private. Recently, new institutes have been built
through joint investment from the private and governmental sector
(MBH1*A ,Zaidan Houjin).

2. Research Institutes of the Science and Technology Agency

(STA)

Objectives / Competence /Responsibilities

The major objectives of the Science and Technology Agency (STA) is to plan
the national policy in this field, and to coordinate science and technology
among the other ministries. To this end, the agency controls a significant
budget (see Chap. 3), and operates a number of large-scale research centers
 323

as listed in Table 4.1. Some of these are under direct control of the agency,
others are organized as "Public Research Corporations" (%9*mA , Tokushu
Houjin). Some are involved in biotechnology-related research programs [2].

Table 4.1. Research Institutes under the Supervision of the STA (*with Biotechnology-related
Programs)

1. Institutes under the direct supervision of the STA

- National Institute of Science and Technology Policy, Tokyo (formerly National Institute of
Resources)
- *National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba
- National Aerospace Laboratory, Chofu
- National Research Institute for Metals, Tokyo
- National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials, Tsukuba
- National Research Center for Disaster Prevention, Tsukuba

2. Public research corporations under the supervision of the STA

- *Institute for Physical and Chemical Research (RUffiN), Wako

- *Institute for Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Tsukuba Life Science Center
- Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Takasaki Institute
- *Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST), Tokyo
- *Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC), Tokyo (Chap. 7).

Institute for Physical and Chemical Research

!!1t~tiJf~pJf (!!tiJf)
Rikagaku Kenkyuujo (RUffiN)

The institute, established in 1917 with financial support from the imperial
household, the government, and many private organizations, after the model
of the German "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft", was Japan's first comprehensive
research organization for studies related to chemistry and physics. After a
difficult war-time period, the institute was reorganized and in 1958 moved to
Wako city, North of Tokyo in Saitama prefecture. In the past two decades,
the life sciences have played an ever increasing role in RIKEN, cumulating
in the establishment of a life science branch laboratory in Tsukuba in 1986
[3].

Address Hirosawa 2-1

Wako-shi, Saitama 351-01
Phone (0484) 62-1111
Fax (0484) 62-1554
324

Established 1917 in Tokyo

President Dr. Minoru Oda
Personnel 618 (1989), plus 1347 guest researchers and students
Capital 64.02 bill. Yen (1987)
Budget 17 356 mill. Yen (1989)

The RIKEN campus is displayed in Fig. 4.1, and the organizational structure
of the institute is illustrated in Fig. 4.2.

Fig. 4.1. RlKEN Campus (Courtesy STA)

The 41 laboratories and 2 special research groups of RIKEN are listed below.
Special reference is made to those laboratories and groups involved in
biotechnology-related research (marked with an asterisk).

Laboratory for Cosmic Radiation, Radiation, Cyclotron, Linear Accelerator,

Atomic Processes, *X-ray Crysta:Uography, *Biophysics, *Biopolymer Physics,
Metal Physics, Magnetic Materials, Plasma Physics, Information Science,
Microwave Physics, Optical Engineering, Earth Sciences, Separation
Engineering, Surface and Interface, Material Fabrication, *Chemical
Engineering, Semiconductors, *Biophysical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemical
Physicss, Radiochemistry, Catalysis, Physical Organic Chemistry, Organometal-
lic Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemical
Dynamics, *Antibiotics, *Bioorganic Chemistry, *Microbiology, *Microbial
Ecology, *Radiation Biology, *Chemical Regulation of Biomechanisms,
*Bioregulator Design and Synthesis, *Microbial Toxicology, *Insect Toxicology
and Physiology, ·Plant Growth Regulation, *Synthetic Cellular Chemistry,
*Animal and Cellular Systems, Special Research Group on Laser Science,
 325

General Affairs Division

Tsukuba Life
Sciencc CCnlerJ-------i~~~~~~===~

Fig. 4.2. Organizational Chart of RlKEN

*Special Research Group on Solar Energy and Photosynthesis, *Japan

Collection of Microorganisms

Laboratory for X-Ray Crystallography (Dr. Hitoshi Iwasaki): Structure of

crystalline and amorphous materials and biomolecules by means of X-ray
diffraction, EXAFS and Raman spectroscopy.
Biophysics (Dr. Takahiro Kasuya): Structure and function of biomembranes,
lipid bilayers and membrane proteins. Physical properties of biopolymers and
liquid crystals.
Biopolymer Physics (Dr. Hiroyuki Sasabe): Ultrathin films of electroactive
and/or optoelectronic polymers. Molecular electronics, molecular optics and
bioelectronic materials. Ferroelectric polymers for optical memory. Antith-
rombogenic polymers. Mechanism of blood clotting and mutual recognition
of blood cells.
Chemical Engineering (Dr. Isao Endo): Development of novel bioreactors.
Databases and expert systems. Research on deserts. Maintenance of robots
in nuclear power plants. Laser reaction engineering
Biophysical Chemistry (Dr. Tetsutaro Iizuka): Physicochemical and electro-
chemical studies of metalloproteins, electrolyte solutions, electrode reactions,
ion-implanted materials, and biofuel cells.
326

Antibiotics (Dr. Kiyoshi Isono): Search for new biologically active substances
of microbial origin, their chemistry and biology
Bioorganic Chemistry (Dr. Hiroyoshi Kuzuhara): Synthetic studies on
oligosaccharides and nucleosides. Synzymes.
Microbiology (Dr. Takehiko Shibata): Biochemical and genetic studies on
genetic recombination and other biological processes to modify genetic
information. Enzymatic and molecular genetic studies on novel enzymes and
functional proteins active on DNA Development of new technology to handle
chromosomal DNA
Microbial Ecology (Dr. Koki Horikoshi): Microbiological and molecular
studies on alkalophilic microorganisms. Industrial application of alkalophilic
microorganisms. General microbiology of extreme habitats.
Radiation Biology (Dr. Akira Sakurai): Biological effect of high-LET
radiation. Mechanism of radiation resistance. Radiosensitization. Radiation
effects on DNA and proteins. Radiobiology of cultured mammalian cells.
Chemical Regulation of Biomechanisms (Dr. Nobutaka Takahashi): bio-
rational drug design. Survey of bioactive molecules in nature. Physiological
response to chemicals.
Bioregulator Design and Synthesis (Dr. Hirosuke Yoshioka): Design and
synthesis of new bioregulatory molecules as linked with natural product and
organofluorine chemistry
Microbial Toxicology (Dr. Isamu Yamaguchi): Action mechanisms and
metabolic fate of fungicides. Biochemical and genetic research on plant
disease control. Studies on bioassay systems.
Insect Toxicology and Physiology (Dr. Takashi Mitsui): Search for selective
insetistatics. Studies on physiological and biochemical regulation of insect
development and behavior.
Plant Growth Regulation (Dr. Akira Sakurai): Chemical and biochemical
studies on plant hormones in plant life cycle, host-specific pathotoxins in plant
disease and differentiation-inducing substances in cells.
Synthetic Cellular Chemistry (Dr. Tomoya Ogawa): Chemical synthesis of cell
surface glycoplipids, glycoprotein glycans, proteoglycans, and other complex
carbohydrates carrying cellular information.
Animal and Cellular Systems (Dr. Tomotari Mitsuoka): Development of
animal and cellular systems for toxicity and biological activity testing.
Solar Energy Research and Photosynthesis Group (Dr. Yorinao Inoue, Dr.
Teruo Ogawa, Dr. Katsutoshi Yasufuku, Dr. Akira Kira): Biotechnology-
related targets: structure and photophysical properties of purple membranes.
CO-accumulation in cyanobacterial cells. Screening for hydrogen-producing
photosynthetic bacteria. Photosynthetic production in the sea. Voltammetric
properties of algal fuel cells. Photocells consisting of polymer thin-film and
their physical properties.

Japan Collection of Microorganisms (Dr. Takashi Nakase): see Chap. 7.

Cultures of bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, and filamentous fungi relevant for
general and applied microbiology. Identification services.
 327

Frontier Research Program: The campus of RIKEN houses a building for the
Frontier Research Program, a long-range venture into fundamental research,
which will be discussed in detail in Chap. 6.

The Institute for Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN)

Tsukuba Life Science Center

Rikagaku Kenkyuujo (Riken) - Raifusaiensu Tsukuba Kenkyuusentaa

The Tsukuba Life Science Center of the Institute of Physical and Chemical
Research (RIKEN)[4] (Fig. 4.3) has been equipped with the most up-to-date
facilities in rDNA research (e.g., the only P-4 laboratory in Japan) in order
to conduct
- advanced research on rDNA expression and safety,
- on oncogenes and their regulation,
- on methods for human genome sequencing, and
- on plant improvement

Fig. 4.3. RlKEN - Tsukuba Life Science Center (Courtesy STA)

328

The center hosts the RIKEN gene bank which stores and distributes cell lines,
DNA clones and DNA libraries.

Address 3-1-1 Naganodai, Yatabe-machi

Tsukuba-gun, Iberagi 305
Phone(02975) 4-5255
Fax (02975) 4-2616
Established 1984
Director Dr. Minoru Oda
Personnel 45 (1990)
Laboratory space 2500 m2
Budget 2062 mill. Yen (FY 1990)

Organizational structure

- Gene Technology and Safety (Hiroshi Amanuma, D.Pharm.)

- Molecular Oncology (Yoji Ikawa, D.Med.)
- Molecular Genetics (Shunsuke Ishii, D.Sc.)
- Cell Biology (Teruyo Sakakura, D.Med.)
- Gene Function (Teruyo Sakakura, D.Med.)
- Gene Structure (Kazuo Shinozaki, D.Pharm.)

The institute houses a full range of physical containment facilities (Figs. 4.4
and 4.5) which comprise two P4-, two P3-, four P2-, and three PI-laborator-
ies.

Fig. 4.4. Setup of the Biosafety Facilities of RlKEN Tsukuba Life Science Center
(Courtesy STA)
 329

Fig. 4.5. P-4 Laboratory of RlKEN Tsukuba Life Science Center (Courtesy STA)

Within the Laboratory of Gene Structure, a project on automatic human

genome sequencing is being pursued (Dr. Eiichi Soeda). Various companies
have collaborated in this project, e.g., Hitachi Co., Ltd., with the development
of a fluorescence-based sequencer, Seiko Co. with the design of a robotic
fluid handling device, and Mitsui Knowledge Industry with software develop-
ment.

National Institute of Radiological Sciences

1i~!1~*9~~~t~~ti.Jf~PJT (f?1j~ti.Jf)
Houshasen Igaku Sougou Kenkyuujo (Hou'iken)

The institute was established in 1957 with the target to conduct research on
all aspects of radiation. Its equipment comprises a medical cyclotron (70
Me V). As part of its studies, the institute carries out investigations on the
medical and environmental effects of radiation [5].

Address 4-9-1, Anagawa

Chiba, Chiba 260
Phone (0472) 51-2111
Fax (0472) 56-9616
330

Director Dr. Toyozo Terashima (as of 1987)

Personnel 399 (212 researchers)(as of 1987)
Budget 7085 mill. Yen (FY 1987)

Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST)

B*f4~:lXv1\jMf~~ ::,;!/-
Nihon Kagaku Gijutsu 10uhou Sentaa

The central organ of scientific and technological information, JICST provides

on-line information on domestic and foreign science and technology.
Presently, the main nCST database comprises entries from about 14 000
journals, of which 7700 are from abroad. The number of records is about 5.5
million, with an monthly up-date of about 47 000 [6].

Address 2-5-2 Nagatacho

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-6411
Fax (03) 3593-3980
Branch offices Tsukuba, Hokkaido, Tohoku, Hokuriko, Tokyo, Nagoza,
Osaka, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu
Established 1957
Personnel 327 (1987)
Budget 13 bill. Yen (1989)
Capital 36.9 bill. Yen (1989)

Further details on nCST can be found in Chap. 8.

3. Research Institutes of the Ministry of International Trade and

Industry (MITI) (Under Supervision of the Agency of Industrial
Science and Technology (AIST»
3.1 Objectives/Competence/Responsibilities
3.2 Fermentation Research Institute
3.3 National Chemical Laboratory for Industry
3.4 Research Institute for Polymers and Textiles
3.5 Research Institutes with Minor Biotechnology-Related Projects
3.5.1 Electrotechnical Laboratory
3.5.2 Industrial Products Research Institute

3.1 Objectives/Competence/Responsibilities
The central role of Mm for the regulation and promotion of trade and
industry, and its concomitant role in technology development, has been
 331

discussed already in Chap. 3. The ll1l111stry has established, under the

supervision of its Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST, see
Chap. 3) a number of research institutes, namely:

1. National Research Laboratory of Metrology, Tsukuba

2. Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Tsukuba
3. *Fermentation Research Institute, Tsukuba
4. *National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, Tsukuba
5. *Research Institute for Polymers and Textiles, Tsukuba
6. Geological Survey of Japan, Tsukuba
7. *Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba
8. *Industrial Products Research Institute, Tsukuba
9. National Research Institute for Pollution and Resources, Tsukuba
10. Government Industrial Research Institute, Osaka
11. Government Industrial Research Institute, Nagoya
12. Government Industrial Development Laboratory, Hokkaido
13. Government Industrial Research Institute, Kyushu
14. Government Industrial Research Institute, Shikoku
15. Government Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku
16. Government Industrial Research Institute, Chugoku

The AIST cluster of these institutes in Tsukuba is indicated in Fig. 4.6.

Fig. 4.6. MITI/AIST Institutes in Tsukuba (Courtesy MITI/AIST)

332

Mm's budget for R&D is among the largest in the public sector. In some of
the institutes listed above and marked by an asterisk, advanced research in
the area of biotechnology is carried out. These centers will now be descri-
bed in more detail.

3.2 Fermentation Research Institute

Biseibutsu Kougyou Gijutsu Kenkyuujo (Biseibutsukougiken)

The institute is the major national research center for investigations on

microbial fermentation. In addition, it is the official depository for patented
microorganisms and cell lines.
Its precursor institute, then located in Chiba, was established to develop
fermentation technology for fuel alcohol production; later, the research field
was extended to include industrial fermentation and enviromental technology
[7].

Address 3-1-1, Higashi

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 54-6023
Fax (0298) 54-6005
Established 1940 in Chiba
1979 transferred to Tsukuba
Director-General Dr. Tomoo Suzuki
Personnel 89 (71 researchers)(1989)
Laboratory space 8910 m2
Budget 1100 mill. Yen (FY 1989)

Organizational structure

- Research Planning Division, Technology Information Center

- Department of Biological Function Development (enzyme exploration,
enzyme technology, molecular bioenergetics, bioconversion (Dr. Masaru
Shiraki)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (genetics and breeding, cell
science and technology, plant molecular biology, cell biochemistry (Dr.
Hidekatsu Maeda)
- Department of Microbe Application (microbial resources, specific
metabolism, chemical ecology, microbial population dynamics, bioengineer-
ing) (Dr. Eiichi Mikami)
- Research Planning (Dr. Yoshihiro Nakamura)
- Technology Information Center (Mr. Muneo Yamaguchi)
- General Affairs Division (Mr. Yuuji Atsuji)
- Patent Microorganism Depository (Dr. Sugio Kawamura)
 333

Major in-house projects comprise:

- construction of bioreactors using regiospecific reactions of enzymes

- application of rDNA technology for hydrocarbons utilizing soil Pseudo-
monads
- development of plant genetic engineering
- development of substances regulating cellular signal transduction
- efficient treatment of offensive odors using microorganisms
- flocculants produced by microorganism
- electron transfer and bio-redox substances
- structure and properties of functional molecular assembly
- mechanism of stereospecific transformation of semi-synthetic substrates by
enzymes
- production of biologically active substances by mammalian cells
- studies on transferases and their function
- biocatalytic oxidations in microemulsions
- regulation of eucaryotic cell proliferation
- water structure in thermophilic organisms
- mechanisms of methanogenesis, environmental studies
- gene expression of intestinal peptides related to contraction mechanism
- ribozymes
- new methods for mold fungi cultivation
- microbial biopolymers
- signal transduction through Ca ions, animal cell regulatory mechanisms
- establishment of plant cell culture systems
- basic study on production and design of cell function regulatory pep tides
- development of processes for the effective production of ethanol
- development of useful microbiological resources and prolonged preserva-
tion of microorganisms
- mechanism of metal-tolerant function by microbial cells
- breeding of yeast used for ethanol production
- specific metabolism and function of microorganisms
- basic studies on effective separation of cellular components
- degradation of polymers in ecosystems
- control of bacterial populations in wastewater sludges and improvement of
treatment efficiency.

The institute participates in several national projects (Chap. 7) (about 50%

of budget) with the following tasks:

1. R&D for Basic Technology for Future Industries: regulatory mechanisms,

and development of methods for protein handling
2. Aquarenaissance '90: screening of highly active bacteria for decomposition
of waste products
3. Fine Chemicals from Marine Organisms: isolation and cultivation of marine
microorganisms and unicellular algae
4. "Sunshine Project" : algae and photobacteria for the generation of hydrogen
334

5. R&D for global environment protection: potential of algae for carbon

dioxide fixation
6. R&D for the elucidation of biological functions: study of morphogenesis,
plant gene expression, molecular mechanism of the function of regulatory
proteins, molecular assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus, response of
muscle cells to endothelin.

The Patent Microorganism Depository ( ~1:4o/JI~&~j~~.pfi~1:.4o/J~H;~ ;.;

5' - , Biseibutsu Kougyou Gijutsu Kenkyuujo Tokkyo Biseibutsu Itaku
Sentaa) will be described in more detail in Chap. 8.

3.3 National Chemical Laboratory for Industry

Kagaku Gijutsu Kenkyuujo (Kagakugiken)

The institute (Fig. 4.7) is the major national research unit for R&D on chemi-
cal processes. It dates back to 1900 when the Industrial Laboratory was
established under the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture (the organizati-
on preceding MITI). The institute is engaged in research work on the
following three fields: 1. fundamental chemical technology for industry, 2.
conversion technology for resources and energy, and 3. standardization and
safety measures for chemical technology. Since 1975, biotechnological
questions have been addressed and now account for about 20% of the
institute's activities [8].

Fig. 4.7. National Chemical Laboratory for Industry (Courtesy MITI/AIST)

 335

Address 1-1, Higashi

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 54-4431
Fax (0298) 54-4488
Established 1900 in Tokyo
1979 transferred to Tsukuba
Director Dr. Jiro Hiraishi
Personnel 349 (275 researchers)(1990)
Laboratory space 47533 m2
Budget 4100 mill. Yen (FY 1990)

Organizational structure

with divisions of:

- General Affairs (Mr. Shigeru Hattori)

- Basic Research (Dr. Shuichiro Ono)
- Materials Research (Dr. Kenzo Fukuda)
- Surface Chemistry (Dr. Haruo Takaya)
- Organic Chemistry (Dr. Toshikatsu Hakuta)
- *Biological Chemistry (Dr. Hideaki Tanaka)
- Chemical Analysis and Standards (Dr. Akira Kawase)
- Safety and Environmental Chemistry (Dr. Chi Matsumura)
- Chemical Systems (Dr. Chiyoshi Kamizawa)
- Technology Information Center (Mr. Hiroyuki Hagiwara)

The Biological Chemistry Division (Dr. Hideaki Tanaka) is involved in the

following targets:

- lipid production from fungi,

- utilization of biomass,
- genetic engineering using yeast,
- protein engineering on industrial enzymes, and
- bioactive materials

The institute participates in several national projects relating to biotechnology,

(Chap. 7), namely in the Aquarenaissance '90 project, in the R&D project of
basic technology for future industries, and in the R&D program for the
elucidation of biological functions.

3.4 Research Institute for Polymers and Textiles

_*l~?t-T*-f*4fVf~pjf (-*t~?t-T*-ffVf)
Sen'i Koubunshi Zairyou Kenkyuujo (Sen'i Koubunshi Zaiken)

The institute was established in 1918 for the purpose of improving the quality
of silk products which were then one of the leading export goods. Since then,
336

the research has expanded and covers the entire field of textiles. After the
war, the research activity of the institute included polymeric material in
general. Presently, research is conducted in upgrading polymer materials,
synthesizing new functional polymers, innovative technology for the textile
industry, energy and pollution control technology and industrial standardizati-
on. Diversifying from its research in natural and synthetic polymers, the
institute has been carrying out investigations on the immobilization of
enzymes and cells since 1975 [9].

Address 1-1-4 Higashi

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 54-6229
Fax (0298) 54-6233
Established 1918 in Yokohama
1979 transferred to Tsukuba
Director-General Dr. Yoshio Suda
Personnel 126 (103 researchers)(1987)
Laboratory space 13 771 m2
Budget 2.84 bill. Yen (1987)

Organizational structure
- General Affairs (Mr. S. Ishikawa)
- *lst Department (Bio-engineering) (Dr. Y. Tanaka)
- *2nd Department (Polymer Chemistry) (Dr. A. Yamauchi)
- 3rd Department (Physical Chemistry) (Dr. M. Kato)
- 4th Department (Engineering) (Dr. N. Aisaka)
- Senior Officer for Research Plannig (Dr. M. Iguchi)
- Technical Advisory Office (Dr. M. Iguchi)
In the Bio-engineering Department (Dr. Y. Tanaka), research centers on the
technical utilization of biological systems through the analysis of the structure
and function of molecules, membranes, cells, and organs. Thus, systematic
studies are carried out on the synthesis of biocompatible and biofunctional
materials, e.g., for artificial organs, biomimetic energy transfer systems, and
the synthesis of biopolymers. Examples are cyclodextrin research and the syn-
thesis of peptides by chemical and recombinant methods.

In the Polymer Chemistry Department (Dr. A. Yamauchi), research is mainly

concerned with synthetic chemistry and chemical engineering in the field of
polymers. Examples are polymer carriers for immobilized enzymes and cells,
drug-delivery systems, solid phase synthesis, biocompatible polymers, and
biosensors.

The institute participates in various national projects (Chap. 7), namely in:
1. Basic technology for future industries: synthetic membranes for separation
technology, functional protein assemblies
2. New Energy, "Sunshine Project": biomimetic conversion of solar energy
 337

3.5 Research Institutes with Minor Biotechnology-Related R&D

Projects

3.5.1 Electrotechnical Laboratory

~-=z.i::f::/d-[' :\ Am?'t:r~C
E§TJ.x.l/lg~, r=t'UJI:7LfJ I
Denshi Gijutsu Sougou Kenkyuujo (Densouken)

Address 1-1-4, Umezono

Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305
Phone (0298) 54-5006
Fax (0298) 55-1729
Established 1891 in Tokyo
1970 restructured featuring electronics
1979 transferred to Tsukuba
Director-General Dr. H. Kashiwagi
Personnel 690 (559 researchers)(1989)
Budget 9.5 bill. Yen (1989)

The Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Section within the Supermolecular

Science Division (Dr. Gen Matsumoto) and the Neuroscience Section within
the Information Science Division (Dr. Shigeru Yamane) feature neuroscience.

The institute participates in the R&D Basic Technology for Future Industries
project (Chap. 7) within the subproject on bio-electronic devices [10].

3.5.2 Industrial Products Research Institute

Seihin Kagaku Kenkyuujo (Seihin Kaken)

Address 1-1-4 Higashi

Tsukuba, lbaraki305
Phone (0298) 54-6601

In the Human Engineering Department biomimetic chemical sensors of smell

and taste are being developed.
338

4. Research Institutes of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and

Fisheries (MAFF) (Under the Supervision of the Agricultural
Research Council Secretariat)
4.1 Objectivesj Competence jResponsibilities
4.2 National Institute of Agrobiological Resorces
4.3 National Food Research Institute
4.4 National Agriculture Research Center
4.5 Research Institutes with Minor Biotechnolgy-Related Projects
4.5.1 National Research Institute of Aquaculture
4.5.2 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
4.5.3 National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences
4.5.4 National Instutute of Animal Health
4.5.5 Fruit Tree Research Station
4.5.6 National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science

4.1 Objectives/Competence/Responsibilities
Due to the responsibilities of the MAFF in the field of agriculture, forestry,
fisheries, and food production, there are many traditions and opportunities
with respect to the life sciences. The ministry, through its Agricultural
Research Council Secretariat, supervises 30 research organizations: 20 in
agriculture, 9 in the fisheries, and 1 in forestry. 11 of these institutes are
located in the Tsukuba Institutional Complex:

l. *National Agriculture Research Center

2. *National Institute of Agrobiological Resources
3. National Institute of Animal Industry
4. *Fruit Tree Research Station
5. National Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering
6. *National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Sciences
7. *National Institute of Animal Health
8. *National Food Research Institute
9. Tropical Agriculture Research Center
to. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
1l. *National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences

An aerial view of the complex is reproduced in Fig. 4.8.

The other institutes of the ministry are distributed over Japan, as indicated
in Fig. 4.9.
Fig. 4.8. Aerial View of the MAFF Tsukuba Institutional Complex (Courtesy MAFF)

c.J
c.J
(0
340

01)

Fig. 4.9. Location of MAFF National Experimental Research Institutes

1. Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Kushiro

2. Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station, Sapporo
3. Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Morioka
4. Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Shiogama
5. Japan Sea Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Niigata
6. National Grassland Research Institute, Nishiasuno
7. Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Joetsu
8. Tsukuba Institutional Complex (11 institutes, see above)
9. National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Hazaki
10. National Research Institute of Agricultural Economics, Tokyo
11. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tokyo
12. Far Seas Fisheries Research Laboratory, Shimizu
13. Vegetable and Tea Research Institute, Kanaya
14. National Reseach Institute of Aquaculture, Tamashiro (see below)
15. Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Research Institute, Anno
16. Shikoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Zentsuji
17. Chugoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukuyama
18. Nansei Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Ohno
19. Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station, Chikugo
20. Seikai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Nagasaki
 341

The number of researchers in these institutes is as follows (FY 1989)[11]:

- a total of 2429 researchers in the 14 research institutes and 6 regional

experimental stations in agriculture,
- a total of 505 researchers in 1 research institute and 5 regional branches
in forestry,
- a total of 424 researchers in the 2 research institutes and 7 regional
research institutes in fishery,
- 7748 researchers in the 405 experimental research organizations under
supervision of the prefectures.

In the following paragraphs, the research centers involved in biotechnology-

related research will be discussed in more detail.

4.2 National Institute of Agrobiological Resources

Nougyou Seibutsu Shigen Kenkyuujo (Nougyou Seibutsu Shigenken)

A major mission of the institute (Fig. 4.10) is to apply molecular biology and
biotechnology to agriculture [5]. The research subjects are:
- collection and preservation of endangered genetic resources,
- analysis and control of physiological processes in plants,
- utilization of plant-related microorganisms, and
- molecular genetic research on crops.

Address 2-1-2, Kannondai

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 38-7406
Fax (0298) 38-7408
Established 1983
Director-General Dr. Toshihiko Hino
Personnel 253 (150 researchers)(1989)
Laboratory space 23 800 m2 Tsukuba
5278 m2 Ohmiya
1001 m2 Shinjo
435 m2 Miyazaki

Organizational structure

- Research Planning and Liaison Office (Dr. Miyoji Sugiura)

- Administration Department (Mr. Goro Ishizuka)
- Genetic Resources Coordinator (Dr. Kazumi Kawaguchi)
- Department of Genetic Resources I (Dr. Takahito Suzuki)
- Department of Genetic Resources II (Dr. Hirotaka Tanaka)
- Department of Molecular Biology (Dr. Takuma Gamou)
 (,.)
~
I\J

Fig. 4.10. The National Institute of Agrohiological Resources (Courtesy MAFF)

 343

- Department of Cell Biology (Dr. Katsuo Ohyama)

- Department of Applied Physiology (Dr. Takao Murata)
- Institute of Radiation Breeding (Dr. Kenji Nakajima)

The Gene Bank of the Research Center [12] was completed in 1988. It is the
core facility of the MAFF Gene Bank Project, a ten year program including
the collection of:
- rice crop varieties
- seeds of 220 other crops (42 791 subvarieties) (1987)
- preservation of vegetatively propagated species
- microorganism preservation.

Details will be discussed in Chap. 8.

The Center carries out the following investigations:

The Department of Genetic Resources I (Dr. Takahito Suzuki) covers

research, evaluation, and information management on plants, microorganisms
and animal germ plasms. In addition, the genetics of photosynthesis is being
studied.
The Department of Genetic Resources II (Dr. Hirotake Tanaka) studies the
preservation and management of seed, plant, tissues, microorganisms, and
germ plasms.

The Department of Molecular Biology (Dr. Takuma Gamou) aims at the

application of such techniques to improve crops, protect plants, and study
microorganisms and viruses relevant to agriculture. This includes rDNA
techniques using vector systems.
The Department of Cell Biology (Dr. Katsuo Ohyama) studies in-vitro techni-
ques for plant breeding and new crops, including plant generation from calli.
The Department of Applied Physiology (Dr. Takao Murata) is concerned with
various aspects of plant growth, development, and metabolism, including
photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, stress mechanisms, and biological
functions of plants and microorganisms.
The Institute of Radiation Breeding (Dr. Kenji Nakajima) studies mutation
as applied to crop breeding and operates a gamma-ray field, 200 m in
diameter.

4.3 National Food Research Institute

Shokuhin Sougou Kenkyuujo (Shokuhin Souken)

The institute conducts research on the storage and extended utilization of

agricultural commodities, post-harvest and storage conditions and processing
344

technology including fermentation and the application of enzymes. Foods are

evaluated in terms of nutritional value, sensory properties, and contaminants
[5].

Address 2-1-2 Kannondai

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 38-7971
Fax (0298) 38-7996
Established 1934 in Tokyo as The Rice Utilization Research Lab
1979 transferred to Tsukuba
Director-General Dr. Keiji Umeda
Personnel 137 (109 researchers)(1989)
Budget 1.7 bill. Yen (1989)

Organizational structure

- General Affairs (Mr. Tadao Kamata)

- Research Planning and Coordination (Dr. Toshio Kobayashi)
- Food Science Division (Dr. Masayoshi Kamio)
- Food Analysis and Nutrition Division (Dr. Kazumoto Hashizume)
- Food Distribution Division (Mr. Shohei Aoki)
- Utilization Division (Mr. Shigehisa Shibata)
- Food Protection and Preservation Division (Dr. Kyuei lino)
- Applied Microbiology Division (Dr. Masaru Manabe)
- Food Resources Division (Dr. Takashi Sasaki)
- Food Engineering Division (Dr. Mutsuo Iwamoto)
- Shinjo Branch, Yamagata

Several of the Divisions are involved in biotechnology-related projects such

as bioreactor technology, the enzymatic treatment of food, a gene bank
project, cell fusion techniques for yeast and fungi, development of freeze- and
sugar-tolerant yeasts, and quality and processing technologies of fermented
foods. Some of these activities are related to industrial projects supported by
the MAFF (see Chap. 7), e.g., the bioreactor project for the food industry.

4.4 National Agriculture Research Center

~~1iJf~~ ::,; J-
Nougyou Kenkyuu Sentaa (Noukense)

The institute features the following subject areas [5]:

- high-level, stable crop production technology,
- technology for the control of production environment, e.g., soil and
fertilizers,
- technology for the reduction of production costs,
 345

- crop production systems, and

- systems for rural development

Address 3-1-1 Kannondai

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 38-8481
Fax (0298) 38-8484
Established 1981
Director-General Dr. Chuukichi Kaneda
Personnel 332 (211 researchers)(1989)
Budget 3.2 bill. Yen (1989)

The organization has 6 project research teams and 8 departments:

- Department of Research Planning & Coordination (Dr. Haruo Inagaki)

- Department of General Administration (Mr. Kunitoshi Shimamawari)
- 6 Research Coordinators General
- Project Research Team 1-6
- Department of Agricultural Development (Mr. Mikio Taguchi)
- Department of Farmland Utilization (Dr. Setsuo Obama)
- Department of Farm Mechanization (Dr. Takashi Kuwana)
- Department of Summer Crop Science (Dr. Mamoru Suzuki)
- Department of Winter Crop Science (Dr. Atsushi Yamashita)
- Department of Plant Protection (Dr. Toru Nagata)
- Department of Soil and Fertilizers (Dr. Shinichiro Sekiya)
- Department of Farm Management (Dr. Kourou Koizumi)

Within its organizational structure, a number of biotechnology-related projects

are carried out:

- collection and preservation of genetic resources,

- genetic analysis of microorganisms and plants,
- exploitation of unutilized biological resources,
- new breeding methods using rDNA and cell fusion,
- radiation breeding of crops and trees

4.5 Research Institutes with Minor Biotechnology-Related Projects

4.5.1 National Research Institute of Aquaculture

Youshoku Kenkyuujo (Youshokuken)

The institute conducts basic studies on aquaculture, including fish genetics,

fish reproduction, fish nutrition, and environmental management [5].
346

Address 422-1 Nakatsuhama, Nansei-chou

Watarai-gun, Mie 516-01
Phone (05996) 6-1830
Fax (05996) 6-1962
Established 1979
Director Dr. Seiji Sakaguchi
Personnel 92 (58 researchers)(1989)
Budget 889 mill. Yen (1989)

In its Environmental Management Division, the institute carries out research

on tissue and cell cultures of marine organisms.

4.5.2 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute

~t*t~~tiJf~PJT (~t*t~tiJf)
Shinrin Sougou Kenkyuujo (Shinrin Souken)

The institute carries out research on global techniques for reforestation and
forest products industries in industrialized and developing countries [5].

Address P.O. Box 16

Tsukuba Nourin Kenkyuu Danchi-nai
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 73-3211
Fax (0298) 74-3720
Established 1905, 1978 transferred to Tsukuba
Director Dr. Fujio Kobayashi
Personnel 760 (505 researchers)(1989)
Budget 6.9 bill. Yen (1989)
In its Bioresources Technology Division (Dr. Susumu Mikami), the institute
pursues tissue culture and cell fusion to develop mass propagation and
improvement of trees.

4.5.3 National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences

ft~I;i:i~1fgtiJf~pJT (ftlii:i~tiJf)
Nougyou Kankyou Gijutsu Kenkyuujo (Noukankyou Giken)

The institute focusses on the development of highly productive agricultural

procedures under ecological aspects [5].

Address P.O. Box 2, Nourin Danchi

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 38-8145, 8161
Fax (0298) 38-8199
 347

Established 1983
Director Dr. A. Hayami
Personnel 228 (164 researchers)(1989)
Budget 2.5 bill. Yen (1989)

In its Department of Natural Resources (Dr. H. Suzuki), the institute keeps

a microbial culture collection and a gene bank.

The Department of Environmental Biology has set up a closed greenhouse

system (Fig. 4.11) in which experiments on the environmetal safety of
transgenic plants (tomato plants carrying the gene for tobacco mosaic virus)
were started in 1989.

Fig. 4.11. Contained Greenhouse at the National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences for
Experiments with Transgenic Plants (Courtesy MAFF)

4.5.4 National Institute of Animal Health

Kachiku Eisei Shikenjou (Kachiku Eishi)

The institute carries out studies for the development of preventive and
therapeutic measures against infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, reproduc-
tive diseases, nutritional and lactation disorders, poisoning, etc. which affect
lifestock and poultry. Experiments on feed safety and environmental
sanitation are also important research items [5].

Address 3-1-1 Kannondai

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 38-7707
Fax (0298) 38-7880
Established 1891
Director Dr. Shingo Ito
Personnel 315 (153 researchers)(1989)
Budget 2.8 bill. Yen (1989)
348

In the field of biotechnology, the following targets are of importance:

diagnosis and analysis of oncogenic diseases of lifestock, and techniques to
promote the safety of feeds and feed additives, with emphasis placed on
development of bioassays.

4.5.5 Fruit Tree Research Station

Kaju Shikenjou (Kajushi)

The institute was founded as the Horticultural Division of the Agricultural

Research Station [5].

Address 2-1 Fujimoto

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 38-6416
Fax (0298) 38-6437
Established 1902
Director-General Dr. Kenji Umeya
Personnel 223 (117 researchers)(1989)
Budget 2.0 bill. Yen (1989)

In the Division of Fruit Breeding, development of new breeding methods

through application of cell fusion is a research item.

4.5.6 National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science

Sanshi Shikenjou (Sanshi)

This station covers an area of 40 ha; it conducts research on the breeding of

mulberries and silkworms, and techniques for spinnig and processing silk
fibers [5].

Address 1-2 Owashi

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 38-6026
Fax (0298) 38-6028
Established 1911
Director-General Dr. Jiro Koyama
Personnel 216 (128 researchers)(1989)
Budget 2.5 bill. Yen (1989)

The institute carries out breedings studies and research related to the
physiology and biochemistry of silkworms and the mulberry tree.
 349

5. Research Institutes of the Ministry of Health and Welfare

(MHW)
5.1 Objectives/Competence/Responsibilities.
5.2 National Insitute of Health
5.3 National Cancer Center
5.4 National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
5.5 National Institute of Hygienic Sciences
5.6 National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry - Institute of Neuro-
science
5.7 Research Institutes with Minor Activities Related to Biotechnology
5.7.1 National Institute of Health and Nutrition
5.7.2 National Institute of Public Health
5.7.3 Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science

5.1 Objectives/Competence/Responsibilities
Apart from its research institutes listed below, the ministry exerts control over
94 national hospitals, 155 national sanatoria, and 17 port quarantine stations
[1,5]
The 10 research institutes under the supervision of the MHW are listed in the
following:
1. Institute of Population Problems
*2. National Institute of Public Health
3. National Institute of Mental Health
*4. National Institute of Health and Nutrition
*5. National Institute of Health
6. National Institute of Hospital Admini~tration
7. National Institute of Leprosy Research
*8. National Cancer Center
*9. National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
*10. National Institute of Hygiene
11. National Center for Rehabilitation of the Disabled
*12. National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry - Institute of Neuroscience
Those institutes involved in biotechnology-related research and marked with
an asterisk will be discussed in more detail.

5.2 National Institute of Health

C-T-uJf)
Kokuritsu Yobou Eisei Kenkyuujo (Yoken)
The institute coordinates national and international medical research projects
[13]. Its functions are:
350

- to conduct and coordinate research projects of national importance on the

causative agents of diseases,
- to control, assay, or test vaccines, sera, and other biologic preparations,
- to produce vaccines and sera which are not suitable for production by
private industry.

Address 2-10-35 Kamiosaki

Shinagawa, Tokyo 141
Phone(03) 3444-2181
Fax (03) 3446-6286
Established 1947
Director-General Dr. Akira Oya
Personnel 420 (324 researchers)(1989)
Budget 4893 mill. Yen (1989)

Organizational structure
- Office of Administration (Mr. Masohiro Takamori)
- Department of Bacteriology (Dr. Haruo Watanabe)
- Department of Applied Immunology (Dr. Takao Sugahara)
- Department of Virology and Rickettsiology (Dr. Takashi Kitamura)
- Department of Enteroviruses (Dr. Hiroshi Yoshikura)
- Department of Measles Virus (Dr. Akira Sugiura)
- Central Virus Diagnostic Laboratory (Dr. Shudo Yamazaki)
- Department of Cellular Immunology (Dr. Toshitada Takemori)
- Department of Blood Products (Dr. Katutoshi Komuro)
- Department of General Biologics Control (Dr. Fumitoshi Chino)
- Department of Antibiotics (Dr. Satoshi Mizuno)
- Department of Parasitology (Dr. Tsutomo Koyama)
- Department of Medical Entomology (D.r Mitsuo Takahashi)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences (Dr. Masanobu Fukui)
- Department of Biomedical Research on Foods (Dr. Susumu Kumagai)
- Department of Pathology (Dr. Takeshi Kurata)
- Department of Chemistry (Dr. Yuzuru Akamatsu)
- Department of Dental Research (Dr. Toshihiko Koga)
- Department of Technology (Dr. Yuzuru Akamatsu)
- AIDS Research Center (Dr. Tohru Tokunaga)
- Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science (Dr. Shigeo Honjo)
- Library (Dr. Tsutomu Koyama)

Most departments are involved in research which relates to biotechnology.

Examples are:

Department of Bacteriology (Dr. Haruo Watanabe): molecular genetic studies

on the mechanisms of intestinal infections;
Department of Applied Immunology (Dr. Takao Sugahara): immunochemical
studies on toxins and bacterial infections;
Department of Cellular Immunology (Dr. Toshitada Takemori): research
 351

centers on immunodeficiencies, cytokines, immunotherapy and mycobacteria;

Department of Antibiotics (Dr. Satoshi Mizuno): new antibiotics screening
and mass production; molecular genetics of antibiotics production;
Department of Biomedical Research on Foods (Dr. Susumu Kumagai): causes
of food-poisoning by foodstuffs; bioassay systems for mycotoxins in food by
chicken embryos and animal cell cultures;
Department of General Biologics Control (Dr. Fumitoshi Chino): investiga-
tions on methods and the development of official bioassays for insecticides of
public health importance;
Department of Virology and Rickettsiology (Dr. Takashi Kitamura):
evaluation of test methods and reagents for blood transmitted viruses (AIDS,
HB, ATL, etc.);
Department of Chemistry (Dr. Yuzuru Akamatsu): structure and function of
biological membranes, chromosome replication in bacteria; regulatory
mechanisms of DNA replication;
Department of Technology (Dr. Yuzuru Akamatsu): gene expression in cell
differentiation;
AIDS Research Center (Dr. Tohru Tokunaga): established in 1988, pre-
vention and control of AIDS and mv infections;
Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science (Dr. Shigeo Honjo): quarantine
of wild-imported non-human primates for bio-medical experiments; large-
scale breeding and rearing of non-human primates as laboratory animals;
comprehensive research on laboratory primates.

5.3 National Cancer Center

Kokuritsu Gan Sentaa Kenkyuujo (Ganse Ken)

The National Cancer Center Research Institute (Fig. 4.12) is part of the
National Cancer Center, which comprises a hospital with more than 500 beds
and more than 700 employees. The research institute has performed intensive
studies on oncogenes, growth factors, and human cancer viruses to clarify the
mechanisms of carcinogenesis at the molecular level through inter-divisional
cooperation. Studies of development of effective treatments for solid tumors
are also a research item [5].

Address 5-1-1 Tsukiji

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3542-2511
Fax (03) 3545-3567
Established 1962
President Mr. Shozo Takayama, M.D.
Personnel 131 (130 researchers)(1987)
Floor space 17830 m2
352

Fig. 4.12. The National Cancer Center (Courtesy MHW)

Organizational structure

with the divisions of:

- Biochemistry (Masanao Miwa, M.D.)

- Pathology (Yukio Shimosato, M.D.)
- Biology (Susumu Nishimura, M.D.)
- Chemotherapy (Akio Hoshi, Ph.D.)
- Pharmacology (Masaaki Terada, M.D.)
- Biophysics (Yoshiyuki Kuchino, Ph.D.)
- Radiobiology (Hiroshi Tanooka, Ph.D.)
- Virology (Kunitada Shimotohno, Ph.D.)
- Genetics (Masaaki Terada, M.D.)
- Growth Factor (Ken Yamaguchi, M.D.)
- Epidemiology (Shaw Watanabe, M.D.)
- Cancer Prevention (Hirota Fujiki, M.D.)
- Oncogene (Takao Sekiya, Ph.D.)
- Carcinogenesis (Minako Nagao, Ph.D.)
- Section of Studies on Matastasis (Masaaki Tereda, M.D.)
- Central Laboratory Section (Teruaki Sekine, Ph.D.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Animals (Tsutomu Koide, Ph.D.)

There are numerous activities with respect to biotechnology-related research,

e.g., the study of oncogenes, growth factors, and human cancer viruses, and
the search for environmental mutagens-carcinogens and tumor promoters.
 353

5.4 National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute

Kokuritsu Junkan Kibyou Sentaa Kenkyuujo (Junkan Kibyou Seken)

The institute is part of the National Cardiovascular Center, which includes a

hospital comprising more than 600 beds and close to 900 employees. In the
research institute, cellular and molecular aspects of the structure and function
of the cardiovascular system and its diseases are studied. It is involved in
biomedical engineering in this field, e.g., in the development of artificial
organs and new biomaterials, and in the immunology of organ transplantation
[14].

Address 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai

Suita, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 833-5012
Fax (06) 833-9865
Established 1979
Director Dr. Hisayuki Matsuo
Personnel 109 (all researchers)(1987)

Organizational structure

with departments of:

- Etiology and Pathogenesis (Jun Ogata, M.D.)

- Biochemistry (Yoshihiro Miyake, M.D.)
- Cardiac Physiology (Ishio Ninomiya, M.D.)
- Vascular Physiology (Masamitsu Hasegawa, M.D.)
- Molocular Physiology (Munekazu Shigekawa, M.D.)
- Epidemiology (Hiroshi Horibe, M.D.)
- Cardiovascular Dynamics (Hiroyuki Suga, M.D.)
- Artificial Organs (Hisateru Takano, M.D.)
- Surgical Research (Hiroshi Amemiya, M.D.)
- Biomedical Egineering (Takehisa Matsuda, Ph.D.)
- Structure Analysis (Keigi Fujiwara, Ph.D.)
- Investigative Radiology (Chikao Uyama, Ph.D.)
- Pharmacology (Tadashi Tanabe, M.D.)
- Bioscience (Tsunehiro Mukai, M.D.)
- Other Special Laboratories

Most departments are engaged in biotechnology-related projects, e.g, in

biomedical engineering related to the cardiovascular system and cardiovas-
cular diseases, and in artificial organs, especially artificial hearts, and new
biomaterials.
354

5.5 National Institute of Hygienic Sciences

OOJLf$r!±5itWiJf (f$r~)
Kokuritsu Eisei Shikenjou (Eishi)

The work of the NIHS (Fig. 4.13) is broadly classified into two areas, namely
a) the physicochemical testing of drugs, and b) the biological testing and
research on the safety of chemicals [5].

Address 1-18-1 Kamiyoga

Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158
Phone (03) 3700-1141
Fax (03) 3707-6950
Established 1874
Director-General Mr. Akio Tanimura
Personnel 280 (199 researchers)(1989)
Budget 3053 mill. Yen (1989)

Fig. 4.13. National Institute of Hygienic Sciences (Courtesy MHW)

Organizational structure

with divisions of:

- General Affairs (Kohji Mizukoshi)

- Biological Chemistry and Biologicals (Akira Tanaka)
- Drugs (Yasushi Takeda)
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry (Masatoshi Harada)
- Pharmacology (Akira Takanaka)
 355

- Medical Devices (Akitada Nakamura)

- Environmental Chemistry (Mitsuharu Takeda)
- Foods (Yukio Saito)
- Food Additives (Kunitoshi Yoshihira)
- Microbiology (Katsutoshi Mise)
- Chem-Bio Informatics (Tsuguchika Kaminuma)
- Organic Chemistry (Shozo Kamiya)
- Biochemistry and Immunochemistry (Tadao Terao)
- Xenobiotic Metabolism and Disposition (Atsushi Takahashi)
- Toxicology (Yuji Kurokawa)
- Pathology (Yuzo Hayashi)
- Genetics and Mutagenesis (Motoi Ishidate)

Osaka Branch (Hiroshi Isaka):

- Drugs (Satoshi Okada)

- Food Chemistry (Yoshio Itoh)
- Biological Evaluation (Hironoshin Kawasaki)

Experimental Stations for Medicinal Plants are at Hokkaido, Tsukuba, Izu,

Wakayama, and Tanegashima

Many divisions of the institute are involved in biotechnology-related research,

e.g., in research and testing of drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, dental
materials, food, food additives and contaminants, environmental pollutants,
pesticides, chemicals included in household commodities, and chemicals used
in industry.

5.6 National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry -

National Institute of Neuroscience

OO.lL~tlfJtlfJ~~~ :,; ~ -1iJfJi:pJT • ~tlfJ{*~1iJfJi:PJT •

tlfJ~~ti}f~JT (OO.lL~ti}f)
Kokuritsu Seishin Shinkei Sentaa Kenkyuujo, Seishin Hoken Kenkyuujo,
Shinkei Kenkyuujo (Kokuritsu Seiken)

The National Institute of Neuroscience (Fig. 4.14), founded in 1978 as part

of the National Center Hospital for Nervous, Mental, and Muscular
Disorders, was reorganized in 1986. The hospital comprises about 1000 beds
at the Tokyo campus, and 825 beds at Ichikawa city, Ciba Prefecture. The
mission of the research institute is to play a central role in conducting
research and training on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
nervous, mental, muscular, and developmental disorders, mainly by biochemi-
cal and neurobiological approaches [5].
356

Address 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi

Kodaira, Tokyo 187
Phone (0423) 41-2711
Fax (0423) 42-7521
Established 1978
Director Hideo Sugita, M.D.
Budget 1199 mill. Yen (1990)

Fig. 4.14. National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (Courtesy MHW)

Organizational structure

with divisions of:

- Neuromuscular Research (Hideo Sugita, M.D.)

- Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research (Sachio Takashima, M.D.)
- Mental Disorder Research (Kiyohisa Takahashi, M.D.)
- Degenerative Disease (Hiroshi Shibasaki, Ph.D.)
- Inherited Metabolic Disease (Norio Sakuragawa, M.D.)
- Demyelinating Disease and Aging (Takeshi Tabira, M.D.)
- Cortical Function Disorder (Hideo Sugita, M.D.)
- Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (Shun Nakamura, Ph.D.)
- Ultrastructural Research (Ikuya Nonaka, M.D.)
- Cell Biology (Eijiro Ozawa, M.D.)
- Neurochemistry (Shinichi Kohsaka, M.D.)
- Neuroimmunology (Hideo Sugita, M.D.)
 357

- Molecular Biology (Yoichi Nabeshima, M.D.)

- Animal Models for Human Disease (Tateki Kikuchi, Ph.D.)
- Section of Laboratory Animal Resources (Tetsuya Matsuzaki, Ph.D.)

Biotechnology-related projects are carried out in several divisions. Examples

are studies on developmental cell biology of muscle cells and neurons,
analysis of cytokines and cellular networking in developmental nervous
systems, and the neurochemistry of neuroganglia interaction and receptors.

5.7 Research Institutes with Minor Activities Related to Biotech-

nology
5.7.1 National Institute of Health and Nutrition

Kokuritsu Eiyou Kenkyuujo (Eiyouken)

The Institute was established in 1920 as a general research center for

nutrition. Its main themes are a) nutritional factors related to aging, b)
prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and other chronic degenerative
diseases, c) effects of physical exercise and nutrition on health, d) body
defence mechanisms for health maintenance, e) evaluation of "health foods",
and f) the evaluation of special nutritive foods [5].

President Dr. Ryokuero Suzue

Personnel 49 (35 researchers)(1987)
Budget 459 mill. Yen (1989)

Organizational structure

with divisions of:

- General Affairs Section (Dr. Fumio Tanaka)

- Health Promotion (Dr. Shuhei Kobayashi)
- Health Science for Mothers and Children (Dr. Masayuki Totani)
- Health Science for Adults (Dr. Ryokuero Suzue)
- Health Science for the Elderly (Dr. Roichi Itoh)
- Clinical Nutrition (Dr. Hiroshige Itakura)
- Food Science (Dr. Michio Yainaguchi)
- Applied Food Research (Dr. Tomio Ichikawa)

The institute is involved in various food-related aspects of biotechnology

R&D, e.g., in nutrition and health food.
358

5.7.2 National Institute of Public Health

OOli0~itj!±~ (0~itj!±~1C)
Kokuritsu Koushuu Eisei'in (Koushuu Eisei'in)

The activities focus primarily on public health educational programs and

research in the field of public health. The institute's educational and research
activities are concentrated in three areas: health policy and management,
health promotion and disease prevention, and environmental health [5].

Address 4-6-1 Shirokanedai

Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3441-7111
Fax (03) 3446-4314
Established 1938
Director Masahiro Takaishi, M.D.
Personnel 168 (115 researchers)(1989)
Budget 1524 mill. Yen (1989)

Organizational structure

with departments of:

- General Affairs (Minoru Yoshizato), including the

International Cooperation Office (Koyo Kojima, M.D.)
- Public Health (Atsuaki Gunji, M.D.)
- Public Health Statistics (Kazuo Fukutomi, D. Sc.)
- Public Health Demography (Kenji Hayashi, M.D.)
- Public Health Nursing (Kazuko Miyasato, D. M. Sc.)
- Physiological Hygiene (Makashige Asano, M.D.)
- Nutrition and Biochemistry (Yousuke Aoki, M.D.)
- Epidemiology (Masumi Minowa, M.D.)
- Sanitary Engineering (Yasumoto Magara, Dr.Eng.)
- Architectural Hygiene and Housing (Tatehisa Irie, Dr. Eng.)
- Pharmaceutical Science (Masahiko Fujita, Dr.Pharm.)
- Veterinary Public Health (Katsumoto Ueda, Dr.Vet.Med.)
- Maternal and Child Health (Akira Takano, M.D.)
- Industrial Health (Iwao Uchiyama, M.D.)
- Radiological Health (Kiyoshi Iwashima, D.Sc.)
- Community Environmental Science (Hidetsuru Matsushita, D.Sc.)
- Microbiology (Sakae Inoue, M.D.)
- Library (Takeshi Suzuki, D.Sc.)
 359

5.7.3 Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science

The institute is located in Tsukuba Science City. It is part of the National

Institute of Health (see Sect. 5.7.1) and carries out all medical investigations
pertinent to non-human primates.

Address Kannondai 1
Tsukuba, Ibaragi305
Phone (02975) 5-2121
Fax (02975) 5-0218
Established 1978
Director Dr. Shigeo Honjo
Personnel 11 (7 researchers)
Laboratory space 10 070 m2

6. Research Institutes of the Ministry of Finance

Objectives / Competence /Responsibilities

The Ministry of Finance has a key role in R&D through the allotment of
budgets. Its links to funds relevant in the field of biotechnology, and possible
tax reductions, will be discussed in detail in Chap. 8.
In addition, the ministry supervises 3 institutes:

1. Central Customs Laboratory

2. *National Research Institute of Brewing
3. Research Institute of Printing

of which only the Research Institute of Brewing is pertinent to the topic of

this book.

National Research Institute of Brewing (NRIB)

Jouzou Shikenjou (Jouzoushi)

The NRIB performs research over a wide variety of fields of science, from
fundamental research in the chemical and microbial fields to their practical
applications for the alcoholic beverage industries. One of the NRIB's most
important jobs is the "assessment of the quality of beverages" [5].
360

Address 2-6-30 Takinogawa

Kita-ku, Tokyo 114
Phone (03) 3910-6235
Fax (03) 3910-6239
Established 1904
President Dr. Kiyoshi Yoshizawa
Personnel 37 (23 researchers)(1987)
Budget 335 mill. Yen (1987)

Organizational structure

- 1st Research Laboratory (Dr. Shodo Hara)

- 2nd Research Laboratory (Dr. Makoto Tadenuma)
- 3rd Research Laboratory (Dr. Akira Totsuka)
- 4th Research Laboratory (Dr. Kojiro Takahashi)
- 5th Research Laboratory (Dr. Satoshi Shiinoki)
- 6th Research Laboratory (Mr. Hiroshi Saeki)
- 7th Research Laboratory (Mr. Shinya Kobayashi)
- Administration Division (Mr. Akimasa Izumi)

Most laboratories carry out biotechnology-related projects.

lst Research Laboratory (Dr. Shodo Hara): biotechnology of yeasts 2nd

Research Laboratory (Dr. Makoto Tadenuma): selection of raw materials
and wastewater treatment
3d Research Laboratory (Dr. Akira Totsuka): manufacturing technologies and
yeast breeding
4th Research Laboratory (Dr. Kojiro Takahashi): taxonomy, ecology, and
biotechnology of molds
5th Research Laboratory (Dr. Satoshi Shiinoki): physiology of industrial
microbes and the application of enzymes
6th Research Laboratory (Mr. Hiroshi Saeki): technology, with bioengineering
aspects.

7. Research Institutes of the Environmental Agency

The Environmental Agency supervises 2 institutes, namely the

- *National Institute for Environmetal Studies, and

- National Institute for Minamata Diseases

of which the former is involved in biotechnology-related R&D.

 361

National Institute for Environmental Studies

(0~tiJf)
Kokuritsu Kougai Kenkyuujo (Kougaiken)

The institute (Fig. 4.15) focusses on the relationship between the environ-
ment and human activities [15].

Address 16-2,Onogawa
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 51-6111
Fax (0298) 51-4732
Established 1974
Director Dr. Keiichiro Fowa
Personnel 250 (174 researchers)(1987)
Budget 4.1 bill. Yen (1987)

Fig. 4.15. National Institute for Environmental Studies (Courtesy STA)

Organizational structure

with divisions of:

- Administration (Mr. Susumi Gunji)

- Environmental Information (Dr. Sukehiro Gotoh)
- System Analysis & Planning (Dr. Masaaki Naito)
- Chemistry and Physics (Dr. Hidetsuru Matsushita)
- Atmospheric Environment (Dr.Hajime Akimoto)
- Water and Soil Environment (Dr. Kouji Muraoka)
- Basic Medical Sciences (Dr. Eiji Yokoyama)
- Environmental Health Sciences (Dr. Masataka Murakami)
- Environmental Biology (Dr. Kiyoshi Sugahara)
- Engineering (Dr. Ryuichi Sudo)
362

Various aspects of environmental biotechnology are studied in the institute,

mainly in the divisions of:

Basic Medical Science (Dr. Eiji Yokoyama): biochemical and cytological

studies on experimental animals.
Environmental Health Science (Dr. Masataka Murakami): various aspects of
human health.
Environmental Biology (Dr. Kiyoshi Sugahara): cells, tissues, organisms, and
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Engineering (Dr. Ryuichi Sudo): hosts the microbial culture collection.

The institute operates a mobile measuring/sampling station and an observa-

tion boat.

8. Research Institutes of the Ministry of Construction

Public Works Research Institute

C±*tiJf)
Doboku Kenkyuujo (Dobokuken)

This institute is concerned with R&D on various constructions pertinent to

the living environment [5].

Address 1, Asahi
Tsukuba, Iberagi 305
Phone (0298) 64/2211
Fax (0298) 64-2840
Director Mr. Shinichiro Kamijo
Personnel 480 (309 researchers)(1987)
Budget 5.2 bill. Yen (1987)

Waste Quality Control Department (Dr. Ken Murakami): involved in the

Biofocus WT program (see Chap. 6), a national project for the improvement
of biotechnological sewage treatment.

9. Research Institutes of the Japan Key Tec Center

Objectives / Competence /Responsibilities

The Japan Key Tec Center was founded in 1985 jointly by the Ministry of
Posts and Telecommunications and by the MITI, based on dividends from
 363

government-owned shares in Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NIT), in

Japan Tobacco, Inc., and on contributions from governmental financial
institutions. Its mission is to promote private-sector R&D on fundamental
technologies, as discussed in more detail in Chaps. 7 and 8.

In the pursuit of this mission, the Japan Key Tech Center has made
investments in several research institutes. Those involved in biotechnology
R&D are marked with an asterisk and will be discussed in more detail.

1. *Protein Engineering Research Institute (PERI),

2. *Biomaterials Research Institute
3. Optoelectronics Information Center
4. Colloid Research Center
5. Research Institute for Metal Surfaces of High Performance

Protein Engineering Research Institute (PERI)

mBI~iiJf~PJT
Tanpaku Kougaku Kenkyuujo

The institute (Fig. 4.16) was founded in 1986 following an initiative of MIT!.
Original funding was carried out by the Japan Key Technology Center and
several private companies. The participating companies have the right to
dispatch employees and to test equipment. Construction was started in 1987
and the building was inaugurated in late 1988. The institute features research
on the structure analysis of proteins and on site-specific mutagenesis for
protein design. This includes major computing tools [16,17].

Address 6-2-1 Furuedai

Suita, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 872-8200
Fax (06) 872-8210
Established 1986

Fig. 4.16. Protein Engineering Research Institute (Courtesy Japan Key-Tec Center)
364

Director Prof. Morio Ikehara

Personnel 62 (50 researchers)
Laboratory space 7100 m2
Capital 1.43 bill. Yen (1987)
Budget approx. 17 bill. Yen in 10 years
(12 bill. Yen from Japan Key-TEC)

Organizational structure
- Division 1: Structure analysis of proteins (Dr. Kousuke Morikawa)
Division 2: Structure-function correlation and design of new proteins
(Dr. Haruki Nakamura)
Division 3: Protein synthesis (Dr. Masakazu Kikuchi)
Division 4: Isolation, purification, and characterization of proteins
(Dr. Masakazu Kikuchi)
Division 5: Database and computer analysis (Mr. Toru Yao)

The supporting companies are:

Ajinomoto Co., Fujitsu Ltd., Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co., Kirin
Brewery Co., Kyowa Hakko Kogyo KK, Mitsubishi Kasei Ltd., Nihon DEC,
Nippon Roche KK, Showa Denko KK, Suntory Ltd., Takeda Chemical
Industry Ltd. and Toa Nenryo Kogyo KK

The institute features excellent equipment with the latest hardware for x-ray
analysis, high-resolution NMR (600 MHz), computer modelling and
computing (VAX 8800, Fujitsu)

The Biomaterial Research Institute Co., Ltd.

j '\' -1 ;t '"7'::; 1) 7 }vliJf~pff
Baiomateriaru Kenkyuujo

The institute (Fig. 4.17) was established in 1987 with the goal to carry out
research on the medical, food, and chemical use of bioactive materials, in
particular glycoproteins and other cell products from cell culture [18].

Address Datani machi 1

To-ku, Yokohama
Phone (045) 851-9271
Fax (045) 851-9270
Director Tsuneo Nakahara (Sumitomo Electric Co.)
Personnel 23 (15 researchers)
Space 1279 m2
Total R&D about 2.8 bill. Yen (in 7 years)
expenditure
 365

Fig. 4.17. Biomaterials Research Institute (Courtesy Japan Key-Tee Center)

The supporting companies are:

Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Toray Industries, Inc., and Sumitomo
Bakelite Co., Ltd.

10. Research Facility Development Program by the New Energy

and Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
NEDO, an organization related to MITI and its Agency of Industrial Science
and Technology (Chaps. 7 and 8), has started a major research facility
development program which is designed to establish basic research institutes
required for the promotion of international R&D on advanced industrial
technology which should be undertaken b.ut which cannot be established or
owned by individual companies or organizations due to the extremely high
costs involved. Such facilities are established through joint investments made
by NEDO, local governments, and private industry, and are then made
available to domestic and foreign researchers at moderate cost. In cases
where it is particularly difficult to establish basic research facilities due to the
high level of R&D required, NEDO will also undertake to develop the
necessary equipment and support systems. The financing system is explained
in more detail in Chap. 8.

At present, the following centers are under construction:

- Ion Engineering Center, Hirakata City, Osaka (Kansai Science City)

- *Research Center for the Industrial Utilization of Marine Organisms-
(Shimizu City, Shizuoka, and Kamaishi City, Iwate) [19], Fig. 4.18.
- Japan Microgravity Center, Kamisunagawa City, Hokkaido
- Applied Laser Engineering Center, Nagaoka City, Niigata
- Advanced Material Research Center, Ube City, Yamaguchi, and Tajima
City, Gifu
366

Research Center for the Industrial Utilization of Marine

Organisms (MBI)
jfiij$.I{1 ~ 7" 'l' / p Y-~Jf~~ :/ >'-
Kaiyou Baiotekunorojii Kenkyuu Sentaa

Address 2-35-10 Hongo

of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
headquarter Phone (03) 5684-6221
Fax (03) 5684-6220
President Mikio Kato
Director, Nobukazu Okamoto

Fig. 4.18. Conceptual Drawings of the 2 Marine Biotechnology Research Centers

(Courtesy NEDO)
 367

Shimizu Laboratory
Director, Naoki Ohtsuki
Kamaishi Laboratory
Costs 6 bill. Yen (both locations)
Capital 3 bill. Yen (authorized), 1.7 bill. Yen (upon
foundation)
Personnel 70 researchers
Land area approx. 20 000 m2
Site area approx. 5 000 m2
Construction 1988 - 1989, to be inaugurated 1990
period

The Center will have costly equipment (environmentally-controlled sterile

culture system, high-temperature/-pressure equipment, MS, X-ray, NMR,
large-scale isolation and purification systems) and facilities to develop
biotechnology, including production technology for high-performance chemical
products using marine organisms and physiological function utilization
technology to refine metal through the use of marine organisms. The two
laboratories of the center are located in Shizuoka prefecture (warm current)
and Iwate prefecture (cold current).

The MBI has acquired, from the University of Tokyo, a research vessel
("Sohgen Maru", Fig. 4.19) with a gross tonnage of 3200 tons (95 m length).
On board are 10 multifunctional laboratories with a total floor space of 375
m2 and extensive research equipment [20].

Fig. 4.19. "Sohgen Maru", the research vessel of the MBI

11. Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth

(RITE)
MITl has strongly promoted to establish an international program focussed
on the development of a global environment industry and technology [21].
The tentative name is "Green Plant Project", and 6070 mill. Yen have already
368

been appropriated to this budget in 1990 (Chap. 7). As part of this project,
an "Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth" will be
constructed in Kansai Science City, near Kyoto (Chap. 9). The funding is both
from private (industrial) and from governmental sources (Fig. 4.20).

Address: Shin Kyoto Center Bldg., 4th Floor

614, Higashishiokoji-cho, Karasuma Nishi-1m
Shiokoji-dori, Shimogyo-ku
Kyoto 600
Phone (075) 361-3611
Fax (075) 361-5607

RITE

Personnel: Budget:
Researcher: 300 6 Billion Yen for 1990
Research assistants: 300
Central Laboratory,
Facilities for Special Experiments

Research Grant Project Dcvelopment Commission

Basic Research & Dcvelopment System Development etc.

Exchange of Technieal Research Commissions Use of Researchers

Researchers Cooperation Grants (contract) Facilities

/1 dcvGloped
Lesscountnes II Industrialized
Countries II Universities Ir National Institutes II Private Companies II
FJg. 4.20. Outline of the "Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)"

12. Prefectural and Municipal Research Institutes

Osaka Bioscience Institute (OBI)

*~~ ~ '\' -1 ;t ij--1 .:c. ~ A liJf~PJT
Oosaka Baiosaiensu Kenkyuujo

The institute (Fig. 4.21) was established as part of the centennial com-
memorative project of the City of Osaka. It is presently focussed on molecular
biology, enzymes and metabolism, neuroscience, and cell biology [22].
 369

Address 6-2-4 Furuedai

Suita, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 872-4812
Fax (06) 872-4818
Established 1987
Director Prof. Osamu Hayaishi
Personnel 45 (37 researchers)
Laboratory space 6450 m2
Budget 784.8 mill. Yen (FY 1989)

Fig. 4.21. Osaka Bioscience Institute (Courtesy Osaka Bioscience Institute)

Organizational structure

- Department 1: Molecular Biology (Dr. Shigekazu Nagata)

- Department 2: Enzymes and Metabolism (Dr. Frederick I. Tsuji)
- Department 3: Neuroscience (Dr. Yasuyoshi Watanabe)
- Department 4: Cell biology (Dr. Ryot3;ro Yoshida)

The institute is managed by the Osaka Bioscience Institute Foundation which

is supported by more than 60 companies.

Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute

*~ffi~I~~~M (*~ffiI~)
Oosaka Shiritsu Kougyou Kenkyuujo (Oosaka Shi Kouken)

Address 1-6-50, Mornomiya

Jotoku, Osaka 536
Phone (06) 969-1031
Established 1917
Number of Staff 123 (96 researchers)
Laboratory Space 14 018 m2
370

In the Biochemistry Department (1:!Jo/J{t~~ ,Seibutsu Kagaku Ka), 8

laboratories are engaged in research on the application of enzymes to food
engineering, lipase and protease research, bioorganic synthesis and fermen-
tation (Head: Dr. Toshio Yominaga).

13. Private Research Institutes

In this section, a number of private research institutes actively involved in
biotechnology R&D are briefly discussed. Since some of the institutes are also
engaged in either commercial or educational activities, they may also appear,
in a different context, in Chaps. 2 and 5.

13.1 Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences

13.2 Sagami Chemical Research Center
13.3 Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute
13.4 Nippon Institute for Biological Sciences
13.5 Noda Institute for Scientific Research
13.6 Institute for Fermentation, Osaka
13.7 Kitasato Institute
13.8 Institute for Microbial Biochemistry
13.9 Life Technology Research Foundation
13.10 The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research

13.1 Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences

Mitsubishi Kasei Seimeikagaku Kenkyuujo

The institute (Fig. 4.22) was founded in 1971 as one of the projects to com-
memorate the 20th anniversary of Mitsubishi Kasei (Chemicals) Industries,
Ltd. [23]. It was one of the first institutes to integrate research on social and
environmental aspects of life science into the experimental research in the life
sciences.

Address 11 Minamiooya
Machida-shi, Tokyo 194
Phone (0427) 24-6226
Fax (0427) 29-1252
Established 1971
Director Dr. Kazutomo Imahori
Personnel 195 (80 researchers, 25 post-doctoral fellows)
Laboratory space 13 400 m2
 371

Fig. 4.22. Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences

(Courtesy Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences)

Organizational structure
- Biomolecular Research (Dr. Tsuneko Uchida)
(proteins, nucleic acids, glycoconjugates, organic chemistry, biophysics)
Molecular Biology (Dr. Tadashi Miyake)
(microbiology, molecular genetics, cellular molecular biology, cell biology)
Cellular Recognition Research (Dr. Tatsuya Yamagata)
(glycoconjugates, cellular immunology)
Developmental Biology (Dr. TOfU Higashinakagawa)
(developmental biology, mammalian developmental biology)
Neuroscience (Dr. Hiroshi Kawamura)
(neurophysiology, cellular physiology, muscle physiology, neurochemistry,
neuropharmacology)
Social and Natural Environmental Research (Dr. Eitaro Wada)
(biogeochemistry and sociogeochemistry, social life science)
Project Research Center
(brain science, aging)

13.2 Sag ami Chemical Research Center

*§l~1t~{jJf~pJT
Sagami Kagaku Kenkyuujo

The institute is supported by 25 industrial sponsors. It carries out basic re-

search with particular interest in the field of organic and biological chemistry
and its application to industry. Recent fields of research comprise the
isolation of biologically active substances related to pharmaceutical and
agrochemicals, functional polymer materials, organometallic and organo-
fluorine chemicals, chemicals derived from carbon monoxide, microbial and
enzymatic transformation of chemicals, and the application of rDNA
techniques [24].
372

Address Marunouchi 1-4-5

Headquaters Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3216-1511
Laboratory Nishi-Ohnuma 4-4-1
Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229
Phone (0427) 42-4791
Fax (0472) 49-7631
Established 1963
Chairman Takeo Takeda
Personnel 123 (95 researchers)
Laboratory space 9479 m2

The supporting companies are:

Central Glass Co., Chisso Co., Cosmo Oil Co., Dainippon Ink and Chemicals,
Inc., Dowa Mining Co., Hitachi Chemical Co., Hodogaya Chemical Co., The
Industrial Bank of Japan, Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Kanegafuchi Chemical
Industry Co., Kuraray Co., Kyowa Gas Chemical Industry Co., Kyowa HakIm
Kogyo Co., Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Nippon Mining Co., Nippon Soda
Co., Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Nippon Steel Corp., Nissan Chemical
Industries, Nissan Motor Co., Nitto Boseki Co., Onoda Cement Co., The
Tokyo Electric Power Co., and Toyo Soda Manufacturing Co.

13.3 Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute

1t~&I!rri~~mnJf~jf (1tI!rrnH)
Kagaku oyobi Kessei Ryouhou Kenkyuujo (Kaketsuken)

The institute focusses on human vaccine and toxoid research, protein and
rDNA research, cell fusion, genetic diseases of domestic animals and fish and
their control. Since the institute is commercially active, it is discussed in more
detail in Chap. 2 [25].

Address 668, Okubo

Shimizu-cho, Kumamoto 860
Phone (096) 344-1211
Fax (096) 345-1345
General Manager Mr. Sadao Susumi
Personnel 624 (96 researchers)
Laboratory space 28 800 m2
 373

13.4 Nippon Institute for Biological Science (NIBS)

B*~Jmf4~UJf~pJT ( B*!:E~mf4uJf)
Nihon Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyuujo (Nihon Seibutsu Kaken)

The aim of research of NIBS is to promote the health of domestic animals

and poultry [25].

Address 2221-1 Shinmachi

Orne, Tokyo 198
Phone (0428) 31-5135
Fax (0428) 31-6166
Established 1947
Director Dr. S. Kuramasu
Personnel 59 (26 researchers)
Laboratory space 3003 m2
Budget 530.3 mill. Yen (1988)

13.5 Noda Institute for Scientific Research

Noda Sangyou Kagaku Kenkyuujo

The institute features R&D on microbial and enzymatic transformations [25].

Address Nouda 399

Nouda, Chiba 278
Phone (0471) 23-5568
Fax (0471)
Established 1942
Director Fumihiko Yoshitomi
Personnel 15 (9 researchers)
Laboratory space 550 m2
Budget 140 mill. Yen (1988)

13.6 Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (IFO)

§£W~liJf~pJT (§£W~liJf)
Hakkou Kenkyuujo (Hakkouken)

This is the major private culture collection in Japan. Its function is discussed
in more detail in Chap. 8 [25].
374

Address 2-17-85 Jusanpon Machi

Teigawaku, Osaka 532
Phone (06) 302-7281
Fax (06) 300-6576
Established 1944
Director Dr. Teiji Iijima
Personnel 24 (21 researchers)
Laboratory space 939 m2
Budget 310.4 mill. Yen (1989)

13.7 Kitasato Institute

Kitasato Kenkyuujo
Founded in 1914 as a private research laboratory (Fig. 4.23), the institute
focusses on basic and applied research into human and animal diseases,
centering on microbiology and immunology in the medical and veterinary
field. It operates the Kitasato hospital [26].

Address 5-9-1 Shirokane

Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3444-6161
Fax (03) 3444-6316

Fig. 4.23. Kitasato Institute, Old Building (Courtesy Kitasato Institute)

Director Dr. Kimifusa Mizunoe

Personnel 850
Laboratory space 3025 m2
Budget 10.96 bill. Yen (1988)
 375

Organizational structure
- Board of Directors, President, Vice-President, Directors
- Central Institute R&D Department (Sections on virus, bacteria, and serum
biochemistry, natural products, and pathology); Central Institute Technical
Department
- Research Center for Veterinary Science
- Kitasato Institute Hospital
- Research Center for Oriental Medicine
- Research Center for Liver Disease
- Kitasato Junior College of Hygienic Sciences
- Library

13.8 Research Institute of Microbial Biochemistry

~!±lm1t~liJf~pJT C1*i1tliJf)
Biseibutsu Kagaku Kenkyuujo (Bikaken)

The institute was founded by Prof. Umezawa in 1958, based on royalties from
the production of antibiotics and microbial inhibitors. The institute has won
world-wide reputation for its research on microbial metabolites, e.g., on an-
tibiotics and inhibitors [27].

Address 3-14-23, Ue-Oosaki

Shinagawa, Tokyo 141
Phone (03) 3441-4173
Established 1962
Director Dr. Hamao Umezawa
Personnel 70 (54 researchers)(1986)
Laboratory space 2079 m2 (main building)
1785 m2 (new hall)

Organizational structure

with departments of:

- Microbial Biochemistry
- Microbial Chemistry
- Anticancer Chemistry
- Biochemical Energetics
- Chemistry
376

13.9 Life Technology Research Foundation

7 -1 7 · ::;- ~ / 0 y-uJfJEpjf
Raifu Tekunorojii Kenkyuujo

The foundation was established in 1987 for the development of modern

diagnostic methods, e.g., biosensors and telemetry [25].

Address Buildg. 3-4-5, Nihonbashi Honmachi

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3241-1878
Fax (03) 3241-1879
Established 1987
Budget 23 mill. Yen (1987)
Personnel 23 (21 researchers)

13.10 The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer

Research

Gan Kenkyuukai Gan Kenkyuujo

The institute carries out molecular biology research on all aspects of cancer
[25].
Address 1-37-1, Ue-Ikebukuro
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170
Phone (03) 3918-0111
Fax (03) 3918-0167
Established 1966
Director Haruo Sugano
Personnel 93 (42 researchers)
Budget 811 mill. Yen (1988)

14. References
1. Science and Technology Agency, Collections of the Science Policy
Bureau (1989) Indicators of Science and Technology. ISBN 4-17-152264-
1 (J/E)
2. Science and Technology Agency: STA - its roles and activities 1988.
Brochure (E)
3. RIKEN, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research: Brochure,
1989 (E)
4. Riken Kagaku Kenkyuujo, Raifu Saiensu Tsukuba Kenkyuu Sentaa
(RIKEN, Tsukuba Life Science Center): Brochure, 1989 (J)
 377

5. Science and Technology Agency (STA): National Laboratories and

Research Public Corporations in Japan. Bookiet, 1987 (E)
6. The Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST), 1989
- 90. Brochure (E)
7. Fermentation Research Institute, AIST, MITI. Brochure, 1989 (J/E)
8. National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, AIST, Mm. Brochure, 1989
(J/E)
9. Research Institute for Polymers and Textiles, AIST, MITI. Brochure,
1989 (J/E)
10. Guide to ETL Electrotechnical Laboratory, AIST, MITI. Brochure, 1989
(E)
11. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat,
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Directory of the Tsukuba
Institutional Complex of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries. Brochure, undated (E)
12. National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry & Fisheries: Gene Bank for a more prosperous and fruitful
Future. Brochure, March 1989 (E)
13. The National Institute of Health. Brochure, 1989 (E)
14. National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka. Brochure, undated (E)
15. The National Institute for Environmental Studies: Brochure, 1988 (E)
16. Protein Engineering Research Institute - PERI: Brochure, undated (E/J)
17. Ikehara Morio and Takigawa Yukio (1988) Protein Engineering
Research Institute. BioEssays 3, 88 (E)
18. Kiban Gijutsu Kenkyuu Sokushin Sentaa (Japan Key Tec Center): Key
Tec News 1, 6 (Okt. 1986) (J)
19. Marine Biotechnology Institute Co., Ltd.: MBI Information No.1 - Full-
scale Marine Biotechnology Research Starts Up - Dawn of a Promising
New Industry. Marine Biotechnology Institute Co., Ltd. Tokyo, undated
(E)
20. Marine Biotechnology Institute Co., Ltd.: Sohgen Maru - Research
Vessel. Brochure, August 1989 (J/E)
21. MITI: Development of a Global Environment Industry and Technology.
Japan Bioindustry Letter by BIDEC, Vol. 7 (23), 1-2 (March 1990)
22. Osaka Bioscience Institute Foundation: Osaka Bioscience Institute,
Brochure, undated (E)
23. Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences: Life Sciences - A Tribute to
The Future of Mankind. Brochure, undated (E)
24. Sagami Chemical Research Center: Brochure 1986 (E)
25. Science and Technology Agency: Zenkoku Shikenkenkyuu Kikan Meikan
'89-'90 (Survey of National Research Institutions). Lattice - Maruzen Co.,
July 1989.
26. The Kitasato Institute: BrO(;hure, undated (E)
27. Biseibutsu Kagaku Kenkyuujo: Brochure, undated (J)

(E) English
(J) Japanese
 Chapter 5

Universities and Attached Research Institutes

1. Introduction

1.1 Education
Higher education in Japan was initiated in 1872. 75 Years later, in 1947, the
Fundamental Law of Education and the School Education Law were enacted

Primary EducatIOn Secondary EducatIOn Higher Education

Lower Secondary Upper Secondary •Advanced courses

Elementary Department
Department Department
Kindergarten Department ~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-I-_==~-+====:::"::'=:::"":::;

(Part time) I •
-----------f---·
~C~~':~o~d~~~ _:

Unlversilles Graduate Schools

Lower Upper
Kindergartens Elementary Schools Secondary Secondary (Correspondence)
Schools Schools
(full-tIme) JUnior
Colleges

Special Training Schools

Miscellaneous Schools

I I2 I 3 14 I
15 1 6 71 8 1 9 110 111 1121131141151161171181
School
Year

3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Normal
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Age
Fig. S.L Organization of the School System in Japan
 379

which largely follow the standards of the USA. Under these laws, a formal
education system (6 years primary education, 3 years lower plus 3 years of
upper secondary education, and 4 years of higher education, was established
on the basis of the principle of equal opportunity [1,2], as schematically
indicated in Fig. 5.1.
In 1988, 94.1 % of all students participated in upper secondary education, and
36.7% of these enrolled in a graduate course.
In higher education, there were 489 universities as of May 1st, 1988. At the
university level, education and research are integrated. As indicated in Table
5.1, 293 universities offered graduate courses: 90 master courses, and 203
doctor's courses [3,4].
Table 5.1. Universities in Japan (1988)

Status Number of universities

(1) (2) (3)

National % 93 56
Public 36 22 16
Private 357 178 131

Total 489 293 203

(1) subtotal (2) graduate courses (3) doctor's courses

The number of students was 2.09 Million (as of May 1st, 1988). Their major
fields of study, at the undergraduate level, is indicated in Fig. 5.2.

Social Sciences 39.1 % Humanities 14.7 %

Home
Economics 1.9 %
Pharmacy 2.0 %
Medicine and
Natural Dentistry 3.9 %
Sciences 3.3 % Agriculture 3.4 %

Fig. 5.2. Distribution of Japanese University Students by Major Field of Study, at Undergraduate
Level (May 1988)

1.2 Research
Research at the university level is carried out mainly at the graduate and
post-graduate level of the universities, and in research institutes attached to
380

the universities. As of 1987, there was a total of 190 000 university researchers
[3,4] whose distribution to major fields of research is indicated in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Number of University Researchers*

Science Engineering Agriculture Health Total"

National 12 000 16 000 5 000 3600 87 000

Public 1 000 1 000 1 000 6000 12 000
Private 6000 9000 2000 33 000 91 000

Total 19 000 26 000 8000 75 000 190 000

*Fu1l-time researchers, doctor course students, and medical staff

"including humanities, social sciences, and other fields.

In order to promote research activities in specialized field of science, research

institutes attached to a university (OO:1L*~I!f.t~li1f~m , Kokuritsu Daigaku
Fuchi Kenkyuujo) were formed already from the beginning of the century.
Since 1953, research centers attached to a university became open to
researchers from other universities under the name of "National Inter-
University Research Institutes" ( OO:1L*~:JtIC1,IjJlHI~ , Kokuritsu Daigaku
Kyoudouriyou Kikan). Starting from 1971, Inter-University Research In-
stitutes (l!f.tii:JtIC1'ljmli1f~ml!f.tiili1f~lfr , Fuchi Kyoudouriyou Kenkyuujo
Fuchi Kenkyuujo) were founded. They are open to all university researchers,
and no longer attached to a specific university.

This pattern is summarized in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3. University-related Research Institutes (Natural Sciences only)

Category Science Pharma- Agriculture Total Engineering

and ceutical
medicine

Research 36 15 1 4 56
Institute
attached to
National
Universities

- dedicated use 24 15 1 4 44
- joint use 12 12

National 7 1 1 9
Inter-University
Research Institutes
 381

1.3 Budget
The total budget for science and technology of the Japanese government, in
1988, amounted to 1706.5 bill. Yen of which Monbushos share was 813 bill.
Yen (48%)[3].
The biggest slice of the budget is used for the "Koza" fund. The amount is
determined by the number of tenured staff in a research and education unit,
usually consisting of four staff members headed by a full professor (.~ ,
Kouza). A Koza receives 6 mill. Yen per year, but most of this budget is
required to cover indirect costs, and usually only about 2 mill. Yen per year
at the universities, and 3.5 mill. Yen per year at the research institutes,
remain for research. This budget can be used without accounting for progress
[5].
Each Koza, however, needs at least 15 mill. Yen per year to carry out
research competitively on an international level. The major portion of this
money comes from Monbusho's competitive grants.
In 1988, 48.9 bill. Yen of Monbusho's budget were distributed through
competitive research grants, as indicated below. In addition, a total of 73
private non-profit corporations sponsoring as many as 17000 projects (1987)
at the university level offered donations totalling 24.8 bill. Yen (eligible for
tax exemption)[6].
As a new measure, the concept of endowed chairs (1§M.~ ,Kifu Kouza)
were introduced in national universities and inter-university research institutes
in 1987.

1.4 Competitive Research Grant Program

The grant system of Monbusho comprises a total of 16 different categories
which are summarized in Table 5.4.
As a result of the reports and recommendations of the Science Council
(Chap. 7)[7], Monbusho has stepped up considerably, since 1987, the grants-
in-aid for scientific research on priority areas (mgflJi~1IHiJf~ ,juuten ryoochi
kenkyuu). In this category, 30 - 50 researchers join forces in one area over 3
years, obtaining an overall grant of 150 - 200 mill. Yen.
At present, the following biotechnology-related areas are supported by such
grants [8]:
- Bioscience cancer research project
- Special project research on cancer bioscience
- R&D on molecular genetics of cell proliferation
- Basic studies on development of new microbial functions
- Bioenergetics
- A system for animal models by induced wild-type genes and human DNA
- Transcription regulation mechanism of eucaryotic genes
- The molelcular mechanism of photoreception
382

Tab1e 5.4. Grant-in-aid System of the Monbusho

Name Total budget

(targets) (bill. Yen, 1988)

Special promoted research 23

(internationally renowned research)
Special long-term research 2.9
(e.g., cancer, nuclear fusion)
Priority areas and special project 10.7
research (materials science,
information electronics, life sciences,
earth and space science, energy
science, humanities, and social science
Cooperative research (researchers 2.7
belonging to different institutions)
General scientific research (groups of 15.7
researchers at same institution)
Developmental scientific research 4.1
(applied research)·
Encouragement of young scientists 4.7
(37 years or less)
Overseas scientific research 2.3
Scientific research promotion 2.3
(urgent and important)
Publication of scientific research 1.2
results
·industry researchers participated in 157 out of the 362 projects in this category.

- Evolutionary and population genetics incorporating newer molecular

findings
- Molecular basis of totipotency of plant cells
- Molecular biology of the motoric system - biochemical process of motoric
control
- Pathogenesis and prevention of myocardial cell injury
- Molecular biology of cytochrome P-450
- Analysis of body-modulating functions of foods
- Molecular biology of thrombotic diathesis and its clinical application
- Molecular basis of neural connection
- Drosophila molecular biology and higher biological functions
- Molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of germ lines in animals
and man
- Mechanism of transmembrane control
- AIDS reseach project
- Regulatory mechanisms in the expression of ontogenetic development
- Comprehensive analysis of the E. coli genome
- The genetic code
- Molecular mechanisms of biological sliding movements
- Molecular and cell biology of the aging of the brain
- Molecular mechanism of signal processing in nerve cells
 383

- Cellular and molecular basis for reproductive processes in plants

- Computational and experimental approaches to higher order brain function
- Molelcular mechanism of blood cell differentiation
- Studies on subcellular mechanisms for abnormal electrical activities of the
heart and their control
- Regulatory transcription factors specifying the cell types
- Ganglioside glycosignal and regulation of cell function
- Molecular biology of chromosome structure and behavior
- Molecular mechanisms of the function and expression for metabolite
accumulation in higher plants
- Recognition proteins of the tertiary structure of nucleic acids

1.5 Research Cooperation Between Universities and Industry

Following the policy of the Council for Science and Technology (Chap. 7),
special measures were taken since 1983 to promote collaboration between
industry and the universities. As an important prerequisite, the management
of patents arising from such cooperations was changed. Presently, when a
joint research project has led to a joint invention, the application for the
patent is made jointly by the university and industry. In principle, the patent
is held by both parties, and the company obtains an exclusive right for a
period of up to 7 years. As of April 1987, there.,were 61 patents from such
collaborations [6].

As of 1987, there were 396 joint research projects (70 in the field of
biotechnology). In addition, 914 contract researchers were sent to universities
(803 from private companies)[6].

Since 1987, some national universities have established Centers for

Cooperative Research with a view to further research cooperation with the
private sector. As described below in more detail, for some of these centers,
in 1987 and 1988 alone, the following centers were established:

- Kobe University: Center for Cooperative R&D

- Kumamoto University: Cooperative Research Center
- Muroran Institute of Technology: Center for Cooperative R&D
- Gunma University: Center for Cooperative Research
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Center for Cooperative
R&D
- University of Gifu: Center for Cooperative Research
- Nagoya University: Center for Cooperative Research in Advanced Science
and Technology
- University of Toyama: Cooperative Research Center (Fig. 5.3)

In the framework of the Tecbnopolis Development Plan (Chap. 9), there is

further collaboration among universities located in the respective regions and
the local industry.
384

Ylg. 5.3. Cooperative Research Center, University of Toyama

(Courtesy of Monbusho)

2. Biotechnology-Related R&D in National, Public, and Private

Universities, Attached Research Centers, and National Research
Centers under the Supervision of Monbusho

The information contained in this list is mostly taken from Ref. [9].

Hokkaido - Tohoku

4 ----1,....

F"Jg. 5.4. Location of Universities and related Research Institutes in Hokkaido-Tohoku

 385

1. Akita University (Tegata, Akita Pref.) (4)

2. Asahikawa Medical College (Asahikawa, Hokkaido Pref.) (1)
3. Hirosaki University (Hirosaki, Aomori Pref.) (2)
4. Hokkaido University (Sapporo, Hokkaido Pref.) (1)
5. Hokkaido University, Institute of Immunological Sciences (1)
6. Hokkaido University, Research Center for Molecular Genetics (1)
7. Hokkaido University, Research Institute of Applied Electricity (1)
8. Hokkaido Institute of Technology (Sapporo, Hokkaido Pref.) (1)
9. Iwate University (Ueda, Iwate Pref.) (3)
10.0bihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (Obihiro,
Hokkaido Pref.) (1)
11. Sapporo Medical College (Sapporo, Hokkaido Pref.) (1)
12. Tohoku University (Sendai, Tohoku Pref.) (5)
13. Tohoku University, Research Institute of Electrical Communication (5)
14. Tohoku University, Institute of Genetic Ecology (5)
15. Tohoku University, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (5)
16. Tohoku University, Gene Research Center (5)
17. Tohoku University, Chemical Research Institute of Non-aqueous Solutions
(5)
18. Yamagata University (Yamagata, Yamagata Pref.) (6)

Akita University

fj(ffi*~
Type of Institution National University
Established 1950
Address 1-1 Gakuen-cho
Tegata, Akita 010
Phone (0188) 33-5261
Fax (0188) 36-3803
President Mr. Misa Watanabe
Number of Faculties 3

School of Medicine (,*~$)

Address 1-1-1 Hondo

Akita 010
Phone (0188) 33-1166
Fax (0188) 34-8619
Established 1970
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 31

Department of Medicine, First Chair of Biochemistry (. ~~f41:{t~~-~

~). Prof. Eiji Okuhara: preparation of monoclonal antibodies, nucleic acid
structure and modification, chromatin structure
386

Mining College (~JlJ~$)

Address as above
Fax
(0188) 34-9708
Established 1908
Number of Departments 11
Number of Chairs 46

Department of Chemical Engineering for Resources, Chair for Resources

Recycling (flfIHt~I~UflfI{MlJilI~Mf~). Prof. Noritaka Ohtani: Function
and structure of proteases, protein engineering, enzymes from thermophilic
bacteria (properties, technical applications)

Asahikawa Medical College

1{gJII,*f4*~ (1{gJIII2S*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1973
Address 4-6-3-11 Nisgikagura
Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078
Phone (0166) 65-2111
President Mr. Masahisa Shimoda
Number of Faculties 1
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 32

Department of Medicine, Chair for Radiomedical Sciences (~~U~M~~

~.~). Prof. Kazuo Tenba: laser diagnostics, cancer diagnostics, computer
imaging

Hirosaki University
~M7c$ (~kM*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 1 Bunkyou-cho
Hirosaki, Aomori 036
Phone (0172) 36-2111
Fax (0172) 32-9490
President Mr. Shuji Higashino
Number of Faculties 5
Number of Departments 11
Number of Chairs 74
 387

School of Medicine, Chair of Medical Diagnostics (~~$W.~~1f~~~~).

Prof. Hajime Kudou: genetics of microorganisms, bone diseases

Hokkaido University

Type of University National University

Established 1876
Address 8-5 Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
President Mr. Yoshio Han
Number of Faculties 12

Faculty of Agriculture ( &~$ )

Address 9-9, Kita-ku

Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
Fax (011) 716-0879
Established 1932
Number of Departments 8
Number of Chairs 42

Department of Agronomy, Chair of Crop Breeding ( &~~f'F~fffi~~~).

Prof. Toshiro Kishita: research on breeding of rice (rDNA, cell culture),
research on cytoplasmic proteins of plants

Department of Agricultural Biology, Chair of Sericulture ( • • 1:.~~~m~

m4~). Prof. Toshihiko Iizuka: silkworm and insect physiology, biology;
microbial pesticides.

Department of Agricultural Biology, Chair of Viral and Microbial Plant

Diseases ( • • ~~~~M~ t'J -{ )v A m~ . iii~~~). Prof. Eijiro Shihou:
genetics of plant viruses and microbial pathogens

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Cell Chemistry

( ggHt~~rc;ffliii~~~ ). Prof. Seiya Chiba: taxonomy and application of
microorganisms, prevention of microbial diseases.

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Microbial Technology (.~

{t~f';Ht~~I~~~). Prof. Koji Ohno: genetics of microorganisms, animal
and plant cells. Application-oriented studies.
388

Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Dairy Science

( .e$$I~fUi!.i~J!U4~liJf~b1§~ )
Type of Institute Research Institute attached to the Faculty of
Agriculture of Hokkaido National University
Established 1964
Address 9-9, Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
Permanent Positions 5 (2 full professors)

Prof. Yoshikazu Saito: Raw milk processing technology, enzymatic processing

of milk proteins

Faculty of Science ( J!~$ )

Established 1929
Address to-8, Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
Fax (011) 717-9394
Number of Departments 8
Number of Chairs 52

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry ({t~f41:!fo/J{t~~~). Prof.

Itsutoshi Ishimoto: function, mechanism, and biosynthesis of biopolymers,
glycoproteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, and other cell wall
polysaccharides, antigenic properties, development of antiviral substances

Department of Chemistry II, Chair of Genetic Biochemistry ({t~~=~M:ii

E1:{t~~~ ). Prof. Kazunori Sugimoto: structure and function of nucleic
acids, genetic information processing, rDNA research

Department of Chemistry II, Chair of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry

({t~~=~~1:!fo/Jff~{t~~~ ). Prof. Fumi Morita: structure and function
of proteins, research on ATPase and calcium-binding proteins

Department of Polymer Science, Chair of Polymer Chemistry (~?1-=f~f4~

?1-=f{t~~~). Prof. Seichi Tokura: characterization, structure elucidation, and
modification of polysaccharides, on DNA binding proteins; research on cyclic
polysaccharides, biocompatibility and physical properties of polymers,
synthetic hybrid polmers, and ion selective polymers

Department of Polymer Science, Chair of Biopolymers ( ~?1-=f~M1:f;$:~?1

-=f~~~). Prof. Shintaro Suga: mechanism of folding of globular proteins;
function, structure of RNA and ribosomes; mechanism and structure of
cellulases; structure of hydrophobic polyelectrolytes in solution
 389

Department of Botany, Chair of Morphological Botany (~~$*4;ji~ID~$

). Prof. Shigeyuki Tanifuji: transformation mechanisms and structure of
plant chromatin, transcription control mechanisms of eucaryotic genes

Department of Zoology, Chair of Morphological Zoology (~~$Hi!J~*J~

$). Prof. Hiroshi Hori: control mechanisms of eucaryotic genes

Faculty of Science, Chromosome Research Unit

(~$$ffl~i!J~~~~~~~~ )

Type of Institution Research Institute attached to the Faculty of Science

of Hokkaido University
EStablished 1969
Address 10-8, Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
Fax (011) 717-9394
Number of permanent
staff 4 (1 full professor)

Prof. Motomichi Sasaki: chromosome structure and function, environmental

effects, genetic engineering.

Faculty of Science, Institute for Algological Research

(~~$ffl~~~~~~~ )

Type of Institution Research Institute attached to the Faculty of Science

of Hokkaido University
EStablished 1933
Address 1-13, Bokoi Minami-cho
Muroran, Hokkaido 051
Phone (0143) 22-2846
Fax (0143) 22-2846
Number of permanent
staff 6 (1 full professor)

Prof. Masakazu Tatewaki: morphology, fine structure, and cell culture of

marine algae.
Faculty of Engineering ( r~$ )

EStablished 1924
Address 13-8, Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
Fax (011) 717-4745
390

Number of Departments 18
Number of Chairs 119

Department of Applied Chemistry, 4th Chair of Applied Chemistry (~JfHt

~M~J:IHt~~g!Ut4~). Prof. Harusuke Hayashi: structure of cellulases,
synthesis and structure of cellulose, pulpation of non-lumber fiber, chemical
and enzymatic saccharification of biomass, synthesis of functional cellulase
inductors.

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chair of Medical Transducers (~f*I

~W:&~1J~~;I 7 {iJ)v r '7 :,.; A 71- ofj-$~~). Prof. Akira Kamitani: artifica1
organs, capillaries

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (~~$ )

EStablished 1965
Address 12-6 Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
Fax (011) 758-4074
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 13

Department of Pharmacy, Chair of Analytical Chemistry of Pharmaceuticals

(~~M~JMHJT1t~~~ ). Prof. Tetsuya Kamataki: cancer-related reactions
of cytochrome P-450

Department of Pharmacy, Chair of Hygienic Chemistry (~~Mm~1t~~~

). Prof. Jiro Koyama: mechanism of antibody action, immunochemistry of
inflammation

Department of Pharmaceutaical Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry of

Pharmaceuticals (~~1t~M~£1fIHt~~~). Prof. Eiko Ohtsuka: nucleic
acid chemistry, genetic engineering

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chair of Microbiology of

Pharmaceuticals (~~1t~f-Hl~4&J~JMt~~~ ). Prof. Hiroyoshi Ariga:
anaerobic cells, genetic engineering of enzymes

School of Medicine (~~$ )

EStablished 1919
Address 15-7, Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
Fax (011) 717-5286
Number of Chairs 35
 391

First Chair of BiochemistIy (~ft~~-~~ ). Prof. Shinzo Nishi:

immunological research on cancer, protein genetic engineering

Chair of Bacteriology ( *HI i:li~~~ ). Prof. Tomonori Minagawa: studies on

interferons

School of Medicine, Cancer Institute

(~~$IlftIf4jiMJf~1Jm~ )

Type of Institute Research Institute attached to the School of

Medicine of Hokkaido National University
Established 1969
Address 15-7, Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
Fax (011) 717-5286
Director Mr. Toyoro Ohsato
Permanent Positions 14 (4 professors, 4 assistant professors,
4 assistants, 2 others)

Department of BiochemistIy (~{t~$r~ ). Prof. Akira Makita: cell

transformation in cancer development, purifi~ation of glycolipid synthetase,
phosphorylation and processing of ribosomal enzymes from human cancer
cells, transformation by differentiation and the structure of glycoprotein
antigens

Hokkaido University
Institute of Immunological Sciences

Type of Institution Inter-University Research Center attached to a

National University
Established 1950
Address 7-15, Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 606
Phone (011) 716-2111
Fax (011) 758-7568
President Mr. Ichiro Higashi
Permanent Positions 34 (17 researchers)
Laboratory Space 2940 m2

Division of Bacterial Infections (*HIm~~$r~ ). Prof. Mitsuaki Kakinuma:

cloning of genes from the immunoglobulin family, structural analysis of cancer
genes
392

Division of Biochemistry ( ~ {t~$r~ ). Prof. Sukeaki Mizuno: research on

chemical antigenic determinants of proteins, immunochemical research on
acid phosphatase isoenzymes

Hokkaido University
Research Center for Molecular Genetics
~t1fii~t*$Ji{~~U~
Type of Institution Inter-University Joint Research Center
Established 1985
Address 10-8, Kita-ku
Sapporo-City 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
President Mr. Kazunori Sugimoto
Permanent Positions 3 (1 assistant professor, 1 assistant,
1 other)

Biotechnology-related Research: Molecular structure of the angiosperm

nuclear genome, structure and function of mammalian chromosomes,
regulation mechanism of the gene for photosystem I pigment synthesis,
cloning of the DNA replication origin of HeLa-cells, molecular mechanism
of the cytoplastic male sterility of plants; structure, function, and virulence of
plant viruses and viroids, mechanism of metallothionein, chromosome
mapping of cancer genes

Hokkaido University
Research Institute of Applied Electricity
~t1fi:@*$~ffl~~UjJf~PJf (~t*~~UJf)
Type of Institution Inter-University Joint Research Center attached to
a National University
Established 1943
Address 12-6, Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 716-2111
Fax (011) 758-6098
Director Mr. Tsuyoshi Ando
Permanent PDsitions 83 (50 researchers)
Laboratory Space 9889 m2

Division of Biological Physics (~f*~J~fr$r" ). Prof. Mamoru Tamura:

structure and function of oxidoreductases, in-vivo oxidation and energy
metabolism
 393

Division of Bioregulation (~f**,JiP$P~ ). Prof. Kosaburo Hayashi:

biomaterials, artificial organs

Hokkaido Institute of Technology

~t14iJiI~*~ (~tI*)
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1967
Address 419-2 Teina Maeda, Kita-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 006
Phone (011) 681-2161
Fax (011) 681-3622
President Mr. Tadashi Matsumoto
Number of Departments 6
Number of Chairs 44

Department of Applied Electronics, Chair of Bioelectronic System

Engineering ( LtJ'fH§-=f I$f4~f*~-=f· Y A 7" J,.I$~~ ). Prof. Goro
Matsumoto: biosensors simulating biological functions, oscillation phenomena
of functional reconstituted membranes

Iwate Prefectural Brewing and Food Research Institute

E-f.m~it£{j}f1EpJf
Type of Institution Public Research Center
Address 26 Tsushida, Minami-mura
Shih a-gun, Iwate020
Phone (0196) 35-4130
Fax (0196) 35-0311
Established 1966
Director Mr. Megumi Yamazaki
Permanent Positions 15 (12 researchers)
Laboratory Space 2996 m2

Fermentation Department (!I~$). Katsuo Ohmori: bioreactor technology

Fermented Food Deparment (~M1lt~$). Junya Ohsawa: genetic

engineering of food microorganisms, e.g., bread, rye

Joint Project: biotechnology-related improvement of microorganisms and

resources
394

lwate University

B-¥*~
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 3-18-8 Ueda
Morioka, Iwate 020
Phone (0196) 23-5171
Fax (0196) 23-3130
President Mr. Hirachiro Takasaki
Number of Faculties 4

Faculty of Agriculture (~~$)

Established 1903
Number of Departments 7
Number of Chairs 44

Department of Agronomy, Chair of Developmental Biology ( .~HWfi~

.~ ). Prof. Kyohiko Kaizuma: soy bean proteins and amino acids, genetic
resources

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology

(~~{t~Hrr;ffl~~~~~~ ). Prof. Hideo Shioda: growth physiology of
mold fungi in solids, microbiology of acidic mine water

Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory for Cell Biology

(~~$I!MJ~UIIIJl?l~fi~~~~ )
Type of Institution Research Laboratory attached to the Faculty of
Agriculture of Iwate National University
Established 1988
Address as above
Permanent Positions 4 (1 full professor)

Prof. Shinichiro Ejiri: regulation in eucaryotic cells, anther cell culture

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

*JZ~~*~ (*JZ~*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1941
 395

Address 2-11 Inada-cho

Obihiro, Hokkaido 080
Phone (0155) 48-5111
Fax (0155) 48-2693
President Shozo Suzuki
Number of Faculties 1
Number of Departments 9
NumberofCh~ 38

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Biochemistry (lli£

{t~Mrr;ffl1:.~M~~~). Prof. Shiro Sugahara: sugar-hydrolyzing enzymes,
artificial sweeteners, enzymatic analysis
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Wood Production Chemistry
( .ei£{t~M*f:i£M~~~). Prof. Hiroshi Okuyama: structure and physiology
of plant cells, microbial degradation of lignin

Sapporo Medical College

:tL~l~f4*$ (:tL~l~*)
Type of Institution Public University
Established 1950
Address 17-291, Chuo-ku
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060
Phone (011) 611-2111
Fax (011) 612-5861
President Mr. Hideyuki Tsukada
Number of Faculties 1
Number of Departments 1
Number of Ch~ 31

Cancer Research Institute

( eIi1f~m )
Address as above
Phone (011) 611-2111
Fax (011) 612-5861
Established 1955
Permanent Positions 12 (2 full professors)

Division of Biochemistry ( 1:. {t~$r~ ). Prof. (not decided): structure of

adenoviral oncogenes, structure of eucaryotic genes, epidemiology of viral
DNA infection, human cancer, and oncogenes
 (.,)
CD
0>

Fig. 55. Campus of Tohoku University, Sendai (Courtesy of Tohoku University)

 397

Tohoku University

*~t*-¥ (~t*)
Type of Institution National University
&tablished 1913
Address 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku
Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 227-6200
Fax (022) 262-3180
President Mr. Shigemori Ohtani
Number of Faculties 11

Faculty of Pharmacy ( ~~$)

Address Aoba Kokanji

Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 222-1800
Established 1972
Number of Departments 2,
Number of Chairs 13

Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Chair of Biopharmaceutical

Chemistry (~~M1:.~~JM4~Wt~). Prof. Shigeo Nofuku: metabolism of
basidiomycetes and mold fungi, biosynthesis of physiologically active
substances

Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Chair of Hygiene Chemistry (~~M

)
~1:.ft~Wt~). Prof. Yoshiyuki Hashimoto: application of artificial lipid
membrane vesicles, monoclonal antibodies against cancer cells

Faculty of Agriculture ( .~$

Address 1-1, Amamiyacho Teitsu

Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 272-4321
Fax (022) 272-1870
Established 1947
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 28

Department of Agronomy, Chair of Crop Science ( .~MfF~~Mt~ ). Prof.

Seishin Hoshikawa: Research on biomass production

Department of Agronomy, Chair of Plant Growth (&~M~~~fi~Mt~ ).

Prof. Kokichi Hinata: genetic transformation of plant cells; genetic analysis
of C3 - C4 plants
398

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry (.~Ht~«~

~Ht~~~ ). Prof. Shigeki Mizuno: regulation of gene expression in higher
animals

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Agricultural Production

Sciences ( .~{t~«.~~Jffl~mt~ ). Prof. Hideharu Ichijima: Structure of
cell walls from plants and eumycetes, research on polysaccharides from plants
and microorganisms, carbohydrate metabolism (synthesis, degradation); DNA
structure and synthesis

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology

(.~{t~«.rc;ffl.~tJ~~~). Prof. Kazuo lzaki: lipid metabolism of
microorganisms, sporulation of bacteria, biochemistry of cytoplasmic
membranes, production of hydrogen by photosynthetic bacteria

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, external professorship for Cell

Engineering (.~{t~«*W~I~). Ass. Prof. Tomoyuki Yamatani: plant cell
culture transformation

Faculty of Science ( J!~$ )

Address Kokanwaza Aoba. Aoba-ku

Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 222-1800
Fax (022) 262-6609
EStabliShed 1911
Number of Departments 11
Number of Chairs 63

Department of Chemistry n, Chair of Bioorganic Chemistry ({t~~=~W

~tJflIHt~~~). Prof. Yoshiaki Fujii: Structure, cloning, protein engineering
and application of proteins, cytochrome P-450

Department of Biology, Chair of Plant Science (~tJ~«fiitJ~Jm~mt~ ).

Prof. Atsushi Komamine: plant cell culture, plant cell growth and control
mechanisms

School of Medicine ( ~~$ )

Address 2-1, Seiryo-cho

Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 274-1111
Fax (022) 272-5818
EStablished 1915
Permanent Positions 257 (40 professors, 40 assistant professors)
 399

First Department of Medical Chemistry (~$f4~H$~-~m Prof. Hiroshi

Okamoto: molecular biology of neuropeptides, structure and function of genes

Faculty of Engineering (I$$ )

Address Aoba, Aramakiwaza, Aoba-ku

Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 222-1800
Fax (022) 268-1444
Established 1915
Number of Departments 19
Number of Chairs 133

Department of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Chair of Biological

Chemistry (5t-=f{t$I$H~4o/J4o/JmHt$~~). Prof. Yasunori Nozawa:
photochemical reactions with proteins and enzymes; biological energy
conversion; thermophilic enyzmes; protein engineering

Department of Biochemistry and Engineering, Chair of Process Engineering

( ~4o/J{t$I$f47' 0 -I! A ~ A:;- J,.I~~~ ). Prof. Hajime Matsumoto: batch
processes, safety engineering, bioprocess engineering, immobilized biocatalysts

Tohoku University
Research Institute of Electrical Communication

Type of Institute Inter-University Research Center

Established 1935
Address 2-1-1, Katadaira Aoba-ku
Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 227-6200
Fax (022) 224-7889
(022) 266-6295
Director Mr. Shunichi Iwasaki
Permanent Positions 111 (61 researchers)
Laboratory space 16958 m2

Department of Plasma Electronics ( 7' '7 X? ~ -=f I ~ ). Prof. Kenji Sawada:

thermodynamics of membrane components, construction of biosensors with
lipid membranes

Department of Molecular Electronics (5t-=f~-=f I~ ). Prof. lunichi Nishizawa:

research on the circuit and the electron flow for very thin IC on the
molecular level
400

Tohoku University
Institute of Genetic Ecology
*~t*$j!{~~nJf~ 1! Y !/ -
Type of Institution Inter-University Research Center
Established 1988
Address 2-1-1 Katadaira Aoba-ku
Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 227-6200
Permanent Positions 35 (3 full professors)

Department of Genetic Ecology (:iifi:r!:EmHvfj'l$r~ ). Ass. Prof. Toshio

Kikumoto: genetic ecology of microorganisms, recombinant microorganisms,
plant pathogens, safety of recombinant plants

Tohoku University
Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center
*~t*$-ij-1 ~ 0 Y • r
'7 y;d""71 '/ r-7°1!Y!/-
Type of Institution Research Institute for Joint Use attached to Tohoku
University
Established 1977
Address Aoba, Aramakiwaza Aoba-ku
Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 263-5360
Fax (022) 263-5358
Permanent Positions 18 (4 full professors)

680-MeV cyclotron for physical and biological research.

Tohoku University
Gene Research Center
*~t*$j!{-A~~~nlli5~
Type of Institute Research Institute for Joint Use attached to Tohoku
University
Established 1986
 401

Address 1-1 Amamiya-cho Tsutsumiodori Aoba-ku

Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 272-4321
Director Mr. Shuichi Kimura
Permanent Positions 2 (1 assistant professor, 1 other)

Ass. Prof. Norio Yamamoto: animal LDL receptor genes, cholesterol

metabolism

Tohoku University
Chemical Research Institute of Non-Aqueous Solutions
*~t:*$~F71<~i~{t${iJf~pjf
(*~t:*~F71<~i~{t{iJf)
Type or Institution Inter-University Research Institute attached to a
National University
Address 2-1-1 Katadaira Aoba-ku
Sendai, Miyazaki 980
Phone (022) 227-6200
Fax (022) 223-8956
Established 1944
Director Mr. Yusaku Ikegami
Permanent Positions 79 (50 researchers)
Laboratory Space 11 503 m2

Division or Basic Research on Polymer Structure (il1li5t-Tli!iI~U.~{t~~~

'$ r~ ). Prof. Masahiro Hatano: heme protein structure, cloning of cytochrome
P-450

Yamagata University
wJf3:*$ (wJf3:*)
Type or Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 1-4-12 Koshirokawa-cho
Yamagata, Yamagata 990
Phone (0236) 31-1421
Fax (0236) 31-1891
Director Mr. Mamoru Kusa
Number of Faculties 7
Number of Departments 18
Number of Chairs 130
402

Faculty of Agriculture ( C~$ )

Address 1-23 Wakaba-cho

Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997
Phone (0235) 23-1521
Fax (0235) 24-1801
EStablished 1949
Number of Departments 5
NumberofCh~ 24

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology (!!l~

ft~fHtffl~1:.~~~~). Ass. Prof. Shigeyoshi Katoda: enzyme structure, yeast
growth, anaerobic metabolism, methane formation

Kanto (except Tokyo)

11 18

1 2 - -r -+.---9

14

13 10

Fig. 5.6. Universities and related Research Institutes in the Kanto area

1. Chiba University (Chiba, Chiba Pref.) (10)

2. Chiba University, Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial
Toxicoses (10)
3. Chiba Institute of Technology (Narashino, Chiba Pref.) (10)
5. Gunma University (Maebashi, Gunma Pref.) (11)
6. Ibaraki University (Mito, Ibaraki Pref.) (9)
 403

7. Iwaki Meisei University (Iwaki, Fukushima Pref.) (7)

8. Saitama University (Urawa, Saitama Pref.) (12)
9. The Saitama Institute of Technology (Ohzato, Saitama Pref.) (12)
to. Tsukuba University, Gene Experiment Center (Tsukuba, Ibaraki Pref.)
(10)
11. Utsunomiya University (Utsunomiya, Tochigi Pref.) (8)
12. Yokohama National University, Institute for Environmental Science and
Technology (Yokohama, Kanagawa Pref.) (13)
13. Yokohama City University, Kihara Institute for Biological Research (13)
(Yokohama, Kanagawa Pref.) (13)

Chiba University
+~*~ (+~*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 1-33 Yayoi-cho
Chiba, Chiba 260
Phone (0472) 51-1111
Fax (0472) 51-1339
President Mr. Ryo Yoshida
Number of Farulties 9

Farulty of Horticulture ( 1jI~~$)

Address 648 Matsudo

Matsudo, Chiba 271
Phone (0473) 63-1221
Fax (0473) 66-2234
Established 1909
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 28

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology ( .~

{t~*'l-rr;fIHI~~~~~). Prof. Takaaki Fujii: genetic engineering of
microorganisms and improvement of microbial productivity, development of
microbial enzymes for cell fusion, microbial transformation of biomass,
development of energy sources utilizing microorganisms

School of Medicine
Center for Neurobiology and Molecular Immunology
(~~$~~.~.~OO~M~~~~-)

Type of Institute Research Center attached to the School of Medicine

of Chiba National University
404

Address 1-8-1, Inohana

Chiba, Chiba 280
Phone (0472) 22-7171
Established 1988
Director Mr. Masaru Taniguchi
Permanent Positions 17 (5 full professors)

Division of Genetic Information (jfi~.:rtiUIil?1If). Prof. (not decided):

immunological mechanisms, T-cell antibodies, cancer-related genes,
lymphokines

Division of Developmental Physiology ( ~lt1:.Jm?1If). Prof. Masaru

Taniguchi: transmission of neural information, ion channels, neurotrophic
drugs

Division of Basic Genetic Drugs (jI~.:ritHjU~IitI!?1If). Prof. Susumu

Tonegawa: genetic illicitors and regulators

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( ~$$ )

Address 1-33 Yayoi-cho

Chiba, Chiba 260
Phone (0472) 51-1111
Fax (0472) 55-1574
Established 1949
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 4

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Room for Chemistry of Microbial

Pharmaceuticals (~~~JM'I-$M1t1:.4o/J~JMt$7Vfj'£'?l[). Prof. Tetsuo Sawai:
research on beta-Iactamases

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Room for Membrane Chemistry

Research ( ~~~~M$M~:fI~$7Vfj'£'?l[ ). Prof. Isao Homoto: application
of microbial energy metabolism, analysis of respiratory enzymes

Chiba University
Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses
T~*~Jt~~!±~~.HjJfJE --e / :; -
(T~*~~~§::lmnJf)
Type of Institution National Inter-University Research Center
Established 1987
 405

Address 1-8-1, Inohana

Chiba-City 280
Phone (0472) 22-7171
Fax (0472) 24-6326
Permanent Positions 34 (5 full professors)
Division of Chemotherapy ({t~tim71!f). Prof. Mitaro Akao: antibiotic
development and structure, chemotherapy

Chiba Institute of Technology

-=r~I~*~ (-=r~I*)
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1942
Address 2-17-1, Tsudanuma
Narashino, Chiba 275
Phone (0474) 75-2111
President Mr. Kudo Watanabe
Number of Departments 11
Number of Chairs 61

Department of Industrial ChemistJy, Synthetic Organic ChemistJy (I~~

~f4fl.~m<;{t~). Ass. Prof. Hiroshi Takahisa: synthesis of genes, mechanisms
of protein synthesis, synthesis and biological studies related to cyclic
nucleotides

Gunma University
ml~~ (ml~*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 4-2 Aramaki-cjo
Maebashi, Gunma 371
Phone (0272) 32-1611
Fax. (0272) 31-6452
President Mr. Tadashi Maegawa
Number of Faculties 3

Faculty of Medicine
Laboratory of Drug Resistance in Bacteria
(~~$ffl~~~JmtEfI~~1if§~ )
Type of Institution Research Center attached to the Faculty of
Medicine of Gunma University
406

Address 3-39-22, Showa-cho

Maebashi, Gunrna 371
Phone (0272) 31-7221
Fax: (0272) 31-3379
Established 1943
Permanent Positions 4 (1 full professor)

Ass. Prof. Masahisa Inoue: Heredity and biochemical analysis of drug

resistance

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho

Kirio, Gunrna 376
Phone (0277) 22-3181
Fax: (0277) 22-8380
Established 1949
Number of Departments 11
Number of Chairs 46

Department of Polymers and Textiles, Chair of High-Molecular Structure

(MUm~~.:r I~M~~.:ra~mt~). Ass. Prof. Takao Shinosawa: analysis of
cell communication, nerve cell structure, biotechnology, crystal structure

Ibaraki University

;X~** (;X~*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 2-1-1 Bunkyo
Mito, Ibaraki 310
Phone (0292) 26-1621
Fax: (0292) 25-0729
President Mr. Tetsuo Hamada
Number of Faculties 6

Faculty of Science (Jm~$ )

Address see above

Fax: (0292) 31-5740
Established 1949
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 21
 407

Department of Biology, Chair of Cytology (~~~~HIllIffi!~Mt~). Prof. Toshiro

Hayashi: plant tissue culture

Faculty of Agriculture (.~$ )

Address 3998 Ami-cho

Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-03
Phone (0298) 87-1261
Fax (0298) 87-6505
Established 1952
Number of Deparments 2
Number of Chairs 7

Department of Bioresources Science, Chair of Bioengineering ( .llill~~«~

«~~I~*Mt~). Prof. Yoshiro Onozawa: application of animal, plant, and
microbial cells; methods for preservation of genetic resources.

lwaki Meisei University

~'\b~aA)l*~ (~'\b~*)
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1986
Address 5-5-1, lino Chuodai
Iwaki, Fukushima 970
Phone (0246) 29-5111
Fax (0246) 28-5415
President Mr. Shozo Sawada
Number of Faculties 2

College of Science and Engineering (JlI~$)

Address as above
Established 1987
Number of Departments 4

Department of Fundamental Science ( ~lIJI~« ). Prof. Kazoo Matsuda:

polysaccharides and metabolizing enzymes. Prof. Yoshiaki Nataka: structure
and function of proteins for gene regulation. Ass. Prof. Takeshi Sekiguchi:
structure and function of enzymes, physiology of environmental
microorganisms
408

Saitama University

Type of Institution National University

Established 1949
Address 255, Shimo Ohkuba
Urawa, Saitama 338
Phone (0488) 52-2111
Fax (0488) 856-1394
President Mr. Masayuki Takeuchi
Number of Faculties 6

Faculty of Science ( mI~$ )

Address see above

Established 1976
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 23

Department of Biochemistry, Chair of Biological Compounds (g:{t~flg:f*

~'iig:{t~.~). Prof. Yoichi Hashimoto: oxidative decomposition of proteins,
glycosides and nucleic acids, structure of biopolymers

Department of Biochemistry, Chair of Biosynthesis (g:{t~flg:f:i~=~ ).

Prof. Isao Shibuya: molecular biology of membrane lipids from E.coli, yeasts,
and animal cells; structure and function of membrane lipids; expression,
regulation, and biosynthesis of membrane lipids

Department of Regulation Biology, Chair of Morphological Structure and

Development (g:f**,J.~fl~1l!Hf~~~.~). Prof. Hisashi Matsushima: plant
cell culture, plant cell microstructure.

The Saitama Institute of Technology

Type of Institute Private University

Established 1976
Address 1690, Fuzaiji Ohzawa, Okabe-cho
Ohzato-gun, Saitama 369-02
Phone (0485) 85-2521
Fax (0485) 85-2523
 409

President Mr. Yoshikazu Takefuji

Number of Faculties 1
Number of Chairs 12

Faculty of Engineering (I~$ )

Permanent Positions 11 (4 full professors)

Department of Environmental Engineering. Chair of Environmental

Measurement (JJi:iI~«lJlj:JUtiltl~~ ). Prof. Shuichi Suzuki: biosensors

Tsukuba University

m1El::k~ (m1El::k)
Type of University National University
Established 1973
Address 1-1-1, Tennodai
Tsukuba 305
Phone (0298) 53-2111
Fax (0298) 53-6019
President Mr. Kazuo Murakami
Number of Divisions 18
Number of full
professors 473

Gene Experiment Center

(lifi-T~~-I!~7-)

Type of Institution Research Center for joint use of the University of

Tsukuba
Address see above
Phone (0298) 53-6006
Fax (0298) 53-6006
Established 1984
Director Mr. Kazuo Murakami
Permanent Positions 6 (1 full professor)

Genes and enzymes of angiotensin metabolism, large-scale expression of

enzymes in animal tissue culture, breeding of plants by cell fusion, analysis of
the morphogenesis of higher organisms using cell culture and genetic
engineering techniques, research on the receptor of angiotensin II
410

Research Divisions

Division of Chemistry ({t~~ ). Prof. Shinya Nomoto: amino acid, peptide

chemistry; space chemistry

Division of life Sciences (~4o/Jl4~~ ). 19 full professors, 17 assistant

professors, 19 lecturers on all aspects of life science

Division of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (~~~~ ). Prof. Yasuo Ohta:

genetics

Division of Applied Biological Chemistry (1tm~4o/J{t~lf.: ). Prof. Joji

Takahashi: applied microbial engineering. Prof. Kazuo Murakami: food
chemistry and genetic engineering. Prof. Toshio Yasui: applied enzymology

Division of Basic Medicine (1i!ilifUs~lf.: ). Prof. Nobuo Ohshima: artificial

organs, transplantation technology. Prof. Takao Arai: cell calcification and
mobility studies using monoclonal antibodies

Utsunomiya University
~Wg*~ (~~Bg*)
Type of University National University
Established 1964
Address 350, Mine-cho
Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321
Phone (0286) 36-1515
President Mr. Masaaki Teranaka
Number of Faculties 4

Faculty of Agriculture (~~$ )

Address see above

Phone (0286) 36-1515
Fax (0286) 35-4662
Established 1922
Number of Departments 7
Number of Chairs 35

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology ( ~~{t

~l4rc;J'IHti~4o/J~~~). Prof. Shinichi Satzukijo: microbial recycling of non-
used resources, fermentation products from bacteria
 411

Department of Agriculture, Chair of Plant Diseases (ft~fHi~m~M). Prof.

Riaki Teranaka: diagnostics of plant viruses, cloning of plant viruses, plant
chromosome studies.

Faculty of Engineering (I~$ )

Address 2753 Ishii-cho

Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321
Phone (0286) 61-3401
Fax (0286) 63-2726
Established 1964
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 12

Department of Applied Chemistry, Chair of Materials Chemistry (llifflft~

MM'Ht~.~). Prof. Eichi Sato: membrane reactor, Langmuir-Blodgett films

Yokohama National University

~.)h: 6:1-.r-t-
1Jij.~~1L~
7\. "r
Type of Institution National University
Address 156 Jobandai Hodogaya-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 240
Phone (045) 335-1451
Fax (045) 335-4094
Established 1949
President Mr. Tokio Ohta
Number of Faculties 4

Institute of Environmental Science and Technology ( 1JJ.:lM~Ii1f~ -e ;/ 7 - )

Type of Institution Joint-use research institute attached to National
University
Address as above
Phone (045) 335-1451
Fax (045) 334-2439
Established 1973
Permanent Positions 16 (6 full professors)

Division of Pollution Scattering (f!i~1Jtit~$r~ ). Prof. Hiroaki Tagawa:

energy from biomass, immobilized catalysts for sewage cleaning, chemical
sensors
412

Yokohama aty University

fi~mJL*~ (fi~m*)
Type of Institution Public University
Established 1949
Address 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 236
Phone (045) 787-2311
Fax (045) 787-2027
President Mr. Shuudou Takai
Number of Faculties 6

Kibara Institute for Biological Research

(*~~~~~~~ (*~~~»

Address 3-122-20 Mutsugawa, Minami-ku

Yokohama, Kanagawa 232
Phone (045) 741-5082
Fax (045) 715-0022
Established 1984
Director Mr. Sayaka Nakai
Permanent Positions 12 (3 full professors)

Division of Gene Evolution Chemistry (ji~:ii~t~$P~ ). Prof. Kazuhiko

Noda: physiology and genetics of wheat seed, evolution of the wheat genome,
application of wheat cell culture systems

Division of Cytogenetics ( *",lffilll~~$P~). Prof. Sayaka Nakai: cell cultures

from plants, mutant chloroplast genes from wheat, mechanism of mutation
during yeast breeding

Division of Bioengineering (~~I~$P~ ). Prof. Hideki Koyama: somatic

cell genetics of animal cells

Tokyo

1 Aoyama Gakuin University

2 Chuo University
3 Hoshi University
4 Keio University
5 Kitasato University
6 Meiji University
7 Nihon University
 413

8 Ochanomizu University
9 Science University of Tokyo
10 Seikei University
11 Showa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
12 Sophia University
13 Tamagawa University
14 Teikyo University
15 Toho University
16 Tokai University
17 Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics
18 Tokyo Institute of Technology
19 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Resources
Utilization
20 Tokyo Medical and Dental University
21 Tokyo Metropolitan University
22 Tokyo University of Agriculture
23 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
24 Tokyo University of Fisheries
25 The University of Tokyo
26 The University of Tokyo, Institute of Applied Microbiology
27 The University of Tokyo, Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory
28 The University of Tokyo, Research Center for Advanced Science and
Technology
29 The University of Tokyo, Ocean Research Institute
30 The University of Tokyo, The Institute of Medical Science
31 Waseda University

Aoyama Gakuin University

.=::k"
FlI-LlTI%
,~I"(-=-*~
:r
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1874
Address 4-4-25, Shibuya-ku
Tokyo 150
Phone (03) 3409-8111
Fax (03) 3409-0927
President Mr. Hisao Nishioka
Number of Faculties 6

School of Science and Engineering (mlI~$ )

Address 6-16-1, Chitosedai

Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157
Phone (03) 3307-2888
Number of Departments 5
414

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry ({t~M-~4~Ht~li1f~jifi ).

Prof. Tatsuya Samejima: relation between function and structure of
biopolymers (proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids), structure and function of
thermophilic enzymes, inhibitor structure and mechanism

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, First Chair of

Electronics Application Engineering (1I~.TI~M-1I~rc;fflm-li1f~~). Ass.
Prof. Hideto Ide: simulation, recognition patterns, and quantitative
measurements of neural functions

Chuo University

Type of Institution Private University

Established 1885
Address 742-1, Higashi-nakano
Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03
Phone (0426) 74-2111
President Mr. Toshiyuki Kawazoe
Number of Faculties 5
Faculty of Science and Engineering ( J.!II~$)

Address 1-13-27 Kasuga

Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112
Phone (03) 3813-4171
Established 1885
Number of Departments 7

Department of Industrial Chemistly, Chair of Cellular Engineering (r.~{t

~MJlBJmI~Mt~). Ass. Prof. Morio Ishizuka: biological energy transformation,
structure of Mo-containing cofactors, construction of artificial enzymes

Hoshi University

~~4*$
Type of Institution Private University
Address 2-4-41 Ebara
Shinagawa, Tokyo 142
Phone (03) 3786-1011
Fax (03) 3787-0036
President Mr. Tetsuji Kameya
 415

Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (~~~ft~liJf~pJT )

Address see above

Department of Bioactivity (1:!j9)Jmtt~liJf~~ ). Prof. Tomoko Takahashi:

mechanism of bioactive substances from animals and microorganisms

Keio University
B'i!l~~~l!r,h*~
}~,~~iJJt~ T
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1859
Address 2-15-45, Mita
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3453-4511
Fax (03) 3769-1564
President Mr. Tadao Ishikawa
Number of Faculties 6

Faculty of Science and Technology (J!IlI~$)

Address 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Minato Kita-ku

Yokohama, Kanagawa 223
Phone (044) 63-1141
Fax (044) 63-3421
Established 1939
Number of Departments 8

Department of Applied Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry (£Dmft~M

?H1Tft~~'*)' Prof. Toshigio Shirai: ion sensors and biosensors

Kitasato University

Type of Institution Private University

Established 1962
Address 5-9-1, Shiragane
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3444-6161
Fax (03) 3444-2530
416

President Mr. Hiroshi Ito

Number of Faculties 6

School of Hygenic Science ( 1ti ~ ~$ )

Address 1-15-1, Kitasato

Sagamihara, Kanazawa 228
Phone (0427) 78-8623
Fax (0427) 78-9070
EStablished 1962
Director Mr. Shunichiro Imamiya
Number of Departments 4
Number of Chairs 28

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Industrial Chemistry ( {t~M I~M~JX

~).Prof. Shoichiro Watanabe: synthesis of esters by lipases

Department of Biosciences, Chair of Molecular Biology (~4o/Jf4~M7t.:r~4o/J

~). Prof. Tadayoshi Shiba: structure and function of genes from higher
animals, amplification of the repetitive sequences of jumping genes, jumping
genes in retroviruses

Department of Hygienic Technology, Chair of Oinical Chemistry (1ti~tt~j

~MW.~{t~JX~). Prof. Hajime Ito: reaction mechanisms of enzymes in vivo,
enzyme kinetics, polyamins and liver diseases, reaction mechanism of
peroxidase

Department of Hygienic Technology, Chair of Microbiology (1$j~tt~j~M~

~4o/J* ). Prof. Funiaki Taguchi: antiviral activity of interferons, viral
oncogenes, genetic engineering

Department of Hygienic Technology, Chair of Biophysics (1$j~tt~j~4o/J4o/JJl'll

~JX~). Prof. Shoichi Naguma: bioactivity and structure of polysaccharides
from marine organisms, physical chemistry of enzymes, lipids from acidophilic
thermophiles

Department of Biosciences, First Chair of Microbiology (~4o/JM~M~~4o/J

Prof. Isao Yoshioka: cholera infections, vaccine development
~ 1 ~3't~).

Department of Biosciences, Chair of Genetic Biochemistry (~4o/JM~MjiS

~{t~~3't~). Prof. Kenzo Ohki: biochemistry of cell growth, chromatin
protein biochemistry in expression control, oncogenes

Bioscience Research Center

( 1$j~~$flf.t~~$M~~3't-l!:/ 7 - (~tm*1ti· ~$M~) )
 417

Type of Institution Research Institute attached to the School of

Hygienic Sciences of Kitasato University
Address as above
Established 1983
Permanent Positions 10 (4 full professors)

Synthesis of new compounds using bioreactors, synthesis and investigation of

new bacterial metabolites, research on bioactive compounds from natural
sources, enzymatic synthesis of fatty acids and sugar esters, bacteriostatic
activity of surfactants and other chemicals

Meiji University
BJJnt:k$ (BJ3jEi*)
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1881
Address 1-1 Surugadai, Kanda
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3296-4545
President Mr. Ishizue Kimura
Number of Faculties 7

School of Agriculture (~~$ )

Address 1-1-1, Mita Higashi, Tama-ku

Kawasaki, Saitama 214
Phone (044) 911-8181
Fax (044) 900-5066
Number of Departments 3
Number of Chairs 54

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology (mBHt

~*'I-rc;ffl~1:.4o/J~~~). Prof. Hiroaki Iwamoto: microbial production of highly
unsaturated fatty acids

Nihon University

Type of Institution Private University

Established 1889
418

Address 4-8-24, Kudan Minami

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3262-2271
Fax (03) 3265-8969
President Mr. Kosuke Takahashi
Number of Faculties 7

College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (!U;t:~~$ )

Address 3-34-1, Shimouma

Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154
Phone (03) 3421-8121
Fax (03) 3424-2262
Number of Departments 11

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Chair of Agricultural General

Science (RU~I~MRUU1~~liJf~~ ). Prof. Shingo Yamazawa: methane
fermentation, energy from biomass

Department of Applied Biological Science, Chair of Protein Science (.rr;m~

~M~M 5' :.-' /-e 7 Jn4~liJf~~). Prof. Masahiko Natori: liposome chemistry,
animal cell culture, human proteases

Department of Applied Biological Science, Chair of Nucleic Acid Chemistry

(.rr;m~~M~MtUl:M~liJf~~ ). Prof. Tadahiko Ando: DNA sequencing,
DNA-related enzymes

Department of Applied Biological Science, Chair of Plant Cell Science

( .rr;m~~M~M~~*HI~~liJf~~). Prof. Tetsuo Koyama: plant cell culture,
DNA cloning

Department of Applied Biological Science, Chair of Animal Cell Science

( .rr;m~~M~MJIJ~*HI~~liJf~~ ). Ass. Prof. Yoshihei Sato: animal cell
culture, fertilized egg transplantation

Ochanomizu University
~~0)71<*~ (~~0)7J<*)
Type of Institution National University
Address 2-1-1 Ohtsuka
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112
Phone (03) 3943-3151
Fax (03) 3945-4656
Established 1949
 419

President Tadao Kawano

Number of Faculties 3

Faculty of Science (JlI!~$ )

Address as above
Phone (03) 3943-3151
Fax (03) 3942-2815
Established 1949
Number of Departments 4
Number of Chairs 21

Department of Biology, Chair of Genetics (~~~Mlifi~mt~). Prof. Sadao

Ishiwa: genetic engineering

Department of Biology, Chair of Cell Biology (~~~M*HIJnil~~~mt~). Prof.

Jiro Ohta: plant tissue culture

Science University of Tokyo

Type of Institution Private University

Established 1881
Address 1-3 Jinrakusaka
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162
Phone (03) 3260-4271
Fax (03) 3260-4294
President Mr. Masao Kitsushiki
Number of Faculties 7

Faculty of Science and Technology (m!I~$ )

Address 2641, Yamazaki

Noda, Chiba 278
Phone (0471) 24-1501
Fax (0471) 24-2150
Established 1967
Number of Departments 10

Department of Biological Science (lliffl~~M~M). Microbiology, genetics,

molecular biology, molecular genetics, applied enzymology, etc.
Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Organic Synthesis
(I~MI:;~M~.€JijlHI:;~ ). Takeo Konakahara: DNA synthesis
420

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science ( ~~$ )

Address 12, Funakawahara-cho, Ichigaya

Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162
Phone (03) 3260-6725
Fax (03) 3260-3045
Established 1960
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 14

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chair of Biochemistry ( .~fl!±{t

~.~). Prof. Hiroshi Moriya: biological function and biosynthesis of peptides,
purification and characterization of enzymes, biological function of the
carbohydrate structure of glycoproteins, clinical chemistry

Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology (~IIJ::.~$)

Address 2641, Yamazaki

Noda, Chiba 278
Phone (0471) 24-1501
Fax (0471) 24-2150
Established 1987
Number of Departments 3

Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Cell Biochemistry

( !±~I~fl*HI~!±~mUt4~ ). Prof. Kinichiro Oda: oncogene structure, gene
expression, cloning systems for animal cells

Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Molecular

Genetics (!±~I~fl~-=f:ilfi;~.~ ). Prof. Shigeru Iida: gene expression,
gene and protein structure

Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Biochemistry (

!±tJI~fl!±40/Ht~.~). Prof. Fumio Tanaka: gene expression

Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Engineering of

Biopolymers ( !±tJI~fl!±U:~~-=f I~.~ ). Prof. Mitsuaki Yoshida:
protein engineering, synzymes

Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Bioorganic

Chemistry (~tJI~fl!±~flIHt~.~). Prof. Arinobu Nakamura: artificial
enzymes, enzyme model reactions

Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Microbial

Technology (!±~I~fl.!±~I~.~). Prof. Ichiro Yamato: biological
energy conversion, protein production, membrane proteins
 421

Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Genetic Breeding

( 1:.4o/JI'!¥=#:ii~ffmI'!¥=~l*). Prof. Haruo Momose: genetic and protein
engineering

Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Immunology

(1:.4o/JI'!¥=f4~ge'!¥=~l*). Prof. Takeshi Chiba: cell fusion, monoclonal
antibodies

Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Culture

Engineering (1:.4o/JI'!¥=f4igiiI'!¥=~l*). Prof. Toshio Kishimoto: regulation of
enzymatic processes, analysis and application of genetic processes

Science University of Tokyo

Research Institutes for Science and Technology

*Et!!f4*$ ~t-@rliJfJ1:pjf
Type of Institution Research Institute attached to a Private University
Address 2641 Yamazaki
Noda, Chiba 278
Phone (0471) 24-1501
Fax (0471) 24-2150
Established 1981
Permanent Positions 106 (104 researchers)
Laboratory Space 928 m2

Division of Life science (1:.1fll#'!¥=1i1f~$). Prof. Teiji Tsuruda: neuropeptide

mechanism, peptide sequencing mechanism, cell-compatible biomaterials,
microtoxins

Seikei University

Type of Institution Private University

Established 1949
Address 3-3-1, Kitamachi Kichijouji
Musashino, Tokyo 180
Phone (0422) 51-5181
Fax (0422) 56-0116
President Mr. Hiroya Ueno
Number of Faculties 4
422

Faculty of Engineering (I~$ )

Address as above
~tabliShed 1952
Number of Departments 5

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Applied Biochemistry ( I~1t~~rr;m

~~1t~ijJf1i:~ ). Prof. Kenzo Shimabara: use of polysaccharides,
elimination of environmental pollution

Showa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Type of Institution Private University

~tabliShed 1949
Address 5-1-8, Tsurumaki
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154
Phone (03) 3426-3381
Fax (03) 3427-3210
President Mr. Seisho Tobinaga
Number of Faculties 2

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science (~~~)

Address see above

Number of Chairs 22

Department of Biochemistry (~1t~ijJf1i:~ ). Prof. Makoto Hori: mechanisms

of antibiotics, genes and enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway of antibiotics,
screening of anticancer drugs using cellular systems

Department of Microbiology (.~~~ijJf1i:~). Prof. Taketoshi Arai:

development of host vector systems

Sophia University

J:~*~ (J:~*)
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1913
 423

Address 7-1, Kioi-cho

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3238-3111
Fax (03) 3238-3885
President Mr. Kiyoshi Aoki
Number of Faculties 7

Faculty of Science and Technology (~::C~$ )

Address as above
Phone (03) 3238-3300
Fax (03) 3238-3885
Established 1962
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 36

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry ({t~W1:40/Ht~ill~). Ass.

Prof. Takahide Tsuchiya: protein hydrolyzing enzymes

Department of Natural Sciences, Chair of Biochemistry (-R~Ht~li)f~~1:

4o/J~ill~). Ass. Prof. Toshiyuki Kubo: cell genetics of marine fish

Sophia University
Life Science Institute
J:~*~~1f\Jf4~tiJf~pjf
Type of Institution Research Institute attached to a Private University
Address see above
Phone (03) 3238-3488
Fax (03) 3238-3885
Established 1977
Director Mr. Kiyoshi Aoki
Permanent Positions 17 (16 permanent researchers)
Laboratory Space 1149 m2

Genetics ( jJi fz.~ ). Prof. Hideo Hirokawa: infection mechanism by phage

DNA, molecular evolution of gene sequences, conformation of nucleic acid -
protein complexes
424

Tamagawa University
~I1*-¥ (~11*)
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1947
Address 6-1-1, Tamagawa Gakuen
Machida, Tokyo 194
Phone (0427) 28-3094
Fax (0427) 28-3173
President Mr. Tetsuro Ohara
Number of Faculties 3

Faculty of Agriculture ( .e~$)

Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 14

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Room of Applied Microbiology ( • ~

fl::~*,,"rr;ffl.~~~~1i:~). Prof. Yoichiro Okimoto, Prof. Setsuo Takeuchi:
production of alkaloids and related substances by mold fungi and
actinomycetes

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Room of Biochemistry ( -=~fl::~f3/­

~~fl::~~1i:~). Prof. Taiji Sekizawa: comparative studies on various
dehydrogenases, active site of alpha amylases, conformation of casein and
casein micelles

Teikyo University
Biotechnology Research Center

*Et*7:'-E!to/.JI$1iJf~ ~ :/ J -
Type of Institution Research Institute attached to a Private University
Address Sagamiko-cho
Tsukui, Tokyo 199-01
Phone (04268) 5-1121
Fax (04268) 5-1669
Established 1986
Director Tsutakazu Mizuno
Permanent Positions 15 (2 full professors)

Division of Molecular Biology (:Str~~~$r~ ). Ass. Prof. Genichiro Soma:

macrophage, monokine research and application
 425

Division of Cell Technology (*HIJJ?!1:iJo/J~$r~). Prof. Goro Senbara: regulatory

agents and their structure and function

Division of Protein Engineering ( ~ eI~$r~). Ass. Prof. Haruyuki

Ohshima: structure and modification of metabolites

Toho University

*n*~
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1925
Address 5-21-16, Ohmori Nishi
Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143
Phone (03) 3762-4151
Fax (03) 3768-0660
President Mr. Toshio Asada
Number of Faculties 3

Faculty of Science ( OO~$ )

Address 2-2-1, Miyama

Funabashi, Chiba 274
Phone (0474) 72-1141
Fax (0474) 75-1855
Established 1950
Number of Departments 3

Chemistry Course, Biochemistry ( {t ~M1: {t~tt~). Ass. Prof. Shogo U chino:

inductors of the photosynthetic process, function of chlorophyll and
biochemistry of photosynthetic oxidation

Chemistry Course, Environmental Chemistry ({t~MI.illifHt~tt~). Prof.

Michiaki Takimoto: microbial degradation of synthetic organic compounds,
production of physiologically active substances by microorganisms

Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics

~tffjtI~*~ (*EtI~*)
Type of University Private University
Established 1966
426

Address 1583, Nishitoyama Iiyamawaza

Atsugi, Saitama 243-02
Phone (0462) 0454
Fax (0462) 42-3000
President Mr. Shinichi Kikuike

Faculty of Engineering (I~$ )

Address see above

President Mr. Kenro Kawakami
Permanent Positions Total: 12 (4 professors, 2 assistant professors,
4 full-time lecturers, 2 assistants)

Department of Industrial Organic Chemistry ( I~{t$~fl~I~{t~ 1 I11f;'l

~ ). Prof. Kenjiro Fukube: technological application and molecular design of
biochemical reaction systems using amino acids and saccharides as materials

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Jf!E!I~*~ (Jf!E!I*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 2-12-1, Dai-okayama
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152
Phone (03) 3726-1111
Fax (03) 3729-6971
President Mr. Ikuzo Tanaka
Number of Faculties 2

Fig. 5.7. Tokyo Institute of Technology (Courtesy of Monbusho)

 427

Faculty of Science (!lI!~$)

Address see above

Phone (03) 3726-1111
Fax (03) 3727-4667
~tablished 1967
Number of Departments 7
NmnberofCh~ 42

Department of Life Sciences, Chair of Gene Biochemistry (~$!lI!~MjI~

~{t~~~). Ass. Prof. Kazyo Anato: biochemistry and molecular genetics.
DNA and DNA-related enzymes

Department of Life Sciences, Chair of Molecular Information Chemistry (

1;$!lI!~M~¥lil?1-r{t~~~). Prof. Hironobu Hashimoto: organic synthesis of
sugar derivatives and other natural substances

Department of Life Sciences, Chair of Biomolecular Chemistry (~$!lI!~M~

f*1tfiE:?1-r{t~~~). Prof. Nobuo Tanaka: structure analysis and x-ray
crystallography of proteins

Department of Life Sciences, Chair of Cell Biology (~$!lI!~f3Ullllm~~~~

~). Prof. Yasuro Ohshima: thermophilic !lli~roorganisms and enzymes,
archaebacteria, protein engineering, membrane chemistry

Department of Life Sciences, Chair of Biological Reactions (~$!lI!~f4~ f*

&.rr;~~~). Prof. Takeo Yamanaka: biochemistry and physiology of
microorganisms; structure and function of cytochrome enzymes

Faculty of Engineering (I~$ )

Address see above

Nmnber of Departments 19
Nmnber of Ch~ 132

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chair of Reaction Engineering ({t~I

~M&.rr;~fF~~ ). Prof. Kozo Koide: cultivation of recombinant bacteria,
development of bioreactors for plant cells

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chair of Organic Engineering ({t~ I

~f4ffItI~{t~~ ~). Prof. Yoshio Ono: hydrogenase enzymes

Department of Bioengineering, Chair of Molecular Biology Processes ( ~ ~

I~f4?1-r~~ 7" tl -I! A ~~ ). Prof. Tomoya Kitazume: synthesis and
application of fluoro-organic resins to biochemistry
 428

Department of Bioengineering, Chair of Biological Function Engineering

(~~I~~~~.~I~.~ ). Prof. Fujio Toda: chemical simulation of
bioreactions, mechanism of enzymes, synthesis of fine chemicals using
enzymes

Department of Bioengineering, Chair of Bio-Electronics ( ~ ~I ~~~ ~1It -=f I

~M4~). Prof. Masao Aizawa: development of biofunctional materials and
electroactive molecules for biosensors; neurobiochemistry

Department of Bioengineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering (~~I~~

~~ft~I~m4~). Prof. Hajime Vmino: isolation and purification of
bioproducts

Department of Bioengineering, Chair of Genetic Engineering (~~I~~jJ{i

~ I~M4~ ). Prof. Hiroki Horikoshi: genetic engineering of magnetophilic
microorganisms

Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Chair of Biomolecular Processes

(~~I~~~f*;t-=f7"tl-t! A). Prof. Masamichi Fujihira: Langmuir-Blodgett
membranes, bioelectrochemistry

The Graduate School at Nagatsuta

k-¥~t~JmI~liJf~f4
Address 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku
Yokohama, Kanagawa 227
Phone (045) 922-1111
Established 1975
President Mr. Atsunobu Ichikawa
Number of Departments 10
Number of Chairs 81

Department of Electronic Chemistry, Chair ofBioelectrochemistry ( 11 -=fft~W

~~~tI-=fft~.~ ). Prof. Isao Karube: biosensors and biochips, bioreactors,
research on energy transformation, biomass, chromosome engineering and
hydrogen production by recombinant bacteria

Department of Life Chemistry, Chair of Cell Biophysics (~1'fltft~WJ1C*'BII?!~

JM~m4~ ). Prof. Kobo Watanabe: biological amines and peptides, intracel-
lular metabolism

Department of Life Chemistry, Chair of Bioorganic Chemistry ( ~1'fltft~W~

~~fl.ft~M4~). Prof. Tsujiaki Hatake: research on nucleic acids, enzymatic
transformation of chemical compounds
 429

Department of Life Chemistry, Chair of Genetic Biochemistry (~${t~:w.~

li f~~ {t~M4 ~ ). Prof. Kazuo Anato: physicochemistry of enzyme mechanisms,
research on life phenomena and enzyme reactions

Department of Life Chemistry, Chair of Molecular Information Chemistry

(~${t~:w.~ffi¥lil51.:r{t~ M4~). Prof. Hironobu Hashimoto: mechanism of
cellular metabolism of antibiotics

Department of Life Chemistry, Chair of Biofunctional Molecular Chemistry

(~${t~:w.~~ f*tlt1i~51.:r {t~M4~). Prof. Yoshio Sasada: three-dimensional
structure of biopolymers, research on the intermolecular and intrammolecular
interactions of functional groups

Department of Life Chemistry, Chair of Cell Structure (*HIJl?J~~~M4~).

Prof. Yasuro Ohshima: evolutional biochemistry of thermophilic bacteria and
archae bacteria, correlation between structure, function, and the physical
properties of proteins and biomembranes

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization
*EtI~*$~tJ:1t$UJf~pJf
(*EtI*~~1ttiJf)
Type of Institution Research Laboratory attached to a National
University
Address as above
Phone (045) 922-1111
Fax (045) 921-0897
Established 1939
Director Mr. Akio Yamamoto
Permanent Positions 85
Laboratory Space 7891 m2

Division of Biological Resources (~~ailUBr~ ). Prof. Isao Karube (since

1989 transfered to RCAST, University of Tokyo): development of biosensors
for immobilized enzymes and microorganisms, production of bioactive
substances with immobilized microorganisms, development of biochemical
energy conversion technology, genetic engineering and cell engineering, bio-
electronic devices

Division of Resources Recycling (ailiit~IIH~li}f~M!i~ ). Ass. Prof. Makoto

Masada: efficiency of wastewater treatment processes, degradation process of
scrapped biomass, energy recovery from scrapped biomass, application and
430

investigation of growth repressing factors of plant pathogens in compost,

research on application of biofilters

Tokyo Medical and Dental University

Address 1-5-45 Yujima

Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3813-6111
Fax (03) 3818-1575
Established 1946
Director Mr. Mutsuro Kano
Number of Faculties 2

Faculty of Medicine ( ~,¥=$)

Address as above
Established 1946
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 34

Department of Medicine, Chair of Biochemistry (~'¥=ft~{t,¥=~gjt ). Prof.

Makoto Nakao: membrane biochemistry, ATPase, lymphocyte biochemistry

Department of Medicine, Chair of Microbiology (l*'¥=f4~~~$~~). Prof.

Rintaro Nakatani: microbial drugs, R factor, plasmid genetics, genetic
engineering

Tokyo Metropolitan University

Type of University Public University

Established 1949
Address 1-1-1 Yagumo
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152
Phone (03) 3717-0111
Fax (03) 3718-4661
President Mr. Hirotashi Sana
Number of Faculties 5
 431

Faculty of Science (J!I!~$ )

Address 2-1-1, Fukazawa

Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 152
Phone (03) 3717-0111
Fax (03) 3718-4661
Established 1949
Number of Departments 6
Number of Chairs 47

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry ({t~*,,"~~Ht~~~). Prof.

Norio Okuyama: protein chemistry, enzyme chemistry, immuno chemistry

Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics (~~~*""~TjI~~). Ass. Prof.

Yasuzo Nishioka: genetics of microbial plasmids

Department of Biology, Genetics (~~~*,,"jI~~). Prof. Osamu Kitagawa:

gene transfer, analysis of mutation events

Tokyo University of Agriculture

Type of Institution Private University

Established 1891
Address 1-1-1, Sakuraoka
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156
Phone (03) 420-2131
Fax (03) 706-8851
President Mr. Fujishiro Matsuda
Number of Faculties 10

Department of Zootechnical Science, Chair of live Stock Propagation ( ti e£~

*""tigf~M~IUf1l~). Prof. Kenji Ichinoe: artificial fertilization, sexual
phenomena and propagation physiology

Department of Zootechnical Science, Chair of live Stock Utilization ( ti m~

*,,"tim~lJjffl~IUf~¥:). Prof. Yoshitada Yamanaka: freeze preservation of
meat, meat quality and meat processing, development of fermentation
methods, research on proteins

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology ( "~Ht

~*,,"rc;ffl.~~~IUf~¥:). Prof. Michio Ozaki: ecology and biochemistry of
microorganisms, development of new biotechnological methods, research on
new microorganisms for food products
432

Department of Brewing and Fermentation, Chair of Fermentation Chemistry

(.:Qi~*H~fift~IiJfll~). Prof. Kikuo Nojiro: application of microbial
metabolism, mutation of bacteria

Department of Brewing and Fermentaton, Chair of Fermentation Micro-

biology (.:Qi~f3f-.:Qi.1:~~IiJfll~). Prof. Masahisa Takeda: application,
heredity, physiology, ecology, and classification of brewing microorganisms

Department of Brewing and Fermentation, Chair of Food Flavors ( .~~

#~'*iit~IiJfll¥:). Prof. Hiroshi Ito: production of processed food
and flavoring
of fermented products

Department of Brewing and Fermentation, Chair of Fermented Food ( .:Qi~

f>l~fiiit~IiJfll~). Prof. Fujiham Yanagida: processing of fermented food

Department of Brewing and Fermentation, Chair of Pollution from Brewing

(.~~f>l.~~~IiJfll~ ). Prof. Taira Komeyama: treatment of industrial
wastewater from brewing processes

Department of Brewing and Fermentation, Chair of Alcoholic Beverages (

.~~f>l~mIiJfll~ ). Prof. Akira Sakai: research on sake brewing

Department of Brewing and Fermentation, Chair of Food Chemistry

( .:Qi~f>l.:Qiiit~ft~IiJfll~ ). Prof. Hisao Yoshii: hygienic measures during
production and preservation of food

Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology

*~I*~ (*~_I*)
Type of University National University
Established 1949
Address 3-8-1, Hammi-cho
Fuchu, Tokyo 183
Phone (0423) 64-3311
Fax (0423) 60-7376
President Mr. Shimji Sakagami
Number of Faculties 2

Faculty of Agriculture ( .~$)

Address 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho

Fuchu, Tokyo 103
Phone (0423) 64-3311
Fax (0423) 64-8830
 433

Number of Departments 9
Number of Chairs 51

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biological Chemistry (.~Ht

~f>I.~ !f~Ht~~~ ). Prof. Daisaburo Fujimoto: biochemistry of polysaccarides,
polysaccaride-decomposing enzymes

Department of Agriculture, Chair of Microbial Chemistry (.~Ht~f>I..~~

{t~~~). Prof. Michio Takeuchi: microbiological production of fermented
food and brewing

Department of Agriculture, Chair of Fermentation ( .~Ht~f>I.~M~~~ ).

Prof. Akira Endo: fermentation of useful substances produced by micro-
organisms, biochemical research of lipid and polysaccharide metabolism

Department of Forest Products, Chair of Wood Chemistry and Engineering

( #.m~f>I.*~~{t~I~M4~ ). Prof. Noriyuki Morohoshi: decomposition of
lignin of enzymes and microorganisms, elucidation of lignin structure,
microbial transformation of wood

Department of Environmental Science and Conservation, Chair of

Biopollution ( l.J:Ujf¥~~f>I.~~jlj!;fHt~m4~ ). Prof. K. Kuraishi: cleaning of
contaminated environment using microorganisms, biological elimination of
pollutants

Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chair of Applied Biochemistry ( ~~I~

W.l$(rc;;ffl~~{t~ll~M4~). Doctoral course,7 students. Chair of Resources
Utilization (~ti.:t~W.l$(.jJ{~Jffl~ll~M4~). Doctoral course, 8 students.

Faculty of Technology (I~$)

Address 2-24-16 Nakamachi

Koganei, Tokyo 184
Phone (0423) 81-4221
Established 1949
Number of Departments 12
Number of Chairs 54

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry (

IJHt~f>I.~~T{t~ ). Prof. Mitsuaki Narita: synthesis of proteins and
peptides, synthesis of polysaccharides, synthetic reactions using immobilized
enzymes, analysis of peptide conformation

Department of Applied Chemistry for Resources, Chair of Applied Catalyst

Chemistry ( .jJ{rc;;ffl{t~f>l.rc;;ffl~!Il{t~M4~ ). Prof. Shigeo Nishimura:
immobilization of biological catalysts (enzymes, microorganisms and
434

organella); biosensors; genetic engineering of marine phototrophic

microorganisms

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chair of Industrial Environmental

Engineering ({t~I~~~~INl:l:lI~~~). Prof. Teruhiko Murakami: waste-
water treatment, sludge treatment, denitrification and phosphate elimination,
microbial decomposition, development of biotreatment processes in seawater
by marine microorganisms

Tokyo University of Fisheries

Jfffjt71<~*~ C*Et71<~*)
Type of University National University
&tablished 1949
Address 4-5-7, Konan
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3471-1251
Established 1949
President Mr. Minoru Nonomura
Number of Faculties 1

Faculty of Fisheries

Address see above

Number of Departments 4
Number of Chairs 13

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Food Chemistry (

1l!£!±.~~f41l!JMt~~~ ). Prof. Takahide Saito, Prof. Fumio Nagayama:
research on marine organisms for food production

Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Chair of Aquatic Production Sciences

( '6f~WnJG~f4*~~~~~~). Prof. Fumio Takashima: methods of
biotechnology as applied to fish farming

Tokyo Women's Medical College

Institute of Biomedical Engineering

*Et~~~M*~~fflI$~~~~
Type of Institution Research institute attached to a private university
 435

Address 8-1 Kawada-cho

Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162
Phone (03) 3353-8111
Fax (03) 3359-6046
Established 1969
Permanent Positions 13 (8 researchers)
Laboratory Space 1264 m2

Artificial Organ Research

The University of Tokyo

*Et*~
Type of University
C**) National University
Established 1877
Address 7-3-1, Hongo
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3812-2111
Fax (03) 3816-3913
President ~r. Iratsato Arima

Fig. 5.8. The University of Tokyo (Courtesy of Monbusho)

Faculty of Science (J!~$)

Address see above

Phone (03) 3812-2111
Fax (03) 3815-8399
436

Established 1877
Number of Departments 9
Number of Chairs 81

Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Chair of Biological Chemstry

~40/Ht~M~f*4o/Jmft~~~ ). Prof. Kaoru Nishigo: structure, antigen
recognition, and complement activation of immunoglobulins, molecular
mechanism of codon recognition and amino acylation of tRNA

Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Chair of Cytochemistry (~4o/Jft

~f·HIII)j?Ht~~~ ). Ass. Prof. Yasuo Inoue: structure and function of
glycoconjugates, theoretical approach to enzyme catalysis mechanisms,
intermolecular and intramolecular interaction of nucleic acid bases, research
on gene structure and function of plasmids (E. coli, phages)

Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Chair of Enzyme Chemistry

(~4o/Jft~f4M~~~~). Prof. Kenji Takahashi: structure of aspartic acid
proteases, intracellular proteases, ribonucleases, rhodopsin, spectrin,
bacteriophages, and macroproteins

Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Chair of Cell Biophysics (~4o/Jft

~M*",JI?l~ml~~~ ). Prof. Hideo Iniwa: research on control mechanism and
expression of genetic information in eucaryote cells using plant cells, plant
viruses and Ti-plasmids

Faculty of Medicine (~~$)

Address 7-3-1, Hongo

Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3812-2111
Fax (03) 3815-5638
Established 1877
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 53

Department of Medicine, First Chair of Biochemistry ( ~~M~ft~m-~

~). Prof. Masayoshi Muramatsu: regulation of gene expression in eucaryotic
cells, structure and transcriptional regulation of ribosomes, research on the
stability of genome structures (cancer)

Department of Medicine, Second Chair of Biochemistry (~~M~ft~m=~

~). Prof. Katsutaka Nagai: biochemistry of biomembranes, structure and
function of glycolipids, research on the autoimmunity mechanism of
neuroimmunity
 437

Faculty of Medicine
Institute of Brain Research
( ~$$fflJr4)f~lUf~~N:)
Type of Institution Research Institute attached to the Faculty of
Medicine of The University of Tokyo
Address 7-3-1 Hongo
Bunkyo-ku 113
Phone (03) 3812-2111
Fax (03) 3814-8154
Established 1937
Permanent Positions 13 (6 full professors)

Division of Diagnostic Research (CIIHf(lUf~$~~). Prof. Toru Bannen:

Biochemical and immunological brain research

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (~$$)

Address see above

Fax (03) 3813-5099
Established 1958
Number of Departments 3
Permanent Positions 158 (16 full professors)

Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Chair of Biopharmaceuticals and

Plant Medicine (~$f4~~$ . ;ji!lo/.J{t$fi~. Prof. Shiho Mikawa: research
on biosynthetic reactions, chemistry of enzymes, purification and structure of
bioactive substances, cultivation of medical herbs (tissue culture)

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chair of Microbial Chemistry of

Pharmaceuticals ( ~~{t$f4~!E!Io/.J~£{t$fi~). Prof. Shunji Natori:
cloning and expression in eucaryotic cells, lectin biochemistry, biochemical
transformations, bioreceptors

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Pharmacology

(~~{t$f4~£!Io/.J!!?1tJT$fi~ ). Prof. Takamasa Sato: structure elucidation
of pharmaceuticals and enyzmes using synchrotron radiation.

Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Chair of Pharmaceutical Meta-

bolism (~$~lUf~f4~£ttMt{t$~~). Prof. Masaaki Hirobe: cytochrome P-
450, non-heme iron proteins, artificial P-450 analogs

Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Chair of Xenobiotics and Im-

munochemistry (~$~lUf~f4!E1*~!Io/.J . ~gt{t$~~). Prof. Toshiaki Ohsawa:
genetic engineering for the production of immunoregulators
438

Faculty of Engineering (I$$)

Address see above

Phone (03) 3812-2111
Fax (03) 3818-0643
Established 1886
Number of Departments 23
Number of Chairs 177

Department of Chemical Engineering, Second Chair of Chemical Engineering

({t$I$*>I-{t$I$m=~~). Prof. Shintaro Furuzaki: technical application
of microorganisms and enzymes

Department of Chemical Engineering, Fifth Chair of Chemical Engineering

({t$I$*>I-{t$I$mli~~). Prof. Hajime Nishimura: molecular bioen-
gineering, genetic engineering

Faculty of Agriculture (~$$ )

Address 1-1-1 Yayoi

Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3812-2111
Fax (03) 3813-2776
EStablished 1887
Number of Departments 9
Number of Chairs 69

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Fermentation (~~{t$M~

M$~~ ). Prof. Teruhiko Beppu: mechanism of enzymes based on protein
engineering, development of novel antibiotics, hormones and other
physiologically active substances based on microorganisms (fermentation),
genetic engineering

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology (~~{t

$*>I-~~!fo/J~lJffl$~~ ). Prof. Toru Kodama: research on industrial application
of fermentation processes

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Enzymology (~~{t~*>l-M~

~~~). Prof. Takahisa Ohta: structure, mechanism, and regulation of
enzymes based on protein engineering, research on the industrial application
of enzymes

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Microbiology (~~{t~*>1-~

~l:Jo/]$~~). Prof. Mamoru Yamazaki: physiology and control of genetic
transformation, mechanism and intracellular transport of proteins
 439

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Actinomyces Microbiology

(e~{t'¥:H1iU;f~lll£.!Io/J,¥:~~). Prof. Keiji Yano: microbiology and genetic
engineering focused on Actinomyces.

Department of Biotechnology, Chair of Plant Production (.rr;ffll£.$I'¥::W~

Wfll£.etI~~~). Prof. Takeshi Uozumi: genetic engineering of microbial
and plant cells; enyzmatic transformations.

The University of Tokyo

Institute of Applied Microbiology

*~*~~ffl~~~~~~(**~ffl~~~~)
Type of Institution Inter-University Research Center attached to a
National University
Established 1953
Address 1-1-1, Yayoi
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3812-2111
Fax (03) 3815-6805
President Mr. Shigetou Miyaji
Permanent Positions 85 (45 researchers)
Laboratory Space 6246 m2

First Division (m-lVf1'i:$ ). Prof. Toshio Matsubashi: biosynthesis of cell

surface structures, biochemical research on the division and multiplication of
cells, biosynthesis, function, and structure of cytoplasmic membranes

Second Division (m=lVf1'i:$·). Prof. Hideo Takahashi: genetic research on

micro breeding, research on the sporulation mechanism and secretion
mechanism of microorganisms, genetic engineering of microbial amylase
inhibitors and protease inhibitors, development of vector systems for yeasts
and actinomycetes, interaction of bacterial viruses with their host cells

Third Division (m=lVf1'i:$). Prof. Junta Sugiyama: pseudomonads and

coryneform microorganisms, methanol biotransformation, yeast metabolism

Fourth Division (m [9lVf1'i:$ ). Prof. Akiji Mizushima: mechanism of secretion

and membrane permeability of proteins, conjugated lipids from microor-
ganisms

Fifth Division ( mlilVf1'i:$). Prof. Michio Ooishi: animal cell culture, enzyme
production; molecular mechanism of transformation and genetic recombina-
tion of mouse cells, development of animal cell vector systems
440

Sixth Division ( ~:t\ijJf~$ ). Prof. Haruo Seto: new antibiotics, research on

Ml cell differentiation induction

Seventh Division (~-tijJf~$ ). Prof. Shigetou Miyaji: regulation mechanism

of photosynthesis, CO2 assimilation mechanism of algae, physiological role of
calcium ions in plants, molecular biology and biochemistry of plant carbonic
anhydrase, research on the life cycle of algae, expression regulation and
analysis of photosynthesis genes from algae

Eighth Division ( ~/\ijJf~$ ). Prof. Eichi Ohira: function and structure of

transposons, replication mechanism of drug resistance plasmids, development
of general methods for high-level expression

Ninth Division (~:iLijJf~$). Prof. Nario Iwasaki: research on bioactive

microbial metabolic products, research on fatty acid biosynthesis

Tenth Division (m+ijJf~$). Prof. Kiyoshi Toda: biological reaction

processes, biotechnology for environmental purification, selective concentra-
tion of ions with artificial biomembranes, control and measurement of
fermentation products with mass spectrometer

Eleventh Division (~+-ijJf~$). Prof. Kiyoshi Toda: artificial membranes,

energy transformation, bioreactor technology,

Twelfth Division (~+=ijJf~$). Prof. Hideo Yamaguchi: safety of recom-

binant organisms in the environment, oncogenes

Tokyo University
Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory
*Et:k-7\i!f~-T~,~fltg~ (**:i!f~-T~,~fltg~
Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to National
University
Established 1983
Address 7-3-1, Hongo
Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3812-2111
Fax (03) 5684-0785
Director Mr. Horita
Permanent Positions 3 (1 full professor)

Prof. Yoshifumi Yoneda: analysis of genes that regulate the photo-mor-

phogenesis of higher plants, isolation of mutated genes from higher plants
 441

Tokyo University
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST)
*Et*~j'G!LiMf4~v~jWf~ ~ ;.; :; -
C**jt!liMfmWf)
Type of Institution Joint-use Research Center attached to National
University
Established 1987
Address 4-6-1 Komaba
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153
Phone (03) 3481-4411
Fax (03) 3481-4422
Director Mr. Hiroaki Yanagida
Permanent Positions 70 (6 full professors)

Division of High-Tech Devices ( 9f;~7 J-: 1 A *mw~ ).

Prof. Isao Fujimasa:
biological measurement devices. Prof. Isao Karube: biosensors.

Division of High-Tech Systems (9f;~ ~ A 7" A *$~~). Prof.Yoshitoshi Tanida:

biomechanics

The University of Tokyo

Ocean Research Institute

Type of Institution Inter-University Research Institute attached to a

National University
Established 1962
Address 1-15-1, Minamidai
Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164
Phone (03) 3376-1251
Fax (03) 3375-6716
President Mr. Takahisa Nemoto
Permanent Positions 199 (62 researchers)
Laboratory Space 13 664 m2

Division of Marine Microorganisms (#ii=f.~1:~$~~ ). Prof. Shiho Shimizu:

physiology, taxonomy, and ecology of marine bacteria, bioactive products from
marine bacteria, taxonomy and ecology of marine protozoa, ion transport of
bacterial cell membranes
442

The University of Tokyo

The Institute of Medical Science

*Et*~l2ff4~fVf~pJT
Type of Institution Inter-University Research Institute attached to a
National University
Established 1892
Address 4-6-1, Shiroganedai
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3443-8111
Fax (03) 3443-3893
President Mr. Kumao Toyoshima
Permanent Positions 361 (124 researchers)
Laboratory Space 36716 m2

Division of Bacteria Research (*lHilIHiJf1E$ ). Prof.Masanosuke Yoshikawa:

molecular genetics of erythrocytes

Division of Virus Research (., -1 )v A IiJf1E$). Ass.Prof. Katsuhisa Nakajima:

oncogenes, genetics of influenza virus

Division of Biophysical Chemistry (1:!fo/J!fo/JI!M-~IiJf1E$ ). Prof. Hideo Ikeda:

cloning procedures, topoisomerase

Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (:iI~TMtJT1iffiN:)

Address as above
Permanent Positions 4

Waseda University
!f!fffi83*~
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1882
Address 1-6-1, Nishi Waseda
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3203-4141
Fax (03) 3203-4141
President Mr. Haruo Nishihara
Number of Faculties 9
 443

School of Science and Engineering ( J!I~$ )

Address 3-4-1, Ohkubo

Shinjuku-ku, Tokvo 160
Phone (03) 3203-4141
Fax (03) 3200-2567
Established 1908
Number of Departments 13

Department of Applied Chemistry, Applied Biochemistry (rr:;,EfHt~Hrr:;m1:

1o/Ht~li}fJ"i:). Prof. Haruo Suzuki: carbohydrate chemistry, microbial enzymes,
production of SCP and citric acid, immobilized enzymes, autotrophic bacteria

./>
16 15

17

20
18
21
19
22
23

Fig. 5.9. Universities and related Research Institutes in the Chubu area

1. Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute (Nagoya, Aichi Pref.) (23)

2. Fukui Medical School (Matsuoka, Fukui Pref.) (18)
3. Fukui University (Fukui, Fukui Pref.) (18)
4. Kanazawa University (Kanazawa, Kanazawa Pref.) (17)
5. Kanazawa University, Center for Gene Research (17)
6. Kanazawa University, Cancer Research Center (17)
444

7. Nagaoka University of Technology (Nagaoka, Niigata Pref.) (15)

8. Nagoya City University (Nagoya, Aichi Pref.) (23)
9. Nagoya University (Nagoya, Aichi Pref.) (23)
10. Nagoya University, Center for Gene Research (23)
11. Nagoya University, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (23)
12. Okazaki National Institute for Molecular Science (Okazaki, Aichi Pref.)
(23)
13. Okazaki National Institute for Basic Biology (23)
14. Okazaki National Institute for Physiological Sciences (23)
15. National Institute of Genetics (Mishima, Shizuoka Pref.) (22)
16. Niigata University (Niigata, Niigata Pref.) (15)
17. Niigata University, Brain Research Institute (15)
18. Shinshu University (Matsumoto, Nagano Pref.) (20)
19. Shizuoka University (Shizuoka, Shizuoka Pref.) (22)
20. The University of Shizuoka (prefectural)(Shizuoka, Shizuoka Pref.) (22)
20. Toyama University (Toyama, Toyama Pref.) (16)
22. Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University (Toyama, Toyama Pref.)
(16)
23. Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Research Institute for
Wakan-Yaku (16)
24. Yamanashi University (Kofu, Yamanashi Pref.) (21)

Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute

Type of Institution Public Research Institute

Address 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 464
Phone (052) 762-6111
Fax (052) 763-5233
Established 1964
Director Mr. Hirotomi Tominaga
Permanent Positions 95 (56 researchers)
Laboratory Space 8665 m2

Division of Biochemistry (~it¥:$). Hirotomi Tominaga: structure and

function of DNA from animal cells, DNA-related enzymes

Fukui Medical School

Type of Institution National University

Established 1978
 445

Address 23-3 Shimoaitsuki, Matsuoka-cho

Yoshida, Fukui 910-11
Phone (0776) 61-3111
President Mr. Torizuka Kanji
Number of Faculties 1
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 30

Department of Medicine, Chair of Biochemistry ( ~~M1:ft~~~ ). Prof.

Akira Takefuji: molecular genetics and biochemistry of nucleic acids, control
mechanism and replication of plasmid DNA, gene transfer and expression in
mammalian cells, molecular biology of cancer

Department of Medicine, Chair of Pathology (~~*3j-~m!~~~). Prof.

Suguru Fukuda: pathogenicity mechanisms at the DNA and protein level.

Fukui University

Type of University National University

Established 1949
Address 3-9-1 Bunkyo
Fukui, Fukui 910
Phone (0776) 23-0500
Fax (0776) 24-1711
President Mr. Tadashi Shimada
Number of Faculties 2

Faculty of Engineering ( I~$ )

Address see above

Phone (0776) 23-0500
Fax (0776) 26-7448
~tablished 1949
Number of Departments 10
NumberofCh~ 40

Department of Applied Chemistry, Chair of Applied Process Chemistry

( llim&llift~M&lli 7" 0 -l:! :7. ft~~~ ). Prof. Tetsuji Nomura: application,
characterization, and purification of nucleases, reaction mechanism of
proteases, production of bioactive substances using enzyme membrane
reactors
446

Goo University
~¥*~ (~¥*)
Type of Institution National University
Address 1-1, Yanagito
Gifu, Gifu 501-11
Phone (0582) 30-1111
Established 1949
President Mr. Akira Kato
Number of Faculties 4

Center for Cooperative Research

( !1!!~;tt ItiHiJf ~ -t! ;,I' :7 - )

Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute

Address see above
Established 1987
Permanent Positions 1

Institute of Anaerobic Bacteria

(~~$IlffJ~HllIt~ttm~!ffi1i1!i~ )

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Institute attached to the

Medical School of Gifu National University
Address 40 Beshi-cho
Gifu, Gifu 500
Phone (0582) 65-1241
Established 1977
Permanent Positions 5 (1 full professor)
Prof. Kazue Ueno: diagnostic methods for anaerobic bacteria, mechanism of
pathogenicity, genetics

Faculty of Agriculture (.e~$)

Address 1-1, Yanagito

Gifu, Gifu 501-11
Phone (0582) 30-1111
Fax (0582) 30-1712
Established 1949
Number of Departments 4
Number of Chairs 18

Department of Utilization of BiologicaJ Resources, Chair of Biomechanisms

and Bioengineering (~4o/Ji:iJjj(lIJffl~*'l-~I:4O/HI1rt?:I~~~). Prof. Hiroaki
 447

Horitsu: products from immobilized microorganisms and plant cell culture,

structure of gamma glutamyltransferase

Kanawaza University

Type of Institution National University

Established 1985
Address 1-1, Marunouchi
Kanazawa, Kanazawa 920
Phone (0762) 62-4281
Fax (0762) 64-1003
President Mr. Tadanori Kameyama
Number of Faculties 8

Faculty of Science

Address as above
Phone (0762) 62-4281
Fax (0762) 64-1059
Established 1949
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 29

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry ({t~f41:4o/J{t~~~). Prof.

Masayuki Katagiri: enzyme metabolism and electron transfer mechanisms

Faculty of Technology

Address 2-40-20, Koritsuno

Kanazawa, Kanazawa 920
Phone (0762) 61-2101
Fax (0762) 64-1047
EStablished 1920
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 29

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chair of Energy and

Environment ( ~JHt~I~f4.:r:.;f. JV.:¥·- • lJ~~~ ). Prof. Tatsuro Sawada:
physiology and metabolism of filamentous microorganisms, oxidative
degradation of lignin, microbial degradation of organic acids, microbial
treatment of organic compounds
448

Center for Gene Research

( ;iI{i:r~~jf§~ )

Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to National

University
Address 13-1, Muromachi
Kanazawa, Kanazawa 920
Phone (0762) 62-8151
Permanent Positions 3

Ass. Prof. Kazuo Yamaguchi: oncogenesis mechanisms, control mechanism of

chromosomal DNA replication initiation, function of control proteins

School of Medicine (~~$)

Adress as above
Phone (0762) 62-8151
Fax (0762) 22-0460
&tablished 1949
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 34

Department of Medicine, First Chair of Biochemistry (~~*l1:.{t~~-~

1M). Prof. Ryuji Fukuda: transcription of animal virus genome; E. coli RNA
polymerase transcription, cell toxins

Neuro Information Research Institute

(~~$~~~g~~~~~~ (~~*~·~~~m~)

Type of Institution Dedicated use Research Institute attached to the

School of Medicine of Kanazawa University
Address as above
Established 1967
Permanent Positions 8 (2 full professors)

Division of Neural Biochemistry (1t~~~Jf1~1lffl~rn. Prof. Nakaaki

Higashida: cloning of ion channel proteins, second-messenger signal
processing

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (~~$)

Address as above
Phone (0762) 62-8151
Fax (0762) 64-1088
Established 1923
 449

Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 13

Department of Pharmaceutical Technochemistry, Chair of Biochemical

Pharmaceuticals (~~Ht~f41:~$g~~~). Prof. Yoshiki Ohba: chromatin
structure; HI phosphatase

Department of Pharmaceutical Technochemistry, Chair of Radiation

Pharmacology (~$ft~f41ftM$gft~~~). Prof. Osamu Nikaido: human
monoclonal antibody preparation and analysis.

Kanazawa University
Cancer Research Institute

Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National

University
Address 13-1, Takara-cho
Kanazawa, Kanazawa 920
Phone (0762) 62-8151
Fax (0762) 22-5831
Established 1967
Director Mr. Shunsuke Uda
Permanent Positions 116 (38 researchers)
Laboratory Space 7028 m2

Division of Molecular Biology (?t-T1:~$ ). Prof. Tadanori Kameyama:

mechanism and expression of genetic information in eucaryotic organisms, cell
transformation in cancer

Nagaoka University of Technology

:f~JM11X1,fgf4~*~ (~[MJ1X*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1976
Address 1603-1, Kamitomioka-cho
Nagaoka, Fukui 940-21
Phone (0258) 46-6000
Fax (0258) 46-7363
President Mr. Masayoshi Sugano
Number of Faculties 1
450

Department of Bio-Engineering, Chair of Bioenergetics (1:~~1:~.r. * JV#

-*~~). Prof. Koichiro Matsuno: bio-engineering

Department of Bio-Engineering, Chair of Bioengineering ( 1:~~1:~~.I

~*m4~ ). Prof. Yasuhiro Aoyama: artificial enzymes, simulation of amino
acid, nucleic acid, enzyme fermentation

Technological Development Center

(1t~Im~-e:/!I-)

Type of Institution Joint-use research institute attached to National

University
Established 1981
Address see above
Permanent Positions 4

Ass. Prof. Hideki Harada: bioreactor technology for methane production

Nagoya City University

~t!1J~jff1L*~
Type of University Public University
Established 1950
Address 1, Mizuhomachi, Aza Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho
Nagoya, Aichi 467
Phone (052) 851-5511
Fax (052) 841-4790
President Mr. Yousetsu Minesuga
Number of Faculties 3

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (.~$)

Address 3-1, Tanabedori, Mizuho-ku

Nagoya, Aichi 467
Phone (052) 831-3059
Established 1950
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 13

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Chair of Pharmaceutical

Production Technology (~.~M~~~~I~mt~). Prof. Asaya Sakai: enzyme
kinetics
 451

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Chair of Microbial Pharmaceuti-

cals (~~~f41t~m~~~~). Prof. Koro Ikezawa: enzyme chemistry of
phospholipase C from bacteria, action of phospholipase C on biomembranes

Nagoya University

ijr!1~*~
Type of Institution National University
Established 1939
Address Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 464-01
Phone (052) 781-5111
President Mr. Yukio Hayakawa
Number of Faculties 8

Center for Gene Research

Cji{~T~~lfflHl~ )

Type of Institution Joint-use research institute attached to National

University
Address see above
Established 1984
Director Mr. Masahiro Sugiura
Permanent Positions 2 (1 full professor)

Prof. Masahiro Sugiura: structure of chloroplast genes, research on rice genes,

research on genes of cyanobacteria

Center for Cooperative Research in Advanced Science and Technology

( )t ~ffiI :l5H~j ~ loHiJf ~ -it :/ :7 - )

Type of Institution Joint-use research institute attached to National

University
Address see above
Established 1988
Director Mr. Yuki Uchiyama
Permanent Positions 4

Joint research on bioscience is one of the targets of this institution

School of Science (Jm~$)

452

Address see above

Phone (052) 781-5111
Fax (052) 782-1029
Established 1942
Number of Departments 8
Number of Chairs 56

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Physical Chemistry (ft~M!fo/J!lIHt~~

~). Prof. Masakazu Ikeda: physicochemistry of polypeptides

Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Informational Polymers (;j--=f!±.

~~Mjj¥G~;j--=f~ ). Ass. Prof. Masasumi Miyazaki: molecular mechanism of
gene expression, evolution of nucleic acids, biopolymers carrying genetic
information

Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Gene Analysis (;j--=f!±.~~MjJt).

Prof. Tsuneko Okazaki: molecular mechanism of DNA replication, molecular
structure of chromosomes and development of new analysis systems

School of Medicine (~~$ )

Address as above
Phone (052) 741-2111
Fax (052) 731-9479
~tablished 1871
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 37

Department of Medicine, First Chair" of Biochemistry (~~M!±.ft~m-~

~ ). Prof. Shunji Nagatsu: amino-acid related enzymes, glycolipids

Department of Medicine, Chair of Microbiology (~~M1t!±.~~~~). Prof.

Nobuo Kato: cloning of beta-Iactamase, microbial chemistry

School of Engineering (I~$ )

Address see above

Phone (052) 781-5111
Fax (052) 782-8124
~tablished 1945
Number of Departments 19
Number of Chairs 101

Department of Applied Chemistry, Second Chair of Applied Chemistry

(rc;;JfHt~Mrc;;JfHt~m=~~ ). Prof. Nao Yamamoto: molecular design of
 453

bioactive substances, development of organic synthesis using enzymes and

synzymes, synthesis of fatty acids, LTC and prostaglandines

Department of Applied Chemistry, Fourth Chair of Applied Chemistry

(lliFIHt~~4lliFIHt~~gg~~). Prof. Tamakazu Ashida: analysis of the crystal
structure of amino acids, peptides and proteins

Department of Chemical Engineering, Sixth Chair, Catalyst Engineering

(ft~I~~4~1\~~ (~9!fllI~)). Prof. Isao Kobayashi: fermentation,
immobilized enzymes and microorganisms, genetic engineering, animal and
plant cell culture.

Department of Chemical Engineering, 8th Chair, Process System Engineering

(ft~I~~4~/\~~ (7°t:l1!A· :"'-A7"AI~». Prof. Toshiya Morisue:
bioreactor control

School of Agriculture

Address see above

Phone (052) 781-5111
Fax (052) 781-4447
Established 1951
Number of Departments 7
Number of Chairs 35

Department of Agronomy, Chair of Theoretical Breeding Science (e~t4~

m~~~). Prof. Yuzo Aihara: mutagenesis, genetic engineering

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry (J!gHt~t4

~~ft~~~). Prof. Tadashi Asahi: plant organelles, analysis of plant genes,
molecular function of plant tissue, plant differentiation and seed germination

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Fermentation Chemistry

( BH!Ht~t4~lVHt~~~). Prof. Takeshi Mizushima: mechanism of protein
secretion, regulation mechanism of membrane protein synthesis, membranes
from bacteria, formation, function and structure of the cell surface, develop-
ment of expression vectors, biology of acidophilic and thermophilic bacteria

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Pesticide Chemistry (~:i'f1E

~t4 BU!Ht~~~). Prof. Shingo Marushige: physiologically active substances
such as microbial pesticides, plant growth regulators, substances controlling
the life cycle of insects and nematodes

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Food Physical

Chemistry (iltJbI~ft~f4~Jb~!.lIHt~~~ ). Prof. Tadao Makino: function
and structure of membrane proteins, hydration of proteins and saccharides,
proteases and protease inhibitors, leaf protein concentrates
454

Chair in Common, Chair of Bioresources and Environmental Chemistry

( ~li$~ifil~~JJiV:i~mt~). Prof. Eizo Maeda: biomass conversion, cell
biology, cell structure, plant cell culture

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Culture Engineering

(1lt.gI~ft~*,,"!g~I~mt~). Prof. Juzo Utaka: biosynthesis and secretion of
biopolymers (nucleir acids, proteins, etc.) from microorganisms

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Bioreaction Engineer-

ing (1lt.gI~ft~*,,"1:~&£C;I~~~). Prof. Yoichi Shimizu: enzyme engineer-
ing and bioreactors, application of enzymes in food processing, control of
fermentation processes, degradation of lignin and cellulose by anaerobic
microorganisms, characterization of coenzymes in photosynthetic and
methanol-utilizing bacteria, industrial waste water treatment

Biochemical Regulation Research Institute

(.~$IlMJJ!1:ft~$lJiP~~h'f§i5t (~[!j~7dl· 1:ft~$lJiPli)fh'f§i5t)

Type of Institution Dedicated-use research institute attached to the

School of Agriculture of Nagoya National University
Address see above
Established 1966
Permanent Positions 12 (3 full professors)

Division of Regulation of Metabolism (ttW$lJiP$r~ ). Prof. Takashi

Akasawa: control of metabolism of enzymes, nucleic acids and proteins

Division of Bioactive Substances ( 1:JMmtt~~). Ass. Prof. Akira Watanabe:

molecular biology and biochemistry of differentiation, growth and develop-
ment of plants, molecular biology of the proliferation growth of algae, gene
expression mechanism of higher plants

Nagoya University
Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
~ "i!i~*$I~~~$ljJf~pjf
(~ "i!i~*IJil~~ti}f)
Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National
University
Address Furou-cho, Chikusa-ku
Nagoya, Aichi 464
Phone (052) 781-5111
Fax (052) 781-9117
 455

Established 1946
Director Mr. Nobuo Matsui
Permanent Positions 44 (28 researchers)
Laboratory Space 3912 m2

Second Division (~=$). Prof. Nobuo Matsui: environmental effects on

endocrine metabolism at molecular level, analysis at molecular genetic level

Okazaki National Research Institute

fiGJIIffi}OO1L~[OJfVf~~m
Type of Institution 3 National Research Centers, namely:
Institute for Molecular Science
Institute for Basic Biology
Institute for Physiological Science
Address 38, Wazanishigouchu, Meidai-cho
Okazaki, Aichi 444
PhoQe (0564) 54-1111
Fax (0564) 52-4889
Completed 1981
General Director Mr. Fushito Okada
Permanent Positions 360 (190 researchers)
Total Lab Space 68339 m2

F"Jg. 5.10. Okazaki National Research Institutes (Courtesy of Monbusho)

456

National Institute for Molecular Science

Address as above
Phone (0564) 54-1111
Fax (0564) 55-2254
Established 1975
Director Hiroo Iguchi
Permanent Positions 126 (74 researchers)
Laboratory Space 21616 m2

Division of Mixed Catalyst Research (Jljtt.:~!I!ta!tIUf1URr~ ). Prof. Hitoshi

Ohtaki: enzyme model reactions

National Institute for Basic Biology

~~!£Jfr.J~tiJfJEPfi
Address Phone (0564) 54-1111
Fax (0564) 53-7400
Established 1977
Permanent Positions 81 (41 researchers)
Laboratory Space 14215 m2

Division of Cellular Mechanisms ( *lBmjH~!M}JIUf~oor~ ). Ass. Prof. Toshiyuki

Nagata: fine structure and mechanical activity of cells

*
Division of Intercellular Energy Transformation Mechanism UIB JI?l pg .r. )].I::f'
- ~~.JI~ IUf 1'l$ r~ ). Prof. Yoshihiko Fujita: biological energy transformation
processes

Division of Cellular Propagation (*lBJI?ltl~IUf~oor~). Prof. Yasuhiro Anraku:

cellular cycles and division mechanisms

Division of Cellular Information (*lBJI?l11nIHiJf~oor~). Prof. Ryorou Shimura:

control mechanisms and gene expression in plant cells

Division of Cell Fusion ( *lBJI?l~~IUf~oor~ ). Prof. Yuzuru Uchida: cellular

movements in higher animals including man

Institute of Cell Culture Research (:tg1i~.6.X:IUf1'l1J&~). Prof. Yoshitaka

Nagahama: basic studies on optimization of culture conditions and equipment
 457

National Institute for Physiological Sciences

!±f~~liJf~pJf
Address as above
Phone (0564) 54-1111
Fax (0564) 52-7913
Established 1977
President Mr. Setsuro Ebashi
Permanent Positions 81 (47 researchers)
Laboratory Space 14574 m2

Division of Intracellular Metabolism (*DI~~ttw~1t$r~). Ass. Prof.

Toshimitsu Suzuki: relation between cellular activity and metabolism of
vitamins, proteins, lipids, and saccharides

Division of Active Transport ( ill5l1JiNi~~1EllIW~). Prof. Michinari Fujita: active

transport in organisms and cells, e.g., neurons

Division of Neuronal Information ( 1III*li1nR~1E$r~). Prof. Akimichi Kaneko:

transmission of information between neuronal cells

Division of Humoral Information (nHti1nlil~1E$r~ ). Prof. Toshio Kosaka:

mechanism of signal transmission between cells

Division of Higher Neuronal Mechanisms (~iX1III*l.~~1E$r~). Prof.

Keisuke Sotoyama: interpretation of signals in cerebral transmission

Division of Information Storage (t'nluG1t~m$r~). Prof. Shu Kuno: brain

information storage mechanisms

Division of Biological Systems (1:f* ~ A':;- J,..~m$r~). Prof. Harunori

Ohmori: control circuits of vital functions in biological and technical systems

Institute of Physiological Mechanisms (1:Jm~~~m1Jf!l.~ ). Prof. Shunichi

Yamagishi: laboratory for joint research with visiting scientists

National Institute of Genetics

l~tll.j!fi~liJf~JT
Type of Institution National Research Institute
Address 1111, Tanida
Mishima, Shizuoka 411
Phone (0559) 75-0771
Fax (0559) 71-3651
458

Established 1949
Director Mr. Hide Matsunaga
Permanent Positions 102 (50 researchers)
Laboratory Space 16456 m2

Fig. 5.11. National Institute of Genetics (Courtesy of Monbusho)

Division of Molecular Genetics (?1-T:i!EliJf~$f~ ). Mr. Akira Ishihama:

control mechanisms of gene expression, replication and transcription of
animal virus genes

Division of Mutant Gene Research (Wc:~:iifiliJf~$f~). Mr. Hiroshi Ayuzawa:

repair mechanism of DNA after radiation and chemical damage

Division of Microbial Genetics ( ~1:.4o/J:i!EliJf~$f~ ). Mr. Yasuda Seiichi:

cell division and DNA replication of E. coli, structure and function of the
initiation region of DNA replication

Division of Developmental Genetics ( ~1:.:i!EliJf~$f~ ). Mr. Tsutomu

Sugiyama: developmental genetics in man, genetic design of multicellular
organisms

Division of Human Genetics (Am:i!EliJf~$f~). Mr. Takashi Imamura:

growth of recombinant human cells, oncogenesis

Gene Biological Experiment and Preservation Center (jftfi~~1:.4o/Jf*fJliJf~

~ :/ 7 -). Mr. Tsutomu Sugiyama: quantitative methods and probability
models, construction and application of a DNA data base and related
information systems. Collaboration with EMBL
 459

Genetic Information Research Center ( :i!fii1HIHJfJ'E-I! ~ 5' -). Mr.Nobuo

Shimamoto: chromosomal location of genes, transcription of immobilized
operons, genes expressing in the brain, DNA conformation, DNA database

Niigata University

Type of Institution National University

Established 1949
Address 2-8050, Igarashi
Niigata, Niigata 950-21
Phone (025) 262-6098
Fax (025) 262-6539
President Mr. Karyu Tsuda
Number of Faculties 10

School of Medicine

Address 1-757, Asahi-machi

Niigata, Niigata 951
Phone (025) 223-6161
Fax (025) 225-5885
Established 1949
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 32

Department of Medicine, First Chair of Biochemistry (~~f4!±. {t~~ - ~~ ).

Prof. Ryo Mokunan: genome instability, gene expression and control

Department of Medicine, Second Chair of Biochemistry ( ~~M!±.{t~~=

~~). Prof. Teruo Ono: protein biosynthesis in animal cells, research on
proteins, proteases and protease inhibitors

Department of Medicine, Chair of Legal Medicine (~~f4i!~~~~). Prof.

Haruo Yamauchi: DNA fingerprinting

Faculty of Science ( m!~$ )

Address 2-8050, Igarashi

Niigata, Niigata 950-21
Phone (025) 262-6102
Established 1949
460

Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 26

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biophysical Chemistry ({t$f41:~~~{t

$~~). Prof. Hiroshi Sugano: protein biosynthesis of animal cells, meta-
bolism of membrane lipids, activity and structure of protease inhibitors

Faculty of Agriculture ( .. $ $ )

Address see above

Established 1949
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 25

Department of Agkronomy, Chair of Plant Breeding ("$M.fi$~~ ).

Prof. Takehiko Bajo: cell fusion of welsh onions, tulips, and others; plant cell
transformation; cytogenetical research on barley

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry (.e~{t$M

1:~{t$~~). Prof. lkuo Igakami: enzymes from tissue culture, e.g., alpha
amylase, phytase

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Agricultural Production

("~ft$M.e~~~$~~). Prof. Nagahiro Ogasawara: hydrocarbons utilizing
mold fungi and their application, interaction of plant pathogenic mold fungi
and rice tissue culture, alpha-mannan from mold fungi, fungal antibiotics

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology

(.e~{t$MLtffl~1:~$~~). Prof. Keitatsu Tanaka: hydrolases of eumycete
cell walls, fine structure of eumycete cell walls and protoplasts, microbial
membranes, biosynthesis of microbial cell walls, application of rice straw-
degrading microorganisms and pectinases

Niigata University
Brain Research Institute

Type of Institute National Research Center attached to a National

University
Address 1-757 Asahimachidori
Niigata, Niigata 951
Phone (0252) 23-6161
Fax (0252) 225-6458
 461

Established 1967
Director Mr. Nobohiro Shoda
Permanent Positions 61 (43 researchers)
Laboratory Space 5075 m2

Division of Neurochemistry (1JIi*Ht~$r~ ). Prof. Akira Satake: synapse

biochemistry and biophysics

Division of Neurophysiology (1JIi*-I~~~$r~ ). Prof. Katsutaka Nagai:

general research on neural cell physiology and pathophysiology including
methods of electrophysiology and molecular genetics

Shinshu University
{[1 ~it:k$ ({[1 ~itk)
Type of Institute National University
Established 1949
Address 3-1-1, Asahi
Matsumoto, Nagano 390
Phone (0263) 35-4600
Fax (0263) 36-6769
President Mr. Nobumasa Hokujo
Number of Faculties 9

Faculty of Agriculture ( J1l~$)

Address Minami Minowamura

Kamiina-gun, Nagano 399-45
Phone (0265) 72-5255
Fax (0265) 72-5259
Established 1949
Number of Departments 3
Number of Chairs 9

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chair of Application of

Biofunctions (~~~iJjjlf't~«~~~ftE:fljffl~~~ ). Prof. Ichiro Tomita:
amino acid transformation by microorganisms and enyzmes

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chair of Biological Resources

Development (~~~iJjj{«~«~~~iJjj{~~~~~). Prof. Genichi Yoshida:
genetics of experimental animals, preservation of crop genetic resources,
embryo transplant techniques
462

Faculty of Textile Science and Technology ( .Mt~$)

Address 3-15-1 Tsuneda

Ueda, Nagano 386
Phone (0268) 22-1215
Fax (0268) 24-7145
Established 1949
Number of Departments 6
Number of Chairs 34

Department of Applied Biology, Chair of Genetic Engineering (rr;Jij~~f.>I­

~f.>I-li~T~~~). Prof. Mitsuo Okazaki: recombinant microorganisms, plant
cell cultures for alkaloid production

Department of Applied Biology, Chair of Cell Engineering (rr;m~~f4~f4

*HI~I~~,*). Prof. lunichi Sekiguchi: cell fusion, genetic transformation of
cells, Bacillus hydrolytic enzymes, Streptomyces cloning systems, halophilic
lactobacilli

High Polymer Research Institute

(.~~$~Jf4ii1li5tTI~IVf1i':1Jm~ (Fa"m*.~· ~5tTIIVf1Jm~))

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Institute attached to the

Faculty of Textile Science and Technology of
Shinshu National University
Address see above
Established 1966
Permanent Positions 15 (3 full professors)

Division of Polymer Synthesis ( ~5tT~ijX;IVf1i':$r~). Prof. Tadao Hayakawa:

synthesis of poly amino acids, marine proteins, radiation polymerization

Division of Polymer Properties ( ~5tT~ttIVf1i':$r~ ). Prof. Eisaku lizuka:

physical properties of macromolecular liquid crystals, structure and stability
of proteins

Shizuoka University
DIMt*~ CDIM1*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 836,Ohtani
Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422
Phone (0542) 37-1111
Fax (0542) 37-0089
 463

President Mr. Nobuhiro Uehara

Number of Faculties 6

Faculty of Science (ml$$)

Address as above
Phone (0542) 37-1111
Fax (0542) 37-9895
Established 1965
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 22

Department of Biology, Chair of Cell Biology ( 1:.!/o/J$f3,"*1II11?E::t.!/o/J$~~ ).

Prof. Michio Ito: cell engineering, carcinogenesis

Faculty of Engineering (I$$)

Address 3-5-1 10hoku

Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432
Phone (0534) 71-1171
Fax (0534) 74-8845"
~tablished 1949
Number of Departments 11
Number of Chairs 22

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chair of Process Engineering ({t ~ I

~f.f7t:! -I! AI~~~). Prof. Takayoshi Saka: immobilized enzymes, compost
formation, bioreactor technology, biosurfactant production

Faculty of Agriculture (~$$ )

Address 8360htani
Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422
Phone (0542) 37-1111
Fax (0542) 37-3028,3031
~tablished 1951
Number of Departments 3
Number of Chairs 9

Department of Biological Production Science, Chair of Plant Genetic

Resources (1:.!/o/J1:.i£W~f-f;I1li!/o/J:i!fialj~~~). Profs. Kozo Hosoi, Masao
Goto: artificial seed, preservation of genetic resources, application of
biotechnology to plant genetic resources, elucidation of plant pathogens using
biotechnology
464

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Chair of Application of Biofunctions

( rr;jij~4O/Ht~M~~.fmfljjij~~~ ). Profs. Yoshio Kojima, Taku Mizuno:
function and bioactivity of polysaccharides, function and mechanism of
glycosidases and lectins; genetic engineering of Zymomonas for alcohol
production; plant tissue culture, embryo transfer

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Chair of Biological Control ( rr;ffl~~

ft~M~~$llilHt~M4~). Profs. Hideo Mizuno, Yuzo Yamada: Acetobacter
enzymes and metabolism, cell membrane function

University of Shizuoka

D~~~k-¥ (DIM1~*)
Type of University Public University
Established 1987
Address 395, Tanida
Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422
Phone (0542) 64-5102
Fax (0542) 64-5099
President Mr. Koji Ushizono
Number of Faculties 2

School of Food and Nutritional Sciences (1tdM~lHt~$)

Address see above

Established 1987
Number of Departments 2

Department of Food Sciences, Food Production Engineering (1t~$M1t~

~~I$M4~). Ass. Prof. Shuji Adachi: bioreactors and downstream processing

Department of Food Sciences, Applied Microbiology (1t~$Mrc;ffl.~~~

M4~).Prof. Teruyuki Fujita: bioenergetis, metabolism and physiology of
microbial, animal and plant cells

Department of Genetic Engineering ( iie-T I$M ). Prof. Keichi Takeishi:

Expression of eucaryotic proteins
 465

Toyama University
MLlI:*:~ (Mlirk)
Type of Institution National University
Address 3190 Gofuku
Toyama, Toyama 930
Phone (0764) 41-1271
Fax (0764) 42-5072
Established 1949
President Mr. Shinichi Ohi
Number of Faculties 5

Center for Cooperative Research

( !'II!~::Jt/SJliJf~-e;.; 5' - )

Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to a National

University
Address as above
Phone (0764) 41-1271
Fax (0764) 41-8432
Established 1987
Permanent Positions 1

Biotechnology is one of the 5 major targets of the center

Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University

Mw~f4~4*~ (MW~~*)
Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National
University
Address 2630 Sugitani
Toyama, Toyama 930-01
Phone (0764) 34-2281
Fax (0764) 34-1463
Established 1975
President Mr. Kotaka Yamazaki
Number of Faculties 2

Faculty of Medicine ( ~?¥=$)

Address as above
Established 1975
466

Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 23

Department of Medicine, Chair of Biochemistry ( ~~H~{t~$r~ ). Prof.

Motoji Fujioka: intracellular metabolism with focus on S-adenosyl
homocysteine

Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University

Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku

mw~f4~4*~tDj~~tiJf~PJf
(mw*tD~~tiJf)
Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National
University
Address as above
Phone (0764) 34-2281
Established 1978
Director Mr. Tadao Nanba
Permanent Positions 16
Laboratory Space 2468 m2

Division of Biochemical Experimentation ( ~!fo/.J~~$r~). Prof. Yuji

Watanabe: neuro-receptor structure and function

Division of Applied Chemistry ( {t~LDm$r~). Prof. Toru Kikuchi: bioactive

peptides, natural compound isolation and characterization

Yamanashi University

Type of University National University

Established 1949
Address 4-4-37 Takeda
Kofu, Yamanashi 400
Phone (0552) 52-1111
Fax (0552) 53-5651
President Mr. Akiichiro Koide
Number of Faculties 2
 467

Faculty of Engineering ( I~$ )

Address as above
Phone (0552) 52-1111
Fax (0552) 51-6828
Established 1949
Number of Departments 10
Number of Chairs 54

Department of Fermentation and Technology, Chair of Fermentation

Chemistry ( ~fi~~~f4§n~{t~~~ ). Prof. Hiroyuki Muraki: plant and
microbial enzymes; cell culture of fruit-bearing plants

Department of Fermentation and Technology, Chair of Fermentation

Technology (~fi~~~f4~fiI~~~). Prof. Yoshifumi Amano: production
technology for fruit alcohol; enzyme technology

Department of Fermentation Technology, Chair of Biochemical Engineering

(~M~~~f4 I~~!Io/]{t~~~). Prof. Yasuyuki Totaba: microbial fats from
yeasts

The Institute of Enology and Viticulture

(I~$Ilf;J~~fi{t~U}f~1i!§~ (w~*I . ~JHtU}f)

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Institute attached to the

Faculty of Engineering of Yamanashi University
Address 1-13-1 Hokushin
Kofu, Yamanashi 400
Phone (0552) 52-1111
Fax (0552) 52-9141
Established 1950
Permanent Positions 14 (2 full professors)

Division of Fruit Ingredients ( :!iI'1:~mz?1U}f~$r~). Prof. Hiroyasu Yokozuka:

breeding of grapes, research on ingredients in grapes and wines, wine enzymes

Division of Fruit Fermentation (:!iI'1:~II~U}f~$r~). Prof. Teruji Goto:

microorganisms in wine fermentation, selection of wine yeasts
 468

KinkijKyoto /Osaka

30

27-----.F- ~--25

24
28
26
29

Ftg. 5.12 Universities and related Research Institutes in the KinkijKyotojOsaka area

1. Doshisha University (Kyoto, Kyoto Pref.) (30)

2. Himeji Institute of Technology (Himeji, Hyogo Pref.) (27)
3. Kansai University (Fukida, Osaka Pref.) (28)
4. Kansai University, Research Institute of Technology (28)
5. Kobe University (Kobe,Hyogo Pref.) (27)
6. Kobe University, Center for Molecular Biology (27)
7. Kyoto Institute of Technology (Kyoto, Kyoto Pref.) (30)
8. Kyoto Prefectural University (Kyoto, Kyoto Pref.) (30)
9. Kyoto University (Kyoto, Kyoto Pref.) (30)
10. Kyoto University, Research Center for Medical Polymers and
Biomaterials (30)
11. Kyoto University, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics (30)
12. Kyoto University, Radiation Biology Center (30)
13. Kyoto University, The Institute for Chemical Research (Uji, Kyoto Pref.)
(30)
14. Kyoto University, Institute for Virus Research (30)
15. Kyoto University, Primate Research Institute (Inuyama, Kyoto Pref.)
(30)
16. Kyoto University, Research Institute for Food Science (Uji, Kyoto Pref.)
(30)
17. Kyoto University, Wood Research Institute (Uji, Kyoto Pref.) (30)
18. Mie University (Tsu, Mie Pref.) (24)
19. Nara Women's University (Nara, Kyoto Pref.) (26)
 469

20. Osaka City University (Osaka, Osaka Pref.) (28)

21. Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute (Osaka, Osaka Pref.)
(28)
22. University of Osaka Prefecture (Sakai, Osaka Pref.) (28)
23. Osaka University (Osaka, Osaka Pref.) (28)
24. Osaka University, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology (28)
25. Osaka University, Institute for Protein Research (28)
26. Osaka University, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
(28)
27. Osaka University, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (28)

Doshisha University

roJ~*±*~ (roJ~*±*)
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1875
Address Higashimaru Building
Imadegawa, Jokyo-ku
Kyoto, Kyoto 602
Phone (075) 251-3122
Fax (075) 251 4980
President Mr. Tomosaburo Sasada
Number of Faculties 6

Faculty of Engineering

Address as above
Phone (075) 251-3730
Established 1949
Number of Departments 6

Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology ({t~I~M/'I' -1 ;t -r ~

/ 0 :; - ) . Prof. Kazu Nishioka: health care and environmental aspects of
biotechnology and industrial chemistry

Himeji Institute of Technology

~~~I~*~ (~~lffiI*)
Type of Institution Public University
Established 1944
470

Address 2167 Shosha

Himeji, Hyogo 671-22
Phone (0792) 66-1661
Fax (0792) 66-8868
President Mr. Tadao Shirako
Number of Faculties 1

Basic Research Laboratory

( I~laH~li1f~pJT)
Address as above
Permanent Positions 15 (5 full professors)

Chair of Structure Analysis (~Jt.:ii[~~). Prof. Noritake Yasuoka: function

and structure of proteins, experimental and computational methods for the
analysis of x-ray structures, structure of organic compounds with special
physical properties

Kansai University
~*-¥ (~~*)
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1886
Address 3-3-35, Yamate-cho
Fukida, Osaka 564
Phone (06) 388-1121
Fax (06) 330-3718
President Mr. Teruo Ohnishi
Number of Faculties 6

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address see above

Phone (06) 388-1121
Fax (06) 330-3770
Established 1958
Number of Departments 10
Number of Chairs 63

Department of Applied Chemistry, Chair of Industrial Fermentation

Chemistry ( .rc;mft~w~MI~ft~li1f~* ). Prof. Shohei Kawate: fermenta-
tions with immobilized Aspergillus cells, production of 7-ACA and cephalo-
sporin C by methanol-utilizing bacteria, production of tannase enzyme
 471

Kansai University
Research Institute of Technology
~~I~~jnJf3tPjf
Type of University Private University
Address 3-3-35 Yamato-cho
Fukida, Osaka 564
Phone (06) 388-1121

Department of Biochemistry ( 1:.~{t~I~IiJf~~) Ass. Prof. Hideharu Yagi:

biopolymers

Department of Reaction Engineering (&.rc;I~IiJf~~ ) Prof. Tatsu

Fukushima: bioreactor with immobilized microorganisms

Kobe University

tlfIp*~ CfEfJp*)
Type of Institution National University
Address 1-1, Rokkodai-cho
Nada-ku, Kobe 657
Phone (078) 881-1212
Fax (078) 861-6718
President Mr. Kojiro Arano
Number of Faculties 9

Center for Cooperative Research and Development

( ;JtI51IiJf~Im~-e;/ 7-)
Type of Institution Joint-use Research Center attached to a National
University
Address as above
Phone (078) 881-1212
Fax (078) 871-8450
Established 1987
Permanent Positions 4

The targets of the institute comprise biotechnology

472

Center for Molecular Biology

(J1r!±4o/J~~~ )

Type of Institution Joint-use Research Center attached to a National

University
Address as above
Phone (078) 881-1212
Fax (078) 881-7593
Established 1987
Permanent Positions 1

Ass. Prof. Yasuo Fukami: rice virus induced oncogenes, cell signal transforma-
tion, oxidases
Ass. Prof. Shu Ohara: E. coli K-12-related genome analysis

Faculty of Science ( IM~$ )

Address see above

Phone (078) 881-1212
Fax (078) 861-0019
Established 1970
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 25

Department of Biology, Chair of Genetics (!±4o/J~HjJHi~~,* ). Prof. K.

Isono: molecular genetics of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins (E. coli,
yeast)

Department of Biology, Chair of Cell Science (!±4o/J~f·HHlII?!~~,*). Ass. Prof.

K. Shin: function and structure offerredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase,
isolation and reconstitution of the photo reaction center from chloroplasts,
structure and function of chloroplast DNA

Faculty of Agriculture (~~$)

Address as above
Phone (078) 881-1212
Fax (078) 871-8450
Established 1966
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 31

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry (~~{t~f4!±

4o/J{t~~'*). Prof. Teruo Iwasaki: cloning of physiologically active proteins,
protein structure and mechanism
 473

Kyoto Institute of Technology

EtWI~~*ftk~ (~1fBI~*)
Type of University Kyojo-machi, Matsugasaki
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 791-3211
Fax (075) 712-8961
Established 1949
President Mr. Tomomasa Tatsumi
Number of Faculties 2

Faculty of Engineering and Design (I ~~$ )

Address Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki

Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 791-3211
Fax (075) 711-9483
Established 1949
Number of Departments 4
Number of Chairs 10

Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Chair of Substance

Functions (~'l1tI~M~'l1t~~E:~~~). Prof. Narisugi Kawabata: new
purification methods for wastewater, production of physiologically active
substances, bioreactor with immobilized cells, catalysts for oxidative
degradation of waste-water

Faculty of Textile Science ( .*l~$ )

Address see above

Phone (075) 791-3211
Fax (075) 702-4404
EStablished 1949
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 4

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Applied Biochemistry

(rr;ffl~~~t3j-rr;ffl~~{t~~~ ). Prof. Fujiyoshi Matsubara: mechanism of
biological defense, bioactivity of natural substances, biosynthesis of
pheromones, reaction mechanism of enzymes

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Bioengineering (rr;ffl~~

~t3j-~~I~~~). Prof. Masaharu Eguchi: isoenzymes from silkworm,
biochemistry and genetics of peptidases, proteases and inhibitors from
474

silkworm, antibacterial substances from digestion liquids of silkworm, plasmids

of insect pathogenic bacteria, genetic engineering of nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
gene expression and regulation mechanisms of silk thread

Kyoto Prefectural University

~WJMltk~ (J§t~BJM*)
Type of University Public University
Established 1949
Address 1, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 781-3131
President Mr. Teiji Kadowaki
Number of Faculties 3

Faculty of Agriculture (.e~$)

Address see above

Established 1949
Number of Departments 3
Number of Chairs 17

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry (!l~ft~;f4~

!Io/Ht~~~). Prof. Shoji Fujii: chemistry and biology of sugars and lipids,
bioactive substances, application of genetic engineering in bioproduction

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Fermentation Physiology and

Applied Microbiology (.e~ft~;f4~M~ml~· rr;;ffl~~!Io/J~~~ ). Prof.
Yuzuru Suzuki: physiology and classification of microorganisms, molecular
biology

Kyoto University

~~*~ (~*)
Type of University National University
Established 1897
Address Yoshida Honmachi
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 753-7531
Fax (075) 753-2092
 475

President Mr. Yasunori Nishijima

Number of Faculties 10

Research Center for Medical Polymers and Biomaterials

( ,*ffliW:i~FfUJf~ -e /'7 -)

Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to a National

University
Address 39, Kawahara-cho, Seigyoin
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 751-4111
Fax (075) 761-2872
Permanent Positions 14 (6 full professors)

Division of Material Synthesis Research ( *~"h~IpJ(;UJf~$~~). Prof. Yoshito

Ikada: polymers for enzyme-membrane reactors

Division of Artificial Organs ( A.I"~UJf~$~~ ). Prof. Masanori Oka:

polymers for artificial vessels and organs, biocompatibility

Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics

( jif~T~~om~ )
Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to a National
University
Address Yoshida Konoe-cho
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 753-4371
Fax (075) 753-4388
Established 1988
Permanent Positions 3 (1 full professor)

Prof. Yu Honshou: genetics of the immune system, mechanism of cloning,

chromosome genetics

Radiation Biology Center

( nxtf~~~UJf~-e /'7 -)

Type of Institution Inter-University Research Center

Address see above
Phone (075) 753-7551
Fax (075) 753-7564
Established 1976
Permanent Positions 10 (3 full professors)

Division of Biological Radiation Research (nxtf~ ~ A -r A ~~~UJfJi: $~~).

Prof. Mitsuo Ikenaga: effect of radiation on human cells
476

Faculty of Science

Address Oiwake-cho, Kitashirokawa

Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 753-7531
Fax (075) 753-3623
Established 1897
Number of Departments 9
Number of Chairs 70

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry (ft~«1:~I~~~). Prof.

Masanobu Tokushige: characterization, function, and structure of enzymes,
mechanism of enzyme reactions, genetic engineering, regulation of metabolism

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Radiochemistry ({t~«:liU;f~{t~~~ ).

Prof. Tadamasa Shida: structure of biopolymers (NMR)

Department of Botany, Chair of Plant Physiology (fi«~~#fi«~~I!1:!l§~~

~ ). Ass. Prof. Hisao Fujisawa: genetic control of microorganisms

Department of Biophysics, Chair of Morphogenesis (1:~~I!~«*3'lt~m~

~ ~). Prof. Ryoro Shimura: control of gene expression

Department of Biophysics, Chair of Quantum Biology (1:~~I!~«.-1-1:~

~~~). Prof. Shunichi Ohnishi: function and permeability of biomembranes

Department of Biophysics, Chair of Molecular Biology (1:~~I!~«~-1-1:

~~~~). Prof. Haruo Ozeki: genetic mechanisms on the molecular level

Faculty of Medicine

Address Konoe-cho, Yoshida

Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 753-4300
Established 1957
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 42

Institute for Immunology

( ~~$~niHe15fIi1f~1Jf§~ Oi1:*~ . ~gtIi1fmg~) )

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Center attached to the

Faculty of Medicine of Kyoto National University
Established 1973
 477

Address as above
Phone (075) 753-4437
Fax (075) 753-4404
Director Mr. Shigetada Nakanishi

Division of Immunobiology (~Ht:~tJ~J~$r~). Prof. Toru Masuda: function

and regulation of the immune system

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address Honmachi, Yoshida
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 753-5000
Fax (075) 753-5065
Established 1897
Number of Departments 24
Number of Chairs 159

Department of Industrial Chemistry. Chair of Biochemical Engineering ( I~'Ht

~M I~~ {t~~,* ). Prof. Atsuo Tanaka: control of microbial metabolism and
its application, biochemistry of enzymes and coenzymes, function and
structure of yeasts, development and application of inmobilized biological
catalysts

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chair of Thermodynamics ({t~I~

M{t~I~~1J~~,*) Prof. Eizo Sada: purification processes using bioaffinity,
isolation, and reaction of bioaffinity membranes

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chair of Reaction Engineering ( {t~ I

~MBOtI~~,*). Prof. Kenji Hashimoto: animal cell culture systems

Department of Polymer Chemistry. Chair of Basic Polymer Chemistry (~~T

{t~f4ii!i~ii11i~T{t~~'*). Prof. Norio Ise: mechanism of enzyme reactions,
bioreactors using enzymes

Department of Molecular Engineering, Chair of Molecular Design (?1T I

~.:J&?1T~~t~~'*). Ass. Prof. Isao Morishima: function of heme proteins,
molecular control, electrochemistry of porphyrins.

Faculty of Agriculture (.~$ )

Address Oiwake,· Kitashirikawa
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 753-6000
Fax (075) 753-6025
Established 1923
478

Number of Departments 11
NumberofCharrs 57

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry (l~g'Ht~f3t~

!Io/Ht~~~). Prof. Toru Komano: nucleic acid metabolism of plants and
microorganisms, development of new breeding methods by genetic
engineering, molecular biology of cellular proliferation

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biopolymer Chemistry (

.!gHt~f3t*?!.\~51-T{t~~~ ). Prof. Mitsugu Senda: physical chemistry of
proteins, enzymes and membranes, interface chemistry, physical chemistry of
cell membranes, physiology and application of cell fusion

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Enzyme and Fermentation

Technology ('=~{t~f3t~M~ml' 1I:@:~~~). Prof. Hideaki Yamada:
microbial engineering and applied microbiology, metabolism of microor-
ganisms

Department of Agricultural Biology, Chair of Plant Genetics ('=~~!Io/.J~f3t

~~)!E~~~). Prof. Koichiro Tsunewaki: plant genetics, radiation genetics
of cell cultures

Department of Fisheries, Chair of Marine Microbiology (*gg~f3t71<gg~~!Io/.J

~~~). Prof. Yusaburo Ishida: physiology and biology of marine microor-
ganisms, metabolism and biology of microorganisms related with preservation
and processing of marine food

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Food Chemistry (

Jlt£I~f3tJltJMt~~~). Prof. Ryuzo Sasaki: application of enzymes for food
processing, production of proteins (rDNA), isolation of peptides with hormone
activity from food proteins

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Microbial Production

(Jlt£I~f3t~~!Io/.J~gg~~~ ). Prof. Tatsumutsuro Tochikura: microbial
production of high-energy phosphate compounds, enzyme engineering,
production of microorganisms for food technology

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Enzyme Chemistry

(Jlt£I~f3tM~{t~~~). Prof. Koichiro Sotomura: mechanism and structure
of enzymes, application of enzymes, protease inhibitors and amylase
inhibitors, application of fast enzyme reactions

Department of Animal Science, Chair of Animal Breeding (tigg~f3t*ti~9@

~~~). Prof. Akira Iriyaza: preservation of animal cells, research on survival
mechanisms of animal cells, artificial fertilization
 479

Research Center for Cell and Tissue Culture

(e~Effl~~~~~~~~ •• ~~~9-)

Type of Institute Dedicated-use Research Institute of the Faculty of

Agriculture of Kyoto National University
Address Kitashirokawa Oiwake-cho
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 753-6397
Fax (075) 753-6398
Established 1982
Permanent Positions 8 (3 full professors)

Division of Cell Breeding ( *1B~wm~j"E1Ifi!~). Prof. Yasuyuki Yamada: cell

selection based on plant cell cultivation, production of useful substances by
cell fusion, development of new vectors for genetic transformation of plant
cells

Division of Culture Production Research ( :l~Ht~~~j"E1Ifi!~). Prof. Yoshiki

Tani: microorganisms as energy resources, regulation of microbial metabolism

Division of Plant recombinant DNA Research ( ;fl~D N A*Jl~x.~j"E1Ifi!~).

Ass. Prof. Kanji Ohyama: function and ·.structure of somatic DNA,
development of new vectors (plants)

Department of Cell Physics ( ~~~J.lI!~j"EhI!i~). Prof. Tadaaki Kadoya: cell

measurement by physicochemical methods, development of new methods for
cell fusion and cell selection

Department of Genetic Resources (:ilfiT'RiJjjt~j"E1Ifi!~). Prof. not decided:

gene data bank, mechanism of gene expression

Kyoto University
The Institute for Chemical Research

Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National

University
Established 1926
Address Gogasho
Uji, Kyoto 611
Phone (0774) 32-3111
Fax (0774) 32-1247
Director Mr. Mitsuru Takanami
Permanent Positions 136 (96 researchers)
Laboratory Space 20615 m2
480

Division of Interfacial Chemistry ( WlIDft~li1f~$rn. Prof. Ryo Takenaka:

molecular structure of membrane mono layers

Division of Physiological Function Design ( 4:.J.lIl.~~nli1f~$r~ ). Prof.

Hiroshi Kanehisa: theoretical research on function, expression and structure
of proteins and nucleic acids

Division of Enzyme Chemistry ( M~ft~li1f~$r~). Prof. Mitsuru Takahashi:

structure of proteins, polypeptide synthesis

Division of Phytochemistry ( :IiMO/Ht~li1f~$r~). Prof. Junichi Oda: simulation

of enzyme reactions, enzyme engineering, development of stereospecific
oxidation reactions, industrial application of enzymes

Division of Microbial Chemistry (1t4:.~Ht~li1f~$r~ ). Prof. Kenji Soda:

microbial amino acid metabolism, application of vitamin B6- and NAD-
dependent enzymes, research on application, function and structure of heat-
resistant enzymes, selenium-containing amino acids

Division of Molecular Biology (?t-=f4:.4o/J~li1f~$r~). Prof. Mitsuru Takanami:

initiation and termination mechanism of DNA replication, structure of
transfer RNA

Institute for Nucleic Acid Information and Analysis ( ~Mm¥li!WHJTtJf!i~ ).

Prof. Mitsuru Takanami: structure and function of cellular and viral
oncogenes, control of gene expression, structure of chromosomal DNA,
development of vectors, equipment for DNA sequencing

Kyoto University
Institute for Virus Research

Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National

University
Established 1956
Address Kawara-cho, Seigyoin
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 751-3111
Fax (075) 761-5626
Director Mr. Takashi Yura
Permanent Positions 63 (40 researchers)
Laboratory Space 5398 m2
Division of Chemistry ( ft~$r~). Mr. Mutsuro Imai: interaction of viruses
and cells, growth control mechamisms of cells and viruses
 481

Division of Cancer Virology ( 'lJf./v r'J -1 'v ~ mw~ ). Mr. Akitoshi Ishimoto:
molecular biology, biochemistry, cytobiology, and virology of cancer

Division of Genetics ( :ii~~$r~ ). Mr. Takashi Yura: molecular biology of

the interaction mechanism of viruses and their host cells, phenotypic
expression and duplication of genes

Division of Cellular Virology (*1IIJJ?1 r'J -1 'v ~ ~$r~). Mr. Yukiaki Ito:
molecular genetics and biochemistry of interferons and related substances,
molecular biology of mouse embryo development

Kyoto University
Primate Research Institute

Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National

University
Address Kanbayashi
Inuyama, Kyoto 484
Phone (0568) 61-2891
Fax (0568) 62-2428
Established 1967
Director Mr. Yuzuru Nozawa
Permanent Positions 65 (38 researchers)
Laboratory Space 9810 m2

Division of Physiology ( ~llI!$r~). Prof. Kiyoshi Ohshima: brain and nerve

physiology of primates, physiologically active peptides

Division of Biochemistry (~{t~$r~). Prof. Osamu Takenaka: genetic

analysis of proteins, brain-related enzymes and immunoproteins, viruses of the
nervous system

Kyoto University
Research Institute for Food Science

:fjtW*$~ti1t$UJf~Blf
Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National
University
Established 1946
482

Address Gogasho
Uji, Kyoto 611
Phone (0774) 32-3111
Fax (0774) 33-3004
Director Mr. Makoto Kido
Permanent Positions 49 (26 researchers)
Laboratory Space 3471 m2

Division of Proteinaceous Food ( 7;/ r'l ~ 1U.i$r~ ). Prof. Makoto Kido:

development of new food protein materials, interactions of proteins and lipids,
expression and regulation of genes coding for plant proteins, high-quality
plant proteins by protein engineering, safety evaluation of proteins and food
oil

Division of Applied Microbiology ( .£DF1Hti:1:!Io/J$r~). Prof. Hikaru Kimura:

breeding of microorganims using gene recombination, production of useful
substances like glutathione, metabolic control mechamisms and cloning of
cellular growth factors, protein engineering, off-flavors, of marine products

Kyoto University
Wood Research Institute

Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National

University
Established 1944
Address Gogasho
Uji, Kyoto 611
Phone (0774) 32-3111
Fax (0774) 33-3049
President Mr. Ryumasa Higuchi
Permanent Positions 33 (24 researchers)
Laboratory Space 18388 m 2

Division of Wood Material Physics (*~!Io/J!!IHi}fJ'i:$r~ ). Prof. Tadashi

Yamada: bamboo biomass utilization

Division of lignin Chemistry ( *~{t~lUfJ'i:$r~). Prof. Ryumasa Higuchi:

research on lignin biosynthesis at enzyme level, microbial degradation of
lignin, transformation of biomass
 483

Mie University

~m*~
Type of University National University
Established 1949
Address 1515 Uehama-cho
Tsu. Mie 514
Phone (0592) 32-1211
Fax (0592) 32-1136
President Mr. Susumu Takeda
Number of Farulties 7

Farulty of Bioresources (~~~Il~$)

Address see above

Phone (0592) 32-1211
Fax (0592) 31-1503, 32-5814
Established 1949
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 12

Department of Bioscience, Chair of Biochemistry ( ~~.WlIjffl~f4~~{t~

m4~ ). Prof. Yushihide Toubayashi: enzyme chemistry, NAD-related
biosensors

Department of Bioscience, Chair of Applied Microbiology (~~.Wl!Jffl~*'I­

.rc;J'IHI~~~~~). Prof. Kyo Shimada: environmentally relevant
microorganisms; genetic engineering of microbial enzymes
Department of Bio-production and Machinery, Chair of Process Design
( ~ ~~m.til~*"" 7"p -t! A .til~~~ ).
Prof. Kazuo Horibe: bioprocess design

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Food Chemistry (.~Ht~*'I-

1tdMt~~~). Prof. Tetsuya Yamada: production of extracellular proteins,
yeasts as animal feedstuff, recycling of liquid waste in the food industry,
structure and synthesis of polysaccharides

Department of Chemistry of Fishery Resources, Chair of Marine Microor-

ganisms (7J<m~ll{t~*,,"*im~~~~al~ ). Prof. Yo Sugawara: bacterial
membrane enzymes, methanol and nitrogen-utilizing marine microorganisms,
intestinal bacteria from marine animals, classification of microorganisms from
deep sea sediment

Department of Chemistry of Fishery Resources, Chair of Marine Industry

Applications (*im~IHt~*,,"*~l!Jffl~al~). Prof. Tatsuo Morishita:
proteases from fish, decomposition of compounds in marine products
484

Nara Women's University

Type of Institution National University

Address Kita Uoyahigashi-cho
Nara, Nara 630
Phone (0742) 23-1131
Fax (0742) 23-1439
Established 1949
President Mr. Shousuke Ideguchi
Number of Faculties 3

Faculty of Science (m!~$)

Address as above
Established 1949
Number of Departments 4
Number of Chairs 22

Department of Biology, Chair of Cell Biology and Genetics (1::~~;f3Hmll?!~

. :i!1A~~~). Prof. Hidekazu Yokomura: cell structure and chemistry,
bioenergetics

Department of Biology, Chair of Plant Biophysics and Structure (1::~~H~

~1::m!~ . 1::~~~~). Prof. Koji Suzuki: microbiology, genetic methods, cell
structure

Osaka Bioscience Institute

*~~/~' -1 ;t ~ -1 ,:r. :/ A ii}f~pJf

Type of University Public-service Foundation

Address 6-2-4, Furuedai
Fukida, Osaka 564
Phone (06) 872-4812
Fax (06) 872-4818
President Mr. Keizo Saji
Permanent Positions 45

Department of Molecular Biology ( 7t~1::~~). Shigekazu Nagata: differen-

tiation and growth of eucaryotic cell
 485

Department of Metabolism of Enzymes (M~' ttMf). Frederick Tsuji:

enzymes; function and mechanism of prostaglandine-F

Department of Neuro Science ( fll!H:{t~ ). Kiyoshi Watanabe: analysis of

unknowm functional molecules; neuronal activity substances

Department of Cytobiology (*mll?!1:!\o/1~ ). Ryutaro Yoshida: development,

differentiation, and ageing of cells; its controlling

Osaka City University

Type of Institution Public University

Established 1949
Address 3-3-138, Sugimoto
Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558
Phone (06) 605-2011
Fax (06) 692-1295
President Mr. Kosaku Sakiyama
Number of Faculties 8

Faculty of Science

Address as above
Phone (06) 605-2501
Established 1959
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 43

Department of Biology, Chair of Microbial Chemistry (1:.!\o/1~f4~1:.!\o/1{t~~

JM). Prof. Susumu Oi: physiology and chemistry of microorganisms, mecha-
nism and isolation of physiologically active substances from anaerobic
microorganisms

Department of Biology, Chair of Enzyme Chemistry (1:.!\o/1~MM~{t~~JM).

Prof. Noji Minamiura: polysaccharide-, protein-, and polynucleotide-
degrading enzymes; characterization of proteins and nucleic acids

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address as above
Phone (06) 605-2651
Fax (06) 605-2769
486

Established 1969
Number of Departments 6
Number of Chairs 32

Department of Applied Chemistry, Chair of Organic Industrial Chemistry (

.rr;JfHt~fl1ftlI~tHt~M4~). Prof. Waichiro Tagaki: chemical simulation of
biological functions, synthesis of artificial enzymes and biomembranes

Department of Applied Chemistry, Chair of Reaction Engineering (.rr;fflft~fl

&:.rr;I~M4~). Prof. Sahukuro Harano: industrial research on biological
chemical reactions, immobilized enzymes and microorganisms

Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute

Type of Institution Public Research Institute

Address 1-6-50, Morinomiya
Joto-ku, Osaka 536
Phone (06) 969-1031
Established 1916
President Mr. Yasuto Watanabe
Permanent Positions 123 (96 researchers)
Laboratory Space 14018 m2

Department of Biochemistry ( 1:40/Ht~f4 ). Mr. Yoshio Tominaga: quality

improvement of food, application of starch degrading enzymes, application
and development of lipases, development of enzymes for clinical analysis,
application and development of galactanase, application and development of
proteases, microbial polysaccharides, degradation of synthetic polymers,
decomposition of aromatic compounds, breeding of bacteria by cell fusion,
production of enzymes using rDNA methods, protein engineering

University of Osaka Prefecture

*~NJMJL*$ (*~Nm*)
Type of Institution Public University
Established 1949
 487

Address 4-804, Umemachi Mozu

Sakai, Osaka 591
Phone (0772) 52-1161
Fax (0772) 52-1272
President Mr. Kazutoshi Yabuki
Number of Faculties 5

College of Engineering ( I~$)

Address as above
Phone (0772) 52-1161
Fax (0772) 59-3340
Established 1949
Number of Departments 11
Number of Chairs 66
Department of Applied Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry (rc;JfHt~
M~tJTft~~~ ). Prof. Tamotsu Wasa: amplification reactions with enzymes
(electrochemical recycling), biosensors with immobilized enzymes

Department of Applied Chemistry, Chair of Polymer Properties (rc;JfHt~M

iiiIi~=f~tt~~). Prof. Toru Takagishi: hydtophobic bonds in polymer
interaction, artificial cells, metabolism and energy transfer of biomembranes,
semipermeable membranes

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chair of Reaction Engineering ( ft~

I~M&rc;I~~~ ). Ass. Prof. Harno Ishikawa: production of metabolites
with enzymes and cells, development of bioreactors

College of Agriculture (.~$)

Address see above

Phone (0722) 52-1161
Fax (0722) 52-0341
Established 1949
Number of Departments 4
Number of Chairs 35

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biophysical Chemistry ( .ft

~Ht~M&:~~JiIHt~~~ ). Prof. Katsutada Takahashi: thermodynamics of
biopolymer interaction, calorimetric analysis of microbial reactions, physico-
chemistry and kinetics of amylase reaction, solubility and structure of
biopolymers

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Agriculture Production

Technology (J!gHt~MBlm~~$~~). Prof. Mitsuru Nakayama: bioactive
substances produced by microorganisms
488

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Fermentation Chemistry

(.~Ht~M~M~t~m4~ ). Prof. Kenzo Sotomura: molecular breeding of
brewers yeast using DNA recombination and cell fusion, plasmids for
bacterial hydrolases, cell fusion in yeast, plant tissue hydrolyzing enzymes
produced by yeast, inmobilized enzymes

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Microbe Utilization <'=~{t~

M.~~~Jm~m4~). Prof. Mikio Araki: enzyme inhibitors produced by
microorganisms, active center of acid proteases, bioactive substances from
bacterial biomass, diagnostic enzymes, e.g., bilirubin oxidase

Osaka University

*~&*~ (~&*)
Type of Institution National University
&tablished 1931
Address 1-1, Yamadaoka
Fukida, Osaka 564
Phone (06) 877-5111
Fax (06) 878-1366
President Mr. Nobuteru Kumatani
Number of Faculties 10

Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology

( *HIII§I~-e;.t 7' - )

Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to a National

University
Address as above
Phone (06) 877-5111
Fax (06) 875-2468
&tablished 1982
Director Prof. Kenichi Matsubara
Permanent Positions 32

Division of Human Somatic Gene Biophysics ( l:: "f**HIlI§jftfi~J!~$r~ ).

Prof. Y oshio Okada: molecular biology of human cells and gene defects,
development of hybridoma cells, cell fusion

Division of Gene Structure, Function and Regulation ( jlfiT6f~ • :fI~~~

$r~). Prof. Kenichi Matsubara: structure of genes for the regulation of
nucleic acid gene products, extraction and application of genes
 489

Fig. 5.13. Osaka University, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology

(Courtesy of The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology)

Division of Cell Technology ( *IHJI?!I~tt1*jlm~mW~). Prof. Takashi Uchida:

development of in-vitro mutagenesis methods, structure and function of cells,
development of new cell therapeutic methods

Division of Immunocytology ($E~*lBJI?!$r~). Prof. Tadazo Kishimoto:

differentiation of B-Iymphocyytes, regulation mechanisms of IgE formation

Division of Genetic Information ( :ifHi-=fffnlil$r~ ). Prof. Itsugu Taniguchi:

cloning and structural analysis of factors for the regulation of the immune
response, development of production technologies with microorganisms and
animal cells, expression regulation of genes from higher animals, cloning and
analysis of the receptor gene for lymphokines

Division of Chemical Modification of Genes ( :iifi-=f{t~~!$$r~). Prof. Eiko

Ohtsuka: development of chemical synthesis methods, gene transformation,
expression and synthesis of human growth hormone

Division of Human Gene Analysis ( I:: r :iifi-=fMtJT$r~ ). Mr. Rajen Koshy:

gene bank, membrane surface antibodies for B-Iymphocytes

Faculty of Science

Address 1-1, Taikenzan-cho

Toyonaka, Osaka 560
Phone (06) 844-1151
Fax (06) 855-8139
Established 1931
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 43

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Bioorganic Chemistry ( {t~f.lff.1:.!fo/J{t

~~~). Ass. Prof. Atsuhiro Nagatani: protease inhibitor structure and
mechanism, plant glycosidases, glycoprotein structure
490

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry of Natural Compounds ( {t

~M*?J\~flIHt~.~). Prof. Shoichi Kusumoto: amino acids and peptides
from marine organisms, toxins

Department of Biology, Chair of Microbiology (~~~M.~~~.~). Prof.

Yo Matsubara: structure and function of blue-green algae, plant ferredoxins
and reducing enzymes, molecular biology and protein chemistry of various
enzymes from mitochondria, molecular evolution of mitochondrial enzymes

Department of Biology, Chair of Genetics (~~~M:iA-fi~.~-). Prof.

Hideyuki Ogawa: replication and recombination of chromosomes, control
mechanisms

Department of Biology, Chair of Biophysical Chemistry (~~~M~~~flIHt

~.~). Prof. Keizo Hamaguchi: structure and function of enzymes and
immunoglobulins, mechanism of energy conversion in plants and extreme
thermophiles

Department of Macromolecular Science, Chair of Structure of Macro-

molecules (;@i~.:r~Mi!lli~.:r{t~m:i1i~.~). Prof. Akira Nakamura: enzyme
models, conformational studies of macromolecules

Medical School

Address 4-3-57 Nakanoshima

Kita-ku, Osaka 530
Phone (06) 443-5531
Established 1931
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 37

Biomedical Research Center

(. ~~$~Jii;J~1;t j. r{:JJ Jvfi~Iijf~-I! ~ >' -)

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Institute attached to the

Medical School of Osaka National University
Address as above
Established 1987
Permanent Positions 36 (7 full professors)

Division of Neurobiochemistry (:?III*I~{t~Iijf~$). Prof. Kenji Sobue:

calcification of cells, calcium metablism
 491

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science (~~$)

Address 1-6, Yamadaoka

Fukida, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 877-5111
Fax (06) 877-4489
Established 1949
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 13

Department of Pharmacy, Chair of Microbial Pharmaceuticals ( ~~M~1:

~~£ft~~,*). Prof. Tsutomu Mimura: screening of microorganisms for the
production of pharmaceuticals

Department of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Production Engineering

( ~~M~5M!~~I~~~. Prof. Yoshiatsu Miura: transformation ofphotoener-
gy into chemical energy by microorganisms, production of bioactive substances
by genetic engineering, and by plant tissue cultures, immobilization of
enzymes and cells

Department of Pharmaceqtical Chemistry, Chair of Pharmaceutical

Chemistry (~~ft~M~ft~$j~ ). Ass. Prof. Harukazu Uesugi: correlation
of structure and activity of nucleic acids, chemical synthesis of DNA and
RNA, protein engineering

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chair of Pharmaceutical

Physicochemistry ( ~~ft~M~£~mHt~~~). Prof. Kenichi Tomita: X-
ray structure analysis

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address 2-1 Yamadaoka

Fukida, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 877-5111
Fax (06) 876-6484
Established 1933
Number of Departments 22
Number of Chairs 134

Department of Applied Chemistry, Fifth Chair of Applied Chemistry

( Ltfflft~*4LtFIHt~~HL$j,*,). Ass. Prof. Takayuki Matsushita: industrial
physical chemistry: chemical simulation of enzyme reactions

Department of Applied Fine Chemistry, Chair of Synthesis of Fine Chemicals

( LtFIH~~Ht~M~{t-@rpxft~$j,*). Prof. Yoshiki Ohshiro: simulation of
enzyme reactions, synzymes
492

Department or Fermentation Technology, First Chair or Enzyme Engineering

( ~MI~M~MI~~-M4~). Prof. Tadayuki Imanaka: fermentation
technology, genetic engineering scale-up including cell culture

Department or Fermentation Technology, Second Chair or Enzyme Engineer-

ing( ~MI~M~MI~~=M4~).Prof. Yasuchu Yamada: biotransformation
using fungi, Streptomyces, and enzymes

Department or Fermentation Technology, Third Chair or Enzyme Engineering

( ~MI~f4~MI~~~M4~ ) . Prof. Mitsuo Takano: enzyme production
from microorgansisms and cell cultures under environmental stress

Department or Fermentation Technology, Fourth Chair or Enzyme Engineer-

ing ( ~MI~M~MI~~I!YM4~). Prof. Taiji Ohshima: taxonomy of
industrial microorganisms, isolation and preservation of industrial microor-
ganisms, application and genetic engineering of yeasts, plasmid and chromo-
some structure

Department or Fermentation Technology, Fifth Chair or Enzyme Engineering

( ~MI~M~MI~~1iM4~ ). Prof. Kosuke Okada: Non-natural synthetic
compounds degrading enzymes, immobilization of enzymes and coenzymes

Department or Fermentation Technology, Sixth Chair or Enzyme Engineering

( ~MI~M~MI~~AM4~). Prof. Kenichi Suga: animal cell culture and
microbial fermentation processes, transcription of eucaryotic microorganisms,
in-vitro biosynthesis of enzymes using mRNA

Department of Environmental Engineering, Chair of Water Quality

Management ( ~i:lI~f4*itw!llI~M4~ ). Prof. Susumu Hashimoto:
isolation and breeding (rONA) of wastewater degrading microorganisms,
plant tissue cultures, automatic control of activated sludge processes

International Center of Cooperative Research in Biotechnology

( I~/!f.t~~4o/JI~OO~~bft -e ;/ ~ - )

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Center attached to the

Faculty of Engineering of Osaka National University
Address see above
Phone (06) 877-5111
Fax (06) 876-9036
Established 1985
Director Prof. Kosuke Okada
Permanent Positions 8 (2 full professors)

The center was established for training in biotechnology, particularily with

respect to scientists from developing countries. The courses comprise:
 493

application of microorganisms as natural resources, biocatalysis, genetic

engineering, bioreactor development, host-vector systems of heat resistant
yeasts used for alcohol fermentation, production of polysaccharides with
microorganisms, production of phenylalanine using recombinant technology,
plant tissue culture, computer control of culture processes, isolation and
purification of cellulose-degrading enzymes, production of antibiotics by
Actinomycetes

Faculty of Engineering Science (~~I$$)

Address 1-1, Taikenzan-cho

Toyonaka, Osaka 560
Phone (06) 844-1151
Fax (06) 853-5751
EStablished 1961
Number of Departments 9
NumberofCharrs 58

Department of Biophysical Engineering, Chair of Bioenergetics (1:~I$M

1:~.:r.* )1,1 q::' - ~~). Prof. Toshio Yanagita: hemoglobin structure and
function

Osaka University
Institute for Protein Research

*~&*~!1 y / ~ 1 ii1iJf~pjf
(~&*!1 y /~ 1 ii1iJf)
Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National
University
EStablished 1958
Address 3-2, Yamadaoka
Fukida, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 877-5111
Fax (06) 876-2533
President Mr. Yukiteru Katsube
Permanent Positions 69 (37 researchers)
Laboratory Space 10 425 m2

Division of Protein Organic Chemistry ( 7 ~ /'1 ~ l1Hf;f!1t$$r~ ). Prof.

Yasushi Shitanishi: protein sequence analysis with mass spectroscopy, research
on bacterial toxins, research on heterogeneous stereoselective catalysts,
research on molecular interactions
494

Division of Protein Solubility ( ~;/ r~ 7 '£tm~~$F~). Prof. Toshio Takagi:

expression and molecular structure of membrane proteins, interactions
between proteins and surfactants during isolation and analysis, role of
proteases in the proliferation of cancer cells, basic technology of protein
engineering

Division of Applied Enzyme Chemistry (M~&.rc:;~$F~). Prof. Koichi Horio:

enzyme purification, structure elucidation, and in-vivo mechanism of action

Division of Physical Structure of Proteins ( ~;/ /"17 '£t!\o/J£'m~$F~ ). Prof.

Yukiteru Katsube: structure of amylase inhibitor and xylanase, dynamic
structure of proteins in solution, development of an automatic analysis system
for crystal structures

Division of Chemical Structure of Proteins ( ~;/ /"1 7 '£t 1t~$F~ ). Prof.

Fumio Sakiyama: structure-function relationship in hydrolases, sequence
analysis of proteins, protein engineering of specific proteases, function and
structure of aryl amino acid hydrolase, function and structure of beta-amylase

Division of Physiological Mechanism of Proteins (~ ;/ /"1 7 '£t1:!.lI!~fjl§:$F~ ).

Prof. Rou Asano: function and structure of the electron transfer system of the
endoplasmatic reticulum, structure and function of cytochrom P-450

Division of Biosynthesis of Proteins (~ ;/ /"17 '£t1:~mz$F~ ). Prof. Hiroshi

Hatanaka: differentiation and proliferation of leukemia cells, control
mechanism of antibiotic production

Division of Physical Properties of Proteins (~;/ /"1 7 '£t!\o/JtE$F~). Prof.

Yoshimasa Kyogoku: structure of proteins and bioactive peptides in solution,
NMR as analytical method for protein structure determination, structure of
nucleic acids in solution

Division of Protein Function (7;/ /"1 7 '£t~fjl§:~{iffi$Fn. Prof. Masaharu

Ogawa: vaccination technology for enteric infections

Research Center for Basic Protein Engineering (~ ;/ /"17 '£tI~~litUjf~-t! ;/

~ - ). Prof. Fumio Sakiyama: crystal structure analysis of proteins, application
and development of protein structure analysis systems, development of graphic
systems and structural data base, cloning systems
 495

Osaka University
The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
*~li*~ ~ :/ j ~ lJ i[fVf~pJT
Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National
University
Established 1939
Address 8-1, Mihogaoka
Ibaraki, Osaka 567
Phone (06) 877-5111
Fax (06) 877-4977
Director Mr. Soichi Mikado
Permanent Positions 175 (113 researchers)
Laboratory Space 20512 m2

Division of Food Chemistry (1tdMt~$r~·). Prof. Toshiro Fukui: bio-

chemistry of polysaccharide-metabolizing enzymes, phospholipases

Division of Biosynthetic Chemistry ( 1:.-@;~{t~$r~ ). Prof. Shoko Futai:

energy transport in eucaryotic and procaryotie cell membranes, ATPase
enzymology

Osaka University
Research Institute for Microbial Diseases

Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National

University
Established 1934
Address 3-1, Yamadaoka
Suita, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 877-5121
Fax (06) 876-2678
Director Mr. Hajime Fujio
Permanent Positions 152 (68 researchers)
Laboratory Space 36 197 m2

Division of Chemotherapy ( {t~tlt!$r~ ). Prof. Nakada: regulation and

mechanism of gene expression
496

Division of Oncogenes (~if ;..tj!fi-T$~~ ). Prof. Hajime Fujio: function and

structure of cancer genes, function and structure of actin-related genes and
their role in cancer development, left-handed DNA

Division of Cell Viruses ( *111 II?! t'] -1 )\1 A $~~ ). Prof. Matsudai: molecular
genetics of lung cancer, mouse cDNA library

Division of Genopathogenicity ( f.§~mI1l!~$~~). Prof. Okayama: growth of

recombinant cells, BCG microorganism transformation, liposome technology

Cllugoku/SbWkoku

31
32
33

35 36

37
3~
38
39

Hg. 5.14. Universities and related Research Institutes in the Kinki/Kyoto/Osaka area

1. Ehime University (Matsuyama, Ehime Pref.) (39)

2. Hiroshima University (Hiroshima, Hirohsima Pref.) (34)
3. Hiroshima University, Center for Gene Science (34)
4. Kagawa University (Takamatsu, Kagawa Pref.) (36)
5. Kochi University (Kochi, Kochi Pref.) (38)
6. Okayama University (Okayama, Okayama Pref.) (33)
7. Okayama University, Gene Research Center (33)
8. Okayama University, Research Institute for Bioresources (33)
9. Okayama University of Science (Okayama, Okayama Pref.) (33)
10. Shimane University (Matsue, Shimane Pref.) (32)
 497

11. The University of Tokushima (Tokushima, Tokushima Pref.) (37)

12. The University of Tokushima, Institute for Enzyme Research (37)
13. Tottori University (Tottori, Tottori Pref.) (31)
14. Yamaguchi University (Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi Pref.) (35)

Ehime University

~1&*$ (~IJl*)
Type of University National University
Established 1949
Adress 10-13 Michiato Himata
Matsuyama, Ehime 790
Phone (0899) 24-7111
Fax (8999) 23-0665
President Mr. Taiji Asada
Number of Facultie-s 7

College of Agriculture

Address 3-5-7 Tarumi

Matsuyama, Ehime 790
Phone (0899) 41-4171
Fax (0899) 77-4364
Established 1954
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 8*

Chair of Agricultural Chemistry, Biochemistry ( !gHt$~~1:{t$ ). Prof.

Yoichi Tarnai: fusion of yeast cells, purification and characterization of yeast
phospholipase, research on halophilic yeast cell membranes (salt tolerance,
protein secretion)
Chair of Biotechnology, Applied Microbiology ( 1:!fo/JI$~~lll1:!fo/JfIJffl$).
Ass. Prof. Takashi Sasaki: purification of collagenase from aerobic bacteria,
trehalose metabolism in baker's yeast

Hiroshima University

lliJffi*$ (lliJffi*)
Type of Institute National University
Address 1-1-89 Higashisenda-cho
Naka-ku, Hiroshima 730
Phone (082) 241-1221
Fax (082) 242-1561
498

Established 1949
President Mr. Kozo Tanaka
Number of Faculties 11

Center for Gene Science

( ;iI~.:r~~1m~)

Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to a National

University
Address Ohwaza Shitami, Seijou-cho
Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 724
Phone (0824) 22-7111
Fax (0824) 22-7184
Established 1987
Permanent Positions 3 (1 full professor)

Prof. Osamu Arami: antiviral strategies in breeding, protein engineering on

amylase

Faculty of Science

Address 1-1-89 Higashisenda-cho

Naka-ku, Hiroshima 730
Phone (082) 241-1221
Fax (082) 242-7454
Established 1949
Number of Departments 6
Number of Chairs 46

Laboratory of Plant Chromosome and Gene Stock

(~~$~~~~~~.:r~~~~*~)

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Institute of the Faculty of

Science of Hiroshima National University
Address as above
Established 1977
Permanent Positions 4 (1 full professors)

Prof. Kozo Tanaka: isolation and storage of plant chromosomes

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address Ohwazashitami Seijou-cho

Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 724
Phone (0824) 22-7111
Fax (0824) 22-7039
 499

Established 1949
Number of Departments 6
Number of Chairs 17

Ouster m (Chemical Engineering), Chair of Fermentation Technology,

Biosynthesis ( ~=-~ ({t~~) ~MI~~€rJJX{t~ ). Prof. Osamu Arami:
expression mechanism of gramicidin S synthetase, industrial application of
genetic engineering, differentiation mechanism of Actinomycetes, antibiotic
production and antibiotic-resistance genes

Ouster m (Chemical Engineering), Chair of Fermentation Technology,

Industrial Biochemistry ( ~=~ ((t~~) ~MI~I~~{t~). Prof. Torno
Oka: chemistry of flavor components in food, proteins in food, relation
between physical properties and the molecular structure of biopolymers in
food, structure and bioactivity of polysaccharides and glycoproteins

Ouster m (Chemical Engineering), Chair of Fermentation Technology,

Enzyme Engineering (~=~ ({t~~) ~MI~M~I~). Prof. Shiro Nagai:
Improvement and development of equipment for fermentation, production of
biomass, production of vitamin B12, high-performance methane fermentation,
bioreactors with immobilized cells, fermentation process engineering (e.g
bioreactor), biochemistry of red tide plankton

Ouster m (Chemical Engineering), Chair .of· Fermentation Technology,

Industrial Microbiology (~=~ ({t~~) ~MI~I~~~!Io/J~). Prof. Akio
Toue: gene expression in eucaryotic microorganisms, heterologous gene
expression in microorganisms, structure of yeast plasmids, genetics and
metabolism of mushrooms, screening of miccroorganisms for enzyme
production

Ouster m (Chemical Engineering), Chair of Fermentation Technology,

Culture Technology ( ~=-~ ({t~~) ~MI~:lgltI~ ). Prof. Mitsunori
Hayashi: computer-controlled fermentation, measurement and control of
fermentation processes, production of acetic acid and ethanol with bioreactors
based on immobilized microorganisms, regulation of and hydrogen production
by photosynthetic bacteria

Ouster m (Chemical Engineering), Chair of Fermentation Technology,

Biophysical Chemistry ( ~=~ ({t~~)-~MI~~!Io/J!Io/JmHt~ ). Prof.
Yoshimasa Morioka: molecular mechanism of the sexual differentiation and
cell cycle of eucaryotic microorganisms, genetics and breeding of biomass for
fuel

Joint Chair of Applied Science, Chair of Environmental Science, Basic

Environmental Chemistry ( ~ji~~~~t1~~). Prof. Hiroshi Sunahara:
biogas from biomass
500

Kagawa University
~J"*-¥ (~J"*)
Type of University National University
Established 1949
Address 1-1 Saiwaicho
Takamatsu, Kagawa 760
Phone (0878) 61-4141
Fax (0878) 62-7692
President Mr. Hitoshi Kimura
Number of Faculties 4

Faculty of Agriculture ( !t. $$ )

Address 2393, Ikedo Ohwaza Miki-cho

Kida, Kagawa 761-07
Phone (0878) 98-1411
Fax (0878) 98-7295
Established 1955
Number of Departments 3
Number of Chairs 8*

Department of Bioresource Science, Chair of Forestry Resources Chemistry

( !E!Io/J'ifiIiiifl-$fl-~~'ifiljlHt$ ). Prof. Murao Togawa: microbial degradation
of lignin, production of pulp with enzymatic methods

Department of Bioresource Science, Chair of Applied Microbial Genetics (

!E!Io/J'ifiIiiif4$fl-rc;FIH~!E!Io/JiA~$). Prof. Masaaki Kuwahara: microbial and
enyzmatic degradation of lignin, research on lignin-degrading microorganisms
(rDNA), microbial transformation of wood biomass, biosynthesis of pyridine
coenzymes by microorganisms

Department of Bioresource Science, Chair of Cell Engineering ( !E!Io/J'ifiIiiif4

$fl-*IH Il?!I $). Prof. Kiyoshi Tagawa: E. coli plasmids coding for drug
resistance, microbial food additives

Department of Bioresource Science, Chair of Applied Enzyme Chemistry (

1:.~'8fiIiiifl-$Wrc;FIHi¥~1t$ ). Prof. Ken Kamori: glycoside transformation
reactions with microbial enzymes, immobilized microorganisms

Department of Bioresource Science, Chair of Cell Resources Appplication (

!E~'ifiIiiif4$f4*IB1l?!'8fi1iltfljffl$ ). Prof Shojiro Iwahara: characterization,
structure, properties of polysaccharides from Fusarium sp., degradation of
lignin and related substances by microorganisms
 501

Department of Food Chemistry ( it £1t$ ). Prof. Hiroshi Sugisawa:

characteristic analysis methods for food fragrance, sensous valuation method,
production of pigments and volatile substances from plant cell cultures

Koehl University

~m*~
Type of University National University
Established 1949
Address 2-5-1, Akebono-cho
Kochi, Kochi 780
Phone (0888) 44-0111
Fax (0888) 40-3481
President Mr. Hidesato Sekida
Number of Faculties 4

Faculty of Agriculture (~$$ )

Address 200 Monobeotsu

Nangoku, Kochi 783
Phone (0888) 63-4141
Fax (0888) 64-0297
Established 1949
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 31

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Fermentation and Brewing

(~~1t$H~M . a~$~~). Prof. Kame Nagasaki: enzymes of amino acid
metabolism, structure and biosynthesis of yeast cell walls, characterization of
yeast cell wall-degrading microbial enzymes, genetic engineering of
microorganisms

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Nutrition Chemistry and

Biology ( ~~{t$f41:.4o/J . ~lf:1t$~~ ). Prof. Shohei Yamamoto: protein
engineering of food-related proteins, vitamin B6-dependent enzymes

Okayama University

/M1IlI*~ OM1IlI*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
502

Address 1-1-1, Naka Tsushima

Okayama, Okayama 700
Phone (0862) 52-1111
Fax (0862) 53-9299
President Mr. Katsuaki Takahashi
Number of Faculties 11

Gene Research Center

( i!S-T~~~~)
Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to a National
University
Address as above
Phone (0862) 52-1111
Fax (0862) 55-7456
Established 1988
Permanent Positions 3 (1 full professor)

Prof. Masatoshi Yamato: antitumor compounds, ribonucleoside reductase,

topoisomerase-II
Ass. Prof. Tadashi Shimamoto: DNA transcripton errors, microbial cloning
systems

Faculty of Science (J!~$)

Address 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka

Okayama, Okayama 700
Phone (0862) 52-1111
Fax (0862) 52-6601
Established 1949
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 26

Department of Biology, Chair of Genetics and Cell Biology (1:!fo/.J~MiiS~ .

*Dl~~~~-). Prof. Masatoshi Enomoto: gene structure and expression

School of Medicine (~~$ )

Address 2-5-1 Shikada-cho

Okayama, Okayama 700
Phone (0862) 23-7151
Established 1870
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 32
 503

Cancer Institute
(~~$~~~~~~~(~W*~'~~~»

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Institute attached to the

School of Medicine of Okayama National University
Address as above
Established 1960
Permanent Positions 15 (3 full professors)

Division of Biochemistry ( 1£ {t~~~$r~). Prof. Shuji Seki: genetic control

mechanisms of cancer

Institute for Neurobiology

(~~$~~)f~ttW~~1Mm:(~w*· )f~ttW~1Mm:»

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Institute attached to the

School of Medicine of Okayama National University
Address as above
Established 1969
Permanent Positions 12 (3 full professors)
Division of Biochemical Mechanisms (ltllE:l£{t~$r~). Prof. Akitane Mori:
neuropeptide chemistry and pathogenicity

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (~~$)

Address 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka

Okayama, Okayama 700
Phone (0862) 52-1111
Fax (0862) 55-7456
Established 1976
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 13

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Chair of Microbial

Pharmaceuticals (~JHt~f411kI£!Jo/j~JMt~$~). Prof. Tomonobu Tsuchiya:
transport of chemicals and ions through membranes, production of
physiologically active substances (rDNA)

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka

Okayama, Okayama 700
Phone (0862) 52-1111
Fax (0862) 53-5755
504

Established 1960
Number of Departments 6
Number of Chairs 19

Department of Applied Chemisny, Chair of Applied Electrochemical

Engineering ( ~WlliJ'fHt~f4~-T'&:lliI~~~ ). Prof. Isao Tazato: organic,
enzymatic, and microbial synthesis.

Department of Biotechnology, Chair of Applied Biomechanisms (1:. 'Io/Jlliffl I

~*f1:.'Io/J:fIfmlliffl{t~~~). Prof.Hitoshi Ohmori: animal cell culture,
monoclonal antibodies, immunoregulators

Department of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioreaction Control (1:.'Io/JllifflI~*f

1:.'Io/J'&:llitlj~{t~~~). Prof. Kazuhiro Nakanishi: bioreactor application,
enzyme reactions, oncogenes, ATPase structure and mechanism

Faculty of Agriculture (.~$)

Address 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka

Okayama, Okayama 700
Phone (0862) 52-1111
Fax (0862) 54-0714
Established 1949
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 8
Number of full
professors 38

Department of Agricultural Science, Chair of Bioresources Development

(tt€t!U~*f~*f~'Io/Jii${~~~~~ ). Prof. Kazuki Kawazu: development of
new food resources, improvement of biological resources using microor-
ganisms, plant cell culture, immobilized cells

Department of Agricultural Science, Chair of Biological Function and Gene

ResourcesDevelopment(tt€tIl~*f~*f1:.'Io/J:fIft12. ;ii~ii${~~~~~·).Prof.
Sachiko Matsubara: breeding of animals, plants and microorganisms, gene
expression

Department of Agricultural Science, Chair of Regulatory Mechanisms in

Husbandry (tt€t.~f4~*f~ti:flft12WUj'j~~~). Prof. Akira Tanabe:
technology for livestock production, application of methods of biotechnology
 505

Okayama University
Research Institute for Bioresources

rMlIlI~~m~~~~f4~tiJfJi:pJT
(rMlw*miJhi~f47iJf)
Type of Institution National Research Institute attached to a National
University
EStablished 1988
Address see above
Director see above
Permanent Positions 68 (36 researchers)
Laboratory Space 7633 m2
Division of Genetic Information and Expression ( ;i!fi:ffl¥lil~m.$r~ ). Prof.
Hideaki Matsumoto: genetic information expression and its control in the
environment, environmental release of genetically modified organisms

Division of Biochemical Mechanisms and Analysis (~qo/,J.fi~WHJT$r~). Prof.

Yukio Suzuki: research on enzymes from plants and microorganisms;
structure, metabolism and function of biopolymers

Barley Germplasm Center ( *~lMJWiHf1Ji!i~ ). Director: Akizo Yasuda. 3

Permanent Positions.

Okayama University of Science

Type of Institution Private University

Address 1-1 Ridai-cho
Okayama, Okayama 700
Phone (0862) 52-3161
Fax (0862) 54-8434
EStablished 1964
President Yasuo Kurotani
Number of Faculties 2

College of Science

Address as above
Phone (0862) 52-3161
Fax (0862) 55-7700
EStablished 1964
Number of Departments 5
506

Department of Biochemistry, Chair of Cell Biochemistry (~~it$*HIllIffi!~~

it$ii1f1i:~). Prof. Jiro Kato: protoplast fusion, callus culture, cell
immobilization

Department of Biochemistry, Chair of Bioorganic Chemistry (1:~it$U1:~

fl.it$ii1f1i:~ ). Prof. Hirosumi Kondo: bioresources development, microbial
bioassays

Shimane University

Type of Institution National University

Established 1949
Address 1060, Nishikawazu-cho
Matsue, Shimane 690
Phone (0852) 21-7100
Fax (0852) 26-7421
President Mr. ()samu Kanachika
Number of Faculties 4

Faculty of Agriculture

Address see above

Established 1965
Number of Departments 3
Number of Chairs 9

Department of Bioresources, Chair of Bioresources Chemistry (~~ifiJil{U~

U~~ifiJil{it$mtt~). Prof. ()samu Hirayama: structure and function of
photsynthetic membranes, application of photsynthetic bacteria, salt tolerance
mechanisms of plants, metabolism of membrane lipids from plants,
metabolism of essential amino acids

Department of Bioresources, Chair of Applied Biomechanisms (~~ifiJil{fl'

$urr;m1:~mffE:$). Prof. Hideyuki Matsuda, Prof. Tadahiro Mori:
photosynthetic bacteria, phenotypic expression and cloning of genes,
adaptation mechanisms of heat resistant and salt tolerant microorganisms,
biochemical technology and environmental science of nitrate-reducing
bacteria, application and genetic engineering of heavy metal-resistant bacteria,
application and physiology of biopolymer-producing bacteria
 507

The University of Tokushima

Type of Institution National University

Address 2-42 Aragura-cho
Tokushima, Tokushima 770
Phone (0886) 22-5131
Fax (0886) 22-5469
Established 1949
President Yasuyoshi Kubota
Number of Faculties 6

Institute for Enzyme Research

( M~ft~UJf~ -I! ;/ 7 - )
Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to a National
University
Address 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cjo
Tokushima, Tokushima 770
Phone (0886) 31-3111
Established 1987
Permanent Positions 27 (5 full professors)

Division of Enzyme Chemistry ( M~{t~$r~). Prof. Nobuhiko Katsunuma:

digestive enzymes, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase structure and mechanism

Division of Enzyme Physiology ( M~1:ffi!~$r~). Prof. Yutaro Motokawa:

threonin metabolism

Division of Enzyme Diseases ( M~mffi!~$r~ ). Prof. Akira Ichihara:

influence of hormones on cell metabolism

Division of Enzyme Regulation ( M~*,Jfp$r~). Prof. Kenji Angei: enzyme

mechanism, metabolic mechanism, membrane structure

Division of Enzyme Genetics ( M~;iif~$r~). Prof. Yosuke Ebina

Division of Enzyme Cytology ( M~*IB~$r~ ). Prof. Isao Inoue

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address 2-1 Nanjo Mishima-cho

Tokushima, Yokushima 770
Phone (0886) 23-2323
Fax (0886) 54-9632
508

EStablished 1949
Number of Departments 7
Number of Chairs 17
Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chair of Biomechanical
Engineering ( 1:.~I~~1:.~~ft~I~ ). Prof. Masashi Kanashina: enzyme
technology

Tottori University

.~I&*~ C~I&*)
Type of University National University
EStablished 1949
Address 4-101, Koyama-cho, Minami
Tottori, Tottori 680
Phone (0857) 28-0321
Fax (0857) 28-3845
President Mr. Shinji Hayashi
Number of Faculties 5

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address see above

Phone (0857) 28-0321
Fax (0857) 28-1092
EStablished 1965
Number of Departments 10
Number of Chairs 38

Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Chair of Reaction

Engineering ( ~:l:JHt~ft~~.ocrr;I~~~). Prof. Shigeru Anzai: biomass as
engergy resource, wastewater treatment

Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Chair of

Environmental Chemistry ( ~ifMlJft~~~ifft~~~ ). Prof. Chikahiro
Sakezawa: transformation of C1 compounds by microorganisms,
decomposition of synthetic polymers by symbiotic microorganisms, elimination
of arsenates in the environment using soil microorganisms

Faculty of Agriculture (=~$)

Address see above

Phone (0857) 28-0321
Fax (0857) 28-6293
 509

~tabliShed 1920
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 17

Department of Bioresources Chemistry, Chair of Entomological Resources (

~~ffiJjj{~t~m4~ffiJjj{Ef.!tt~). Prof. Hidenori Kai: molecular control of gene
expression, switching mechanisms

Department of Application of Resources Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry

(ffiJjj{"mHt~~~~~t~). Ass. Prof. Shigehiro Hirano: chemistry and
biochemistry of carbohydrates, application of crab shell chitin and chitosan

Department of Application of Resources Chemistry, Chair of Microbial

Production (ffiJjj{"JJfHt~~.~~~m ). Prof. Yutaka Kitamoto: food-
related miCrobIOlogy, Streptomyces genetic engineering, cell fusion

Yamaguchi University

Type of Institution National University

Address 1677-1 Ohwaza Yoshida
Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753
Phone (0839) 22-6111
Fax (0839) 22-0445
~tablished 1949
President Mr. Kazuhiko Kuriya
Number of Faculties 8

Faculty of Agriculture (.e~$)

Address see above

Phone (0839) 22-6111
Fax (0839) 22-6607
~tabliShed 1949
Number of Departments 3
Number of Chairs 23

Department of Agronomy, Chair of Fruit and Vegetable Science ( .~~N:

1:t1f~~M4~). Prof. Shunji Kako: application of biotechnology to fruit, plant,
and vegetable production.

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology ( ..

~Ht~~rr;ffl.~~~~~). Prof. Hiroshi Ameyama: membrane enzymes of
eucaryotic microorganisms, POO biochemistry, Acetobacter
 510

Kyushu/Okinawa

R 40

41
43
(J 44
~
()

47--\1 (1)

-[) o f}

Fig. 5.15. Universities and related Research Institutes in the KyushujOkinawa area

1. Fukuyama University (Fukuyama, Fukuyama Pref.) (34)

2. Kagoshima University (Kagoshima, Kagoshima Pref.) (45)
3. Kumamoto Institute of Technology (Kumamoto, Kumamoto Pref.) (44)
4. Kumamoto University (Kumamoto, Kumamoto Pref.) (44)
5. Kyushu Kyoritsu University (Kita-Kyushu, Fukuoka Pref.) (40)
6. Kyushu University (Fukuoka, Fukuoka Pref.) (40)
7. Kyushu University, Research Laboratory for Genetic Information (40)
8. Miyazaki University (Miyazaki, Miyazaki Pref.) (46)
9. Oita University (Oita, Oita Pref.) (41)
10. University of the Ryukyus (Nakagami, Okinawa Pref.) (47)
11. Saga University (Saga, Saga Pref.) (42)

Fukuyama University
mLL[*~ (@W*)
Type of Institution Private University
Established 1975
 511

Address 985-1, Waza Sanzo Higashimuramachi

Fukuyama, Fukuyama 729-02
Phone (0849) 36-2111
Fax (0849) 36-2213
President Mr. Shigeru Miyachi
Number of Faculties 3

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address as above
EStablished 1975
Number of Departments 6

Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Biology (1:.~I$M?tr1:.~~ ).

Prof. Toshiaki Takahashi: genetic engineering of yeasts

Department of Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering ( l:.~I~Mjifir~ ).

Prof. Sakuzo Fukui: yeast cultivation, cellulose-degrading yeast fermentation,
yeast cloning, oil transformation with microorganisms

Department of Biotechnology, Plant Cell Engineering ( l:.~I~M~~*"IJl?!I

$ ). Prof. Kensuku Hashimoto: protoplast fusion, plant cell molecular genetics

Department of Biotechnology, Animal Cell Engineering ( l:.~I~Mih~*IIIJl?!·

I~). Prof. Eiji Hashimoto: monoclonal antibodies, skin growth factors,
marine cell engineering

Department of Biotechnology, Microbial Engineering (1:.~I$M~1:.~$).

Ass. Prof. Yasutaro Fujita: Bacillus gene expression

Department of Biotechnology, Enzyme Engineering ( l:.~I$MM;tI$ ).

Prof. Takehiko Yamamoto: arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzymes, enzymatic
oligosaccharide synthesis

Kagoshima University

Type of Institution National University

Address 1-21-24, Gungen
Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890
Phone (0992) 54-7141
Fax (0992) 54-9456
512

President Mr. Akihiro Igata

Number of Faculties 11

Faculty of Science ( J!~$)

Address 1-21-35 Gungen

Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890
Phone (0992) 54-7141
Fax (0992) 54-7448
Established 1965
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 22

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry ({t~*"'~ ~Ht~.~). Prof.

Makoto Kaneda: structure and activity of enzymes, peptide synthesis

Department of Biology, Chair of Physiology ( ~ ~~*",~J!~.~). Prof. Shiro

Higashi: plant cell culture, infection mechanism and genetic engineering of
leguminous bacteria.

Faculty of Agriculture ( J1l~$ )

Address 1-21-24 Gungen

Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890
Phone (0992) 54-7141
Fax (0992) 58-6195
Established 1949
Number of Departments 7
Number of Chairs 44

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology (J1l~

{t~*",rc;iIHI~~~@f~~). Prof. Hiroshi Ohnishi: general microbiology

The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (*~~:i!!€r.ft~@f~*",)

Address see above

Established 1988

Course of Bioresource Science for Processing (~~ftjj{fJJfflW~:WJ.t). Prof.

Seichiro Nakatsu and others: course includes biotechnology
 513

Faculty of Agriculture (Il¥=mo

Address see above

President see above
Permanent Positions 22 (6 professors, 6 assistant professors, 4 assistants,
6 others)

Department of Animal Science, Chair of livestock Propagation (~~¥=*'1-~~

Prof. Kitohiko Ogawa: artificial fertilization
f?!M¥=IVf~~).

Kumamoto Institute of Technology

Type of Institution Private University

Established 1967
Address 4-22-1, Ikeda
Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860
Phone (096) 326-3111
Fax (096) 326-3000
President Mr. Yoshitaka Nakayama
Number of Faculties 1

Faculty of Engineering ( I¥=$)

Address see above

Number of Departments 8
Number of Chairs 38

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Chair of Chemical Engineering (I~

ft¥=lHt¥=I¥=~~). Prof. Makoto Shiraishi: stereoselective metabolism of
cellular systems in vitro, industrial application of stereoselective reactions
using immobilized enzymes

Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Chair of Applied Microbiology

( rc;JlHI1::~I¥=f4rc;ffl~1::~¥=~~). Prof. Sawao Murao: production of
amino acids and organic acids by immobilized microorganisms, development
of bioreactors and biosensors

Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Chair of Microbial Chemistry

( rc;ffl~1::~I¥=M~1::~ft¥=~~). Prof. Masaru Funatsu: biochemistry of
enzymes, enzyme inhibitors from plants and microorganisms, biopigment
production (plant cell cultures)
514

Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Chair of Environmental

Microbial Engineering ( .rr;J'fHI1:.4o/JI~*,,"~:I:l~1:.4o/JI~~~). Prof. Hideo
Fukuda: microbial treatment of wastewater, bioengergy production from
biomass, microbial production of valuable metabolites, kinetical analysis of
microbial reactions

Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Chair of Food Microbial

Engineering ( .rr;ffl~1:.4o/JI~*""1lt*l~1:. 4o/JI~~~ ). Prof. Seinosuke Ueda:
production of physiological active substances by microorganisms, cell fusion
of cyanobacteria, production of fermented food

Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Chair of Microbial Genetics

(.rr;ffl~1:.4o/JI~*,,"~1:.4o/Jli:-1A-=f I~). Prof. Tokuro Gunya: genetic engineering
of microorganisms

Kumatomo University
ijl§+*~
~,~,"~' ~
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 2-39-1, Karokami
Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860
Phone (096) 344-2111
Fax (096) 345-9562
President Mr. Yasuhiko Matsukado
Number of Faculties 9

Faculty of Science

Address as above
Phone (096) 344-2111
Fax (096) 345-4196
Established 1949
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 21

Department of Biology, Chair of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry ( 1:. 4o/J

• 1:.{t~~~). Prof. Shizuo Ito: animal cell culture
~*,,"1h4o/J1:.J!

Medical School

Address 2-2-1 Honsou

Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860
Phone (096) 344-2111
Fax (096) 372-6140
 515

EStablished 1949
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 37

Department of Medicine, First Chair of Biochemistry (~~*""~{t~~-~~

). Prof. Kazunori Shimada: human and mouse gene structure, oncogenes

Institute for Medical Genetics

(~~$Ma~~~~~~.m(.**~·.~~~.m»

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Institute of the Faculty of

Medicine of Kumamoto National University
Address 4-24-1, Kiuhinji
Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862
Phone (096) 344-2111
EStablished 1984
Permanent Positions 33 (5 full professors)

Division of Cell Genetics (:ii~~~~$r~ <*IIIJJ?!.~$)-). Prof. Kenichi

Yamamura: immunogenetics, genetic expression, human genetics

Division of Molecular Genetics ( :ii~1:.~~$r~ (?}r:iif~$». Prof. Shota

Hiraga: cell genetics

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (~$$)

Address 5-1 Onoe Hon-cho

Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862
Phone (096) 344-2111
Fax (096) 371-4027
EStablished 1949
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 4

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chair of Biochemistry ( ~*,,"$*,,"1:.

{t$fi~). Prof. Yukiho Kubota: structure and function of physiologically
active proteins and enzymes, transformation of cells

Faculty of Engineering (I$$ )

Address 2-39-1 Kurokarni

Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860
Phone (096) 344-2111
Fax (096) 344-6501
516

Established 1949
Number of Departments 7
Number of Chairs 22

Department of Applied ChemistIy, Chair of Bio-related ChemistIy (lliffl {t~«~

gMiilHt~.~ ). Prof. Yorikazu Sonoda: biomass as energy resource (ethanol,
methane), microbial degradation of organic compounds, modelling of catalytic
reactions

Department of Applied ChemistIy, Chair of Basic Industrial ChemistIy

(lliffl{t~«I1it{t~~W~~). Prof. Toshiro Furuya: development of electro-
chemical biosensors

Kyushu Kyoritsu University

1tJitf~JL*~ (1tJi'l~*)
Type of Institution Public University
Established 1967
Address 1-8, Jiyugaoka
Nishi-ku, Hachiman
Kitakyushu, Kyushu 807
Phone (093) 691-3331
Fax (093) 603-8186
President Mr. Masanoro Ito
Number of Faculties 2

Faculty of Engineering (I~$)

Address see above

Established 1967
Number of Departments 6
Number of Chairs 42

Department of Environmental ChemistIy, Chair of Environmental Analysis

(JJ!l{t~«JjitJ:Jl~fT{t~.~). Ass. Prof. Shiro Morita: production of
physiologically active substances with plant cell cultures

Department of Environmental ChemistIy, Chair of Environmental Microbiol-

ogy ( 1J!i{t~«l.Jfl.~~~.~). Prof. Yuji Tadai: microbial treatment of
environmental hazards
 517

Kyushu University
1LHt*~ (1L~i'I*)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1911
Address 6-10-1, Hakozaki
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812
Phone (092) 641-1101
Fax (092) 641-4509
President Mr. Ryohei Takabashi
Number of Faculties 12

Research Laboratory for Genetic Information

( l!~iW¥[l'~~b'm~)

Type of Institution Joint-use Research Institute attached to a National

University
Established 1981
Address 3-1-1, Umade
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812
Phone (092) 641-1151
Fax (092) 631-2794
Permanent Positions 5 (1 full professor)

Division of Genetic Control ( l!~*,Jffp$$r~). Prof. Keisuke Sakaki: structure

of repeating sequences in the human gene, molecular mechanism of gene
expression, oncogenesis of genopathy

Faculty of Science (ml$$)

Address 6-10-1 Hakozaki

Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812
Phone (092) 641-1101
Fax (092) 631-4233
Established 1939
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 51

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Enzyme Chemistry ({t$f4M~{t~~~

). Prof. not decided: structure and function of various enzymes from snake
toxins, protease inhibitors and proteases from animals and plants

Department of Biology, Chair of Cell Genetics (1:4o/J$M*BIJI?!l!{i$~~).

Prof. Terumi Mukoi: molecular genetic mechanisms, isozyme genetics,
polygenes, genetic stability
518

Department of Biology, Chair of Molecular Genetics ( ~~~#;t.::r;ii~~~~

). Prof. Hammi Ohshima: mRNA splicing mechanism, Candida elegans signal
transmission

Faculty of Medicine, ( ~~$)

Address 3-1-1 Umaide

Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812
Phone (092) 641-1151
Established 1903
Number of Departments 1
Number of Chairs 35

First Department of BiochemistIy (~~#~1t~m-·). Prof. Mutsuo

Seldguchi: nucleic acid metabolism, human molecular genetics, human gene
bank, human genetic diagnosis

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (~~$)

Address see above

Fax (092) 641-8154
Established 1964
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 13

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chair of Microbial Pharmaceuticals

( ~~#.~~~JMt~M4~). Prof. Tadaro Horiuchi: gene expression and
control, cell growth regulatIOn, recombinant technology

Faculty of Engineering (I~$ )

Address 6-10-1 Hakozaki

Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812
Phone (092)641-1101
Fax (092) 641-1825
Established 1911
Number of Departments 19
Number of Chairs 124

Department of Organic Synthesis, Second Chair of Chemical Synthesis

(~mG1t~#~JvHt~m=mt.&). Prof. Yukito Murakami: artificial lipids,
synthesis of enzyme model compounds and their catalytic function, reaction
mechanisms of coenzymes, synthesis and catalytic function of bio-related
metal complexes, physical properties and synthesis of transition-metal
complexes, chemistry of vitamin B12 model complexes
 519

Department of Organic Synthesis, Fifth Chair of Chemical Synthesis ( ~ m<;

{t~M~m<;{t~~1i~J*). Prof. Makoto Takagi: synthesis of prepeptides and
DNA probes

Faculty of Agriculture (~~$ )

Address see above

Fax (092) 641-2928
EStablished 1919
Number of Departments 9
Number of Chairs 51

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Soil Microbiology ( !BHt

~M±:I.i~~~~~~). Prof. Hideaki Kai: metabolism of organic compounds
in soil, structure and function of microbial ecosystems, microbial nitrogen
fixation, soil bacteria as a factor in plant productivity, microorganisms for
waste degradation

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Fermentation ( !gHt~f.>I-~

M{t~~J*). Prof. Fusaku Morita: recycling of agricultural stockbreeding
wastes, fermentation of highly concentrated ethanol, enzymatic degradation
of insoluble organic compounds by mold fungi, antitumor agents, application,
biology and genetic breeding of yeasts, Actinomycetes and anaerobic bacteria,
bacteriophages

Department of Fisheries, Second Chair of Marine Chemistry ( *a£~f.>I-*et

{t~~=~~). Prof. Manabu Kitagyomon: physiology, metabolism, function of
marine microorganisms and their enzymes

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Food Chemistry ( ilt

*i{t~I~f3j-ilt*i{t~~J*). Prof. Hirohisa Ohmura: formation of mutagens
during food processing, production of physiologically active substances with
animal cell culture in serum-free media

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Food Analysis (ilt*i

{t~I~f3j-ilt~;HJT~~J* ). Prof. Yutaka Narishima: trace analysis in food,
development of enzyme electrodes

Department of Food Science and Technology, Chair of Microbial Engineering

(ilt*i {t~ I ~f.>I-~~ ~I ~ ~~). Prof. Fumisugi Ishizaki: microbial engineering
for enzyme production, microbial engineering for alcohol fermentation,
application of microorganisms for wastewater treatment
520

Institute of Genetic Resources

(~~$~~~~r~~~~~~~-)

Type of Institution Dedicated-use Research Institute of the Faculty of

Agriculture of Kyushu National University
Address see above
&tablished 1987
Permanent Positions 10 (2 full professors)

Division of Plant Genetic Engineering (mr~jI~r$r~ ). Prof. Mitsuru Sato:

rice genetic resources and genetic engineering

Division of Microbial Genetics ( .1:~iI~r$r~ ). Prof. Yasunari Ogata:

genetic engineering in bacteria, bacteriophages, novel vector systems

Miyazaki University

Type of Institution National University

&tablished 1949
Address 1-1, Kibanadai Nishi
Gakuen, Miyazaki 889-21
Phone (0985) 58-2811
Fax (0985) 58-2886
President Mr. Sho Endo
Number of Faculties 3

Faculty of Agriculture

Address as above
Phone (0985) 58-2811
Fax (0985) 58-2884
&tablished 1949
Number of Departments 8
Number of Chairs 48

Department of Agronomy, Chair of Breeding (~~fHff!i~~~). Prof. Shoji

Adachi: plant breeding by biological methods, rDNA and asexual gene
exchange, plant breeding using cytogenetic and germ embryological methods

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry ( ~~ft~f4~

~ft~~~). Prof. Seichiro Nakazu: biochemistry of cannabanine, urease from
microorganisms, immobilization of enzymes
 521

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology (&~

fl:;~Urr;J'IHlI~4o/J~m4~). Prof. Noboru Fujii: saccharification and alcoholic
fermentation of cellulose resources, purification of cellulase from
Trichoderma, purification of eumycetes cell wall-degrading enzymes from
Trichoderma, structure of eumycetes protoplasts (cell fusion), molecular
genetics of cellulase from Trichoderma, characterization and application of
microbial polysaccharides, bacterial defense against eumycetes

Oita University
i::.9ii::.~
Type of Institution National University
Established 1949
Address 700, Tannohara Ohwaza
Oita, Oita 870-11
Phone (0975) 69-3311
Fax (0975) 67-0243
President Mr. Fumimitsu Shiga

Faculty of Engineering

Address see above

Phone (0975) 69-3311
Fax (0975) 68-2514
Established 1972
Number of Faculties 7
Number of Chairs 28

Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Chair of

Environmental Control Measures ( fl:;~nt!lI~UJjj{!l'lfm!~ill.lJm4~). Prof.
Michiaki Morikuchi: application of microorganisms for the treatment of
industrial wastewater

University of The Ryukyus

!fJ*i::.~ (Pi::.)
Type of Institution National University
Established 1950
522

Address 1, Azasenbara
Nishihara-cho
Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-01
Phone (09889) 5-2221
Fax (09889) 5-5243
President Mr. Tetsuhiko Furai
Number of Faculties 7

College of Science

Address see above

EStablished 1950
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 21

Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry ({t~#~~I;lHt~~~

). Ass. Prof. Seichi Yogi: production of polysaccharides by fermentation

College of Agriculture ( tl~$ )

Address see above

Phone (09889) 5-2221
Fax (09889) 5-2864
EStablished 1950
Number of Departments 5
Number of Chairs 25

Department of Agriculture, Chair of Breeding ( .e~f4Wm~~~ ). Prof.

Nagari Shinjo: cellular genetics of rice

Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Chair of Applied Microbiology ( .e ~

{t~#rc;;ffl~~~~~~ ). Prof. Kyozen Toyama: structure, metabolism, and
function of microbial enzymes, genetic control of thermophilic bacteria,
microbial treatment and recycling of agricultural products

Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Chair of Production and Pesticide

Chemistry (tl~{t~f4tle£~~~ . tl~Ht~~~). Prof. Naotada Kobamoto:
production of tofu, ornithine transaminase from microorganisms
 523

Saga University
/+-tzo*~
'V-IlFl
~

Type of Institution National University

Established 1949
Address 1, Honatsu-cho
Saga, Saga 840
Phone (0952) 24-5191
Fax (0952) 23-8564
President Mr. Hisao Kusunokida
Number of Faculties 5

Faculty of Agriculture (~~$)

Address see above

Phone (0952) 24-5191
Fax (0952) 22-6274
Established 1955
Number of Departments 2
Number of Chairs 7

Department of Applied Biological Science, Chair of Bioengineering

( £Dffl~~f4~M~~I~~~). Prof. Masao Iwase: preservation of genetic
resources, genetic engineering

Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Chair of Biofunctional Chemistry

( £Dffl~~f4~M~~.~{t~~~ ).Prof. AkiraMurata: structure and function
of cell membranes, metabolism of hormones and receptors, purification and
characterization of phenoloxidase and galactosidase, phages from fermentation
bacteria, yeast for sake refining, antibacterial and antiviral properties of
vitamin C, plasmids and restriction enzymes from fermentation bacteria

3. References
1. Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Government of Japan:
Outline of Education in Japan. UNESCO Asia Culture Club, Tokyo
1989 (E)
2. MONBUSHO 1989 - Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture,
Government of Japan. MESC 4-8901, brochure (E and J)
3. Monbusho - Ministry of Education, Science and Culture: The University
Research System in Japan. Brochure, 1988 (E and J)
4. Kagaku Gijutsu Chou Kagaku Gijutsu Seisatsu Kyoku Shuu: Indicators
of Science and Technology 1989. Government Printing Office (EjJ)
524

5. Fujimura Robert (1988) Biotechnology in Japan. International Trade

Administration, Washington, DC. US Department of Commerce, NTIS
Document PB89-141147 (E)
6. Science and International Mfairs Bureau, Ministry of Education, Science
and Culture (Monbusho), Japan: Research Cooperation between
Universities and Industry - Encouragement of Creative, Advanced
Research in Japan. Brochure, undated (E)
7. Gakujutsu Shingikai: Daigakutou ni okeru baiosaiensu kenkyuu no
suishin ni tsuite (Science Council: Concerning the promotion of
bioscience at the universities). Pamphlet, February 14, 1986 (J)
8. Monbusho - Ministry of Education, Science and Culture: Yuuten iki
kenkyuu - eibunmei (Special Research fields). Handout, 1988 and 1989
9. STA: Zenkoku Shikenkenkyuu Kikan Meikan '89-'90 (Summary of
National Research Organizations). Lattice, Maruzen Co., Tokyo, July
1989 (J)

(E) English
(J) Japanese
Chapter 6

Academic Societies

1. Introduction

Academic societies play an important role in Japan, both for academic

presentations and for the exchange of information. As of January, 1988, there
were 742 academic societies in Japan [1], whose fields are indicated in Table
6.1.

Table 6.1. Academic Societies in Japan (January, 1988)

Humanities and Social Sciences

Literature, philosophy, law 205

Law, politics 34
Economics 46

Subtotal 285

Natural Sciences

Physical science 93
Engineering 100
Agriculture 76
Medicine 189

Subtotal 458

Total 742

A considerable number of these societies have taken on the status of juridical

persons under Monbusho. Thus, in the field of natural sciences, 18 academic
societies function as foundations, and 100 as corporations [1].
526

The meetings of academic societies and the documentation of meetings are

extremely well organized and serve as an important informal forum for
technology transfer. Thus, as a rule, abstracts for a forthcoming meeting are
sent to the society members about 4 weeks in advance, allowing, for example,
industrial members to secure results of interest well in advance.

2. 14 Academic Societies with Major Activities in Biotechnology

The following selection of academic societies important for the development
of biotechnology is based on an individual survey among Japanese scientists
active in this field [2], and on lit. [3].

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrocbemistry

B*~?(t~~
Nihon Nougei Kagakukai

(formerly The Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan)

Address Gakkai Center Building

2-4-16 Yayoi,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3811-8789
Fax (03) 3815-1920
Established 1924
Publications Nihon Nougei Kagaku Kaishi (12 per year, 8000 Yen)
Agricultural and Biological Chemistry (12 per year, 6000
Yen)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese, price for abstracts volumes 3500
Yen (meeting place changes each year)
Members 655 companies and institutes 655, 11 250 individual
members
Membership Fee: corporations 30 000 or 60 000 Yen; individuals
8000 Yen; membership for foreigner possible, members
obtain meeting abstracts (individual members obtain
Nihon Nougei Kagaku Kaishi)
Representative Hideo Chiba
 527

Japanese Association for Plant Tissue Culture

B*~~~*Jl~j{flt~~
Nihon Shokubutsu Soshiki Baiyou Gakkai

Address Nogyo Seibutsu Shigen Kenkyujo

Saibon Ikushi-bu
Kannondai
Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305
EStablished 1978
Publications Newsletter (3 per year), Shokubutsu Soshiki Baiyo (3
per year)
Representative Hiroshi Harada

Japanese Association of Industrial Fermentation

Hakkou Kougyou Kyoukai

Address 2-5-5 Aiseki,

Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3431-3184
Representative Asaichiro Ozaki

Japanese Biochemical Society

Nihon Seikagaku Kai

Address Ishikawa Building 3 F

5-25-16 Hongo,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3815-1913
Fax (03) 3815-1934
EStablished 1925
Publications Seikagaku (12 per year)
Journal of Biochemistry (12 per year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes 10
000 Yen
Members 141 companies and institutes, 10655 individual mem-
bers
528

Membership Fees: corporations 60 000 Yen; individuals 8500 Yen;

membership for foreigners possible, members obtain
meeting abstracts
Representative Seisaku Numa

Japanese Society for Bacteriology

B**HJm~~
Nihon Saikin Gakkai

Address Zaidanhoujin Nihon Gakkai Jimu Center,

Gakkai Center Building
2-4-16 Yayoi,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5801
Fax (03) 3817-5800
Established 1927
Publications Journal of Bacteriology (6 per year)
Microbiology and Immunology (6 per year)
Representative Toshio Miwatani

Japanese Society of Breeding

B*~~~~
Nihon Ikushu Gakkai

Address Tokyo Daigaku Nougakubu

1-1-1 Yayoi
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3812-2111 (5064)
Established 1951
Publications lkushu Gaku Zasshi (4 volumes per year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes 2500
Yen (meetings change place in April and October)
Members 150 - 200 companies and institutes, 1500 individual
members
Membership Fees: 7500 Yen; membership for foreigners possible;
members obtain meeting abstracts
Representative Hirotada Yamakaku
 529

Japanese Society of Enzyme Engineering

Wf~I$nJf9E~
Kouso Kougaku Kenkyuukai

Address 1-16-89 Kashima,

Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka 532
Tanabe Seiyaku Ouyou
Seikagaku Kenkyuujo
Phone (06) 300-2572
Fax (06) 300-2500
Established April 1979
Publications Kouso Kougaku News (twice a year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes tOOO
Yen (meetings in spring and in autumn, change place)
Members 87 companies and institutes
515 individual members
Membership Fees: 2000 Yen; membership for foreigners possible;
members obtain meeting abstracts
Representative Kosuke Okada

Japanese Tissue Culture Association

B**Jl~:I:*~$~
Nihon Soshiki Baiyou Gakkai

Address Japan Center for Academic Societies

2-4-16, Yayoi
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5801
Established 1956
Publications Kaiin Tsushin (3 per year), Soshiki Baiyo Kenkyu (2 per
year)
Representative Yukiteru Kuroda

The Brewing Society of Japan

B*M~thb~
Nihon Jouzou Kyoukai

Address 2-6-30 Takinogawa,

Kita-Ku, Tokyo
Phone (03) 3910-3853
Fax (03) 3910-3748
530

Established 1915
Publications Nihon Jouzou Kyoukai Zasshi (12 per year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstract volumes
included in membership fee (meetings in September in
Tokyo)
Members 3338 companies and institutes, 667 individual members
Membership Fees: individuals 7000 Yen; companies 14000 Yen;
membership for foreigners possible; members obtain
meeting abstracts
Representative Toshiharu Kikuchi

The Japan Association for Microbiology

B¥Mlm~t~~
Nihon Biseibutsugaku Kyoukai
Address YMCA Building, The University of Tokyo
1-20-6, Mukooka
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5846
Established 1975
Publications Dictionary of Microbiology, Kokusai Saikin Meimei
Kiyaku
Representative Fujiki Hata, Kitasato University

The Japan Society for Biomaterials

B*/" -1 ;t 7::;- 1) 7 )v~~
Nihon Biomateriaru Gakkai
Address Nihon Gakkai Jimu Center Buildg.
2-4-16, Yayoi
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5801
Established 1978
Publications Seitei Zairyou (4 volumes per year), Nihon Bio-
machiriaru Gakkai Taikai Yokoushuu (annual); Nihon
Biomachiriaru Gakkai Kouza Shiryou Shuu (annual)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes 5000
Yen (meetings change place in spring and autumn)
Members 52 companies and institutes, 730 individual members
Membership Fees: individuals 7000 Yen; Institutes 100 000 Yen;
membership for foreigners possible; members obtain
meeting abstracts
 531

Affiliate Society Kikaku Iinkai, Hyoujun Iinkai

Representative Yasuhisa Sakurai

The Japanese Society for Marine Biotechnology

B*ifiii$UJfJE~
Nihon Kaiyou Kenkyuukai

Address Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology

The University of Tokyo
4-6-1, Komaba
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153
Phone (03) 3481-4470
Fax (03) 3481-4470
Representative Isao Karube

The Protein Engineering Society of Japan

B*~BI$$~
Nihon Tanpaku Kougaku Gakkai

Address Tokyo Science University, Jida campus

Yamazaki
Noda, Chiba 278
Phone (0471) 23-9777/9778
Established 1987
Publications Newsletter of the Protein Engineering Society of Japan
Representative Morio Ikehara

The Society of Fermentation Technology

B*~W~I$~
Nihon Hakkou Kougaku Kai

Address Osaka University,

Faculty of Engineering
2-1 Yamada Oka
Suita, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 876-2731
Established 1920
532

Publications Hakkou Kougaku Kaishi (6 per year), Journal of

Fermentation Technology (6 per year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes $ 40
(in November in Osaka)
Members 430 companies and institutes, 2500 individual members
Membership Registration through Elsevier Science Publishers, PO
Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
membership for foreigners possible; members obtain
meeting abstracts
Representative Kosuke Okada

3. 13 Academic Societies Relevant to the Development of Bio-

technology in Japan

Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food Science

B**~lt*;~T~
Nihon Eiyou Shokuryou Gakkai

Address 2-4-16 Yayoi,

Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Nihon Gakkai
Jimu Center
Phone (03) 3817-5801
Established 1947
Publications Eiyou to Shokuryo (6 volumes per year), Journal of
Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (6 volumes per
year)
Representative Morimasa Hosotani

Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists

B~~!±Jm~~
Nihon Shokubutsu Seiri Gakkai

Address Ogawa Higashi Shimodateuri-dori

Jokyo-ku, Kyoto 602
Phone (075) 441-3157
Established 1959
Publications Plant and Cell Physiology (8 volumes per year), Nihon
Shokubutsu Seiri Gakkai Tsushin (two volumes a year);
JSPP Newsletter (2 volumes a year)
 533

Meetings Abstracts in Japanese only; price for abstracts volumes

3500 Yen (change place each spring)
Members 947 companies and institutes, 1523 individual members
Membership Fees: Japanese individuals 7000 Yen; Japanese com-
panies 20 000 Yen; foreign individuals $ 30; foreign
companies $ 110
Representative Atsushi Takimoto

Pharmaceutical Society of Japan

8*~~~
Nihon Yaku Gakkai

Address 2-12-15 Shibuya,

Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo 150
Phone (03) 3406-3321
Fax (03) 3498-1835
Established 1880
Publications Pharmacia (12 per year); Yakugakuzasshi (12 per year)
meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes is
Variable (meetings changes place each April)
Members 196 companies and institutes, 17 669 individual mem-
bers
Membership Fees: $ 47, $ 58, $ 74, $ 34 and $ 35; membership for
foreigners possible; members obtain meeting abstracts
Representative Toshio Kawasaki

The Botanical Society of Japan

8*M~~~~
Nihon Shokubutsu Gakkai

Address Toushin Building

2-27-2 Hongou,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3814-5675
Established 1882
Publications The Botanical Magazine, Tokyo (4 volumes per year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes 2500
Yen (changes each year)
Members 200 companies and institutes, 2000 individual members
Membership Fees: individuals 7000 Yen; institutes 17 500 Yen;
membership for foreigners possible; members obtain
meeting abstracts
Representative Mitsuo Chihara
534

The Chemical Society of Japan

B*{t~~
Nihon Kagaku Kai

Address 1-5 Kanda Surugadai,

Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3292-6161
Fax (03) 3292-6087
Established 1878
Publications Kagaku To Kougion (Chemistry and Chemical Industry),
(3000 pages, 12 per year); Nihon Kagaku Kaishi (2500
pages, 12 per year); Bulletin of the Chemical Society of
Japan (4000 pages, 12 per year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese Only; price for abstracts volumes
4000 Yen (change place twice a year)
Members 740 companies and institutes, 32 500 individual mem-
bers
Membership Fees: 10 800 Yen; membership for foreigners possible;
members obtain meeting abstracts
Representative Keiji Tamaru

The Genetics Society of Japan

B*ji{~~~
Nihon Iden Gakkai

Address 1111 Yata

Mishima, Shizuoka 411
Kokuritsu Idengaku
Kenkyuujo
Phone (0559) 75-0771 (ext. 576)
Established 1920
Publications Idengaku Zasshi (6 volumes per year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes is
Variable (change each year)
Members 183 companies and institutes, 1291 individual members
Membership Fees: individuals 6000 Yen; institutes 10 800 Yen
membership for foreigners possible; members obtain
meeting abstracts
Representative Koichiro Miyawaki
 535

The Japan Oil Chemists Society

B*1EI31t~m~
Nihon Yukagaku Kyoukai

Address Yushikougyoukaikan 7F
3-13-11 Nihonbashi,
Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3271-7463
Established 1951
Publications Yukagaku (12 per year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts Volume 2000
Yen (meetings change place in autumn)
Members 193 companies and institutes, 2396 individual members
Membership Fees: 7800 Yen; membership for foreigners possible;
members obtain meeting abstracts
Representative Sadao Yoshikawa

The Japanese Cancer Association

B*~~~
Nihon Gan Gakkai

Address 1-37-1 Kami Ikebukuro, Tadashi Utakoji

Toshima-Ku, Tokyo 170
Gan Kenkyuujo
Phone (03) 3918-0111 (ext. 2616)
Established 1941
Publications Japanese Journal of Cancer Research (12 volumes per
year), Gann Monograph on Cancer Research (2 vo-
lumes per year); Nihon Gan Gakkai Soukai Kiji (Pro-
ceedings of Japanese Cancer Association) (annual)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes 6000
Yen (place changes each year)
Membership Fees: 9000 Yen; membership for foreigners possible;
members obtain meeting abstracts
Representative Yasuaki Nishizuka
536

The Japanese Society of Food Science and Technology

B*itrTbI3R;17~~
Nihon Shokuhin Kougyou Gakkai

Address 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tanitabe-Cho,

Tsukuba-Gun, Ibaragi
Nourin Suisanshou Shokuhin
Sougou Kenkyyjo
Phone (02) 975-6-7153
~tablished 1953
Publications Nihon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi (12 per year), Taikai
Koenshu (1 per year), Shokuhin Kogyo ni okeru Kagaku
Gijutsu no Shinpo (3 per year), Shokuhin Kogyo Sogo
Jiten, Shokuhin Bunsekihou, Hihakai Keisoku Sym-
posium Koenshu
Representative Keisuke Amano

The Medical Instrument Society of Japan

B*~f4~~~~
Nihon Ika Kikai Gakkai

Address 3-39-15 Hongo,

Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3813-1062
~tablished 1923
Representative Masakaza Tochiku

The Molecular Biology Society of Japan

B*JJ--1-!£~~~~
Nihon Bunshi Seibutsu Gakkai

Address Gakkai Center Building 4F

Nihon Gakkai Jimu Center
2-4-16 Yayoi
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5801
Fax (03) 3817-5800
~tablished 1978
Publications Kaihou (4 volumes per year)
 537

Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes 3,000

Yen (changes each year)
Members 30 companies and institutes, 2200 individual members
Membership Fees: 2500 Yen; entrance fee: 1000 Yen; membership
for foreigners possible; members obtain meeting ab-
stracts
Representative Mutsuo Sekiguchi

The Society of Japanese Virologists

8*91 )VA$~
Nihon Uirusu Gakkai

Address Gakkai Center Building

2-4-16 Yayoi
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5801
Fax (03) 3817-5800
Established 1953
Publications Kaishi Virus (2 volumes a year); Kaihou (2 volumes a
year)
Meetings Abstracts in Japanese; price for abstracts volumes 3000
Yen (changes each year)
Members 49 companies and institutes, 2531 individual members
Membership Fees: 4500 Yen; membership for foreigners possible;
members obtain meeting abstracts
Representative Shiro Kato

The Society of Yeast Scientists

Koubo Saibou Kenkyuukai

Address Tokyo Noukou University, Nougaku-bu

3-5-8 Saiwai-cho
Fuchu, Tokyo 183
Phone (0423) 64-3311
Office Manager Mr. Kuraishi
538

4. 21 Other Relevant Academic Societies

Japan Neuroscience Society

B*fEfIg{t'7'7~
Nihon Shinkei Kagaku Kyokai

Address Japan Center for Academic Organizations

2-4-16, Yayoi
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5801
&tablished 1974
Representative Masao Ito

Japan Society for Biomedical Gerontechnology

B*~ft{t~~
Nihon Kiso Rouka Gakkai

Address Tokyo-To Roujin Sogo Kenkyuujo

35-2 Sakae-Cho,
Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173
Phone (03) 3964-1131 (3095)
Fax (03) 3579-4776
Representative Kazutomo Imahori

Japan Society for Cell Biology

B**mM~m~~
Nihon Saibou Seibutsu Gakkai

Address Shimodakuri-dori, Ogawa Higashi-hairn

Jokyo-ku, Kyoto 602
Phone (075) 441-3158
&tablished 1949
Representative Hiroshi Tadai
 539

Japan Society for Cancer Therapy

B*~i~m~~
Nihon Gan Chiryou Gakkai

Address 14 Kawara-Cho, Yoshida,

Sakyou-Ku Kyoto 606
Kinki Chiou Hatsumei Center
Phone (075) 751-7150
Established 1963
Representative Kazuo Ohta

Japan Society of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry

B**Jlm~Hm~{t~~
Nihon Soshiki Saibou Kagaku Kai

Address Kyoto University, Igakubu Kaibougaku

Kyoshitsu
Konoe-Cho, Yoshida
Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 751-7727, 753-4332
Fax (075) 751-7286
Established 1960
Representative Waro Ogawa

Japanese Society for Laboratory Animal Science

B*5itIOOVJ~~~~
Nihon Shiken Doubutsu Gakkai

Address Kanda, Nagatani Mansion 620

2-8-10, Iwamoto-machi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3865-1475
Established 1951
540

Japanese Society of Biorheology

8*.1'\'1 ;d"" v;d"" 0 y-~~
Nihon Baioreorojii Gakkai

Address Keio University, Butsurigaku Kyoshitsu

4-1-1, Hiyoshi
Minato-kita-ku, Yokohama 223
Phone (044) 63-1111
&tablished 1977
Representative Yukihide Isogai

Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists

8*~I±I±~m~~
Nihon Hassei Seibutsu Gakkai

Address Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences

11, Minami-Ohtani
Machida, Tokyo 194
Phone (0427) 24-6294
&tablished 1968
Representative Ikuo Yasu

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology

8*"M~~~~~
Nihon Biseibutsu Seitai Gakkai

Address Kyoto University, Faculty of Agriculture

Suisangaku Kyoshitsu
Shirakawa, Iowake-cho
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
Phone (075) 753-6217
&tablished 1971
Representative Choseki Furusaka
 541

Physiological Society of Japan

B*~l~$~
Nihon Seiri Gakkai

Address Fuse Building

3-30-10, Hongo
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3815-1624
~tablished 1923
Representative Masao Ito

Society of Biomechanism of Japan

j ,,' -1 ;t ;J. 7J =:. 7,." k $~
Baiomechaniwmu Gakkai

Address Waseda University

Rikou Gakubu
3-4-1 Okubo,
Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo
Phone (03) 3209-3211 or 73-3115
Fax (03) 3200-2567
Representative Takaaki Asami

The Electrochemical Society of Japan

~~1t$t~~
Denki Kagaku Kyoukai

Address Shinyuraku-Cho Building

1-12-1 Yuraku-Cho,
Chioda-Ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3214-6001
~tablished 1933
Members 280 companies and institutes; 3000 individual members
Representative Kamo Fueki
542

The Japan Neurosciences Research Association

B*}f~'UJf~~
Nihon Nou Kenkyuukai

Address Okayama University, Faculty of Medicine, Nou Daisha

Kenkyuu Shisetsu
2-5-1, Shikada-cho
Okayama 700
Phone (0862) 23-7151 (2640)
Established 1974
Representative Junji Matsumoto

The Japanese Neurochemical Society

B*fEfJ*-I{t$~
Nihon Shinkei Kagakkai

Address Japan Center for Academic Organizations

2-4-16, Yayoi
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5801 (2613)
Established 1958
Representative Yasuo Kakimoto

The Japanese Pharmacological Society

B~!m$~
Nihon Yakuri Gakkai

Address Misu Buildg.

6-16-12 Hongou
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3814-4828
Established 1927
Representative Ken Shibutani
 543

The Japanese Society of Chemical Engineers

{t~I$thh~
Kagaku Kougaku Kyoukai

Address 4-6-19 Kobinata,

Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 112
Kyouritsu Kaikan
Phone (03) 3943-3527
Fax (02) 3943-3530
Established 1960
Publications Kagaku Kogaku (12 per year), Kagaku Kogaku Ron-
bunshu (6 per year), Chemical Engineering in Japan (6
per year)
Office Manager Masaki Yoshida

The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy

B*~~$~
Nihon Seiyaku Gakkai

Address Gakkai Center Building

2-4-16 Yayoi
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5801
Fax (03) 3817-5800
Established 1946
Representative Shinsaku Natori

The Japanese Society of Polymer Science

~7tr~~
Koubunshi Gakkai

Address Honshu Building

5-12-8 Ginza
Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 104
Phone (03) 3543-3771
Fax (03) 3545-8560
Established 1951
Representative Toshinobu Higashimura
544

The Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries

B*71<gg~T~
Nihon Suisan Gakkai

Address Tokyo University of Fisheries

4-5-7 Kounan
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3471-2165
Established 1932
Representative Mr. Sugayama

The Mycological Society of Japan

B*m~~
Nihon Kin Gakkai

Address Japan Center for Academic Societies

2-4-16, Yayoi
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3817-5801
Established 1956
Representative Yoshimura Fukazawa

Zoological Society of Japan

B*JIJ~m~~
Nihon Doubutsu Gakkai

Address Toshin Building

Hongo 2-27-2
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3814-5675
Established 1879
Representative Nobuo Egami
 545

5. References
1. Monbusho - Ministry of Education, Sciences and Culture: The Univer-
sity Research System in Japan. Brochure, 1988 (E and J).
2. I am greatly indebted to many Japanese colleagues for responding to
this request, and to Mrs. Aiko Kawashima for organizing this survey
3. Kagaku Gijutsu Chou (Science and Technology Agency): Zenkoku
Shikenkenkyuukikan Meikan '89-'90 (Collection of national research
institutions, 1989/90). Lattice - Maruzen Co., Tokyo July 1989 (J)

(E) English
(J) Japanese
Chapter 7

Biotechnology-Related Research Policy and

Programs

1. The Industry and its Policy

1.1 Introduction
Mter World War II, when the occupation forces had destroyed the big
business families (Zaibatsu) which had developed since the Meiji period
(1868), the manufacturing industries became the most important sector of the
Japanese economy. In the later post-war period, the service sector industries
began to dominate the economy, but even in 1986, 29.7% of the GDP was
produced by the manufacturing and mining industry (1970: 36.8%)[1].

In 1949, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)(Chap. 3)

was established as the governmental body with jurisdiction over the manu-
facturing industries. Until the 1960s, the government, through this ministry,
guided the economy very effectively; after all, many members of the cabinet
and the diet were former bureaucrats with experience in the government-
controlled economy during the war.

With the economic rise of Japan in the 1960s and thereafter, however,
industrial leaders gained power and prestige, and today they participate in
consultations with the government about economic and technology policies on
an equal basis [2].
This general situation is also reflected in the bioindustry. Whereas "biotechno-
logy" as a term was "invented" in the U.S. in the early 1970s, mainly in the
context of rDNA technology, it should be kept in mind that the fermentation
industry of Japan had developed into an important field of business already
since the turn of the century. And in the 1950s and 1960s, the application of
molecular biology and biochemistry to industrial processes had led to
considerable commercial breakthroughs in Japan; outstanding examples are
the industrial production of amino acids by fermentation (Kyowa Hakko,
1957) and by immobilized enzymes (Tanabe Seiyaku, 1974) [3].
 547

As in the West, industrial leaders in larger companies favor an in-house skill

base for methods crucial to the development of new products. In the case of
biotechnology, this goal was achieved by many companies in the early 1980s,
as indicated in Fig. 7.1 [4].

Gcnctic
Enginccring

Ccll Fusion
Lr;,:~>~,;:;:~)~~~-=~~_I~_"~"'~'__~~~~~'l l00
Lar,;c Scale
Celr Culture LI;:'~;~;!~~~~~~~~__~~~~~~~~~1 1l9
Bioreactor I,>: . . , ; ;, ', ,; ,' ,/;t;<)tt :nY; ,,;', .'. .' I CJ7
Biomass
ConvcrsiolJ, EdH~;

companies
o 40 60 80 100
• nO! sampled in 1982

Ftg. 7.1. Methods of Biotechnology in Japanese Companies, 1985

In 1971, Mitsubishi Chemicals, with its Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life

Sciences, founded the first private laboratory in this field. Since then, more
than 100 companies have set up research centers which are entirely or
partially devoted to biotechnology (see Chap. 2)[5, 6]. In the 3 technology
parks of Tsukuba (Fig. 7.2: Tsukuba Tokodai Industrial Park) alone, more
than 100 companies carry out R&D in this area [7].

Nearly 70% of the Japanese R&D budget is spent by the private sector - a
figure which exceeds the efforts of all other industrialized countries (Chap.
10). According to recent surveys [8, 9], the total industrial workforce in
biotechnology presently (beginning of 1989) was assumed to comprise 10000
workers, of which about 1700 were engaged in rDNA-related research. The
number of qualified industrial researchers in the "life sciences" amounted to
18 335 in 1988 [10] (Chap. 2).

From these figures it becomes clear that industry executives usually maintain
that R&D is a task of the private sector. However, the Japanese are a group-
-oriented people who consider it important to belong to a "club" and to be
548

FIg. 72.. Aerial View of Tsukuba Tokodai Industrial Park

(Courtesy of Tsukuba Research Consortium)

recognized by peers. Thus, there remains a significant role for the govern-
ment. In general terms, this is nicely revealed by a survey of the magazine
Nikkei Biotech, carried out in 1985 [11]. Asked for a ranking of the
government tasks to promote biotechnology, 45% of the executives were in
favor of activities joining industry together (Chap. 2). As discussed below in
more detail, such endeavors can take the form of:

- Research Foundations such as the JBA/BIDEC and the Japan Health

Science Foundation,
- Joint Research Centers such as the Protein Engineering Research
Institute
- Research Associations such as the Marine Biotechnology Program of
MITI or the Food Bioreactor Association of MAFF.
 549

CouncIllor SCIence
ami Technologv

industnai Technoioh"
OJuncli .

Science Council
Blosclcncc
Suhcommlltcc

_ AdvisoryCommiuee
D Research Institute • R&D Funding
o Public Foundation o Projects ~ Secretariat -----. Dispatching researchers
D Research Company

Fig. 73. Survey of Governmental Programs in Biotechnology

A survey of these promotional measures is given in Fig. 7.3.

The main advantage of these programs is that they provide personal

interactions among the managers and researchers of the companies involved.
In addition, they constitute fora to address contextual measures such as
financing, training, and regulations in a coordinated manner (Chap. 8).
550

As outlined in Chap. 3, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry

(MITI) oversees mainly the energy, mining and chemical industry sectors.
Thus, many of its projects address large-scale technologies. In contrast,
MAFF, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, is in charge of the
agriculture and food industry, which is predominantly of medium and small
scale. In these areas, contextual measures are rather planned to exert a "high
tech push", as clearly visible in the programs of this ministry - and in the
regional R&D policy initiated by the MITI and later adopted by the MAFF
(Chap. 9).

1.2 Japan Federation of Economic Organizations

g~)l
Keidanren

Address Keidanren Hooru

1-9-4 ()temachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3279 1411
Fax (03) 3246 0574

Keidanren is a nation-wide body with 120 association and 925 corporate

members as of July 1989. Headed by internationally acknowledged leaders of
the Japanese business community, Keidanren plays an active and influential
role in the economic policy of Japan [12].

Within its Science and Technology Department (rm~$ ,Kaihatsu Bu)(Se-

nior Director: Mr. Hiroshi Morikawa), Keidanren has established a Ufe
Science Committee (*I1ID:il7 -{ 7 -tt-{ ::£. :/ A ~ jl~ Keidanren Raifu Saiensu
linkai). It offers advise to the government in questions relating to biotechno-
logy. In the recent past, three statements were issued:

- Aspects of the promotion of life science research (June 1985)

- Suggestions how to organize rDNA-related technology (July 17, 1987), and
- Proposals how to promote advanced research in the life sciences (March
22, 1988)
 551

1.3 The Association for the Promotion of New Chemistry

(ASPRONC)
fJT1t~rmJ.ithh~ (7 A 7°0 )
Shinkagaku Kaiten Kyoukai (Asupuro)

Address Izumiya No.2 Bldg,

3-5-1 Kojimachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3239-3341
Fax (03) 3239-2671

The financial basis for this foundation is a fund which was established by the
soda industry after the Minamata accident. With a basic investment both from
MITI and from companies involved in the soda business, it was intended to
assist the industry to faster introduce the diaphragm process (instead of the
traditional mercury-based process) thus eliminating the discharge of mercury
into the environment. The upgrading of technology was completed much more
rapidly than expected. As a result, capital accumulated over the years (4.2
bill. Yen) and was turned over to the above foundation (created for this
purpose in May, 1986). It now boosts an annual revenue of about 300 mill.
Yen which is being invested for scientific communication, notably national
and international workshops on frontier technologies including biotechnology.

ASPRONC's members comprise 80 Japanese companies involved in one or

the other aspect of chemistry [13].

2. Prime Minister's Office - Council for Science and

Technology

As discussed in Chap. 3, the Council for Science and Technology (W~ttf*j

~., Kagaku Gijutsu Kaigi) is the consulting body to the Prime Minister for
all important issues relating to science and technology. Its members are high-
ranking governmental officers, university professors, and industrialists (Chap.
3). The Prime Minister, who presides the council is obliged to respect its
recommendations [14].

The Council sets the policy guidelines for science and technology which are
consequently implemented by the Science and Technology Agency (STA) and
by the ministries concerned with the pertinent field under study (it is obvious,
however, that key members of these ministries are involved in the decision
process before a formal recommendation is issued).
Recent recommendations and views of the council in the field of the life
sciences are summarized in Table 7.1 [14].
552

Table 7.1. Council for Science and Technology - Recommendation and Views in the Area of
the Life Sciences

- Safety guidelines of rDNA experiments (Prime Minister's decision, August, 1979)

- Views concerning the promotion of the life sciences (August, 1980)
- Views concerning basic measures for the promotion of cancer research (July, 1983)
- Basic program for R&D on leading and fundamental technology in the life
sciences (Prime Minister's decision, August 1984)
- Recommendation No. 11 on a comprehensive and fundamental policy for the promotion
of science and technology to cope with the current changes from a long-term view
(November, 1984)
- Views concerning basic measures for the promotion of science and technology with
regard to longevity (May, 1986)
- Views concerning basic measures for the promotion of science and technology with
respect to the brain and the nervous system (August, 1987)
- Views concerning basic measures for the promotion of science and technology with
respect to the immune system (August, 1987)

The present policy is dominated by "The Science and Technology Policy

Guideline" which, following suggestions of the council, was adopted by the
cabinet as of March 3, 1986. Its general directives are indicated in Table
7.2.

Table 7.2. Contents of "The Science and Technology Policy Guideline" of the Council of
Science and Technology

1. Basic Policy
- Stimulation of basic research
- Internationalization of R&D
- Improvement of public perception
2. Priority policy
- Improvement of national infrastructure
(resource banks, information, training),
- Transfer of high-technology to local areas throughout Japan,
3. Priority targets
- R&D in priority areas: materials, electronics, life sciences, software, space, ocean and
earth science,
- R&D for economic stimulation: natural resources, energy, production and distribution
technology, reclamation of resources, improvement of living condition,
- R&D for improvement of quality of life and society (health, lifestyle, safety, global
environment)

In October 1988, these guidelines were enacted by the government as "Law

for Consolidating R&D Systems relating to Industrial Technology".

Since then, this "master plan" is being implemented by the Science and
Technology Agency (STA), through its Special Coordination Funds for
Promoting Science and Technology and the pertinent offices of the other
ministries. This is schematically illustrated in Chap. 3, Fig. 3.3.
 553

The project schemes relating to the life sciences will now be discussed in
more detail in the context of each of the ministries involved.

3. Science and Technology Agency (STA)

Policy
In response to the guidelines issued by the Council for Science and Techno-
logy, the STA adopted the following policy:

- Promotion of advanced and basic/generic research

- Promotion of R&D involving several research institutes
- Improvement of cooperation between industry, government, and academia
- Promotion of international cooperation in research

As discussed in Chap. 3, the "Special Coordination Fund for Promoting

Science and Technology" is an effective instrument of the STA to initiate and
coordinate such policy. Under its budget, subcontracts are commissioned to
national research institutes, universities, and industry. At present (FY 1989),
the projects shown in Table 7.4 are carried out in the field of the life sciences
[15].
Table 7.4. Life-Science related Targets fmanced by STA's Special Coordination Fund

- R&D on cancer (269 mill. Yen)

- R&D on the immune system (438 mill. Yen)
- R&D on brain function (252 mill. Yen)
- R&D on protein structure and function (101 mill. Yen)
- R&D on developmental physiology (189 mill. Yen)
- R&D on non-invasive methods to elucidate biological functions of life at the molecular level
(175 mill. Yen)
- R&D on applications of bio-energetics (165 mill. Yen)
- R&D on chromosome analysis (168 mill. Yen)
- Risk assessment of rDNA release in the environment (108 mill. Yen)

Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC) and the

"ERATO Projects"
~JT~1~jlm§£$~r:fl
Shingijutsu Kaihatsu Jigyoudan

The JRDC, established in 1961, promotes the development of new technology

with the goal of commercialization. JRDC collects information on the
554

research results from universities and public research institutions as well as

from individual researchers and promotes a) cooperative development with
industry, and b) coordination for licensing, depending on the maturity of the
underlying invention. A major activity of JRDC consists in the ERATO
projects [16].

Address 2-5-2 Nagata-cho

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3507-3001
Fax (03) 3581-1486
Established 1961
Number of 252, of which 177 are engaged in research (ERATO projects)
Employees
Capital 39764 mill. Yen
Budget 10356 mill. Yen, of which 5 561 mill. Yen originate from the
government (as of FY 1988)

The source of technology promoted by the JRDC is indicated in Fig. 7.4.

Nationa l
Research JI~)lI.t,U_'''3'.

Total 328 Tolal 300

Fig. 7.4. JRDC Project Portfolio

 555

Biotechnology-related examples for cooperative development with industry

include:

- manufacturing of interferon by cell culture techniques (The Green Cross

Co. and Toray Industries, Inc.)
- technology for manufacturing of hepatitis B vaccine (Osaka University and
The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute)
- technology for manufacturing protein food ingredients from fish
(Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory and Niigata Engineering
Co.)

Licenses are available to foreigners, and JRDC offers its services to foreign
public research institutions. To this end, a bulletin entitled "Opportunities for
license" is periodically published by JRDC.

JRDC, through its High Technology Consortium, also offers its services to
organize research groups of private companies building on findings developed
at national research institutes and within the ERATO projects.

Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO)

EIJ~f4~~Vfqtljig$~
Souzou Kagakugijutsu Suishin Jigyou

General outline: In 1981, JRDC launched a new innovative research system

targeted to stimulate basic research and innovative technology, by bringing
together young researchers from Japan and abroad, from industry, government
institutes, and university, for a designated period of time (usually 5 years).
The open-end system is centered around key individuals who serve as project
directors and are charged with the sole responsibility of recruiting and
selecting the members of their teams, which consists of 30 members or less
grouped into subprojects. JRDC has no own research facilities; thus, research
is carried out at research laboratories of the participants [17].

Information about the ERATO projects can be obtained through the Japan
Research Development Corporation JRDC (address Sect. 3.2.1).

As of March 31st, 1988, there were 177 researchers employed in all ERATO
projects, and the research budget for fiscal year 1988 was 3 816 mill. Yen (4
558 mill. Yen in 1989). The cumulated budget (1982-88) of all ERATO
projects was 18717 mill. Yen.

Presently, there are 14 ERATO projects (1990), and 7 others have been
completed. The names and targets of the projects are:
556

1. *Hayaishi Bioinformation Transfer Project (1983-88)

2. *Horikoshi Superbugs Project «1984-89)
3. Yoshida Nano-Mechanism Project (1985-90)
4. Kuroda Solid Surface Project (1985-90)
5. Goto Quantum Magneto Flux Logic Project (1986-91)
6. Hotani Molecular Dynamic Assembly Project (1986-91)
7. *Inaba Biophoton Project (1986-91)
8. Nishizawa Terahertz Project (1981-86),
9. *Furusawa MorphoGenes Project (1987-1992)
10. *Kunitake Molecular Architecture Project (1987-92)
11. Sakaki Quantum Wave Project (1988-93)
12. Masuhara Microphotoconversion Project (1988-93)
13. *Mizutani Plant Ecochemicals Project (1988-93)
14. Tonomura Electron Wavefront Project (1989-94)
15. Aono Atomcraft Project (1989-94)
16. *Ikeda Genosphere Project (1989-94)
17. *Mizuno Bioholonics Project (1982-1987)
18. Hayashi Ultra-Fine Particle Project
19. Matsumoto Amorphours and Intercalation Compounds Project
20. Ogata Fine Polymer Project
21. Nihizawa Perfect Crystal Project

Projects marked with an asterisk relate to biotechnology and will now be

discussed in more detail.

Mizuno Bioholonics Project (completed)

The aim of the project was a) to study holonic systems in biological

organisms, and to build models of such systems, b) to investigate self-
organizing systems under the aspect of computer function, and c) to develop
control methods for the holonic systems, using macrophages as model systems.

Member institutions: Sanyo Denki, Toyo Jozo, Nihon Shoji, University of

Tokyo, Kyoto University, Saitama University, Hiroshima University, Meiji
Pharmaceutical University, and Tohoku University.

Hayaisbi Bioinformation Transfer Project (completed)

Director Dr. Osamu Hayaishi

Address Osaka Medical College
2-7 Daigakucho,
Takatsuki Osaka 569
Phone (0726) 81-7706, 7774
Fax (0726) 83-0864
 557

General outline: A new group of hydrophobic substances derived from cell

membranes, e.g., the prostaglandins and leukotriens, have been demonstrated
to play a crucial role in intracellular information transmission. The project
aimed to elucidate the mechanism of this information transfer, and to apply
the findings to medical problems and information technology. There were the
following subprojects:
a) bio-transmitters in brain function,
b) mechanism of neurotransmission, and
c) neuro-pharmcodynamics

Research groups: Bio-Transmitter Group: Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki

Neurotransmission Group: Nippon Shinyaku Co., Kyoto
Neuropharmacology Group: Nippon Shinyaku Co., Kyoto

Institutions dispatching researchers: Ueno Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, Kanega-

fuchi Chemicals, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Shionogi Pharmaceuticals, Nippon
Shinyaku, Fuji Pharmaceuticals, Mitsubishi Petrochemicals, Osaka Medical
University, Kyoto University, Nagoya University, NCI (USA)

Horikoshi Superbugs Project (completed)

Director Dr. Koki Horikoshi

Address 2-28-8 Honkomagome
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3943-7981
Fax (03) 3943-7993
General outline: Over the past decades, microorganisms have been detected
which grow under extreme environmental conditions. The project aimed to
screen such microorganisms from all over the world and to analyze their
mechanism for tolerance, their metabolic pathways and molecular genetics.
There were the following subprojects:
a) fundamental work induding screening and molecular genetics,
b) metabolism, expression of enzymes,
c) tolerance induction in normal microorganisms.

Research groups: Fundamental Work Group: Institute of Physical and

Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako and Tokyo; Metabolism and Production
Group: Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Tokyo;
Tolerance Induction Group: Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Tsukuba

Institutions dispatching researchers: Idemitsu-Kosan, Oji Paper, Kuupii,

Kumiai Chemicals, Godo Sake, Suntory, Toray, J.G.c. (Nikki), Nihon
Shokuhin Kako, Fujiwara Pharmaceuticals, Mitsubishi Electric, Meiji Seika,
Morinaga Sugar, University of Tokyo, Tsukuba University, Tohoku University,
Nihon University, groups from the USA, Great Britain, W.-Germany, New
Zealand, and the PR China.
558

Inaba Biophoton Project

Director Dr. Fumio Inaba

Address Kozinkai Center Hospital
84 Higashi-Shichibancho
Sendai, Miyagi 980
Phone (022) 297-3626
Fax (022) 295-0954

General outline: The project is focussed on the effect of ultra-weak light (less
then 10 photons per second) that is emitted from, transmitted in, and
adsorbed by biological tissues and cells. So far, no specific substances have
been identified as being responsible for the emission of these "biophotons".
It is suspected, however, that this reaction occurs quite generally throughout
nature, for instance in conjunction with free radical reactions and electroni-
cally excited states of molecular oxygen. There has also been evidence of
emissions involved in metabolism and cancer cell activity.

Research groups: Measurement Technology Group: The Research Institute

of Electric and Magnetic Alloys, Sendai; Biochemical Information Group:
Kozinkai Center Hospital, Sendai; Information Processing Group: The
Research Institute of Electric and Magnetic Alloys and Kozinkai Center
Hospital, Sendai

Institutions dispatching researchers: Nihon Bunko, AdvanTest, Shimadzu,

Olympus, Nagoya University, Tohoku University, Agricultural University
Tokyo, Gunma University, Ochanomizu University, Rikkyo University,
Researchers from the USA, Hungary

Furusawa MorphoGenes Project

Director Dr. Mitsuru Furusawa

Address 2F, The Thirteenth Noyone Building
5-6-17 Nishikasai
Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134
Phone (03) 3688-8944
Fax (03) 3675-0634
General outline: The main target of this project is to search for the genes
which control the early differentiation and development of germ cells and to
analyze, on the molecular level, their control during development, with
emphasis on the fundamental process of gastrulation.

Research groups: Search for gene Group: Research Institute, Dai-ichi Seiyaku
Co., Tokyo; Expression Group: Tokyo Research Center, Tosoh Corp., Ayase;
Gene Control Group: Tokyo Research Center, Tosoh Corp., Ayase
 559

Institutions dispatching researchers: Daiichi Pharmaceuticals, Tosoh, Special

Reference Laboratory, Kowa, Kumamoto University, Tokyo Science
University, University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Nihon University, Japan
Veterinary College, Utsunomiya University, Teikyo University, Nihon
Agriculture University, Researchers from Korea

Kunitake Molecular Architecture Project

Director Dr. Toyoki Kunitake

Address 332-1, Kami Koga
Chikushino, Fukuoka 818
Phone (092) 928-1401
Fax (092) 928-1404

General outline: The project aims at self-assembling molecules, such as

synthetic bilayer membranes, as a starting point for novel functional materials.
Thus, the structure and properties of synthetic bilayers and their composites
will be examined, with emphasis on structure-function relationship for two-
dimensional molecular architecture.

Research groups: Fundamental Design Group, Functional Architecture

Group, and Composite Architecture Group: all Fukuoka Industrial Research
Institute, Chikushino

Institutions dispatching researchers: Dojindo Laboratories, Hisamitsu

Pharmaceuticals, Mitsui Toatsu, Mitsui Shipbuilding, Asahi Chemicals,
Mitsubishi Chemicals, Tokuyama Soda, Tosoh, Ube Chemical Industries, Sogo
Pharmaceuticals, Asahi Glass, Kuraray, Kuboko Pharmaceuticals, Kao Soap,
Daikin, Sumitomo Bakelite, Fukuoka Industrial Research Institute, Tokyo
University, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Women's University, Wisconsin State
University, IBM, 3M, Max Planck Institute, University of California at Irvine

Mizutani Plant Ecochemicals Project

Director Dr. Junya Mizutani

Address 3-1-1, Megumino Kita, Eniwa
Hokkaido 061-13
Phone (0123) 36-3771
Fax (0123) 36-3772

General outline: The project aims at the elucidation of ecologically active

chemicals, e.g., secondary metabolites whose structure can be used for the
development of ecologically safe pesticides, food processing and pharma-
cology.
560

Research groups: Formation Mechanisms Group: Eniwa Research Busniess

Park; Plant/Plant and Microorganism Interactions Group: Hokkaido Tokai
University, Sapporo; Plant/Animal interactions Group: Eniwa Research
Business Park

Ikeda Genosphere Project

Director Dr. Joh-E Ikeda

Address Molecular Genetics Laboratory
National Institute of Agrobiological Resources
2-1-2, Kannondai
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305

General outline: The project aims at the elucidation of genetic mechanisms

on the level of chromosomes. In particular, regions of chromosomes related
to chromosome movement will be investigated using laser microdissection. In
addition, chromosomes will be inserted into cultured cells and fertilized eggs,
and techniques will be developed to study the development of these
chromosomes in cultured and intact cells.

Research groups: Gene Function Group: Tokai University, Isehara; Image

Analysis Group: Toyo University, Kawagoe; Measurement and Observation
Group: Hitachi Ltd. Advanced Research Laboratory, Hatoyama.

"Frontier Research Programs"

Kokusai furontia kenkyuu

Introduction

The program was set up in 1986 with the goals to:

- carry out fundamental research in an international environment,
- identify research subjects of primary importance in biological and material
science.

The projects are run at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
(RIKEN), Waka, Saitama (Chap. 4) on an international basis (about one third
of the participants are foreigners), and their duration is scheduled as three
terms of 5 years each [18].

It is attempted to install the most advanced equipment and facilities.

In 1986, construction of a central research building and of a guest-house for
foreign researchers was initiated (Fig. 7.5).
 561

Fig. 75. Central Research and Frontier Materials Research Building at RIKEN (Courtesy
STA)

In 1989, the budget was 1744 mill. Yen, and the accumulated budget was
5913 mill. Yen.

Presently (FY 1989), 10 projects and laboratories have been established for
the purpose of this project. The organizational structure is indicated in Fig.
7.6.

I Director · General I
I Research Advisors Council of Administra tive Advisors I
Frontier Forum
I I
I Life Science I I Material Science I I Brain Science I
Bio-Homcostasis Frontier Materials Brain MechaniSms of
Research Program Researeh Program Mind and Behavior
Laboratory for Molecular Laboratory for Quantum Laboratory for
Regu lation of Aging Neural Systems
Materials
Laboratory for Aging
Process Laboratory for Non li near Laboratory for Neural
Optics and Advanced
Laboratory for Intestinal Materials Information Processing
Aora
Laboratory for Plant Laboratory for Bioclectronie Labora tory for
Biological Regulation Materials Neural Networks

t t t

I
I
Domestic and Foreign Scientists ,
I

Fig. 7.6. Organizational Structure of the Frontier Research Programs

Bio-homeostasis Research Program

In this program, the mechanism of regulation of physiological functions and

their balance (homeostasis) in animals and plants will be investigated. The
program is run by 4 laboratories:

Laboratory for Molecular Regulation of Aging

Head: Dr. Gabriel Gachelin; Coordinator: Dr. Yoji Ikawa
562

Research target is molecular biological research on the function of histocom-

patibility antigen genes and their role in differentiation and in autoimmune
diseases.

Laboratory for Aging Process

Head: Dr. Koiti Titani; Coordinator: Dr. Yoji Ikawa
Research target is the analysis of Alzheimer disease, on a genetic level,
followed by the elucidation of transduction mechanisms in neurons.

Laboratory for Intestinal Flora

Head: Dr. Tomotari Mitsuoka; Coordinator: Dr. Tomotari Mitsuoka
Research target is to clarify the effects of aging and food constituents on the
composition and function of the intestinal flora, followed by investigations on
the relationship of nutrition, growth, aging, immunity, and cancer to the
intestinal flora.

Laboratory for Plant Biological Regulation

Head: Dr. Masaki Furuya; Coordinator: Dr. Nobutaka Takahashi
Research target is the elucidation of the structure and function of phytochro-
mes and other photoreceptors, followed by studies on the transduction of light
information into biosignals.

Frontier Materials Research Program

In this program, attempts will be made to elucidate the ultra-fine states of

biomaterials such as cells and proteins, and of chemical materials such as
polymers, metals, etc., and combinations of both.

The program is run by three laboratories:

Laboratory for Quantum Materials

Head: Dr. Susumu Namba; Coordinator: Dr. Koichi Toyoda
Research targets is to process matter at the atomic level through the
integrated use of laser, ion beam, and molecular beam technology with the
goal to develop next-generation opto-electronic devices.

Laboratory for Nonlinear Optics and Advanced Materials

Head: Dr. Anthony F. Garito; Coordinator: Dr. Akira Yamada
Research target is to develop advanced opto-electronic material based on
nonlinear optical phenomena induced by intense light fields, and research on
novel superconductors

Laboratory for Bioelectronic Materials

Head: Dr. Kevin M. Ulmer; Coordinator: Dr. Hiroyuki Sasabe
Research target is the development of advanced biosensors, in-vivo biosensor
devices, and protein-derived bioelectronic materials.
 563

Frontier Brain Science Program

In this program, attempts will be made to elucidate functional and structural

principles of the brain through anatomical, physiological and theoretical
approaches. It is expected to provide the scientific and technological basis for
behavioral sciences and information science in the coming century.

The program is run by three laboratories:

Laboratory for Neural Systems

Head: Dr. Edward G. Jones
Research target is the functional organization of the cerebral cortex,
particularily the auditory cortex, with anatomical techniques. This will offer
a structural basis for understanding the algorithm of thinking.

Laboratory for Neural Information Processing

Head: Dr. Keiji Tanaka
Research target is the neuronal response of the cortical neural network, its
adaptation to learning experiences, and visual recognition. New techniques for
recording the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex at the macroscopic level
will be a major emphasis of research.

Laboratory for Neural Networks

Head: Dr. Masao Ito
Research target is the construction of neuronal network models of brain
function, especially the functions of memory and learning.

"Human Frontier Science Program" (HFSP)

t~-?/·70/T17·~1x/A·
7°0 lJ"=j b.
Hyuuman Furontia Saiensu Puroguramu

Introduction

The program was proposed by the former Prime Minister Nakasone at the
Economic Summit held in Venice in June 1987. From November 1987
through March 1988, a feasibility study was conducted by scientists and
experts from the summit member nations with the objective to identify the ac-
tivities, implementation system, research areas, and other aspects of the
HFSP. The former Prime Minister Takeshita reported the results at the
Toronto Economic Summit in June 1988. By the end of 1988, the program
was implemented.
 564

The program is jointly organized by the STA and by MITI. In late 1989, an
implementory organization, the International HFSP Organization (HFSPO),
was established in Strasbourg, France [19]. The contact addresses are:

The Task Force on the HFSP

c/o Science and Technology Agency,
The Japanese Government
2-2-1, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3501-3490
Fax (03) 3581-3079
(03) 3581-5689
International Human Frontier Science Program Organization
(HFSPO)
Tour Europe, 20 Place des HaIles
67000 Strasbourg, France
Phone xx33 88328833
Fax xx33 88328897

Budget (FY 1989) about 2800 mill. Yen, of which

1456 mill. Yen by the STA and about 1350 mill. Yen
byMm

The organizational structure of the program is indicated in Fig. 7.7.

Organization

Donation of basic
I Board of Trustees I Governing Council
(or Scientific Committee)
I resources
Various Organizations 1

I Review Committee I
Contnllution
Reports (financial
Governmental Agencies l
I Secretariat I statements, etc. )

Call for Submit Excha~e Offer research grants

application application corres ndence on I fellowships, etc.
peer reY!ew process

Researchers from various countries

F'Jg. 7.7. Organizational Structure of the HFSP

 565

Objectives

The priority research areas of the program are indicated in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4. Targets of the Human Frontier Science Program

1. Basic research for the elucidation of brain functions, in particular

- Perception and cognition
- Movement and behaviour
- Memory and learning, and
- Language and thinking
2 Biological functions through molecular level approaches, in particular
- Expression of genetic information
- Morphogenesis
- Molecular recognition and responses
- Energy conversion

Grants and Other Contributions

- Research grants supporting international joint research teams (30-S0/year,

$ 500 000 per grant per year on average, for a period of three years)
- Fellowships supporting scientists to conduct research abroad by providing
travelling and living expenses (100-200/year, $ 50 000 per fellowship per
year on average, for a period of two years)
- Workshop programs supporting international meetings to exchange state-
of the art discoveries and views (10-20/year, $ 100 000 per workshop)

Apart from the financial and organizational contributions from Japan,

contributions of the summit member states are expected in the form of:

- contribution of expertise and resources

- delegation of scientists to managing boards and review committees
- cooperation with the HFSP of domestic institutions and laboratories

Scientific Committee (as of January,1989)

Canada Prof. Max Cynader, Dr. James D. Friesen, Prof. James

Miller, Dr. Francis S. Rolleston, Dr. Henri C. Rothschild
France Dr. Robert Naquet, Prof. Francois Gros, Prof. Jean Frezal,
Prof. Henri Korn, Prof. Joel Janin
W.-Germany Prof. Hermann Bujard, Prof. Walter Doerfler, Prof. Benno
Hess, Prof. Dieter Oesterhelt, Prof. Ernst L. Winacker
Italy Prof. Alberto Albertini, Dr. Michele Lener, Prof. Carlo
Terzuolo, Prof. Glauco Tocchini-Valentini
UK Prof. B. B. Boycott, Dr. A. Victoria Harrison, Dr. Cesar
Milstein
566

USA Dr. Ronald Cape, Dr. Nina Fedorof, Prof. Corey S.

Goodman, Prof. Elliot Meyerowitz, Dr. Joseph Edward Rall
EEC Prof. Paolo Fasella (Italy), Prof. Andre Goffeau (Belgium),
Sir John Kendrew (UK), Prof. llya Prigogine (Belgium), Dr.
A Garcia-Bellido (Spain)
Japan Prof. Michio Okamoto, Prof. Setsuro Ebashi, Prof. Masao Ito,
Dr. Takashi Sugimura, Prof. Akiyoshi Wada, Prof. Itarn
Watanabe, Prof. Shunichi Amari, Prof. Yasuo Kagawa, Prof.
Hideo Sakata

4. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

4.1 Policy, with Special Reference to "Research Associations"

4.2 Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA) and its Projects
4.3 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO) and its Projects
4.3.1 Goals, Organization, Projects
4.3.2 Biotechnology-Related Projects within the National
"Large-Scale R&D Program"
4.3.2.1 "Aqua Renaissance '90"
4.3.2.2 The "Marine Biotechnology Institute"
4.3.3 Projects within the "R&D Project on Basic Technologies
for Future Industries"
4.3.4 "Bio-Electronic Devices"
4.3.5 Projects within the "R&D Program on Medical
and Welfare Equipment Technology"
4.3.6 International Joint Research Grants on Material Functions
4.4 Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives
Development (RAPAD)
4.5 The "Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP)"
4.6 The "Green Planet Project"
4.7 The Japan Key Technology Center ("Japan Key-Tec")
and its Projects
4.7.1 M&D Research Co. Ltd.
4.7.2 Plant Cell Culture Technology, Inc. (P.c.c.)

4.1 Policy, with Special Reference to "Research Associations"

As outlined in Chap. 3, the policy-making body of the MIT! is the Industrial

Technology Council (ITC) (i1E~tt~.~~a, Sangyou Gijutsu Shingi Kaigi),
which is made up of leaders from university and industry. Its task is to apply
the general policy of the Council of Science and Technology to the particular
targets of MIT!.
 567

The implementation of the recommendations of the ITC proceeds through the

Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). As a result, AIST, in
September 1988, published a White Paper on Industrial Technology entitled
"Trends and Future Tasks in Industrial Technology", based on the recommen-
dations of the Council for Science and Technology, addressing targets of the
"Law for Consolidating R&D Systems for Industrial Technology" (October
1988) from the viewpoint of MIll [20], as indicated in Table 7.5.

Table 75. MITI's Policy on Industrial Technology

1. Basic policy
- Improvement and strengthening of basic research
- Promotion and expansion of international exchange and cooperation
2. Priority issues
- Improvement and strengthening of basic research (human resources, improvement of R&D
organization, e.g., securing competent research assistants, setup of large-scale research
facilities and upgrading of databases)
- Efforts to make research systems more open to the entire international community
3. International R&D cooperation
- Promotion of international joint research projects, joint studies and information exchange,
and cooperation with advanced nations, NIEs and LDC
- Improvement of international exchange (more visiting researchers from Western nations,
better information about Japanese R&D results, etc.).

It becomes clear from this guideline that the emphasis of MIll's research
policy, which was originally driven by support and guidance for the manufac-
turing industry from the viewpoint of international competitiveness, has now
shifted towards a new concept of "soft technology", focussed on natural
resources and environmental concerns. The major political goals involved in
this concept are:
- to establish a smooth ("soft") infrastructure (standardization, regulation,
training, etc.),
- to establish safety guidelines and to improve public perception of
technology,
- to promote international cooperation (e.g., through the Human Frontier
Science Program, see below), and to
- promote basic research for long-term revenue, e.g., by establishing
institutes such as the Protein Engineering Research Institute and the
Marine Biotechnology Centers (Chap. 5).
The division in MIll responsible for the development of biotechnology is the
Biochemical Industry Division of the Basic Industry Bureau.

"Research Associations" and "Large-Scale Projects"

The concept of "Research Associations", which is based on the efficiency and

importance of joint research by enterprises, was established by MIll as early
568

as 1961 and is a specific Japanese answer to industrial needs for the

introduction of new technology. In a Research Association, a number of
corporations apply to the government to carry out joint R&D projects over
a limited period of time. Once the association is approved, the participating
companies are eligible for tax write-offs, e.g., for research equipment, and the
R&D goal of the association is protected from anti-trust regulations.

The initiative to form a "Research Association" usually is taken by a ministry,

most notably by the MITI (though recently other ministries such as the MAFF
have followed the same course).

At present, 52 "Research Associations" are active in Japan.

Table 7.6. Present "Large-Scale Projects" and other Biotechnology-related

Large Projects of Mm

Project lUlIDe R&D period (FY) Total R&D Budget for

expenditure FY 1989
(mill. Yen) (mill. Yen)

I Large-sca1e projects

- Manganese nodule mining system 1981-1994 about 20 000 1096

- High speed computing system for 1981-1989 about 23 000 2431
scientific and technological uses
- Automated sewing system 1982-1990 about 10000 978
- Advanced robot technology 1983-1990 about 20 000 2676
- "'New water treatment system 1985-1990 about 11800 2528
- Interoperable database system 1985-1991 about 15000 1423
- Advanced material processing and 1986-1993 about 15 000 2329
machining system
- "'Fine chemicals from marine 1988-1996 about 15000 275
organisms
- Super/Hypersonic transport 1989-1996 about 28 000 30
propulsion system (expected)
- Underground space development 1989-1995 about 16000 30
technology (expected)

n Other large projects

Basic Technologies for Future Industries 1981-
1. New Materials
2. ·Biotechnology
3. New functional elements
4. Superconductivity

*Research Association for Petroleum 1980-88

Alternatives Development
 569

Until October 1988, R&D results from such projects were transferred to
industry through the Japan Industrial Technology Association (JITA) , a
subsidiary of MITI's Agency of Science and Technology (AIST) (Chap. 3).
Since then, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO) has taken over the responsability to assign MITI-
supported R&D projects to private companies (Sect. 3).

The concept of "Research Associations" proved already extremely successful

in the case of the micro-electronic industry.

Research Associations centered around MITIIAISTINEDO-supported "large-

scale projects" are listed in Table 7.6 [21,24]. Projects related to biotech-
nology (marked with an asterisk) will be discussed in more detail below.

4.2 Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA)* and its Projects

/'\'1 ;t 1 :/ :J'A " I) -thb~

Baioindasutorii Kyoukai

*formerly BIDEC, Bioindustry Development Center

Introduction

JBA is a non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion of biotechnology

and bioindustry in both Japan and the rest of the world. Formerly named
BIDEC (Bioindustry Development Center) and established through the
support and cooperation of industry, academia and the government, the JBA
is the only organization of its kind in Japan. JBA's roots date back almost 50
years to the establishment of the Japanese Association of Industrial
Fermentation, a forum for bioscience communication between industry and
academia. Today, like its predecessor organization, the JBA functions as a
stage for communication between scientists, technologists, and planners
interested in the promotion of biotechnology [22].

Address Dowa Bldg., 5-10-5 Shinbashi

Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3433-3545
Fax (03) 3459-1440
Established 1983
Budget about 556 mill. Yen
(1989)

JBA's organizational structure is indicated in Fig. 7.8. Its directorial board

consists of 47 members and a consulting board of 56 members. Important
positions presently are taken by the following persons:
570

Chairman Dr. Saburo Fukui (Prof. em., Kyoto University)

Vice-Chairman Dr. Shukuo Kinoshita (Senior Adviser, Kyowa Hakko)
Dr. Kazutomo Imahori (Prof. em., University of
Tokyo)
Dr. Hisao Uchida (Prof. em., University of Tokyo)
Hiuga Saito (Prof. em., University of Tokyo)
President Mr. Takeshi Hijikata (Chairman, Sumitomo Chemical
Co., Ltd.)
Chairman of
Steering Committee Dr. Yoshihiko Nishizawa (Exec. Director, Sumitomo
Chern. Co., Ltd.)
Executive Director Mr. Fujio Ishikawa
Managing Director Mr. Katsutoshi Nagasawa

Board of Directors

I Councillors I Chairman I
J
I Steering
Committee
L
I
I President

I
l
I Executive Director

l Planning
Committee
I Managing Director

Industrial Liaison
Committee for

I
Technology Development
Secretariat
J t-i- Committee for
International Exchanges
Committee for
Industry-Public Relations

I General Affairs
Division
I
I
I Science &
I
TechnOIOgyl
Division Science Forum
Amino Acids & Nucleic

I I
Acids, Bioconversion of
International L J Industry - Public ~~ New Resources, Bio-
Affairs Division
I I Relations Division engineering, etc.
Environment & Safety

Research, Other Activities

Training & Education
Standardization
Seminars & Symposia
-~ Information
Publishing
Various Research Projects

Fig. 711,. Organizational Structure of JBA

 571

Member Companies: Ajinomoto, Asahi Breweries, Asahi Chemical Industry,

Asahi Glass, Banyu Pharmaceutical, Bayer Yakuhin (Pharmaceutical),
Beckman Instruments (Japan), B. Braun Biotech, Canon, Chiyoda Corpora-
tion, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Chuo Kagaku (Chemicals), Ciba-Geigy
(Japan), Coca-Cola "Japan", Cosmo Research Institute, CPC International
Japan, Daicel Chemical Industries, Daiichi Seiyaku, Dainippon Ink and
Chemicals, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Denki Kagaku Kogyo, Dowa
Mining, DSM Representative Office, Ebara Infi1co, Eisai, FKK Research and
Development, Fuji Electric, Fuji Oil, Fuji Photo Film, Fujisawa Pharmaceu-
tical, Fujitsu, Gekkeikan Sake Co., Genetics Institute, Genzyme Japan Inc.,
Godo Shusei, Hayashibara, Hazama-Gumi, Hitachi, Hitachi Chemical Co.,
Hitachi Zosen (Shipbuilding), Hodogaya Chemical, Hoechst Japan, Idemitsu
Kosan, International Bio-Research IBR, Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ishikawaji-
ma-Harima Heavy Industries, Japan Chemical Engineering and Machinery,
Japan Ethanol, Japan Organo, Japan Steel Works, Japan Synthetic Alcohol,
Japan Synthetic Rubber, Japan Tobacco, JGC Corporation, JSP Corporation,
Kajima Corporation, Kanebo, Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry, Kansai Paint,
Kao Corporation, Kashima Oil, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kikkoman
Corporation, Kirin Brewery, Koa Oil, Kobe Steel, Kohjin, Komatsu, Konica
Corporation, Kowa, Kubota, Kuraray, Kureha Chemical Industry, Kurita
Water Industries, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Lion, Marubishi Bioengineering,
Maruzen Petrochemical, Meiji Milk Products, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Meito
Sangyo, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation,
Mitsubishi Oil, Mitsubishi Petrochemical, Mitsubishi Petrochemical Engineer-
ing, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, Mitsui Petrochemical Industries,
Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Monsanto Japan, Morinaga Institute of Biological
Science, Morinaga Milk Industry, NEC Corporation, NGK Insulators, Nichirei
Corporation, Nihon Alcohol Corporation, Nihon Millipore, Nihon Pall, Nihon
Shokuhin Kako, Nikka Whisky Distilling, Nippoh Chemicals, Nippon Bio-
Rad Laboratories, Nippon Hazleton, Nippon Kayaku, Nippon Kokan, Nippon
Mining, Nippon Oil, Nippon Oil & Fats, Nippon Roche, Nippon Shokubai
Kagaku Kogyo, Nippon Soda, Nippon Steel Chemical, Nippon Steel
Corporation, Nippon Zeon, Nissan Chemical Industries, Nisshin Flour Milling,
Nisshin Oil Mills, Nitto Chemical Industry, Nitto Denko Corporation, Nomura
Research Institute, Novo Nordisk Bioindustry, Novo Industri Japan, Oh-
bayashi Corporation, Oji Paper, Olympus Optical Co., Onoda Cement,
Oriental Yeast, Osaka Gas, Pentel, Pharmacia, Rhone-Poulenc Japan, Ricoh
Kyosan, Sankyo, Sanraku Incorporated, Sanyo Chemical Industries, Sanyo-
Kokusaku Pulp, Sapporo Breweries, Shimadzu Corporation, Shimizu
Corporation, Shionogi & Co, Shiseido, Showa Denko, Showa Sankyo Co.,
SKK Biochemicals Corporation, Snow Brand Milk Products, Somar Corpora-
tion, SRI International East Asia Regional Headquarters, SKK Biochemical
Corporation, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Sumitomo Electric Industries,
Sumitomo Forestry, Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Sumitomo Metal Industries,
Sumitomo Metal Mining, Suntory, Tabai Espec Corporation, Taisei Corpora-
tion, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Taiyo Fishery Co., Takara Shuzo, Takasago
572

Thermal Engineering, Takeda Chemical Industries, Takenaka Corporation,

Tama Biochemical Co., Tanabe Seiyaku, Teijin, The Bank of Tokyo, The Dai-
Ichi Kangyo Bank, The Hokkaido Bank Industry Foundation, The Mitsui
Taiyo Kobe Bank, The Japan Steel Works, The Norinchukin Bank, The Pack
Corporation, Toa Pharmaceutical Co., Toagosei Chemical Industry, Toho
Chemical Industry, Tokuyama Soda, Tokyo Gas, Tonen Corporation, Toray
Industries, Toshiba Corporation, Tosoh Corporation, Toyo Engineering
Corporation, Toyo Jozo, Toyobo, Toyota Motor Corporation, Tsukishima
Kikai, Ube Industries, Unitika, Yakult Honsha, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical
Co., Yamasa Shoyu, Yokogawa Electic Corporation, Yuki Gosei Kogyo.

Except of the above 194 Promoting Member Companies, there are 131
Supporting Member Companies, 54 Public Members, and 1691 Private
Individual Members (as of May 1st, 1990).

Major Activities

A Information of its members

B Promotion of industrialization of biotechnology
C Promotion of technology/technology policy
D Promotion of technology/technology cooperation
E Standardization of biotechnology-related technology
F Entrusted R&D research
G International cooperation, and
H Involvement in industry and society.

In 1988 and 1989, the following projects in these areas were carried out [23]:

A Information

1. Various publications, e.g., Baiosaiensu to Indasutorii (Bioscience &

Industry) (J), JBA '89 Nenkan (Yearbook)(J) (see Sect. 4.1.4)
2. Organization of Tokyo BioFair 1988, one of the largest International
Exhibitions on Biotechnology, with more than 100 lectures, 250 exhibitors,
and 60 000 visitors (Masami Tanaka, Prof. em. Saitama University)
3. Organization of various "Bioindustry discussion symposia" (Hajime
Yoshizumi, Suntory, Director of Basic Research)
4. Steps towards a JBA Biotechnology Database (see Chap. 7) (Takahisa
Ohta, Prof., The University of Tokyo)

B Promotion of Industrialization of Biotechnology

1. Working group on safety of rDNA technology in contained systems

2. Working group on safe release of organisms after application of rDNA
technology
3. Working group on tax exemptions for biotechnology R&D apparatus.
4. Working group on statistics of bio production
 573

C Promotion of Technology(fechnology Policy

1. Protection of industrial properties (patent situation) (Mr. Koichi Ono,

Director Kyowa HakIm)
2. Definition of targets for new technology projects
3. Standardization of biotechnology (Shuichi Suzuki, Prof., Vice President of
Saitama University)

D Promotion of Technology(fechnology Cooperation

1. Discussion meetings on fermentation and metabolism

(Hideaki Yamada, Prof., Kyoto University)
2. Discussion meeting on biomass conversion
(Yoshiki Tani, Prof., Kyoto University)
3. Discussion meeting on bioengineering
(Johji Takahashi, Prof., Tsukuba University)
4. Discussion meeting on analytical methods and purification technology
(Noboru Ootake, Prof., The University of Tokyo)
5. Alcohol business (Tsugio Matsuo, Director, NEDO)
6. Discussion meeting on safety and enviroment (water and air pollution,
food-related (Ooki Nakayama, Prof., Yamanashi University)

E Standardization of Biotechnology-Related Technology

1. Standardization of bioprocesses (entrusted from AIST)

(e.g., aerosol problems)(Tsutomu Nakagawa, Prof., Meiji University)
2. Standardization of biochemical engineering (entrusted from AIST) (Youji
Nakamura, Prof., Showa University, and Norio Okuyama, Prof., Tokyo
Metropolitan University)
3. Standardization of biosensors for organic acids and lactic acid (entrusted
from ANRE)(Isao Karube, Prof., The University of Tokyo)
4. Standards for air filters and aerosol elimination (entrusted from AIST)(Tsu-
tomu Nakagawa, Meiji University)
5. Standards for BOD biosensors (entrusted from AIST)
(Isao Karube, Prof., The Unviersity of Tokyo)

F Entrusted R&D Projects

1. High-performance system for methane gas formation (entrusted from

Aquarenaissance '90)(Shiro Nagai, Prof., Hiroshima University)
2. Biochemical studies for methane gas formation (entrusted from ANRE)
(Shiro Nagai, Prof., Hiroshima University, and Kazuo Komagata, Prof., The
University of Tokyo)
3. Production of energy from organic waste (entrusted from ANRE)(Hajime
Yamanaka, Prof., Tsukuba University)
4. Improvement of yeast strains for alcohol production
(entrusted from the alcohol association) (Yuuichi Akiyama, Technical
Advisor)
574

5. Study on microbial conversion of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon

(entrusted from NEDO)(Hideo Fukuda, Prof., Kumamoto Institute of
Technology)
6. Study on energy conversion to biomass (entrusted from ANRE)(Hideo
Fukuda, Prof., Kumamoto Institute of Technology)

G International Cooperation

1. International network function (Fusao Tomita, Prof., Hokkaido University)

2. International collection of information (Fusao Tomita, Prof., Hokkaido
University)
3. International collaboration
4. International Association for Training in Bioindustry (entrusted from the
Nagoya International Training Center, International Association for
Training)(Ryuichiro Tsugawa, Director, Ajinomoto)
5. Follow-up of the joint project with PORIM, Malaysia, on Vitamin E from
palm oil (entrusted from MITI)

H Involvement in Industry and Society

1. Committee for Industry Public Relations (Yasushi Yamamoto, Vice

President, Kirin Brewery)
2. Meeting on educational measures (Shuichi Suzuki, Vice President, Prof.,
Saitama University)
3. Regional development of bioindustry (Mamoru Kohata, Director, Kyowa
Hakko)
4. Safety measures (methods, monitoring, standards, analysis)(entrusted from
MITI)(Gakuzo Tamura, Prof. h.c., The University of Tokyo)

JBA Publications
The activities of JBA can be understood by a look on its publications [22].
They are usually in Japanese language, and a few are published in English
(Chap. 7):

- BIDEC (JBA) Yearbooks 1985, 1986, 1987/88, 1989

- 848 Biotechnology-Related Companies, vols. 1/4 (1989)
- Textbook for Training Courses of Human Resources Development in
Bioindustry 1985 (vols 1,2),. 1986 (vols 1-9), 1987 (vols. 1-10)
- Activity Report (Committee for the Protection and Management of
Proprietary Research Results) 1983/84 (vol. 1), 1985/86 (vol. 2)
- An Introduction to Guidelines for Industrial Application of rDNA
Technology
- Report on Industrialization of Biotechnology in Small and Medium Size
Enterprises
- Impact of Biotechnology on Industrual Structure in 2000
- Report on Fundamental Study for Promotion of Regional Industrial
Development of Biotechnology
 575

- Annual Report of Committee for Analysis, Separation and Purification

(1983 & 1984)
- Alcohol Handbook
- Facilities and Equipment in Bioindustry (1987)
- Survey Report of Biotechnological Laboratories System
- Survey Report of Biotechnology Supporting Industries
- Equipment System
- Biotechnological Reagents
- Equipment System, II
- Biotechnological Reagents (1987)
- Biomaterial Fact Database System
- Survey Report on Basic Infrastructure for Biotechnological Research and
Development
- Bionics: Present Status and Future Prospects

4.3 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Or-

*'
ganization (NEDO) and its Projects
*JT.I. )l;*'-§f~1X1,fq*'t~~§£~m
Shin-Enerugii Sangyou Gijutsu Sougo Kaihatsu Kikou

Address Sunshine 60 Bldg., 28 th Floor

3-1-1 Higashi-Ikebukuro
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170
Phone (03) 3987-9311
Fax (03) 3981-0742

4.3.1 Goals, Organization, Projects

In the aftermath of the two oil crises in the 1970s, the New Energy De-
velopment Organization (NEDO) was established under Mill's Agency of
*
Natural Resources and Energy ( ~ iliJ( .:r. Iv .:f' -IT ,Shigen Enerugii Chou)
in October 1980 as a coordinating organization for the promotion of R&D
new energy technologies alternative to oil. At the same time, the organization
took over the activities of the Coal Mining Rationalization Corporation and
the Industrial Alcohol Manufacturing Enterprise (1982). In October 1988, by
the recommendations (Sect. 2) of the Council for Science and Technology, the
NEDO was reorganized and renamed the "New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development Organization (NEDO)". It was then given
responsibility for undertaking industrial technology projects [24,25]. About 50
of NEDO's 838 employees presently work in this division, and 39 out of a
total of 40 R&D projects of NEDO are carried out by research associations
as subcontractors. The following project goals are noteworthy with respect to
the life sciences:
576

- Management of the National Research and Development Program (Large-

Scale program), started in 1980 under the supervision of Mm's Agency
of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)(Chap. 3); the two biotechnol-
ogy-related projects are named:
New Water Treatment System ("Aquarenaissance '90"), and
Fine Chemicals from Marine Organisms,
- Management of the "R&D Program on Basic Technologies for Future
Industries", with 14 subprojects (4 of which are in the area of biotech-
nology),
- Improvement and provision of R&D facilities, and
- International joint research activities.

President Head Office

,,
,, , Vice Prcsldent
,, , fMcutive 'nircctors
,,,I Auditor

" Senior Council

Industrial Tcchnolo. De t.
Domestie Coal Mining
Rationalization Head Office

* Representative Offices in Research Facility Development

(Research & DeVelopment)
Washington, D. C
and Sydney
International Joint Research Grants

International Research Collaboration Center

Fig. 79.
Organizational Structure of NEDO Research Ilacilit Development Investment
 577

The organizational structure of NEDO is indicated in Fig. 7.9, and its budget
and projects are summarized in Table 7.7.

Table 7.7. Budget and Projects of NEDO (Bill. Yen)

FY 1988 FY 1989

New EDergy Development/ 49.9 54.2

Technology ~lopment
- Coal 23.4 25.8
- Solar energy 10.3 10.5
- Alcohol from biomass 2.5 2.7
- Others 13.7 15.2
New EDergy Development/ 13.5 13.2
Resources ~opment

Subtotal 63.3 67.4

Industrial Technology
- R&D 4.2 14.4
- Large-scale programs 1.7 8.4
- Basic technologies for future industries 2.3 5.3
- Medical and welfare equipment 0.2 0.6
technology
- Research Facility Development (R&D) 0.2 0.2
- Research Facility Development, 1.5 2.2
Investments
- International joint research 0.3 0.5
(incl. center)

Subtotal 6.2 17.3

Rationalization of Coal Mining 194.1 162.7

Industry
Production of Alcohol 13.0 14.5

Total 276.7 261.9

*due to the rounding of fractions, the sum of above figures may not correspond with the total

In order to facilitate technology transfer from governmental institutes to

industry, it was decided in 1988 that patents originating from work assigned
from NEDO to private corporations are shared between both partners on an
equal basis, as indicated in Fig. 7.10:

This is an improvement from the former large-scale projects operated through

AIST, since patents originating from such projects belonged exclusivly to the
AIST, through its affiliation JITA (Chap. 3).
578

New Enern and Industrial Co-owner of industrial

Technology Development Organization
(NEDO) properties & know-how

Secrecy agreement Inquiry about option /license

Option agreement agreement
License agreement Payment for option / license agreements

Private enterprises
Licensee
in Japan and abroad

Manufacture, Sale, Use

FJg. 7.10. Transfer of R&D Results from NEDO to the Private Sector

In the following, the biotechnology R&D projects managed by NEDO will be

discussed in some detail. NEDO's research facility development plan
comprises institutes targeted to biotechnology; these have been discussed in
Chap. 4. The international program of NEDO will be discussed in Chap. 8.

4.3.2 Biotechnology-Related Projects within the National "Large-Scale R&D

Program" (see Sect. 4.2)
To be chosen as a large-scale R&D project ( *~ 7" 0 Y .x. -7 ", 7' 0 *
Daikei Purojekuto, Oo-Puro), the project must involve important and urgent
R&D with potential benefit for industry and society. In general, technologies
chosen are those which a) are urgently required for raising the standard of
technology level, to improve living standards and/or to ensure a stable supply
of natural resources, b) promise to play a significant role in the growth and
creation of industries, c) involve problems such as higher risk and long
development time, d) have specific targets and clear, well-thought out
prospects for accomplishment, and e) are suitable for joint R&D among
industries, national laboratories, and universities.

4.3.2.1 "Aqua Renaissance '90"

,
9 0
Akuarunessansu '90
In view of Japan's dependence on imported energy and its high population
density, this program aims to develop new energy balanced water treatment
systems combining bioreactors and high-performance membrane systems.
Conventional processes which produce large sludge amounts are to be
replaced [26].
 579

The organization in charge:

Aqua Renaissance Research Association

Address Toranomon Takagi Bldg. 2F

1-7-2, Nishi Shimbashi
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3503-2131
Fax (03) 3503-2139
Duration 1985 - 1990 FY.
Budget 11.8 bill. Yen
Participating Companies: Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Industries, Ebara
Corporation, Japan Organo, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kubota, Kurita
Water Industries, Kobe Steel, Sanki Engineering, Shimizu Construction, Water
Re-use Promotion Center, Chiyoda Chemical Engineering and Construction,
DIC-Degremont, Toshiba Corporation, Toto, Nishihara Environmental
Sanitation Research Corporation, Nitto Electric Industrial Co., NGK
Insulators, Nippon Petroleum Refining, Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA),
Hitachi Plant Engineering and Construction, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation,
Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering

Targets and Results: The subprojects, organized by three subcommittees

(total process, bioreactor, membrane module) comprise:

- bioreactor technology, featuring microbial screening and high-density

culture operation,
- membrane separation technology, by developing durable, insensitive
membranes and compact membrane modules,
- system design, integrating the bioreactor and membrane module, com-
bining it with automated control, e.g., by biosensors, and
- by-product utilization, by separating and recovering valuable materials, e.g.,
methane gas and heavy oil.

The R&D schedule is indicated in Fig. 7.11:

Year
Items of R&D
1985 I 1986 I 1987 I 1988 1 1989 I 1990
R&D on microorganisms

R&D on membrane
Basic research Fundamental experiments
R&D on final treatment reactor
Basic research Fundamental ~riments S'
R&D on membrane module g
R&D on bioreactor
Basic research Fundamental experiments 3
2-
Basic research Fundamental experiments ;;'
g
R&D on control system
~ il
R&D on new water treatment
~~~~un
ag~gn "~
system
(1) R&D on total system
Wa'n\WJ. tectnolol!V
~hematic
eSlgn ~ffili:tion ~,
0 PIlot Dlant oDeration
technology =
(2) Support studies

Fig. 7.11. R&D Schedule of the "Aqua Renaissance '90" Project

 580

The project is close to completion and by now final pilot reactor studies are
being carried out.

The technology which has been developed is illustrated in Fig. 7.12, and its
performance as compared to standard techniques is summarized in Fig. 7.13.

Sens or ·
Mem brane Modu le
Wasiewale r
=~~=::!.J

Bioreactor

Fig. 7.12 Concept of reactor type developed under the "Aqua Renaissance '90" Program

Quality or Treated Prevailing water trcat'ment

Water (BOD)-

Installation Site

Excess Sludge

Cost of Water
Treatment

Cost of Mcthanc
Production
'BOD Biochemical oxygen demand

Fig. 7.13. Performance of bioreactor systems developed under the "Aqua Rennaissance '90"
Program (compared with conventional systems)
 581

4.3.2.2 The Marine Biotechnology Institute (MBI) Co., Ltd

ifiii$/'\'1 ;t 7- ~ / 0 y-tiJf~pJT
Kaiyou Baiotekunorojii Kenkyuujo
Introduction: Established in 1988 as a joint venture by 24 major companies,
under the guidance of MITI, the institute will carry out joint R&D on marine
biosystems with the goal to advance marine biotechnology. With additional
funding from the national and local government, two centers located in
Kamaishi City (Iwate Prefecture) and in Shimizu City (Shizuoka Prefecture)
are slated to open their research facilities in April 1990. In addition, a
research vessel has been acquired (Chap. 4)[27,28].

Address 2-35-10 Hongo

Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 5684-6211
Fax (03) 5684-6200
President Mikio Kato
Capital 3200 mill. Yen
R&D Expenditure about 15 bill. Yen (estimated)
Personnel approximately 70 researchers
currently about 50

Participating Companies: Asahi Glass Co., Ebara Co., Fujitsu Ltd., Hazama-
Gumi Ltd., Hitachi Zosen Co., Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ihara Chemical Industry
Co., Kansai Paint Co., Kajima Co., Kawasaki Steel Co., Kirin Brewery Co.,
Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Nichirei Co., Nippon Kokan Co., (Nippon Steel),
Nippon Mining Co., Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Sekisui Chemical Co., Shimizu
Co. Shiseido Co., Suntory Ltd., Taisei Co., Tonen Co., Tosoh Co.

Targets:

1. R&D on marine biotechnology:

- isolation, culture, and storage of marine microorganisms

- cell culture of marine organisms
- improvement of marine organism breeding
- marine resources chemistry, isolation, and purification technology
- marine environmental protection
- exploration of unique functions of marine organisms
- collection of organisms and establishment of data base
- development of specialized research equipment such as sampling devices,
underwater probes, and culture equipment.

2. Obtaining government approval for results gained from R&D activities, and
sales of resulting products.
582

3. Planning and execution of training programs and seminars on marine

biotechnology.

4. Know-how services

A "Society on Marine Biotechnology" has been founded to support the

academic goals of this research (Chap. 6).

4.3.3 Projects within the "R&D Project on Basic Technologies for Future In-
dustries"
(Xlli{-tj£~~fifS(1fgtiJf~~~7°0 Y;J: ~ r
lisedai Sangyo Kiban Gijutsu Kenkyuu Kaihatsu Purojekuto

This program, which was started in 1981, aims at the rapid development of
basic technologies which are considered essential to the growth of future
industries. The fields covered by the program include new materials,
biotechnology, new electron devices, and superconductivity [24,25,29], as
shown in Table 7.8.

Table 7.8. Targets of the R&D Project on Basic Technologies for Future Industries, and
Pertinent Research Associations

Target Research Association

- Synthetic membranes for new Research Association for

separation technology Basic Polymer Technology
- Synthetic metals
- High-performance plastics
- *Large-sca1e cell cultivation (completed) Research Association for
- *Utilization of recombinant DNA Biotechnology
- *Bioreactor (completed)
- *Molecular assemblies for functional
protein systems
- Superlattices devices R&D Association for Future
- Three-dimensional IC's Electron Devices
- *Bio-electronic devices
- Superconducting materials and devices International Superconductivity
Technology Center (ISTEC)
R&D Association for Future Electron Devices
- High-performance materials for R&D Institute of Metals and Composites
environments for Future Industries
- Nonlinear photonics materials Japan High Polymer Center
- Photoactive materials
- High-performance ceramics Engineering Research Association for High-
Performance Ceramics
 583

Project-related R&D extends from the time a promising new technology is

identified to the time when its industrial application is established. Most
activities under this program are carried out by research associations.

Apart from the bio-electronic devices program, which will be discussed in

Sect. 4.3.4, most biotechnology-related programs are organized by the
Research Association for Biotechnology.

"Research Association for Biotechnology"

Baiotekunorojii Kaihatsugijutsu Kenkyuukumiai

Address Saruta Buildg. 5F

1-4-10 Akasaka
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3583-8291
Fax (03) 3589-3785
Chairman Takeshi Hijikata
Secretariat Atsuo Murai (Executive Director)
Duration 1981 -

Participating Companies

Bioreactor: Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation, Kao Corporation, Daicel Chemical

Industries, Ltd., Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co. Inc., Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co.,
Ltd., Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd.

Large Scale Cell Cultivation: Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Ajinomoto Co.
Inc., Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.,
Toyo Jozo Co., Ltd.

Recombinant DNA: Sumitomo Chemical, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc.,

Mitsubishi-Kasei Institute of Life Sciences

Molecular Assemblies for Functional Protein Systems: Kuraray Co., Ltd., Kao
Corporation, Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation, Mitsubishi Petrochemical, Chugai
Pharmaceutical, Ltd., Stanley Electric, Toray Research Center

The targets of the bioreactor, large-scale cell cultivation and recombinant

DNA programs are indicated in Fig. 7.14 [30].
 584

Research Groups ,,.,, ,,..;)

ear
,,.,,
''''''' ""'"
J~ 1%S 1'h'U

Bioreaclors screening of microorganisms Sludies on optimum conditions of each •

and lor enzymes bioreaClor and systematization

large Scale Cell SeleClionof cell lines, Evalualion of cell culture

Studies ~? .?Wi:;:.rt'~r~nditions process in bench scale
Cultivation Research of media

Recombinant D A Developmenl of new hosl·veklOJ Sl udies On efficienl expression Evaluatio n of new

system. Cloning of useful genes of new genetic materials genelic malerials

Fig. 7.14. Targets of the Biotechnology Program of the Research Association for Biotechnology

Bioreactor (completed)

1981-1988, 2978 mill. Yen

The target consisted of developing functional bioreactors for industrial

purposes, e.g., for hydrolytic and redox reactions. Subprojects include the
scheening of microorganisms and their mutation, immobilization of such
microorganisms or enzymes derived from them, and the investigation of
optimal operating conditions and systematization [31-34] (Table 7.9).
Table 7.9. Bioreactor Research Group

Member companyfmstitute Target

Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Menthol production by 2·phase system and

cofactor recycling
Denki Kagaku Kogyo Sorbitol production by charged membrane
reactor and cofactor recycling
Mitsubishi Kasei Muconic acid production from benzoic acid
in stirred tank reactor
Kao Dicarboxylic acids production from alkanes
in O/W emulsion reactor
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Hydroquinone production from chinone by
immobilized cell reactor
Daicel Chemical Industries Acetic acid production from CO 2 and H2 by
hollow fiber reactor
Fermentation Research Institute Development of 2-phase reaction systems
Research Institute for Polymers and Textiles Immobilization of biocatalysts
National Chemical Laboratory for Industry Development ofbioreaction in organic media

Large-Scale Cell Cultivation (completed)

1981 - 1989, 3361 mill. Yen

The target consisted in the development of 'chemicals by means of large-

scale animal cell culture. Selection and culture of appropriate cell lines and
 585

their cultivation in serum-free media are major targets, followed by studies

on optimal cell cultivation [32-34] (Table 7.10).

Table 7.10. Large-scale Cell Cultivation Group

Member company/institute Target

Takeda Chemical Industries Tetanus, hepatitis B monoclonal antibodies

Ajinomoto Development of serum-free medium
Asahi Chemical Industry Differentiation-activation factor from myeloid
leukemia cells
Toyo Jozo CSF by human TRC-29SF cells in serum
free medium
Kyowa HakIm Kogyo Namalva cells at high density in serum-free
medium
Fermentation Research Institute Development of immortal human endothelial
cell lines

Utilization of Recombinant DNA

1981 - 1990, 306 mill. Yen (FY 1989)

The target is to improve microorganisms for technical use, using rDNA

methods. For this goal, new host-vector systems will be developed, useful
genes will be cloned; and efficient expression systems will be established [32,
33, 35] (Table 7.11).

Table 7.11. rDNA Research Group

Member company/institute Target

Sumitomo Chemical Hydroxylation of steroids by hepatic P450

monooxygenase cloned in yeast
Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Bacillus host/vector system without
production of neutral protease
Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Secretory host-vector systems for
Sciences yeasts (Saccharomyces and Kluyve-
romyces) and expression of human nerve
growth factor
Fermentation Research Institute Host -vector system for thermophiles
(Thermus)
Research Institute for Polymers and Constructs including the
Textiles dihydrofolate reductase
National Chemical Laboratory for Industry Structural analysis of DNA peptides by
NMR
586

Molecular Assemblies for Functional Protein Systems

~~}gt!~ B~m€r{*rr;JtHxvfg
Kinousei Tanpakushitsu Shuugoutai Ouyou Gijutsu

1989 - 1998, 151 mill. Yen (1989)

The target of this project is to take advantage of complex, multistage

biological reactions for industrial processes. Examples are energy conversion,
photosynthesis, signal recognition, signal transmission, and protein assembly
for multistep enzyme reactions.

There are 2 subprojects: a) analysis and evaluation related to the detailed

molecular structure and function of functional protein complexes, and b)
technology of handling such complexes at the molecular level, e.g., by the
stabilization of functional membrane proteins through synthetic lipids
[29].

Participants: Chugai Pharmaceutical, Kuraray, Kao, Toray Research Center,

Stanley Electric, Mitsubishi Kasei, Mitsubishi Petrochemical

4.3.4 "Bio-Electronic Devices"

Baio-Soshi

The target of this project is to implement the information processing functions

of living organisms, mainly learning, memorizing, and pattern recognition, into
electronic devices [36].

R&D Association for Future Electron Devices ( iT.~~-T«Jf1UIl~ ,Shin

Kinou Soshi Kenkyuu Kaihatsu Kyokai)

Address Fukide Bldg, SF

4-1-21 Toranomon
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3434-3871
Fax (03) 3434-7320
Chairman Nihachiro Katayama
Period 1986 - 1995
Budget 343 mill. Yen (FY 1989)
 587

Participants: NEC, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electric, Sanyo Electric,

Matsushita Research Institute Tokyo, Sharp, Mitsubishi Kasei, Electrotechni-
cal Laboratory and National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, AIST

Targets: There are two subprojects, namely a) the elucidation of information

processing in living organisms, and b) the development of molecular
organization devices.

Elucidation of information processing in living organisms

1. Simultaneous multiple-site optical recording of neuronal activities (AIST

Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba)
2. Towards a model of visual information processing (NEe)
3. A cerebellar neural network model for generation and learning of motor
(robot) programs (Fujitsu)

Development of molecular organization devices

4. Molecular ordering in Langmuir-Blodgett Films (AIST Electrotechnical

Laboratory, Tsukuba)
5. Development of materials for molecular organizates (AIST National
Chemical Laboratory for Industry, Tsukuba)
6. A photosensitive device model using high-specific protein assembling units
of antibody (Hitachi)
7. High-functional electronic device based on electron transport proteins for
information processing (Mitsubishi Electric)
8. Development of visual information processing devices using photosensiti-
ve proteins (Sanyo Electric)
9. Development of an artificial neural device composed of functional organic
molecules (Matsushita Research Institute Tokyo)
10.Development of a sensor information processing device using organic films
(Sharp)
11.0ptical information processor by molecular assembly techniques (Mi-
tsubishi Kasei)

4.3.5 Projects within the "R&D Program on Medical and Welfare Equipment
Technology"

Iryou Fukushi Kiki Gijutsu Kenkyuu Kaihatsu

The nine projects encompassed within the framework of this program are
designed to effectively respond to an expected increase in Japan's aged
population, to minimize medical costs related to diseases which afflict the
588

elderly, and to provide assistance for the handicapped and physically disabled.
The overall goal of this program is to develop safe, convenient, economical,
and high-performance medical equipment and equipment for the physically
disabled [25].

Technological Research Association of Medical and Welfare Apparatus ( ~

~jIi1fjUll.-@r~lllH~Hli:~~Ii1f~ , Gijutsu Kenkyuu Kumiai Iryou Fukushi Kiki
Kenkyuujo)

Address Kikai Shinko Kaikan

3-5-8, Shibakoen
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3459-9584
Budget 600 mill. Yen (FY 1989)
Coordinator Atsuyoshi Ohuchi

Participants: Asahi Kasei, Aroka, Auritsu, Imasen Technology Laboratory,

Kyowa Electrics, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Kuraray, SUDX, Sanyo Electrics,
Shimazu Construction, Sumitomo Electric Industry, Takeda Chemical
Industry, Chuo Electrics, Teijin, TDK, Toshiba, Toshin Electrics, Toray,
Tokiko, Nikkoso, Nikon, Nihon Koden Kogyo, Nihon Data General, Nihon
Electrics, Hamamatsu Photonics, Paramount Beds, Hitachi, Hitachi Medico,
Fukuda Electron, Pheneix, Fuji Foto, Furukawa Electrics, Heian Metal
Industry, Machida Construction, Matsushita Electric Industry, Mitsubishi
Metals, Mitshubishi Research Institute, Mitsubishi Electric, Mitshubishi Cable
Industry, Yokogawa Electric, Lion, Sumitomo Bakelite, Yunitika, Xestek,
Matsuhita Research Institute

The targets of the project are:

- Hyperthermia system for cancer therapy (1986 - 1989)
Automatic (HI.A) typing system (1987 - 1990)
Laser angioplasty system (1988 - 1991)
3-D imaging system for medical diagnosis (1988 - 1991)
Laser osteotomy system (1989 - 1992)
System for processing prosthetic sockets (1986 - 1989)
Anti-ducubitus mechanical mattress (1987 - 1990)
Evacuation care system (1989 - 1993)
3-D tactile display terminal for the visually handicapped (1989 - 1992)

4.3.6 International Joint Research Grants on Material Functions

NEDO's International Joint Research Program was established in October

1988 with the target to promote international cooperation on R&D for
industrial technology. Under this program, research grants are awarded to
international joint research teams which fulfill the conditions specified by
NEDO [25]. These are further elaborated in Chap. 8.
 589

Budget 30 mill. Yen (FY 1989)

Functional Polymers on the Basis of End-Reactive Oligomers: Synthesis and

Material Functions. Coordinator: Toshinobu Higashimura, Kyoto University;
Participants: Kyoto University, Phillipps-Universitaet Marburg (W.-Germany),
The Dow Chemical Company (USA)
Molecular Level Designing of Intelligent Ceramics - Application to Ceramic
Sensors. Coordinator: Shin-ichi Hirano, Nagoya University;
Participants: Kyocera Corporation, M.lT. Boston (USA)
Electronic and Chemical Properties of Microcluster Lattice Systems.
Coordinator: Yuichiro Nishina, Tohoku University; Participants: Tohoku
University, University of Hawaii (USA), University of Maryland (USA)
Electric Properties and Fundamental Characteristics of Heavy Fermion
Coordinator: Tadao Kasuya, Tohoku University; Participants: Tohoku
University, Amsterdam University (Netherlands), Darmstadt (W.-Germany),
C.N.R.S. (France)
Semiconducting Diamond Films: Synthesis and Characterization. Co-
ordinator: Koji Kobashi, Kobe Steel; Participants: Kobe Steel, North Carolina
State University (USA), Harwell Laboratory (UK)
Function and Properties of Novel Polymer Membrane Systems for Signal-
Controlled Permeation and Separation. Coordinator: Yukio Imanishi, Kyoto
University; Participants: Kyoto University, University of Siena (Italy),
University of Massachusetts (USA), University of Mainz (W.-Germany)
Characterization of Defects near Surfaces and Interfaces by Monoenergetic
Positron Beam. Coordinator: Shoichiro Tanigawa, Tsukuba University;
Participants: Nippon Steel Corporation, Brandeis University (USA), Korean
Standard Research Institute (S. Korea)
Nonlinear Electronic and Photo-electronic Phenomena in Conjugated pi-
elektron Systems in Organic Solids. Coordinator: Takao Koda, University of
Tokyo; Participants: University of Tokyo, University of Cambridge (UK),
Japan Synthetic Rubber Corporation (Japan).

4.4 Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives Develop-

ment (RAPAD)
*R~*41EBIm~ttVfgUJf~~Ji~
Shinnenryouyu Kaihatsu Gijutsu Kenkyuu Kumiai

RAPAD was established in 1980 by 23 private companies, with the support

of MITI, in order to develop technologies which enable to produce alternative
590

liquid fuels. In 1983, additional projects were entrusted to RAPAD from

NEDO, at that time the New Energy Development Organization, with
separate personnel and budget [37,38].

Address Kojima Bldg., 1-4-2 Uchikanda

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101
Phone (03) 3233-3531
Fax (03) 3233-3530
Executive
Director Yoichi Takebayashi
Duration 1980 - 1987
Budget 24 bill. Yen for subsidized research, and 1400 mill. Yen for
research entrusted from the New Energy Development
Organization (NEDO)
Personnel 168 researchers and co-workers in 18 laboratories for
subsidized research, and 19 researchers and co-workers in 3
laboratories for entrusted research
Patents Portfolio of 326 patent applications, out of which 101 have
been filed abroad

Participating Companies:

Oil refining companies: Cosmo Oil, Idemitsu Kosan, Koa Oil, Mitsubishi Oil,
Nippon Mining, Nippon Oil and Showa Shell Sekiyu
Fermentation industry: Ajinomoto, Godo Shusei, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, and
Sanraku Corporation
Engineering industry: Chiyoda Chemical Engineering and Construction,
Hitachi, JGC, Kurita Water Industries, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Sumitomo Jukikai Envirotech, and Toyo Engineering
Chemical industry: Chisso, Kansai Paint, Sumitomo Electric Industries

Project Targets and Results: the project covers a wide area of alternative fuel
technologies, such as:

- Technology for new liquid fuel production from syngas.

- Upgrading technology of tar sands, bitumen and shale oil.
- Technology for fuel alcohol production of ethanol from cellulosic materials
(all subsidized research).
- Upgrading technology of coal derived liquids (entrusted research).

The targets of the subproject "Fuel alcohol production from cellulosic

biomass" are described in Fig. 7.15.
The following questions were addressed:

- treatment of lignocellulosic material

- cellulase production
- saccharification of pretreated cellulose
 591

Cellulosic Biomass

r-----------~ Pretreatment !--+--...,

4 ~~--------~I

Simultaneous
Saccharification & Sugars )-_ _+-+1 Acetone & Butanol
Fermentation Fermentation

F"Jg. 1.15. Targets of the "Fuel Alcohol Production from Cellulosic Biomass" Research Project

- fermentation process improvement

- ethanol recovery by reverse osmosis and heat pump systems
- wastewater treatment by membrane and anaerobic processes

In the course of the project, a number of techniques were scaled up (e.g.,

the preparation of immobilized cells in large scale), and several pilot plants
(Fig. 7.16 - 7.18) were constructed and run continuously up to 8700 hours.

F"Jg. 1.16. Pilot Plant for Continuous Ethanol Production Using Immobilized Yeast Cells; Yeast
in PEG Resin Sheets, 250 ljday (Courtesy of RAPAD)
592

F'Jg. 7.17. Pilot Plant for Continuous Ethanol Production Using Immobilized Yeast Cells; Yeast
in Ca-Alginate Gel Beads, 2.4 kl/day (Courtesy of RAPAD)

F'Jg. 7.18. Integrated Bench Plant for Production of Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass (Feed 7W
kg/day) (Courtesy of RAPAD)

The project is practically completed, and the technologies for biomass

conversion are ready to use. However, production costs of ethanol from
biomass, using these processes, are presently significantly higher than
competing technology, as indicated in Table 7.12 [38].
 593

Table 7.12. Production costs of bio·alcohol, as compared to other liquid energy sources (as of
March 1989)

Energy source Production costs

(Yen/I)

Gasoline from heavy oil 25

Gasoline from liquified coal 43
Gasoline from natural gas 45
Methanol from natural gas 35
Methanol from wood 62
Methanol from coal 60
Ethanol from biomass 65
Gasoline from coal gas 76
Hydrogen from electrolysis 83

4.5 The "Human Frontier Science Program" (HFSP)

The project has been initiated by MITI and is presently handled through the
Science and Technology Agency (STA) (see Sect. 3.4).

4.6 The "Green Planet" (Global Environment Protection) Project

Guriin Puranetto Purojekuto

This is a new international project of MITI, formulated as of June 1989. The

underlying concept is to reduce the immission of CO2 by as much as 200
billion tons per year, using a variety of measures. It is planned to involve not
only Japanese universities, national research centers, and private companies
in this project, but also researchers and research institutes from industrialized
and developing countries. A central research center for this project is under
construction in Kansai Science City (Chap. 4) [39]. The anticipated funding
is large (6.07 bill. Yen for 1990). The subprojects are:

1. Promotion of information acquisition

- Global environment industry/technology survey 94
- Research exchange/guidance 23
- Global database 6
2. Carbon dioxide fixation and utilization technology 2210
(methanol from carbon dioxide, microbial/algal
carbon dioxide fixation)
3. Technology for the production of environmentally safe
chemicals
- Substitutes for FCHC coolants 361
- Biodegradable plastics 180
594

4. Technology for novel production processes 72

(bioreactor systems)
5. Promotion of privatized global environmental industry 2000
(subsidies for development of industrial technology
related to the preservation of the global environment)
6. Global environment measurement devices 1039
(development of staellite-based CO2 sensors)
7. Promotion of international education, surveys 61

4.7 The Japan Key Technology Center ("Japan Key-Tec") and its
Projects
~fi&V1\jUJf~U~ ~ ~-
Kiban Gijutsu Kenkyuu Sokushin Sentaa

The "Japan Key-Tee" was jointly established by the Ministry of International

Trade and Industry (MITI) and the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication
(MPT) in 1985, based on dividends obtained from government-owned shares
of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Co. (NTT) and of Japan Tobacco Inc.,
as a center for the comprehensive promotion of private-sector R&D of
fundamental technologies [40]. In addition to NEDO (Sect. 4.4), it is emerging
as one of the major funds for MITI-supported R&D projects whose financial
aspects will be discussed in Chap. 8.

Address Ark Mori Bldg., 16 F

1-12-30 Akasaka
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3505-6811
Fax (03) 3505-6830
Chairman Eishiro Saito
President Taichi Saito

The major activities of Japan Key-Tee are:

- capital investment for fundamental research or comprehensive development

projects,
- R&D loans to a) reduce the interest rates from prior unsuccessful projects,
and b) to fund venture-type high-tech projects,
- mediation in arranging joint research,
- execution of consigned research,
- operation of the Japan Trust International Research Cooperation, a
charitable trust which invites foreign researchers in key technologies, and
- research information and survey services
 595

Capital Investments in Biotechnology-Related Projects

- the Protein Engineering Research Institute, Inc., Osaka (opened in 1988,

Chap. 5),
- the Biomaterial Research Institute, Inc., Yokohama (opened in 1987)
(Chap. 5),
- Em-Oi Research Co. (1986), and in
- P. C. C. Research Co. (1987)

R&D Loans in Biotechnology

- the application of gamma-linolenic acid,

- the industrial use of chitin,
- mass production of lactic acid and anaerobic bacteria,
- industrial production of chemicals using bioprocess technology,
- the use of fusion products from chitin and collagen (all 1986),
- production procedures for amino acids (1987),
- production of recombinant enzymes (1988), and
- production technology for macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCF)
(1989).

4.7.1 M&D Research Co. Ltd.

K. K.
Emu Oi Risaachi KK

The company's target is research in bioactive peptides, both through rONA

methods and chemical synthesis, and screening for their bioactivity [41].

Address Toranomon Mitsui Buildg.

3-8-1 Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3507-3249
Fax (03) 3507-3159
M&O Research Co. was' founded in April, 1986, with a capital of 1.3 mill.
Yen for a period of 5 years. The scheduled operational costs during this
period are 1.7 bill. Yen.
The company is a subsidiary of Oaicel Chemicals and Meiji Seika, which each
contributed 15% of the capital. Japan Key-Tech contributed the remaining
70% as a loan. The research is carried out in the Yokohama, Tsukuba, and
Himeji laboratories of the 2 companies.
596

4.7.2 Plant Cell Culture Technology Inc. (P.C.C.)

t.0
• y • y • 7- 'J / 0 y- K. K.
Phi-Shi-Shi-Tekunorojii KK

The target of P.c.c. Company is to develop technology and products from

plant tissue culture. Since presently there are only a few examples of
commercially successful products from this technology, the company has set
out to jointly improve on technology [42].

Address Miyanou Bldg.

2-8-7, Shibuya
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150
Phone (03) 3409-3925 or -3957
Fax (03) 3409-3747

P.c.c. Company was founded in February, 1987, for a planned period of 6

years. 70% of the original capital (3.862 mill. Yen) was provided by the Japan
Key Technology Center (see Chap. 8), and 30% by 7 companies, namely:

Kyowa HakIm Kogyo, Mitsui Petrochemicals, Mitsui Toatsu,

Hitachi Engineering, Suntory, Toa Nenryo, and Kirin Beer.

The targets are:

- establishment of useful plant culture cell lines,
- establishment of large-scale production technology, and
- development of suitable extraction and purification techniques.

R&D is carried out by about 20 researchers in a decentralized way in the

following places throughout Japan: Tsuchiura (Kyowa Hakko), Iwakuni
(Mitsui Petrochemicals), Chiba (Mitsui Petrochemicals), Megasaki (Mitsui
Toatsu), Kokubenji (Hitachi), Yamazaki (Suntory), Saitama (Toa Nenryo),
and Tochigi (Kirin Beer).

5. The Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) and its Programs

Related to the Life Sciences

5.1 Policy
5.2 Japan Health Sciences Foundation and its Projects
5.3 The "Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Research
Promotion Fund" and its Projects
5.3.1 Introduction
 597

5.3.2 Institute of Cytosignal Research, Inc.

5.3.3 Vascular Graft Research Center Co., Ltd.
5.3.4 Drug Delivery System Institute, Inc.
5.3.5 Biosensor Laboratories Co., Ltd.
5.3.6 Institute for Biofunctional Research, Ltd.
5.3.7 Institute for Advanced Skin Reseasrch, Inc.

5.1 Policy
As the other Japanese ministries involved in R&D, the MHW has a central
advisory committee serving to the minister directly (The Health Science
Council). Since the impact of R&D in general, and of biotechnology in
particular, is particularily strong in the field of pharmaceuticals and
diagnostics, the Central Pharmaceutical Mfairs Bureau of the MHW (see
Chap. 3) in 1982 established the "Policy Discussion Board for Pharmaceuti-
cals, Medical Devices, and Cosmetics" (and a "Committee on Biotechnology"
in 1986). The Board drew up a final report in October 1984, containing a
number of recommendations [43,44] (Table 7.13).

Table 7.13. Recommendations of the MHW Policy Discussion Board for Pharmaceuticals

- Improvement of basic research

- More collaboration between basic research and pharmaceutical R&D
- Improvement of training
- Establishment of a "Biotechnology Research Exchange Center"
- Securing of research resources
- Better interaction of basic research with the "lO-years strategy for cancer control" program
- Improvement of regulatory issues

The implementation of this policy is carried out through the Office of

Advanced Research and Technology of Pharmaceuticals (1983) and the Office
of Life Sciences (now Division of Life Sciences) in the minister's secretariat.

5.2 Japan Health Sciences Foundation

t :.:L ? Y~1 .:r: Y A 1}j~Mffi
Hyuumansaiensu Shinkou Zaidan
The Japan Health Sciences Foundation was established in 1986 with the
targets to a) function as the central organization, in cooperation with the
Ministry of Health and Welfare, to develop the Japanese pharmaceutical and
other health science related industries by applying advanced technologies such
as genetic engineering, and b) to act as a catalyst for cooperation among
national research institutes, universities, and industry [45].
598

Address I.K. Building

3-6-9 Nihonbashi Hon-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3663-8641
Fax (03) 3663-0448
Chairman Dr. Kyosuke Tsuda (Prof. emeritus, University of Tokyo)
Director Dr. Einosuke Ohmura (Takeda Chemical General In-
dustries)
Senior Managing Dr. Takaji Ishimaru (formerly Director-General of the
Director Medical Affairs Bureau, MHW)
Established 1986

Supporting Members

Fig. 7.19. Organizational Structure of the Japan Health Sciences Foundation

Member Companies (as of April. 1989): Ajinomoto, Applied Biosystems

Japan, Asahi Breweries, Asahi Chemical Industry, Asahi Glass, Banyu
Pharmaceutical, Baxter Ltd., Bio Science Laboratory, Bristol-Myers KK,
Calpis Food Industry, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Chisso
Corporation, Chiyoda Chemical Engineering and Construction, Chugai
Pharmaceutical Co., Ciba-Geigy Japan, Daicel Chemical Industries, Dai-Ichi
Kangyo Bank, Daiichi Pure Chemicals, Daiichi Seiyaku, Dainippon Ink and
 599

Chemicals, Dainippon Pharmeceuticals, Denka Seiken, Denki Kagaku Kogyo,

Du Pont Japan, Earth Chemical Co., Eisai, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical
Corporation, Fujirebio, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Fuso Pharmaceutical
Industries, Gekkeikan Sake, Genentech Ltd., Green Cross Corporation,
Grelan Pharmaceutical Co., Hagiwara Institute of Health, Hoechst Japan,
Hokuriku Seiyaku, Japan Pharmaceutical Development Co., Kaken Phar-
maceutical Co., Kanebo, Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry, Kao Corporation,
Kayaku, Kikkoman Corporation, Kirin Brewery, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co.,
Kitasato Institute, Kodama Limited, Kohjin, Kotobuki Seiyaku, Kowa, Kurare,
Kureha Chemical Industry, Kyocera, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Kyowa
Hakko Kogyo, Kyowa Pharmaceutical Co., Lead Chemical Co., Lion
Corporation, Mamho, Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co., Maruko Pharmaceutical
Co., Mect Corporation, Meiji Milk Products, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Meito
Sangyo, Mitsubishi Bank, Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation, Mitsubishi Corpora-
tion, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Mitsui
Petrochemical Co., Mitsui Pharmaceuticals, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals,
Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Mohan Medicine Research Institute, Morinaga
Milk Industry, Morishita Pharmaceutical Co., Nestle KK, Nichirei Corpora-
tion, Nihon Med-Physics Co., Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Nikka Whisky
Distilling Co., Nikken Chemical Co., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co.,
Nippon Chemiphar, Nippon Kayaku, Nippon Mining, Nippon Oil and Fats,
Nippon Roche KK, Nippon Shinyaku, Nippon Shoji Kaisha, Nippon Zeon,
Nissin Flour Milling, Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Nitto Denko Corporation,
Novo Yakuhin KK, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co.,
Panapharm Laboratories, Pfizer Taito, Pharmacia KK, San-Ei Chemical In-
dustries, Sankyo, Sanraku Incorporated, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Sanwa
Kagaku Kenkyusho, Sapporo Breweries, Sawai Pharmeceuticals, Seikagaku
Kogyo, Sekisui Chemical Co., Serono Japan, Shimizu Pharmaceutical Co.,
Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Shionogi, Shiseido, Snow Brand Milk Products,
Special Reference Laboratories, Sumitomo Bank, Sumitomo Chemical Co.,
Sumitomo Corporation, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Sumitomo Phar-
maceuticals, Suntory, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co.,
Takara Shuzo, Takeda Chemical Industries, Tanabe Seiyaku, Teijin, Teikoku
Seiyaku, Terumo Corporation, Toa Nenryo Kogyo, Tokyo Tanabe, Toray
Industries, Toyama Chemical Co., Toyo Ink MFG Co., Toyo Jozo, Toyo Soda
Manufacturing Co., Toyobo, Tsumura and Co., Ube Industries, Unitica,
Upjohn Pharmaceuticals" Wako Pure Chemmicals Industries, Wakunaga
Pharmaceutical Co., Yakult Honsha, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co.,
Yamasa Shoyu, Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Zeria Pharmaceutical
Co.

Total: 151 companies

The Activities of the Foundation are:

1. Development and promotion of research,

2. Regulation and standards (e.g., safety in production),
600

3. Resources for research,

4. Symposia, conferences, and workshops,
5. Information services ("Human Science News", in Japanese)

In addition, joint research projects are funded which are organized along the
lines of the MITI Research Associations (Sect. 4.1)[46]. A survey is given in
Table 7.14.

Table 7.14. R&D Projects funded by the Japan Health Science Foundation

Field Number of Expenditure

topics (1989/mill. Yen)

Development of Biotechnology 8 430

Improved Technology and Materials 5 300
Elucidation of Basic Defense Mechanisms 4 350
Total 1080

Participants 104 companies

15 research institutes
26 universities

In detail, the following areas are presently explored (end of 1989):

1. Development of Biotechnology

Chairman: Akira Ohta, National Institute of Health

Budget: 402 mill. Yen

Neurotrophic factors: analysis and function

Budget: 48 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Shinichi Takasaka, National Center of
Neurology and Psychiatry; Participants: Santen Pharmaceuticals, Sumitomo
Pharmaceuticals, Meiji Seika, Toa Nenryo, Fuso, Tsumura, Yamanouchi
Pharmaceuticals, Shionogi Pharmaceuticals, Morinaga Milk Products, Nihon
Shinyaku, Asahi Beer, National Institute of Health, National Institute of
Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo Municipal Institute of Neurology, Sofia
University, Kanazawa University, Gifu University of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Analysis and Function of Genes with Relevance to Diseases

Budget: 65 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Akira Sugiura (National Institute of
Health); Participants: Toyo Jozo, Kowa, Aji!10moto, Genentech, Lion,
Terumo, Nihon Zeon, Toray, Nihon Shoji, Takara Shuzo, Sankyo, Wako Pure
Chemicals, The Chemo-Serotherapeutic Institute, National Institute of Health,
National Institute of Hygienic Science, National Institute of Children's Health,
Tokyo Municipal University, Nihon University
 601

Development of Vaccines Using Protein Engineering

Budget: 64 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Akira Ohtani (National Institute of
Health); Participants: The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Institute, Dai-ichi
Pharmaceuticals, Denka Seiken, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Teijin, Kitasato
Institute, Nihon Zeon, Chiba Serum Products, Nihon Polio Center, Nihon
P.c.G., National Institute of Health, Municipal Clinical Research Center,
Sangyo Medical University

Development of Host-Vector Systems for Animal and Plant Cells

Budget: 25 mill. Yen; Coordinators: Kunihito Yoshiike, National Institute of
Health, and Motoyoshi Satake, National Institute of Hygienic Science;
Participants: Meiji Milk Products, Kyodo Shiryo, Tsumura, Kanebo, Kyowa
Hakko, Mitsui Oil, Nippon Steel Chemicals, National Institute of Health,
National Institute of Hygienic Science, National Institute of Childrens' Health,
Keio University, Chiba University, Toyama Prefectural Institute for Phar-
maceutical Research, Station for Medical Engineering - Saga Prefecture

Development of Evaluation Methods for Pharmaceuticals of High-Purity and

High-Functional Safety
Budget: 72 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Tadashi Takanaka, National Institute of
Hygienic Science; Participants: Upjohn, Nihon Shinyaku, Toyo Jozo, Meiji
Seika, Sumitomo Chemicals, Shionogi, Eisai, Shiseido, Toyo Boseki, Chugai
Pharmaceuticals, Ikeda Mohando, Kirin Beer, Snow Brand Milk Products,
Ohtsuka Pharmaceuticals, Dainihon Pharmaceuticals, Wako Pure Chemicals,
The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Institute, Seikagaku Industry, The Green Cross
Co., The Cosmetics Association, Osaka Institute of Microbiology, National
Institute of Hygienic Science, Medical Information System Development
Center, National Institute of Health, The University of Tokyo, Hokkaido
University, Food Safety Research Center

Safety Evaluation Technology and Purification of Newly Developed Foods

Budget: 44 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Kunitoshi Yoshihira, National Institute of
Hygienic Science; Participants: Nikka Whisky, Ajinomoto, Toyo Ink, Nitto
Denko, Kirin Beer, Sanei Chemicals, Morinaga Milk Products, Meiji Milk
Products, Yakult, Calpis Food, Snow Brand Milk Products, National Institute
of Hygienic Science, National Institute of Health, Food Safety Research
Center, The University of Tokyo, Tsukuba University, Chiba University

Isolation of Toxins Produced During Microbial Processes

Budget: 63 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Yasumoto Magaki, National Institute of
Hygienic Sciences; Participants: Center for Waste Treatment Technology,
Nihon Gaishi, Institute of Public Health, National Research Institute for
Pollution and Resources, Center for Environmental Hygiene

Development of Substitution Systems for Experimental Animals

Budget: 21 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Kenki Kikuchi, National Center of
Neurology and Psychiatry; Participants: Eisai, Toyo Jozo, National Center of
Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Health, Kyushu University,
602

Kinki University, Food Safety Research Center, Suzuki Memorial Foundation,

Okazaki National Research Institutes

2. Improved Technology and Materials

Budget: 266 mill. Yen

Coordinator: Akira Yamamoto, National Cardiovascular Disease Center

Improved Technology and Polymer Materials for the Removal of Toxic

Substances from Serum
Budget: 71 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Akira Yamamoto, National Cardiovas-
cular Disease Center; Participants: Asahi Chemicals, Kuraray, Kanegafuchi
Chemicals, National Cardiovascular Disease Center, Food Safety Research
Center, Kyoto University, Utano Hospital, Kawadana Hospital

General Chemical Technology of High-Polymer Materials with Pharmaceuti-

cal Activity
Budget: 75 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Mitsuru Uchiyama, National Institute of
Hygienic Science; Participants: Dainippon Pharmaceuticals, Shionogi, Sankyo,
Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, Daiichi Pharmaceuticals, Sumitomo
Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Tanabe Seiyaku, Yamanouchi
Pharmaceuticals, Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Kowa, Fuji Boseki, Katokichi,
Shimizu Pharmaceuticals, Nobo Pharmaceuticals, Sawai Pharmaceuticals,
Sekisui Chemicals, Kyowa Hakko, National Institute of Hygienic Science,
Kumamoto University, Kyoto University

Improved Serum-Compatible Materials

Budget: 82 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Mr. Takano, National Cardiovascular
Disease Center; Participants: Toyo Boseki, Kuraray, Mitsubishi Rayon, Aishin
Seiki, National Cardiovascular Disease Center, National Institute of Childrens'
Health, Food Safety Research Center, Institute of Public Health, Kanazawa
University, Saitama University, Keio University

Improved Tissue-Compatihle Materials

Budget: 28 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Takehisa Matsuda, National Cardiovas-
cular Disease Center; Participants: Kanegafuchi Chemicals, Unitika,
Sumitomo Chemicals, Suinitomo Cement, Nihon Kentetsu, National
Cardiovascular Disease Center, Rehabilitation Center for the Handicapped,
Institute of Public Health

Safety Evaluation Standards for Polymer Materials

Budget: 22 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Tadaaki Nakamura, National Institute of
Hygienic Science; Participants: Wako Pure Chemicals, Asahi Medicals,
Seikagaku Industry, Public Science Association, Association for Medical
Polymers, Association for Artifical Kidney Devices, National Institute of
Hygienic Science, Osaka University, Food Safety Research Center
 603

3. Elucidation of Basic Defense Mechanisms

Budget: 335 mill. Yen

Coordinator: Tom Tokunaga, National Institute of Health

Elucidation of Immuno-Response and Phagocytosis

Budget: 89 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Tom Tokunaga, National Institute of
Health; Participants: Sankyo, Eisai, Idemitsu Oil, Ajinomoto, Meiji Milk
Products, Kirin Beer, Kureran Pharmaceuticals, Mitsui Pharmaceuticals,
Tsumura, Nihon Kayaku, Sumitomo Metals, Beritas, Meiji Seika, Mitsubishi
Kasei, Tokyo Research Institute for Immunological Studies, National Institute
of Health, National Institute of Hygienic Science, National Center for
Childrens' Health, Teikyo University, Keio University, Saitama University,
The University of Tokyo, Osaka University, Medical and Dental University

Elucidation of Resistance Mechanisms against Infection

Budget: 57 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Nobom Kobayashi, Hospital of Childrens'
Diseases; Participants: Shimizu Pharmaceuticals, Kyowa Medex, Nissui
Pharmaceuticals, Sawai Pharmaceuticals, Teijin, Nihon Pharmaceuticals, The
Green Cross, Kyowa Hakko, Tokyo Research Institute for Immunological
Studies, Yakult, National Center for Children's Health, Food Safety Research
Center, National Institute of Health, Nihon University

Metabolism, Excretion, Endocrinological Defense Mechanisms

Budget: 96 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Hiroshige Itakura, National Institute of
Nutrition; Participants: Nippon Oil and Fats, Nippon Pharmaceuticals,
Terumo, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Taisho Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, Kureran
Pharmaceuticals, Tsumura, Tokyo Tanabe Seiyaku, Mitsubishi Kasei, Eiken
Chemicals, Nihon Shoji, Sankyo, Daiichi Pharmaceuticals, Chugai Phar-
maceuticals, Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals, Shionogi Pharmaceuticals, Special
Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Nutrition, National Center for
Environmental Hygiene, National Center for Children's Health, National
Cardiovascular Disease Center, National Institute of Hygienic Science, Food
Safety Center, Tokyo Kasei University, Keio University

Defense Mechanisms of the Brain and the Nervous System

Budget: 93 mill. Yen; Coordinator: Takeshi Tadaira, National Center of
Neurology and Psychiatry; Participants: Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Toray,
Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, Nichirei, Mochida Pharmaceuticals, Asahi
Glass, Yoshitomi Pharmaceuticals, Mitsui Toatsu, Mitsui Pharmaceuticals,
Kirin Beer, Kureha Chemicals, Suntory, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals,
Dainippon Pharmaceuticals, Mitsubishi Kasei, National Center of Neurology
and Psychiatry, Medical Center, Shizuoka Higashi Hospital, Himae Sana-
torium, Kyushu University, Tsukuba University, Nagoya University, Tokyo
Technical University, Saitama Medical University, Fujita Gaku-en University,
luntendo University, Food Safety Center
604

5.3 The "Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Research Promotion

Fund" (Research Promotion Fund for Pharmaceutical,
Cosmetics and Medical Devices)
~~gMIjfFfflf}j(~;jtjiRWf~1ffRJl!~~
Iyakuhin Fukusayou Higai Kyuuzai Kenkyuu Shinkou Kikin

This fund, established in 1979 for R&D on the side effects of pharmaceuti-
cals, was redirected, in October 1987, to promote R&D in the pharmaceutical,
cosmetic, and medical machinery field [47]. It since has started to give loans
and R&D support to research companies with strong emphasis on biotechnol-
ogy [48]. Details concerning the funding system will be discussed in Chap. 8.

Address Sunshine 60, 26F

3-1-1 Ikebukuro,
Phone (03) 3988-2101
Fax (03) 3985-8107
Director Mr. Hajime Uemura
Capital 200 mill. Yen

Institute of Cytosignal Research Inc.

~ -1 " y 1" T JvliJf5i:fi)f

Saitoshigunaru Kenkyuujo

Budget 143 mill. Yen, of which 100 mill. are from the fund
Research period: 7 years

Formed by Mitsui, Kirin Mugishu and Mitsubishi Kasei, the target of this
company is to identify and analyze cellular information processing compounds
such as TNF, neurotransmitters, and interferon.

Vascular Graft Research Center Co. Ltd.

AIilll~txv~jWf~~ /':;t-
Jinkou Kekkan Gijutsu Kenkyuu Sentaa

Budget: 143 Mill Yen, of which 100 mill. are from the fund
Research period: 7 years
 605

Formed by Dai-ichi Seiyaku and Sumitomo Engineering, the target of this

company is to develop hybrid capillaries, partially based on biological
materials, of high performance.

Drug Delivery System Institute, Inc.

.:;-~.{ • .:;-~.{ • ;c. A liJf~pJT
Di-Di-Esu Kenkyuujo

Budget: 100 mill. Yen, of which 7 mill. Yen are from the fund
Research period: 7 years

Formed by Asahi Chemicals, Ajinomoto, Eisai, Shionogi Pharmaceuticals,

Dai-ichi Seiyaku, Tanabe Seiyaku and Meiji Seika; the aim of this company
is to develop targetable delivery systems for pharmaceutical applications.

Biosensor laboratories Co., Ltd

j '\'1 ;t ~ /' ~ -{jJf~PJT
Baiosensaa Kenkyuujo

Budget: 43 mill. Yen, of which 30 mill. are from the fund

Research period: 7 years

Formed by Kuraray, Tosoh, Chugai Pharmaceuticals, and Hama Matsu

Hotnics; the target of this company is to develop optoelectronic devices for
the in-vivo diagnosis of diseases and for artificial organs.

Institute for Biofunctional Research, Ltd.

J-J--ff~~~-"'bm-?'tr-;C
~,~~fJl:::.iU} I ::tiJJ I
Seitai Kinou Kenkyuujo

Budget: 145.5 mill. Yen, of which 100 mill. are from the fund
Research period: 7 years

Formed by Takeda, Sumitomo Heavy -Industries, Nihon Meiji Physics,

Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals, Tanabe Seiyaku, Wako Pure Chemicals and
Yoshitomi Pharmaceuticals; the target of the company is to develop
comprehensive total-body diagnostic systems based on imaging techniques and
artificial intelligence.
606

Institute for Advanced Skin Research, Inc.

I "".I~';/ A " • A 4-;/ • ~ -if - T fVf~pjf

Adobansuto sukin risaachi kenkyuujo

Budget: 142.9 mill. Yen, of which 100 mill. are from the fund.
Research period: 7 years

Formed by Shiseido, Chugai Pharmaceuticals and Nippon Oils and Fats; the
company is focussed on the development of high-tech skin pharmacology and
cosmetics based on skin tissue culture and development of bioactive materials.

6. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF)

and its Programs Related to the Life Sciences

6.1 General Policy

6.2 Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution
(BRAIN)
6.3 The Japanese R&D Association for Bioreactor Systems
6.4 The Japanese R&D Association for the Improvement of
Enzyme Function in the Food Industry
6.5 The Japanese R&D Association for Sensing Systems in the Food
Industry
6.6 R&D Association for the Development of Agrochemicals
6.7 R&D Association for the Structure Analysis of Genes from
Agricultural Organisms
6.8 R&D Association for Transplantation of Fertilized Eggs
in Agricultural Animals

6.1 General Policy

As discussed in Chap. 3, the guidelines of the ministry are recommended by
the Agricultural Research Council (JlU~*~tiU~j~., Nourinsuisan Gijutsu
Kaigi) which is composed of leading authorities from the university. Due to
the target industries of the MAFF, many R&D activities of this ministry
relate, in some way or another, to biotechnology [49]. Recent recommenda-
tions of the council are summarized in Table 7.15.
 607

Table 1.15. Recent recommendations of the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery Research
Council

- Basic needs for research in agriculture, forestry, and fishery (October 1919, finalized
November 1982),
- Basic directions of agriculture policy in the 21st century (November 1986), in particular
- Basic and advanced technology for the 21st century,
- R&D for innovative methods applied to the food industry and other agro-related industries,
- Contextual measures for technology transfer,
- International cooperation,
- Large-scale projects relating to biotechnology, and
- Development of applied technology.

This policy is implemented by the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries

Research Council Secretariat. In view of biotechnology, the following targets
are presently being addressed [49]:

1. Basic and advanced R&D leading to the 21st century (ecosystem control,
rice genome analysis, advanced methods for plant, husbandry, and fish
breeding; nursery systems for plants and animals, safety assessment of
rDNA organisms after release, management of the MAFF gene bank).
Other programs in this field include:
- entrusted research to universities (protein engineering for the food
industry, animal gene and plant chromosome studies), and
- research subsidized by the prefectures (promotion of biotechnology R&D
in regional areas, e.g., through crop breeding, cell fusion, embryo transfer
in cattle, cell fusion for edible mushrooms, multiploid fish, and shellfish,
etc.).
2. R&D for innovative techniques in the food and other agro-related
industries (bioreactor systems, protein engineering, novel fertilizers, and
agrochemicals and their synthesis by biotechnological methods, im-
munodiagnostics and vaccines for livestock diseases, biomass conversion,
rhizosphere studies),
3. Contextual measures (case studies in the regions, training of personnel),
4. International cooperation (workshops, post-doctoral researchers from
developing countries)
5. Large-scale programs'("Super-rice program", "Biomass conversion program"
and "High-quality/high-yield crops using new farming systems"),
6. Technology transfer (seedlings, embryo transfer, food processing by
bioreactors, unused resources from trees and fisheries).
 608

6.2 Bio-Oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution

(BRAIN)

~~**~~~~~~~*~~m (~~~m)
Seibutsukei Tokutei Sangyougijutsu Kenkyuu Suishin Kikou (Seiken Kikou)

BRAIN was established in 1986 by MAFF and the Ministry of Finance. Its
aim is to promote R&D on biotechnology in the field of agriculture, forestry,
fisheries, brewery, fermentation, and food processing [50].

Address Nihon-seimei Shinjuku 6-chome Bldg. 3F

6-24-16 Shinjuku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3205-6565
Fax (03) 3205-6566

The activities of BRAIN are summarized in Fig. 7.20.

Activities of BRAIN

Capital investment
FundinJ! of
reseal'Ch
Loan service

Joint research

Arranj!ements The l!cquisition of

ror genetic resources

Entrusted research

Dissemination
of information
Information
service

Surveys

Ftg. 1:111. Activities of BRAIN

The funding system of BRAIN will be discussed in detail in Chap. 8.

 609

Investments within the BRAIN Project (FY 1986/88)[50,51]

Hokkaido Green Bio-Research Center: Frost-resistant plant resources based

on biotechnology
Project period: 1986-92
Participants: Hokkaido prefecture, 5 local associations, Hokkaido Electric
Power, Hokkaido Takushoku Bank, Hokkaido Bank

Okinoerabu Kyuukon Bio-Research Center - Flowers from tissue culture

Project period: 1986-92
Participants: 2 local cities, 3 local associations, Nanei Togyo, Kyowa Hakko

Nursery Technology, Inc.: Development of large-scale seed breeding

Project period: 1986-92
Participants: 3 local associations, Shinnippon Steel, Kyowa Hakko, Taisei
Construction, Kirin Beer

Iwate Biomass Research Center: Fertilizers from marine biomass

Project period: 1986-92
Participants: Iwate Prefeture, 1 local association, Hitachi Shipbuilding,
Shinnippon Steel, Koiwai Agriculture Co.

Sake Resources Research Center: Sake microorganism-related research on

genetic resources.
Project period: 1986-93
Participants: Asahi Beer, Kyowa Hakko, Gekkeikan, Suntory, Takara Shuzo,
Nikka Whisky, Ozeki Sake, Kirin Beer, Sapporo Beer, Sanraku,
Toyo Jozo, Japan Sake Association, Hakutsuru Sake

Marine Products Development Center: Aquaculture

Project period: 1986-1991
Participants: Nisshin Oil, Nisshin Fine-chemicals

Seatechs: Aquaculture of large fish

Project period: 1986-90
Participants: Nagasaki Prefecture, llocal city, Mitsubishi Cement, Mitsubishi
Oil and Coal, Taiyoh Fisheries

Rice Breeding and Production Institute: Breeding and Production of Rice

Project period: 1987-93
Participants: 2 national associations, 1 local association, Japan Tobacco, Kirin
Beer, Tohoku Electric Power

Center for Development of Environmental Resources

Project period: 1987-93
Participants: Sanwa Bank, Osaka Cement, Hitachi Shipbuilding, Oobayashi-
gumi, Ube Industries, Kurogane Products, Oosue Construction,
Toyo Construction, Nissho Iwai, Uchiyama Ryokuchi Con-
struction, Zenitakagumi, Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals
610

N.T. Science: Production of experimental animals using biotechnology

Project period: 1987-93
Participants: Nisseiken, Toso, Japan Turf Grass, Gifu Immunology Research
Institute, Wakayama Agri-bio Research Center, Aquaculture
Research Institute of Cold Zonal Fish

Japan Turf Grass: Breeding and production research on turf grass

Project period: 1988-95
Participants: Japan Horse Race Equipment, Taisei Construction, Japan
Agricultural Chemicals, Toyo Green

Gifu Immunology Research Institute

Project period: 1988-94
Participants: Gen Co-operation, Kyoritsu Organic Product Institute

Wakayama Agnbio Research Center

Project period: 1988-95
Participants: 1 local association, Asahi Beer, Toyo Kikai Hanbai, Wakayama
Nokyo Foods, Sumika Agro, Wakayama Nosanbutsu Processing
Research Institute

Aquaculture Research Institute of Cold Zonal Fish

Project period: 1988-94
Participants: Nippon Suisan, Nitimou, Shinnippon Steel, Nissan Construction,
Onoda Cement, Tohoku Electric Power, Iwate Bank

R&D Project Loans within the BRAIN Project (FY 1986/88)[50,51]

Crop breeding and production (16 projects): virus-free seeds, flower seed
production using plant cell culture, haploid production, chromosome
manipulation, etc.

Agrochemicals, new resources (5 projects): bio-pesticides

Animal breeding (8 projects): breeding techniques including embryo transfer,

vaccine development, experimental animals

Food and sake production (24 projects): improvement of yeasts for the
production of bread, milk products, sake; extraction of valuable components
from staple food

Forestry products (3 projects): mushroom improvement techniques

Aquaculture (8 projects): fish-breeding techniques using cell culture, cell

fusion, new raising techniques, etc.
 611

6.3 The Japanese R&D Association for Bioreactor System

1t~U/~'1 ;t 'J 7 ~ J - YA -r J:..m~jliJf~*Jl-@t
Shokuhinsangyou Baioriakutaa-shisutemu Gijutsu Kenkyuukumiai

The development of bioreactor systems is expected to induce drastic savings

of energy, product quality improvement, and also new foodstuffs development,
through making production lines continuous, compact, automatic, and
pollution-free. The development ofbioreactor systems, however, needs a long
term and a wide range of collaborative research work among food, enzyme,
plant (i.e., engineering), and biosensor engineering companies [52-54].

Address Minesawa Buildung

17-17 Kodenma-cho, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3663-7681
Fax (03) 3663-7684
Director Takeshi Nakagawa
Duration 1984 - 1989
Budget 2660 mill. Yen
Subsidy 1188 mill. Yen (from MAFF)

Participants and Targets

At the beginning, 42 companies where nominated. In 1985, 12 more

companies from the fats and oil industry joined the project.
The research targets are illustrated in Fig. 7.21.

Table 1. S·Year Research Program

Research Areas Year

1 2 3 4 5 Outline of Research Work
1. Development of Bioreactors

Enzyme Studies Selection of microorganism, culture

-------- --------- optimization, enzyme separation
lmmobilizationTechniques --------- I---.----- --------- and purification
Selection ofcarriers, immobilization
methods
Bioreactors -------- Sanitatio~ selection of materials used as
carriers, esigning of bioreactors.
2. Development of Biosensors --------- --------- Screening of enzymes for biosensors,
endurance of bJOsensors.
3. Organization ofTolal --------- or9anization ofbioreactor, biosensor,
PrOduction Line an other instruments on bench
scale, evaluation of new systems.
Remarks: - - main research period .------ preliminary or extended period

Fig. 7.21. Research Program of the MAFF Bioreactor Research Association

612

The detailed targets and the partners within the four subprojects are
summarized below. Frequently, small- and medium-scale enterprises (in 1985,
83.6% of the Japanese food industry had less than 300 employees) collaborate
with larger companies from the enzyme, engineering, or electronics field. The
target clearly is a) technological advance of the small- and medium-scale
enterprises and b) diversification of the larger companies.

Subprojects relating to carbohydrates

1. Glucose from starch via enzyme reactor

Food companies Oji Corn starch, Mitsui Sugar
Enzymes Mitsui Sugar
Engineering Komatsugawa
Biosensor Eiburu
2 Water-soluble glucosyl a-cyclodextrin via transglycoSYlation
Food companies Ensuiko Sugar, Showa Industry,
Nikken Chemicals
Enzymes Ensuiko Sugar
Engineering Japan Organo, Nitto Electric
3. Maltooligosaccharides (04) by partial hydrolysis of starch
Food company Suntory Whisky
Enzymes Shin-Nihon Chemicals
Engineering Hitachi Shipbuilding
4. Functional oligosaccharides by hydrolysis of xylan
Food company Nippon Foods
Enzymes Kirin Beer
Engineering Chiyoda Engineering
Biosensor Yokogawa Electric
5. Functional hetero-oligosaccharides from agar
Food company Meiji Chocolate
Enzymes Meiji Chocolate
Engineering Denki Kagaku Industry
Biosensor Shimadzu

Subprojects related to proteins:

6. Functional proteins from gluten
Food company Nisshin Oil Mill
Enzymes Oriental Yeast
Engineering Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
7. New food products from soy protein
Food company Kyodo Milk
Enzymes Toyo Jozo
Engineering Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding
8. Functional proteins from soy without bitter off-flavor
Food company Fuji Oil Mill
Enzymes Amano
Engineering Mitsubishi Engineering
 613

9. Milk protein hydrolyzates with functional properties

Food company Snow Brand Milk Products
Enzymes Amano
Engineering Iwai Construction
Biosensor Toyobo
10. Functional proteins from slaughterhouse blood
Food company Prima-Meat Packers
Enzymes Toyo Jozo
Engineering Kurita Earthworks

Subproject relating to amino acids and organic acids:

11. Seasonings from fish hydrolyzate
Food company Yaizu Fish
Enzymes Wakamoto Pharmaceuticals
Engineering Soga
12. Soysauce-type seasoning from various vegetables
Food company Kikkoman Soy Sauce
Enzymes Kikkoman Soy Sauce
Engineering Kurita Earthworks
13. Soysauce with "Shiro" taste
Food company Shoda Soy Sauce
Enzymes Oriental Yeast
Engineering Nisshin Engineering
Biosensor Oriental Yeast
14. "Tamari"-like seasoning
Food company Sanbishi
Enzymes Amano
Engineering and biosensor Nippon Sharyo Construction
15. Highly concentrated vinegar with immobilized bacteria
Food Q.P.
Enzymes Q.P.
Engineering Komatsugawa Chemical
Engineering
Subproject relating to fats and oils:
16. Symmetrical triglycerides by enzymatic transesterification (e.g., cocoa
butter)
Food company Asahi Denka
Enzymes Meito Sangyo
Engineering Mitsubishi Chemical Engineering
17. Enzymatic improvement of palm oil
Food company Ajinomoto
Enzymes Amano
Engineering Nikki
18. Enzymatic manufacture of phosphatidyl glycerol from soy lecithin
Food company Yakult Honsha
Engineering Niigata Engineering
614

19. Meat and ham aroma

Food company Ito Ham, Hasegawa Perfume
Enzymes Unitika
Engineering Shibaura Engineering
20. Eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid via
enzymatic hydrolysis of fish oil
Food company Nippon Oils and Fats
Enzymes Toyo Jozo
Engineering Sanki Engineering

6.4 The Japanese R&D Association for the Improvement of

Enzyme Function in the Food Industry
jt~URm~~ttVfgtiJf~*Jl~
Shokuhinsangyou Kousokinouhenkangijutsu Kenkyuukumiai

Biocatalytic processes play an important role in Japanese food industry. It is

expected that the emerging techniques of protein engineering will have a
strong influence on the improvement of such processes. In compliance with
the technology needed for protein engineering, the association consists of food
and enzyme manufacturers as well as of computer companies [55,56].

Address Minesawa Building

17-17 Kodenma-cho, Nihonbashi
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3663-7685
Fax (03) 3663-7684
Director Yukio Sakaguchi
Duration 1987 - 1991
Budget 1 bill. Yen (50% from MAFF)

The program and schedule is shown in Fig. 7.22.

Participants and Targets

Structure elucidation, cloning, and protein engineering of soybean .8-amylase:

Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co.
Improving the thermostability of pullulanase, .8-amylase, and CGTase for
starch processing by genetic engineering: Ezaki Glico Co. and Nagase
Biochemicals
Improving the properties of cell-wall associated Staphylococcus protease by
genetic and protein engineering: Yakult Honsha and NEC
Improving the salt tolerance of neutral and alkaline protease from Aspergil-
 615

Table 2. Annual Plans

Years
Development Items
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
1. Structural analysis of natural enzymes

(1) Isolation and refining

(2) Structural analysis

2. Structural analysis of food enzymes

(1) Refining and crystallization

(2) Structural analysis

3. Design of functional enzymes

4. Trial manufacturing of functional

enzymes and developing of systems
fortheir utilisation

FJg. 7:12. Program of the R&D Association for the Improvement of Enzyme Function in the
Food Industry

Ius oryzae by protein enginnering: Kikkoman Corporation (Soysauce), Green

Cross Corporation, and Fujitsu
Improvement of Pseudomonas lipase by protein engineering: Amano and
Fujitsu
Improvement of lipase from Chromobacterium viscosum and of phospholip-
ase D from Streptomyces by protein engineering: Nisshin Oil Mills, Toyo Jozo,
and Japan Information Processing Service

6.S The Japanese R&D Association for Sensing Systems in Food

Industry

~£~~~71~~~~-~~~~m~
Shokuhin Sangyoo Onrainsensaa Gijutsu Kenkyuukumiai

Introduction
In order to prepare for "flexible manufacturing systems", the upgrading of
sensor technology is considered crucial. This led, in 1986, to the establish-
ment of an R&D association on this subject which comprises 36 companies
from the food industry, equipment manufacturers, and system engineering
companies [57].
Address Minesawa Kinbutsu Bldg. 4F
17-17, Nihonbashi Kodenba-cho
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3663-7681
616

Duration 1986 - 91
Budget 500 mill. Yen (1987), about 50% from MAFF
Participants and Targets
Development of meat freshness sensor: Ito Ham Foods, Inc. and DKK
Corporation
Development of bacteria sensor for meat and meat products: Nippon Meat
Packers, Inc., Toyo ]ozo and Nissui Pharmaceutical Co.
Development of sensors for fish processing: Nippon Suisan Kaisha and Chino
Works, Kibun Co. and NOK Corporation
Development of composition sensors for milk and milk products: Meiji Milk
Products and Fujihara Ltd.
Development of sensors for lactic acid fermentation process: Morinaga Milk
Products and Toa Electronics
Development of sensors for marganine-manufacturing process: Snow Brand
Milk Products and Shimadzu Corporation
Development of sensors for confectionary-baking process:
Meiji Seika Kaisha and Toshiba Corporation
Development of sensors for nut processing: Morinaga & Co. and Anzai
Universal Laboratory
Development of sensors for noodle-manufacturing process:
Nisshin Flour Milling and Fuji Electric
Development of sensors for soysauce-manufacturing process: Kikkoman
Corporation and Tateishi Electronics
Development of sensors for oil- and fat-refining process:
Fuji Oil, Murakami Color Research Laboratory and Nireco Corporation
Development of sensors for soup concentrate-manufacturing process: Nichirei
Corporation and DKK Corporation
Development of sensors for inspection of meat products: Prima Meat Packers
Ltd., Nippon Keisoku Kogyo and Nikka Densoku Ltd.
Development of sensors for inspection of external appearance of packaging
for milk products: Meiji Milk Products and Yamatake Honeywell Co.
Development of sensors for inspection of external appearance of bottle:
Suntory Ltd. and Fuji Electric Co.
Development of sensors for detecting metallic foreign materials: Ajinomoto
and Nissin Electronics Co.
Basic R&D on developing sensors for detecting contaminants in food: Kao
Corporation and others, Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries

6.6 R&D Association for the Development of Agrochemicals

U/"'1 ;t7~ .I 0 y-~~ttUj~JE*Jl-@r

Nouyaku Baiotekunorojii Kaihatsugijutsu Kenkyuu Kumiai
The project features the development of agrochemicals produced through
methods of biotechnology [49].
 617

Address 1-5-8, Nihonbashi Muromachi

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103
Phone (03) 3243-0677
Director Tasuku Kodaira
Duration 1984-
Budget 111 mill. Yen (1989), about 40% from MAFF

Participants: Asahi Kogyo, Ishihara Sangyo, Ohtsuka Chemicals, Kyowa

HakIm, Kumiai Kagaku Kogyo, Shionogi Pharmaceuticals, Chugai Phar-
maceuticals, Nissan Chemicals, Nihon Kayaku, Nihon Noyaku, Mitsui Toatsu,
Meiji Seika, Hokko Chemical Industry, Hodogaya Chemical Industry, Yaesu
Chemical Industry, Nihon Soda

6.7 R&D Association for the Structure Analysis of Genes from

Agricultural Organisms

~~~~r~~~~~~~~~~
Nousanyou Seibutsu Idenshi Kouzou Bunsekigijutsu Kenkyuukumiai

The project targets at the structure elucidation of genes from plants and
animals used in agriculture [49].

Address 15-6, Nihonbashi, Kabuto-cho

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3667-8931
Director Yasushi Yamamoto
Duration 1986 -
Budget 65 mill. Yen (1989), about 50% from MAFF

Participants: Kirin Beer, Mitsui Petrochemicals, Plant Engineering Research

Center, Takara Shuzo

6.8 R&D Association for Transplantation of Fertilized Eggs in

Agricultural Animals
~~~~~~~~tt'vfgliJf~*Jl§-
Kachiku Juseiran Ishokugijutsu Kenkyuukumiai

Target of the project is the development of fertilized egg transplantation in

domestic animals [49].
618

Address Tani Bldg.

1-28-6, Kameto
Koutou-ku, Tokyo 136
Phone (03) 3682-737
Director Hisashi Masuda
Duration 1986 -
Budget 87 mill. Yen (1989), about 50% from MAFF

Participants: Meiji Milk Products, Hokusan Showa Sangyo, Nisshin Seihun,

Marubeni Shiryo, Nissho, Koiwai Noboku, Bio-Science Research Center,
Nisshin Seiko, Developmental Biology Research Center, Fujihira Kogyo, 3
associations

7. The Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Monbusho)

and its Policy Relating to the Life Sciences

Chapter 5 of this book is dedicated to the central role of Monbusho in

fostering education and science in Japan. Like the other ministries, Monbusho

Table 7.16. Reports and Recommendations of the Science Council

Reports

Oct. 1973 Basic policies for the promotion of science

Oct. 1975 Promotion of space science
Oct. 1975 Promotion of fusion research
Oct. 1976 Promotion of life science
Jun. 1977 Handling of patents from the inventions of university teachers
Jan. 1980 New plan for a science information system
Feb. 1984 Basic policy of and measures for the improvement of the scientific research
system

Recommendations

Jun. 1977 Promotion of scientific exchange with developing countries

Nov. 1977 Promotion of accelerator science
Feb. 1978 Promotion of environmental sciences
Nov. 1978 Promotion of ocean sciences
Nov. 1978 Guidelines for rDNA experiments in the university
Jan. 1980 Promotion of energy research in the university
Nov. 1980 Long-term measures for the promotion of fusion research in the university
Jul. 1985 Review of the priority areas of scientific resl>:arch grants
Feb. 1986 Promotion of bioscience research in the university
Jul. 1989 Promotion of a human genome program
 619

has established its own consulting body. The Science Council ( ~~j1f~4i~
, Gakujutsu Shingi Kai) "examines important matters in the field of science
as requested by the Minister of Education, Science, and Culture, and gives
advice and suggestions to the Minister" [58]. There are only 30 full members,
but sometimes 1200 ad-hoc members are consulting for special tasks such as
the award of research grants. Recent reports and recommendations of the
council are summarized in Table 7.16 [59].

These reports and recommendations have led to some important changes in

the policy of Monbusho and in its grant-in-aid distribution, especially:

- to emphasize collaborative research in priority areas (Chap. 5)

- to improve collaboration between universities and industry
- to strengthen the academic information system (Chap. 8), and to
- foster international cooperation (Chap. 8).

As a result of this policy, a system of joint research with industry was created
in 1983 which has made considerable progress during the past years [60], as
indicated in Fig. 7.23

Number of Joint Research Projects and

Total Monbusho Budget for the Projects
600 «
CJ Actual numbcr of projccts 555

500 V
465
Numbcrs ofrescarchcrs
400 V acccplca Hom mauslry
325
"~96 f§o
300 v - i-

r27ii
254
,.--------,
rm» 1- - i-
200 V 184
~ - i- i- i-
100 V 66
Number of
projects v~ '----------:7 ------:7 ~ ~
~
Fiscalycar 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
(estimatcd)
Total research Y700 YSOO Y1.3 Yl.S Y2.1 Y2.6
budget million million billion billion billion billion

Fig. 7:13. Joint Research of Universities with Industry

Whereas technology transfer from universities to the private industry was

hampered in the past, improvements have been made with respect to:

- the management of joint patents,

- commission of industrial research,
- the acceptance of contract researchers,
620

- the transfer of donations and endowed chairs, and

- the establishment of centers for cooperative research within the framework
of the technopolis plan (Chap. 9).

Thus, the funds received from a total of 1695 contract research projects
(1986) reached 3.6 bill. Yen, 914 researchers were sent to the university as
"contract researchers" (803 from industry), and donations to the National
Universities totaled 24.8 bill. Yen (1986) [60].

In the field of the life sciences, the Bioscience Subcommittee of the Science
Council, in 1986, presented a policy report for the promotion of bioscience
and biotechnology, emphasizing the targets addressed in Table 7.17.

Table 7.17. Recommendations of the Bioscience Subcommittee of the Science Council

- Improvement of the organizational structure for research and education,

- Funds for research and education at the national universities and their attached research
institutes,
- Research grants to individual scientists and groups of them,
- Establishment and maintenance of a gene library,
- Development and maintenance of other biological resources, e.g., unusual microbial strains.

8. Research Association of the Ministry of Construction

There is presently one research association of this ministry involving methods
of biotechnology [61,62]. It is supported by the Ministry of Construction and
by Mm.

Biofocus Wastewater Treatment (Biofocus Wf)

/"'1 ;t 7 * - n A W. T. ;!trDJuJf~{E:~
Baiofookasu W.T. Kyoudou Kenkyuu Kigyou

The research association pursues the following goals:

- lowering the costs of municipal sewage treatment,
- development of compact sewage treatment plants,
- use of valuable materials from sewage, and
- improvement of quality of sewage treatment.

Address Ministry of Construction

Office for Sewage Control
Phone (03) 3580-4311
Duration 1985 - 89
 621

Participants and Targets

Immobilization and evaluation of microorganisms: Asano Construction,

Aidagumi
Biosensors for use in wastewater: Fuji Electric, Toshiba
Isolation and cultivation of suitable microorganisms: Nishihara Environmen-
tal Research Center, Fujita construction, Ebara Infilco
Bioreactor for degradation of organic compounds: Ishikawajima Harima,
Ebara Infilco, Kajima Construction, Kurita Construction, Sanki Construction,
Shinnippon Steel, Takenaka Construction, Chiyoda Chemical Engineering and
Construction, Toshiba, Nishihara Environmental Research Center, NKK, Fuji
Electric, Mitsui Construction, Meidensha, Komatsu Construction
Bioreactor for nitrogen and phosphate elimination: Kyowa Chemical
Engineering, Kobe Steel
Bioreactor for sludge treatment: Tsukishima Machines, Nihon Koshi, Fujita
Industry
Removal of heavy metals from sludge: Dowa Constructions, Sumitomo Heavy
Industries
Bioreactor for treatment of gel-like wastes: Shimizu Construction, Dick
Degremon, Nishihara Environmental Research Center, Maezawa Construction
Multistage countercurrent bioreactors: Japan Sewage System Association

9. References
1. Anon.: Japan 1989 - an international comparison. Keizai Koho Center -
Japan Institute for Social and Economic Mfairs, 1989. ISBN 4-87605-
017-1 (E)
2. Anon.: Biotechnology in Japan, The Reference Source. Science Forum
Inc., Palo Alto 1984 (E)
3. Fukui Saburo, ed.: Biotechnology in Japan. J. Biotechnology, Special
Issue, Vol. 14, No.2, May 1990
4. Schmid R D: Biotechnology in Japan 1985, Appl. Microbiol. Biotech-
nol. 24, 355-365,(1986) (E)
5. Nikkei Baioteku: Nikkei Baio-Nenkan 89/90 - kenkyuukaihatsu to shiba-
sangyou doukou (Nikkei Bio Yearbook 89/90: Industrial developments
in R&D and markets). Nikkei BP Co., 1989; ISBN 4-8222-0810-9 (J)
6. Biofile '90: Sekai no Baio Kigyougijutsu to Sensaku - Nichi-Bei-Ou-Asia
shuuyoukigyou no Kenkyuukaihatsu-Sangyouka Doukou (The World's
Technologies and Strategies in Biotechnology - the most important
developments and commercialization events in Japan, the USA, Europe
and Asia). Nikkei Biotech, Tokyo 1990. ISBN 4-8222-0812-5 (J)
7. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence: Baio Kenkyuushotachiiki-jouhou -
Tsukuba vs. Semi (Information on Bio-Research Areas: Tsukuba vs.
Semi). Special issue, April 25, 1988 (J)
8. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence, May 8, 1989, P BIl (J)
622

9. Schmid R D: Gentechnik in Japan - Aufwand, Ergebnisse und staatliche

Kontrollen. Jahrbuch Biotechnologie Band 3, Hanser-Verlag, Miinchen-
Wien 1990, ISBN 3-446-15545-7 (G)
10. Statistics Office, Management and Coordination Agency, Tokyo, Raifu
Saiensu Kenkyuu Chousa Houkoku (Report on Life Science Research).
Brochure, December 1988 (J)
11. Nikkei Baioteku, May 16, 1985, P 3 (J)
12. Keidanren 1990. Brochure (E)
13. ASPRONC: Showa-63-nendou ni okeru Jigyou no Jisshi Joukyou (1988
Business Report). Brochure, April 1989 (J)
14. STA - its roles and activities 1988. Science and Technology Agency,
Brochure (E)
15. Science and Technology Agency, Collections of the Science Policy
Bureau: Indicators of Science and Technology, 1989.
ISBN 4-17-152264-1 Tokyo 1989 (E/J)
16. JRDC - Research Development Corporation of Japan. Brochure, Sept.
1988 (E)
17. Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC): ERATO -
Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology. Brochure, undated (E)
18. RIKEN: Frontier Research Programs 1989. RIKEN - The Institute of
Physical and Chemical Research, undated (E)
19. The Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP): Report of the Inter-
national Scientific Committee. Brochure, June 1989 (E)
20. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Mm): Trends and Future
Tasks in Industrial Technology - Summary of the White Paper on In-
dustrial Technology. Mm, September 1988, provisional translation (E).
21. Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International
Trade and Industry, Japan: National R&D Program (Large-scale Project).
Brochure, March 1989 (E)
22. BIDEC - Bioindustry Development Center. Brochure, undated (E)
23. Baioindasutorii Kyoukai: BIDEC '89 Nenkan (BIDEC '89 Yearbook).
BIDEC, Tokyo. Book, July 1989 (J)
24. NEDO - New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Orga-
nization - Industrial Technology Department. Brochure, 1989 (E)
25. NEDO - New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Orga-
nization. Brochure, 1989 (E)
26. National R&D Program: Aqua Renaissance '90 Project - R&D on new
wastewater treatment system, using high-concentrated bioreactor and
separation membrane, for water reuse and energy recovery. Aqua
Renaissance Research Association, Tokyo; Brochure, undated (E)
27. Marine Biotechnology Institute Co., Ltd.: MBI Information No.1 - Full-
scale Marine Biotechnology Research Starts Up - Dawn of a Promising
New Industry. Marine Biotechnology Institute Co., Ltd. Tokyo, undated
(E)
28. Marine Biotechnology Institute Co., Ltd.: Sohgen Maru - Research
Vessel. Brochure, August 1989 (J/E)
29. AIST - Agency of Industrial Science and Technology 1989. Brochure (E)
 623

30. Research Association for Biotechnology: Biotechnology. Brochure,

undated (E)
31. JETRO - Japan External Trade Organization: National R&D Projects-
Biotechnology R&D - Bioreactor. JETRO, Leaflet, November 1987 (E)
32. Research Association for Biotechnology: Biotechnology - Bioreactor,
Large-scale cell culture, recombinant DNA research. Abstract from 7th
Symposium on R&D Project of Basic Technology for Future Industries,
held on Sept. 13 & 14, 1989. Brochure (E).
33. Research Association for Biotechnology: Biotechnology - Bioreactor,
Large-scale cell culture, recombinant DNA research. Abstract from 7th
Symposium on R&D Project of Basic Technology for Future Industries,
held on Dec. 1 & 2, 1987. Brochure (E).
34. JETRO - Japan External Trade Organization: National R&D Projects -
Biotechnology R&D - Large Scale Cell Culture Technology. JETRO,
Leaflet, January 1988 (E)
35. JETRO - Japan External Trade Organization: National R&D Projects-
Biotechnology R&D - Recombinant DNA JETRO, Leaflet, December
1987 (E).
36. JETRO - Japan External Trade Organization: National R&D Projects-
Bioelectronic Device R&D. JETRO, Leaflet, April 1989 (E)
37. RAPAD: R&D of Synfuels on the Move - A Part of Vital National
Projects of Japan. Brochure, undated (E)
38. RAPAD - Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives Develop-
ment: Pilot Plants used in Synfuel Project. Brochure, undated (E)
39. MITI: Development of a Global Environment Industry and Technology.
Japan Bioindustry Letters by BIDEC, Vol. 7, No. 23, March 1990, pages
1-2 (E)
40. The Japan Key Technology Center. Brochure, undated (E)
41. Kiban Gijutsu Kenkyuu Sokushin Sentaa (Japan Key Tec Center): Key
Tec News 1, 6 (Okt. 1986) (J)
42. Pi-Shi-Shi Tekunorojii (Plant Cell Culture Technology). Brochure, Febru-
ary 14, 1987 (J)
43. Office of Life Science, The Ministry of Health and Welfare: Trend of
Life Science Administration at The Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Brochure, October, 1986 (E)
44. Fujii Motoyuki: Biotechnology R&D intensifies. Business Japan, p. 74
(July 1989) (E)
45. Japan Health Sciences Foundation. Brochure, April 1989 (E)
46. Hyuuman Saiensu Shinkou Zaidan: Hyuuman Saiensu Nyuusu (Japan
Health Sciences Foundation: Human Science News). Journal, Vol. 5,
August 1989 (J)
47. Iyakuhin Fukusayou Higaikyuuzai Kenkyuu Shinkou Kikin: Kenkyuu
Shinkou Jigyou no Gainai (Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Research
Promotion Fund: Information about Research Promotion). Brochure,
undated (J)
48. Ministry of Health and Welfare, personal communication
49. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Research Council Secretariat: Nourin-
 624

suisan kankei Kenkyuu Kaihatsu no Genzai (Present state of R&D in the

field of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). Tsukuba, June 1989 (J)
50. BRAIN - Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution:
A Challenge to the 21st Century - Bio-oriented Technology. Brochure,
undated (E and J)
51. BRAIN - Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution:
61/62 nendou no omo na shisetsu jigyou (The most important activities
in 1986/87)
52. The Japanese R&D Association for Bioreactor System: Bioreactor
Systems. Brochure, undated (E)
53. The Japanese R&D Association for Bioreactor System: Research and
Development Project of Bioreactor System. Brochure, September 1985
(E)
54. Shokuhin Sangyou Baioriakutaa Shisutemu Gijutsu Kenkyuukumiai:
Baioriakutaa Shisutemu - atarashii Gijutsukaihatsu no Seikou (The R&D
Association for Bioreactor Systems: Bioreactor Systems: Results of New
Technology Developments). Brochure, September 6, 1988 (J)
55. The Japanese R&D Association for the Improvement of Enzyme
Function in Food Industry: Project of R&D for Improvement of Enzyme
Function in Food Industry. Brochure, November 1988 (E)
56. The Japanese R&D Association for the Improvement of Enzyme
Function in Food Industry: Project of R&D for Improvement of Enzyme
Function in Food Industry. Brochure, undated (E).
57. The Japanese R&D Association for Sensing System in Food Industry:
Outline of Project on Development of On-line Sensing System for Food
Industry. Brochure, October 1988 (E)
58. Monbusho - Ministry of Education, Science and Culture: The University
System. Brochure, undated (E)
59. Monbusho - Ministry of Education, Science and Culture: personal
communication
60. Science and International Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Education, Science
and Culture (Monbusho), Japan: Research Cooperation between Univer-
sities and Industry - Encouragement of Creative, Advanced Research in
Japan. Brochure, undated (E).
61. Kensetsu-shou: Baiofaakasu Wastewater Treatment - Arata nam sekai
no tame ni (Ministry of Construction: Biofocus Wastewater Treatment
- For the next century). Brochure, undated (J).
62. Kyosai Sand Pinnekamp J (1989) Biotechnologie in der Abwasser-
reinigung -Forschungsprogramme in Japan. Korrespondenz Abwasser 36,
134 (G)

(E) English
(J) Japanese
(G) German
Chapter 8

Contextual Measures

1. Public Finance

1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Ministry of Finance
1.3 Japan Development Bank
1.4 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO, Mm)
1.5 Japan Key Technology Center (MIT!)
1.6 Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution
(BRAIN, MAFF)
1.7 Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Research Promotion
Fund (MHW)

1.1 Introduction
In FY 1988, the national budget of Japan (general account) amounted to 56.7
trillion Yen or 15.5% of its GNP [1, 2].

FY 1988 revenues and expenditure are illustrated in Fig. 8.1.

As can be seen in Fig. 8.1, the Japanese government, in 1988, spent 8.6% of
the national expenditure for the promotion of culture, education, and science.

The revenues and expenditure of the local governments, in FY 1986, are

listed in Fig. 8.2.
At the local government level, about 18% of the overall expenditure was
spent for education.

Japanese households save about 18% of their disposable income [2]. As

shown in Table 8.1, this is one of the highest income- to -savings ratios in the
world.
626

100

90

80

70

Other taxes 60

50

40
Corporation tal[
30

20

10

0 %
Revenue Expenditure

Fig. 8.1. Revenues and Expenditure of the Japanese Government (general account) (FY 1988)

100

90
Other 13388
80 General Service
Administration 5327
70

60

SO WeUare • Heallb
and Labour 10054
40

30
Public Worles 12223
20

10

0 %
Revenue Expenditure

Fig. 8.2. Revenues and Expenditure of the Local Governments in Japan (FY 1986)
 627

Table 8.1. Saving Ratio of Households in Industrialized Nations

(as % of Disposable Income, 1987)

Country Savings ratio

Japan 18.3
W.-Germany 12.3
France 12.0
USA 6.3
UK 4.9*

*1986

As a result, the personal savings of Japanese households, in 1988, amounted

to about 366 trillion Yen. They were deposited to about 1/3 each at banks,
postal savings and other financial institutions. The Trust Fund Bureau Fund,
which handles the postal savings and other funds, channels this money to
provide nearly 80% of the financial resources of the Fiscal Investment and
Loan Program (FILP), the major government program for investments and
loans [3].

A survey of the financial operations of the FILP is indicated in Fig. 8.3.

Sources of Funds Use of Funds

Postal Savings
Welfare Pensions
National Pensions, etc.

Postal Life Insurance & Postal Annui

Government Guaranteed Bonds

Government Guaranteed BorrOwings
Industrial Investment
Taxes, etc. S ecial Account

Total 32,270

Fig. 8.3. Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP) - Financial Transactions for FY 1989 (in
Bill. Yen)

By the end of 1987, Japan counted 13 city banks, 64 regional banks, 7 trust
banks, and 3 long-term credit banks, with a total banking account of 475.6
trillion Yen [1]. Figure 8.4 gives a survey of financial institutions in Japan [3].
628

ICentral Bank
Commercial Banks City Banks, Regional Banks, etc.

Financial Institutions for Long-term Credit

Private Specialized
Financial Institutions Financial Institutions for Small Business
Financial Institutions
Financial Institutions for Agriculture, Forestry
and Fishery

Others Insurance Companies, etc.

~----~~-------
::J
Banks (JDB. etc.)

.Financial
GovernmentInstitutions]L....-t--------1~~~~~~~=====:J
Public Corporation

Others

Fig. 8.4. Financial Institutions in Japan

1.2 The Ministry of Finance

Ookurashou

Address 3-1-1, Kasumigaseki

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-4111

In spite of its extremely successful trade balance, Japan, in its national budget,
is accustomed to deficit spending since 1975, and the interest for the national
debt amounts to about 20% of the national expenditure. As a result,
negotiations with the Ministry of Finance about direct or indirect support for
R&D tend to be difficult. This is further aggravated by the competition
among the ministries involved in R&D policy.

In spite of these problems, R&D has been strongly promoted in Japan, both
by national programs and by loans to research companies. In addition, several
taxation measures have been promulgated to stimulate the development of
high-tech. In the case of biotechnology, two measures may exemplify the
general approach:

as of 1985, for a period of 3 years, 7% of all investments in clean rooms,

rDNA laboratories, analytical instrumentation such as electron
microscopes, mass spectrometers, and some 20 defined equipment items
relevant to biotechnology were reimbursed (following a joint initiative
by MITI, MHW, and MAFF) [4],
 629

as of FY 1989 (from April 1st), 7% tax exemption is placed on high-

performance reaction equipment based on biocatalysts, with the target
to promote the use of bioreactor technology in industry. The immediate
losses in tax income, according to the Japan Bioindustry Association, are
in the range of 30 bill. Yen per year (initiative by MITI) [5].

1.3 Japan Development Bank (JDB)

B*rm~m~-r
Nihon Kaihatsu Ginkou

Since its establishment in 1951, the JDB has played a vital role in the
development and diversification of the Japanese economy. JDB, whose
general policies and lending categories are set by the cabinet, promotes a
broad range of economic and social programs, from the improvement and
diversification of industrial development to the enhancement of quality of life
standards [5].

Address 1-9-1 Otemachi

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3270-3211
Fax (03) 3245-1938
Capital 233.9 bill. Yen
Loans Outstanding 8454.3 bill. Yen
Long-Term Borrowings 7665.6 bill. Yen
Personnel 1077 (as of March 31st, 1989)

JDB is a financial institution for the implementation of policies, and as such

responds to policy priorities. As a result, present targets of JDB are:

contributions to reduce the trade imbalances of Japan,

revitalization of regional economies (e.g., by the addition of 4 new local
offices, resulting in a total of 13 local representative offices),
infrastructure development through mobilization of the private sector
(e.g., by interest-free loans, financed by proceeds from the sale of
government-held NIT shares),
promotion of R&D, and the establishment of an advanced information
infrastructure, and
development of closer economic relations with other countries (JOB
operates overseas representative offices in Washington, New York,
London, and Frankfurt).

The loan fields of the bank, in FY 1989, are indicated in Table 8.2.
630

Table 8.2. Loan Fields of the Japan Development Bank (FY 1989)

Urban development 19.7%

Regional development 11.2%
Development and 14.8%
promotion of technology
Resources and energy 29.3%
Adjustment of industrial 3.7%
structure
Transportation 129%
Improvement of national 8.4%
living standards

Loans to foreign companies in FY 1989 amounted to 36 Billion Yen,

a 25.6% increase over FY 1988.

Biotechnology-Related Loans

Under the category "Development and promotion of technology" 75 bill. Yen

have been invested, in FY 1989, in various fields such as new technologies for
construction, space development, promotion of joint international develop-
ment of aviation, and biotechnology.
In the field of biotechnology, investments in the construction of plants and in
equipment were supported in the case of companies wishing to apply
biotechnology to a) mining, b) pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medical
equipment, and c) food, fats and oils, and agrochemicals.
Specific examples for investments comprise: equipment for fermentation,
bioreactors, enzyme processes, purification, analysis and control. Examples for
loans on procedures comprise methods for production, safety measures,
measures against environmental pollution, and for workers' safety [6].

The loan conditions are:

- an interest rate of 5.3% (as of October 1989)

- a loan period of 10 years
- a maximum loan of 40% on the investment

1.4 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development

Organization (NEDO)
iT.:r. * JV.:f'- • Uft'v1\jtt~Im~U
Shin Enerugii Sangyo Gijutsu Sougo Kaihatsu Kikou

The history and the present function of NEDO as an agency to promote

closer cooperation between industry and public R&D, and between private
 631

industry in Japan and overseas, has been discussed already in Chap. 7. In the
present context, the budgets of NEDO for R&D and for research facility
development deserve further emphasis. NEDO's role to foster international
R&D collaboration will be discussed in Sect. 7.2.

Address Sunshine '60 Bldg, 28th Floor

3-1-1 Higashi Ikebukuro
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170
Phone (03) 3987-9311
Fax (03) 3981-1059

R&D Projects: Financial support for R&D projects from NEDO can be
obtained following the application procedure indicated in Fig. 8.5 [7,8].

NEDO's R&D Project Basic Plan

MITI Basic Policy
Yearly Execution Plan

Announcement (with MITI gazette "Tsusansho Koho")

L -_ _ _ _- , , -_ _ _ _---l ~ about 1 or 2 weeks

Explanation Session
~ about 1 month
Proposal Deadline

NEDO Examination

Consignment Contract

Start of R&D

Fig. 8.5. NEDO - Application Procedure for R&D Projects

Research Facility Investments: NEDO presently finances the construction of

4 centers for strategic research. These are:

- the Ion Engineering Center in Hirakata, near Osaka

- the Japan Microgravity Center in Kamisunagawa, Hokkaido, and
- the two Research Centers for the Industrial Utilization of Marine
Organisms in Kamaishi, Iwate Prefecture, and in Shimizu, Shizuoka
Prefecture (Chap. 4).

These centers are typical examples for the capitalization of public research
corporations, as outlined in Fig. 8.6 for the case of the Marine Biotechnology
Institute [9].
 632

Investment Loans

New NEDO
(inaugurated October 1988) • Third Sector
Share-Based
Interest Free
Loans
r1 Japan Development Bank I

y
Establishment of Research (2) Companies (2.1 to 2.4 )
and Development Bases ._----------- The Hokkaido-Tohoku I
Development Corporation .
Work scheduled
Local Governments
- Shizuoka Pref. to commence
Facilitation Fund for
- Shimizu City - Iwate Pref. in March 1989 Loan GuarantoH Industrial Structural
(U.3 )
- Kamaishi City -Shimizu Center Adjustment
- Kamaishi Center Loans with
Private Sector Firms Interest I Commercial Banks
I l V.I ) l V.I> to v.~) I
Total: 3 billion yen Total: 3 billion yen
• Companies set up with funds from central or local government and private industry

Fig. 8.6. Capitalization of the Research Center for the Industrial Utilization of Marine
Organisms

1.5 Japan Key Technology Center

B**-r'l' / Y!/-, 0 s/-~
~fi~~tqliJf~{Rji~ Y!/-

Nihon kii-tekunorojii sentaa, Kiban Gijutsu Kenkyuu Sokushin Sentaa

The Japan Key Tec Center, whose activities were described already in Chap.
7, was established in response to a proposal by the private sector and, upon
its foundation, received some 14 bill. Yen of capital investment from various
governmental and private organizations, notably from MIT! and from the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. The task of the center is to support
private R&D in fundamental technologies by a variety of measures, induding
capital investment [10].

Address Ark Mori Bldg. 16F

1-12-30 Akasaka
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3505-6811
Fax (03) 3505-6830

Capital* 17 554 mill. Yen, of which

8 300 mill. Yen from the government
5 054 mill. Yen from industry
4200 mill. Yen from the Japan Development Bank
 633

The flow of funds to and from the Japan Key Technology Center is
summarized in Fig. 8.7.

Investment

Special Account for Industrial Investment

Principal Capital Assets International Research Administration Administration

Cooperation of Investment of Loans
Research Information
Services

Private Cmnpalnicsl

Fig. 8.7. Flow of Funds to and from the Japan Key Tee Center

The tasks of the center comprise:

- capital investment for joint research with companies,

- conditional interest-free loan service for R&D related projects,
- mediation in arranging joint research,
- execution of consigned research,
- invitation of foreign researchers in key technology areas (through Japan
Trust International Research Cooperation Service), and
- research information service, and survey service.

Capital Investment: Japan Key Tec Center provides capital investment for
fundamental research projects or comprehensive development projects in
which two or more companies are jointly involved. In such cases, the
companies must jointly capitalize and establish an R&D company. The Center
is able to provide up to 70% of the capital. Important examples in the field
of biotechnology are:

- the Protein Engineering Research Institute (PERI), Osaka, and

- the Biomaterials Research Institute, Yokohama (Chap. 4).
634

The total capital investments of the Japan Key Tec Center in FY 1989 were
20.2 bilL Yen (1985-89: 71.2 bill. Yen) [11].

Loan Services: The purpose of Japan Key Tec Center's conditional interest-
free loan service is to ease the financial burden of unsuccessful research
projects and to reduce the risks and capital burden of R&D projects.
Loans are available to research projects pertaining to key basic technologies,
and mainly to projects covering development phases from applied research to
practical application. Interest on each loan is conditional in relation to the
project's outcome. Only the principal need be repaid if the project fails to
produce valuable results. If the project is successful, the project company must
repay the principal plus interest equivalent to that charged for Trust Fund
Bureau long-term loans. Japan Key Tec Center can extend loans for up to
70% of the research project's costs specified in advance. Any company,
including foreign-affiliated companies, capable of conducting this kind of
R&D is eligible to apply.

Loans in FY 1989 were 6.4 bill. Yen (1985-89: 28.8 bill. Yen) [12].

From 1985 to 1989 there were 4 cases of investments in biotechnology

research companies, and 9 cases of loans directed to biotechnology-related
projects.

1.6 Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution

(BRAIN)
~~**~~~~~~m~~m (~~~m)
Seibutsukei Tokutei Sangyogijutsu Kenkyuusuishin Kikou (Seiken Kikou)

BRAIN, a semi-governmental organization guided by the Ministry of

Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, is funded by the government and the
private sector. Its aim is to promote R&D on biotechnology in the field of
agriculture, forestry, fisheries, brewery, fermentation, and food processing.
Examples already have been discussed in Chap. 7 [13].

Address Nihon Seimei Shinjuku 6-chome Bldg 3F

6-24-16 Shinjuku
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3205-6565
Fax (03) 3205-6566
Director Goro Watanabe (former Vice Minister of Agriculture, Forestry,
and Fisheries)
Established October 1986
 635

Capital 7861 mill. Yen, out of which

3 bill. Yen from the government
4861 mill. Yen from private enterprises and associations
(FY 1988)

The main functions of BRAIN are:

- to subsidize R&D projects implemented by the private sector (capital

investment and loan service),
- to promote the implementation of R&D projects by the private sector, in
collaboration with governmental research institutes,
- to make available genetic resources stored in the MAFF Gene Bank (see
Sect. 4.7.1) to the private sector, and
- to supply research information to the private sector

The flow of funds to and from BRAIN is indicated in Fig. 8.8.

Private Mediation in Arranging

Enter-
prises Investment Joint Research
and Capital Capital Investment Loan Mediation in Arranging
Associ- Service the Acquisition of
ations Genetic Resources
Research Information
Service
Miscellaneous
Loans

Fig. 8.8. Flow of Funds to and from BRAIN

The financial regulations are as follows:

Capital investment: The objectives are the promotion of basic or applied

research for the development of bio-oriented technology conducted by
corporations established and funded by two or more organizations.
Up to 70% of the funds required for the research activities can be invested
through BRAIN, for a maximum period of 7 years.

Capital investment (FY 1989): 1.7 bill. Yen (1986-89: 4.4 bill. Yen)
636

Loan service: The objectives are the promotion of applied research for the
development of bio-oriented technology conducted by private enterprises and
associations. Up to 70% of expenses can be borrowed for a period of up to
10 years after the end of the period of deferment (period of deferment: within
5 years). Mter expiration of the period of deferment, the interest rate is
calculated depending on the results obtained within the limits of the rate set
for loans from goverment funds. Outstanding achievements will be rewarded
by instalment of a sum equivalent to the interests due during the course of
the project.

Loans (FY 1989): 1.7 bill. Yen (1986-89: 7.2 bill. Yen)

1.7 Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Research Promotion Fund

~_~jIJfFffl~~~1R~~*JJ!~~
Iyakuhin Fukusayou Higai Kyuuzai Kenkyuu Shinkou Kikin

In October 1987, the Ministry of Health and Welfare widened the scope of
the "Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief Fund" (originally founded by the MHW
and the pharmaceutical industry for the promotion of R&D on the side-
effects of pharmaceuticals) to include a "Research Promotion Fund for Phar-
maceuticals, Medical Devices and Cosmetics" with the goal to support
industrialization of R&D projects in these fields. Biotechnology-related
examples have been discussed already in Chap. 7 [14).

Address Sunshine '60, 26th Floor

3-1-1 Ikebukuro
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170
Phone (03) 3988-2101
Fax (03) 3985-8107

The objectives of the fund are to:

- offer loans and investments to venture business in the above area,

- coordinate joint research between private enterprises and national
institutes,
- execute commissioned R&D,
- invite scientists from abroad, and
- collect and survey information on venture research so as to support R&D
in the private sector.

The flow of capital to and from the fund is illustrated in Fig. 8.9.
 637

Invcstments RCSCdrdl PlOlllOtHll1 Fund

Private Enterprises
Invcstments Base Capital

National Funding Institutions f--,.===rc~st"'-s-f

Fig. 8.9. Flow of Funds to and from the Pharmaceutical Promotion Fund

Capital investment: In order to become eligible for capital investment, 2 or

more companies must form a Research Company. As a consequence, up to
70% of the capital investment to this Research Company can be financed by
the fund.

Capital investments (FY 1988): 200 mill. Yen (1987-88: 300 mill. Yen)

Loans: The loan conditions of the fund are quite similar to those of the Japan
Key Tec Center described in Sect. 1.6. Thus, interest on loans must be paid
only in the case of successful projects (presently 5.2%) - if a project remains
unsuccessful, only the borrowed capital has to be repaid.

Loans (FY 1988): 100 mill. Yen (1987-88: 300 mill. Yen)

2. Patents and Standards

Both the patent and the standards office are organizations within the Ministry
of International Trade and Industry (MITI) (Chap. 3).

2.1 The Patent Agency

~~lfrr
Tokkyou Chou

Address 1-2-2, Kasumigaseki

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-1101

When a patent application is submitted to the Japanese patent office, it is

published in the Japanese Patent Gazette 18 months later. The average
examination time is 3 years, and after the examination, an official announce-
ment is made on the invention. After an ensuing 3-months waiting period (to
638

receive possible objections), the patent is granted, if no such objections are

received.

In 1986, 290 202 patent applications were submitted to the Japan Patent
Office, of which 29 887 (9.3%) originated from foreigners. 51 276 were
granted, 8624 (14.4%) to foreigners (3976 to citizens of the USA, and 1726
to citiziens of W.-Germany). In the same year, 13 209 Japanese patents were
granted in the USA, and 5689 in W.-Germany [15].

The patent office is overloaded, with 510 000 patents and industrial property
rights applications filed in 1985 to be examined by only 900 examiners [16].
Since February 1986, a new system has been introduced which allow to obtain
a patent in less than a year if the applicant can prove that he intends to use
his patent within 6 months.

In January 1988, a partial revision of patents relating to pharmaceutical

products took place by which an extension of the patent period (up to five
years) can be obtained if granting of the patent was originally delayed due to
the circumstances described above [16].

Specific Aspects of the Japanese Patent Law as Relating to Biotechnology

Japan was one of the constituting parties of the "Budapest treaty" (1980)
which regulates the procedure how and where to deposit a patent micro-
organism. An excellent comparison of Japanese patent practices, with respect
to biotechnology, as compared to the United States and the European Patent
Office, has been published by JBA/BIDEC [17].

In the context of this book, the following features of the Japanese patent
regulations are noteworthy:

Repeatability: the invention must be reproducible without special knowledge

in view of the technical level at the time of application.
Extent of reasonable experimentation: a working example is required or other
concrete description which conveys the same information.
Deposit recognition: by the Director General of an international deposit
authority.
Type of deposited subject matter: microorganisms.
Time of deposit: before filing.
Duration of deposit: at least during term of patent right.
Reference of deposit: both the deposit number and the name of the depository
in document at the time of filing,
Public availability: 1) after publication of the patent application, 2) after the
applicant has received a warning in acordance with Sect. 65 of the patent law,
3) where availability is necessary to prepare a statement of arguments as
referred to in Sect. 50 of the patent law.
Availability to: the patent office, the depositors, and those approved by the
depositors, and a person who intends to work for the purpose of tests or
 639

experiments and complies with the requirements under Sect. 27 of the patent
law.
Release: no transfer to third party,
Need for deposit: when not commercially available, and the applicant involves
or uses microorganisms.
Non-microbial subject matters: treated as microorganisms, except animals,
plants, and seeds.
Replacement of deposit: no specific stipulation, but procedures exist.
Obligations of the depository: according to the criteria mentioned in the
Budapest treaty.
Acceptance of deposit: after performing viability tests, either a viability
certificate is issued or the non-acceptance is notified to the applicant.
Natural products are classified in the following categories: a) products
occurring in nature in their original forms without human intervention, b)
products artificially isolated from nature and c) modified products of nature
such as artificial mutants, fused cells, transformant microorganisms, etc.
Inventions and discoveries: there is no distinction in the Japanese regulations.
Inventions are characterized by "highly advanced creation of technical ideas
by which a law of nature is utilized", and are eligible for patent protection.
Products occurring in nature without human intervention do not fall in the
category of invention and are ineligible for patent protection, whereas
products artificially isolated from nature, or modified products of nature, are
inventions and eligible for patent protection. As a result, chemical substances
such as enzymes, proteins, plasmids, etc. must be chemically processed
(human intervention) to acquire eligibility for patent protection. Animals and
plants resulting from human intervention are eligible for patent protection,
but there is a possibility of rejection when they fall under "inventions liable
to contravene public order or morality".
Microorganisms, cells, etc.: the scope of microorganisms includes yeasts,
molds, mushrooms, bacteria, actinomycetes, algae, viruses, protozoa, and
tissue cultures and cells of animals and plants. Microorganisms, cells, cell
cultures, chromosomes, genes, etc. are eligible for patent protection only after
means of creation (human intervention) have been applied.

Microorganisms, animal and plant cells, and DNA described in patents must
be deposited at the Fermentation Research Institute Patent Depository, as
described in Sect. 4.6.

Several guidelines exist for the deposit of matter:

- Examination Standard for invention of "Applied Microbial Industry", second

revised edition, August 1982
- Guidelines relating to examination of inventions of microorganisms per se
(August 1982)
- Guidelines relating to the patenting of substance and multiple claims
system (October 1976)
- Tentative guidelines for the examination of inventions relating to genetic
engineering in the field of microbiology (draft)
640

2.2 Standards
The Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) ( 8 *I~U~i:fi~1!f~,
Nihon Kougyouhyoujun Chousakai) is organized by the Ministry of Interna-
tional Trade and Industry (MITI) through the Agency of Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST) (Chap. 3).

Address Japanese Industrial Standards Committee

Agency of Industrial Science and Technology
1-3-1, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3501-1511
Fax (03) 3580-1418
The JISC presently consists of about 9000 members in 29 subcommittes. The
standards are deposited as JIS (Japan Industrial Standard) ( 8s2
Nihon Kougyou Kikaku) [18].

In the field of biotechnology-related products, standardization of equipment,

processes, and terms is still at an early stage but JBA takes some lead in this
field, as summarized in Chap. 7.

3. Guidelines for rDNA Research and Products

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Regulations Relating to Genetic Engineering
3.2.1 Science and Technology Agency (STA)
3.2.2 Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (Monbusho)
3.2.3 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
3.2.4 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF)
3.2.5 Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW)
3.3 P3 and P4 Laboratories

3.1 Introduction
Japan began the development of genetic engineering methods later than the
USA. In 1980, 75% of all the genetic engineering patents registered in Japan
originated from abroad, predominantly from the USA [3]. Since then, genetic
engineering methods have been given high priority. Thus, the development of
rDNA-based methods was promoted by all ministries involved in biotechnol-
ogy, e.g. by MITI, through the Research Association of Biotechnology (Chap.
7), which shortly will complete a 10 year program for the industrial exploita-
tion of recombinant microorganisms.
 641

The number of genetic engineering experiments in industry and in the

universities is constantly growing, as shown in Table 8.3 [19].

Table 8.3. Genetic Engineering Experiments in Japan

1984 1985 1986

<201 >201 <201 >201 <201 >201

National Institutes 87 125 154

Other Institutes 82 79 98
Technical experts 75 3 111 1 104 3
Patent agents 29 54 50
Industry 456 19 650 34 832 44
Universities 1858 2398 3324

Total 2578 22 3417 35 4562 47

Of which in animal and plant cell cultures 537 3

According to the official statistics for 1989, 5907 Japanese researchers were
involved in genetic engineering experiments (Table 8.4) [19,20].

Table 8.4. Expenditure and Number of Researchers employed in Genetic

Engineering in Japan

Year Total Industry Research Institutes Universities

Expenditure (Bill Yen)

1981 9.4 5.8 1.2 2.4
1982 12.8 7.9 1.9 3.0
1983 19.9 12.9 2.6 4.3
1984 24.7 13.7 4.5 6.5
1985 36.2 19.3 8.8 8.1
1986 43.7 25.8 8.7 9.8
1987 50.4 26.8 11.3 12.3
1988 57.0 29.3 11.6 16.1

Number of researchers (persons)

1987 4934 1768 657 2509

1988 5388 1742 799 2847
1989 5807 1767 842 3198
642

As a consequence of these widespread activities, since 1983 about 50% of all

rONA-related patents registered in Japan were of Japanese origin (Chap. 1).

3.2 Regulations Relating to Genetic Engineering

There is a considerable number of directives regulating genetic engineering
experiments in Japan; these are, however, well harmonized. Table 8.5 gives
an overview.

Table 8.5. Survey on rONA Regulations in Japan

Experimental Level/Basic Research

1. Science Technology Agency (STA): basic safety studies and rules valid for industry, research
centers, and universities
2. Ministry of Education and Culture (Monbusho): for the universities

Production level/industrial applications

3. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI): for the chemical, engineering, and
mining industry
4. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and FISheries (MAFF): for the agriculture and food
industries
5. Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW): for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food
industries

Overall, the safety requirements in genetic engineering in Japan are compa-

rable with the standards in the USA and less stringent than those in the Fede-
ral Republic of Germany. A legal licensing and control procedure exists
essentially only within the framework of the 'Pharmaceutical Law' operated
by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. A uniform monitoring law is not
planned. The existing guidelines have been revised a number of times with
increasing relaxation. The Japanese regulations are, however, complex in that
the method by which approval is obtained depends on the application to
which the recombinant product is to be put.

For example, approval from the Mm is sufficient for marketing recombinant

reagents and industrial reagents, whilst an application must be made to the
Ministry of Health and Welfare for the release of recombinant pharmaceuti-
cal products.

Approval by the Agricultural Ministry (MAFF) alone is not sufficient for

foodstuffs manufactured with recombinant microorganisms, but the consumer
organizations must also declare their agreement.
 643

The rDNA-related regulations of the various ministries will now be discussed

in more detail.

3.2.1 Science and Technology Agency (STA)

Guideline for the application of recombinant DNA to experiments (first

issued on Aug. 27, 1979; the current version is dated Sept. 16, 1987).

The directives contain provisions relating to both material and methods.

There are no penalty provisions or regulations for the event of an infringe-
ment. Some types of experiment are subject to special application or approval
procedures with more stringent requirements. The STA has the immediate
and final decision on such applications, without the right to legal appeal.
Only in doubtful cases is the decision-making power vested in a special
committee of the Council for Science and Technology, which reports directly
to the Prime Minister (Chap. 3). This special committee (10 permanent
members and 5 delegates from various ministries) issues and amends the
guidelines for the application of rDNA techniques, implements approval
procedures on special application, and coordinates special tasks.

3.2.2 Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture

Guideline for the application of recombinant DNA to experiments at research
institutes of universities, etc. (dated 1979, most recent version dated Aug. 24,
1985).

The guidelines relate to university research institutes and broadly correspond

to the STA guidelines in terms of content and procedures.

3.2.3 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

Guidelines for industrial applications of recombinant technology, dated June

19, 1986. They follow key recommendations of the OECD.

This guideline will be discussed in more detail below. It has the fOllowing
structure:

1. General
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Definitions
2. Safety evaluation of the recombinant strain
2.1 Rules
2.2 Items for evaluation
2.2.1 Host organism
(Taxonomy, genetic characterization, pathogenic and physiological
properties, pre-history)
644

2.2.2 rDNA (structure, design method, prperties of DNA donor and vector
donor, if necessary)
2.2.3 Recombinant organism phenotypic expression, comparison with host
organism
2.3 Safety evaluation and classification
2.3.1 Safety evaluation and classification of the host organism (GILSP,
Category 1)
2.3.2 Safety evaluation and classification of the recombinant organism
3. Equipment, apparatus, operation, and management for recombinant
organism
3.1 Rules
3.2 Equipment and apparatus
3.3 Operation, management etc.
4. Management and responsibilities

Two safety levels of host organisms are classified. The GILSP level is
classified in conformity with the OECD's 1986 recommendations ("OECD
Recombinant DNA Safety Considerations"):

1. Good Industrial Large-Scale Practice (GILSP): A host organism should be

non-pathogenic; should not contain adventitious agents such as pathogenic
viruses, phages, and plasmids; and should have an extended history of safe
industrial use, and/or have built-in environmental limitations that permit
optimum growth in an industrial setting but limited survival without adverse
consequences in the environment.

2. Category 1: A non-pathogenic host organism which is not included in the

above GILSP.
Safety measures with respect to equipment, apparatus, etc. have to be in
accord with the standards of the host organism, Le., the safety of the
recombinant organism in GILSP procedures is considered to correlate with
the safety of the host organism.
Since autumn 1986, uniform application procedures to the MIT! and the
Ministry of Health and Welfare were issued for the industrial production of
recombinant materials to be marketed as both industrial reagents and
medication.

3.2.4 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery (MAFF)

Guideline for the application of recombinant DNA to agriculture, forestry,

and fishery (proposal from Dec. 18, 1986, guideline of April 20, 1989).
Applications are classified according to:
- rDNA plants in the simulated model environment,
- rDNA plants in uncontained systems,
 645

- rDNA microorganisms for production processes, and

- rDNA microorganisms intended to be applied in uncontained systems

The National Institute for Agro-Environmental Studies in Tsukuba has built

a special greenhouse for experiments with recombinant plants in which the
safety aspects of the plants have to be studied and presented to the ministry
for its approval before the plants may be released (Chap. 4).

3.2.5 Ministry of Health and Welfare

Guideline for the production of medication based on recombinant DNA

Although the regulations are not legally binding, they have the de facto
quality of administrative orders for the application of the Pharmaceutical Law.

The Ministry of Health is generally considered a strict supervisory authority.

It has legal and control procedures, regulated in detail, which are also applied
to genetic engineering on the basis of the Pharmaceutical Mfairs Law of 1960
in its 1983 version. The steps to approve, reevaluate, or reappraise new
medicines under this law are schematically illustrated in Fig. 8.10 [21].

b-I
State (Minister for Central Pharmaceutical Affairs Council
Health and Welfare)
INational Institute of Health National
(regardingAssay
bio1ogical "
INational Institute of Hygienic Sciences antThactenologlcaI
products, etc.)
,---

Pharmaceutical Inspectors I
Approval, Reevaluation of new medicines,----=i~D~o~m~es~t~ic~m~a~nu~[~ac~tu~r~er~s:.::::J1-­
reappraisal
1-- license - - - - - - - - - - -
Approval, Reevaluation of new medicines, Importers and distributors!---
reappraisal
1 -_ _ _ _ license - - - - - - - -

rcappraisal Reevaluati:n~of~n:e:w~m:ed:ic:in:es~'====~F~o~re~ig~n~M~a~n~u~fa~ct~u~re~rs~51
Approval,
L-_ license Importers and distributors I__

Regional Pharmac<;.utical Affairs Council

Pharmaceutical Inspectors

f----------- license - = = = = = = = = = = j l ~p~ha~rm~a~c~ies~~~;;~

f----------- license - I Drug distributors
' - - - - - - - Notification of sales regarding designated
medical devices
----~I}M~e~d~ica~IEd~e~vl§·ce~d~ist~ri~b~ut~or~sl

Fig. 8.10. Regulations based on the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law

646

3.3 P3 and P4 Laboratories

There are currently about 20 P3 laboratories operating in the public domain
in Japan.

The RIKEN Institute, which belongs to the STA, operates the RIKEN Life
Science Laboratory in Tsukuba in which all 4 safety levels have been realized
(Chap. 4). The two storey building has a total floor area of 2 500 m2 and
houses two P4, two P3, four P2, and three PI laboratories. The two P4
labor~tories are equipped with special safety extractor hoods containing
incubators, centrifuges, animal cages, etc. [22].

4. Depositories for Microorganisms, Cell Lines, and DNA

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Japanese Federation of Culture Collections (JFCC)
4.3 Private Depository: Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (IFO)
4.4 Depositories under the Science and Technology Agency (STA)
4.4.1 Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM)
4.4.2 RIKEN Gene Bank
4.5 Depository under the Ministry of Science, Education, and Culture
(Monbusho): DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ)
4.6 Depository under Mm: The Fermentation Research Institute Patent
Microorganism Depository
4.7 Depositories under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries
(MAFF)
4.7.1 MAFF Gene Bank, National Center of Genetic Resources
4.7.2 MAFF Kanto Forest Tree Breeding Institute
4.7.3 MAFF National Research Institute of Aquaculture
4.8 Depository under the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW): The
Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank

4.1 Introduction
In the beginning of the 1980s, organizations such as the United Nations
Environment Program (UNEP), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO), and the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted
measures for the preservation of genetic resources such as seeds and
microorganisms. In the wake of these discussions, the Japanese government
adopted measures to secure stable supplies of genetic resources [23], through:

- close cooperation among ministries, governmental, academic, and industrial

circles,
- training and securing of personnel,
 647

- substantiation of funds,
- promotion of international cooperation, and
- civilian understanding and cooperation.

The Science and Technology Agency (STA) (Chap. 3) to this end established,
within its Planning Bureau, a Resources Division, and most other ministries
involved in the life sciences followed this step. As a major result, these
ministries have, during the past 5 years, either enlarged or newly constructed
their own culture collections and depositories.

These planning activities fell on a fertile ground, since due to the long-
standing tradition, and the economic importance, of both agriculture and
fermentation in Japan, it is of little surprise that many culture collections
existed in this country already. Thus, the roof organization for microbial
depositories in Japan, the Japanese Federation of Culture Collections (JFCC),
lists in its catalog (4th edition, 1987) a total of 25 member culture collec-
tions, and many more which are non-members [24]. On the next pages, the
pertinent organizations and depositories will be introduced.

4.2 Japanese Federation of Culture Collections (JFCC)

B*M~~{:*ffJlM
Nihon Biseibutsu Kabu Houzon Renmei

Address c/o NODAl Research Institute

Tokyo University of Agriculture
1-1-1, Sakuragaoka
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156
Established 1951
President Teiji Iijima

As the post-war successor of the Japanese Federation of Culture Collections

of Microorganisms, the organisation was set up to promote cooperation
among culture collections in Japan and to obtain and preserve authentic
strains of microorganisms necessary for research, education, and industry.
After catalog editions in 1962, 1966, 1968 and 1979, the most recent catalog
of February, 1987, was jointly edited with the Physical and Chemical Research
Institute (RIKEN) of the Science and Technology Agency by means of a
computer database.
The Federation maintains 24 affiliated members (mostly companies and
research centers), 252 individual members, and 45 sustaining members
(industrial research centers) (all data as of 1987) [24].

The 1987 catalog of the JFCC lists nearly 116 000 cultures as available from
its member organizations. A survey is given in Table 8.6.
648

Table 8.6. Survey of Strains available from Members of JFCC

Organization Fungi Yeasts Strepto- Bacteria Viruses Animal Total

myces cells

Hokkaido University 1333 912 125 411 2781

Faculty of Agriculture
Tokyo University, 1078 260 115 350 1803
Faculty of Agriculture
Hiroshima University, 728 355 244 99 1426
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Enzyme
Eflgineering
Tokyo University, 977 387 80 648 531 2623
Research Center of
Applied Microbiology
Tokyo University, 1 5 1446 1452
Medical Research
Center
Institute for 6977 2386 1263 1605 63 90 12 384
Fermentation, Osaka
MAFF Animal Hygiene 1000 200 1200
Research Institute
Osaka University, 940 3698 15 232 4885
Faculty of Engineering,
Department of
Fermentation Engineering
Minstry of Finance, 889 156 129 1174
National Institute of
Brewing
Osaka University, 1588 1588
Research Center for
Microbial Diseases
Chiba University, 848 179 825 375 2227
Research Center
for Bioenergetics
Gunma University,
Medical School, Research 55747 55747
Center for Drug resistant
Bacteria
Kyoto University, 8000 100 8100
Virus Research Center
Tokyo Agricultural 115 206 155 476
University, Research Center
for Microbial Diseases
STARIKEN 495 937 1475 1728 4635
Microorganism
Preservation Center
National Research Center 453 453
for Disaster, Microorganism
Preservation Center
AlST Fermentation 16 2 2 20
Research Institute
Gifu University Medical 10875 10875
 649

Table 8.6. Survey of Strains available from Members of JFCC

Organization Fungi Yeasts Strepto- Bacteria Viruses Animal Total

myces cells

Schoo~ Chair for

Microbiology
Teikyo University Medical 886 941 49 1876
School, Research Center
for Eumycetes
Yamanashi University, 20 150 170
Faculty of Engineering,
Research Center for
Fermentation Chemistry

Total 15302 10570 4196 84390 363 1074 115895

The addresses and the codes used by the JFCC are listed below. Institutes
marked with an asterisk are sustaining members of the JFCC whose inventory
has been summarized in the above table. Institutes marked with two asteriskes
will be discussed in more detail in Sect. 4.

ABJ Association of Brewers of Japan

Takinogawa, Kita-ku, Tokyo
AHU* Department of Agricultural Chemistry,
Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
Kita 9-Jo 9-Chome, Sapporo 060
Phone (011) 716-2111 (ext. 2493)
AIU Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University,
Morioka
AJ Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Kawasaki
AKU Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto
AOU Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama
APQS Yokohama Animal and Plant Quarantine Station, Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Yokohama
ATU* Laboratory of Fermentation and Microbiology, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-Chome, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3812-2111 (ext. 5123)
BATU Department of Forestry, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
BSOU Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka University,
Osaka
CABS Chiba Prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station, Chiba
CJDA Technical Research and Development Institute, Defense Agency,
Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa-ken
650

FAU Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi

FEH Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station, Sapporo
FERM** Fermentation Research Institute, AlST, MID
FFPRI** Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, MAFF
FRI Food Research Institute, MAFF, Tsukuba-gun, Ibaraki
FSK Research Institute for Food Science, University of Kyoto, Uji-shi,
Kyoto
GAl Institute of Anaerobic Bacteriology, Gifu University School of
Medicine, Gifu 500
GIFU* Department of Microbiology, Gifu University School of Medicine,
Tsukasa-machi, Gifu 500
Phone (0582) 65-1241
HUM Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima
HUT* Laboratory of Fermentation, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima
University, Saijo-machi, Higashi-Hiroshima 724
Phone (0824) 22-7111 (ext. 3660) .
lAM * Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo, YayOl 1-
Chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3812-2111 (ext. 7867)
IEH Industrial Experiment Station Hokkaido, Sapporo
IFM* Research Institute for Chemobiodynamics, Chiba University,
Inohana, Chiba 280
Phone (0472) 22-7171 (ext. 5037)
IFO** Institute for Fermentation, Osaka
lID * Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirogane-
dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
Phone (03) 3443-8111
IMC Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
IMRC* Institute of Microbial Drug Resistance, Gunma University, Showa-
machi 3-chome, Maebashi 371
Phone (0272) 31-7221 (ext. 584)
IPCR Animal Physiology Laboratories, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama
IPH National Institute of Publich Health, MHW, Minato-ku, Tokyo
IVR* Institute of Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawa-
ramachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 611
Phone (075) 751-3111
JARA Japan Antibiotic Research Association, Tokyo
JCM** Japan Collection of Microorganisms, STA, RIKEN
JUSM Jutendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
KCC Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Bunkyo-
ku, Tokyo
KDC Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka-shi
KI Kitasato Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo
KM Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi-shi, Osaka
KPUM Kyoto Prefectural University Medical School, Kyoto
KSE Kagawa Shoyu Experiument Station, Kagawa
KUT Faculty of Technology, Kansai University, Osaka
 651

KY Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Machida-

shi, Tokyo
KYU Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushi University, Fukuoka-shi
LKB Kodama Goumei Co., Iidagawa-cho, Akita-ken
MEIJ Meiji Milk Products Co., Tokyo
MKLS Mitsubishi Kasei Life Science Institute, Machida-shi, Tokyo
MKU Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto
MNC Morinaga Confectionary Co., Tokyo
MNU Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya
MO Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka
MR Institute for Microbial Resources, 9-5-1209 Kudankita-l-chome,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
MS Central Research Laboratories, Meiji Seika Co. Ltd., Yokohama
NHL* National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, MHW, Kami-yoga 1-
chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158
Phone (03) 3700-1141
NIAES* National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, MAFF,
Yatabe-machi, Tsukuba-gun, Ibaraki 305
Phone (02975) 6-8295
NIAH* National Institute of Animal Health, MAFF, Yatabe-machi,
Tsukuba-gun, Ibaraki 305
Phone (02975) 6-7793
NIBS * National Institute for Environmental Studies, Environmental
Agency, Yatabe-machi, Tsukuba-gun, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 51-6111
NIG** National Institute of Genetics, Genetic Stock Research Center
NIH] National Institute of Health, MHW, Karni-Osaki 2-chome,
Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141
NISL Noda Industrial Science LaboratoIY1 Noda-shi, Chiba-ken
NRIC* Nodai Research Institute, Culture Collection, Tokyo University of
Agriculture, Sakuragaoka l-chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156
Phone (03) 3420-2131 (ext. 665)
NS National Science Museum, Tokyo
OEU Osaka Educational University, Osaka
OPA Faculty of Agriculture, Osaka Prefectural University, Sakai-shi,
OUT* Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering,
Osaka University, Oka, Yamada, Suita-shi, Osaka 565
Phone (06) 877-5111
OWMC Osaka Women Medical College, Osaka
RAJ Nippon Agricultural Research Institute, Tokyo
RIB * National Research Institute of Brewing, Ministry of Finance,
Takinogawa 2-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114
Phone (03) 3910-6235
RIFY* Institute of Enology and Viticulture, Yamanashi University,
Kitashin, Kofu 400
Phone (0552) 52-1111
RIMD* Culture Collection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,
652

Osaka University, Oka, Yamada, Suita-shi, Osaka 565

Phone (06) 877-5121
RLK Tokyo Research Laboratory, Kowa Co., Tokyo
RTCI Research Laboratory, Takeda Chemical Industries, Osaka
SANK Sankyo Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Tokyo
SBMP Snow Brand Milk Products, Sapporo
SES Sericulture Experiment Station, Tsukuba-gun, Ibaraki
smo Shionogi Seiyaku Co., Osaka
SIES Shimane Industrial Experiment Station, Matsue-shi
SM St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi
SMKU Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo
SOU Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Osaka
TIMM* Research Center for Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, Otsuka,
Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-03
Phone (0426) 76-8211
TKU Faculty of Technology, Kyoto University, Kyoto
TLM Tokyo Metropolitan Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Tokyo
TMCM Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical College, Tokyo
TPH Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory for Public Health, Tokyo
TSES Research Institute, Taito Corp., Hatano-shi, Kanagawa-ken
TUF Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo
YMC Yamaguchi Medical College, Ube-shi
YPMC Yamaguchi Prefectural College of Medicine, Tokuyama-shi

4.3 Private Depository: Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (IFO)

~MWf~pjf
Hakkou Kenkyuujo

Address 17-85, Juso-Honmachi 2-chome

Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532
Phone (06) 302-7281
Fax (06) 300-6576
Established 1944
Director Dr. Teiji Iijima

Founded as the "Institute for Aviation-fuel Fermentation" by the Japanese

government and Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., the name was changed to
"Institute for Fermentation, Osaka" (IFO) at the end of World War II. In
1984, a section on animal cells was established [25]. The size of IFO's
collection is indicated in Table 8.7.

Capital 1 bill. Yen

Personnel 21 researchers, 3 clerks
Budget 302 mill. Yen (1988)
 653

Table 8.7. IFO - Size of Collection (1988)

Genera Species Strains

Fungi 687 2218 5248

Yeasts 68 528 1612
Bacteria 83 320 880
Actinomycetes 53 880 1257
Bacteriophages 5* 6* 51
Animal celllines** 58**

*host genera and species

**celliines from human, rat, mouse, and other origin

Publications: 1. IFO Research Communications (every two years since 1963)

2. IFO List of Cultures (8th edition, 1988)

4.4 Depositories of the Science and Technology Agency (STA)

Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM)

!'1t~liJf~pJT1*X!±~~**1f{*ff~~
Rikagaku Kenkyuujo Biseibutsu Keitou Houzon Shisetsu

Address RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research)

Hirosawa 2-1
Wako-shi, Saitama 351-01
Phone (0484) 62-1111 (ext. 5100)
Fax (0484) 62-5651

Fig. 8.11. Building of Japan Collection of Microorganism at RlKEN (Courtesy of STA)

654

The Japan Collection of Microorganisms (Fig. 8.11) was founded in 1980 at

RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) and pursues 3
activities:

- it collects, characterizes and preserves microorganisms, and distributes

authentic cultures,
- it performs investigations on systematics and on preservation methods, and
- it computerizes information about microbial strains.

JCM is a member of the Japan Federation for Culture Collections since 1981,
and a member of the World Federation for Culture Collections (WFCC) since
1983. The Life Science Research Information Sect. of RIKEN, which
collaborates closely with JCM, since 1986 functions as the World Data Center
for WFCC [26].

Director Mr. Takashi Nakase

Personnel 15
Number of
Strains about 8000, about 4200 in catalog
Publication Catalog of Strains, 4th edition 1989, ISSN 0913-0098

RIKEN Gene Bank

f~1t~uJf~m*lHijM{A~{*7ihm5~
(!IUJf y - :;/ / '\' :;/ ~ )
Rikagaku Kenkyuujo Saibou Idenshi Houzon Shisetsu (Riken Jiin Banku)

Address 3-1-1 Takanodai

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (02975) 4-3611 or 4-3613
Established June 1987
The Center (Chap. 4) hosts the following collections [27]:
- animal cell bank (about 100 cell lines)
- plant cell bank
- DNA bank
- software bank
Publication: Saibou Katarogu (*HI!l?! jJ 7 [:7 1") in Japanese, published about
semi-annually)

4.5 Depository under the Ministry of Science, Education, and

Culture (Monbusho)
The large number of depositories at the level of universities and colleges has
been summarized already in Sect. 4.2 of this chapter.
 655

DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ)

:ii{A~jt~¥RliJf~ ~ y >' - DNA 7~- >' /'~: y lJ
Idenshi Jouhou Kenkyuu Sentaa DNA Deeta Banku

Address National Institute of Genetics

Yata 1
111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411
Phone (0559) 75-0771
Fax (0559) 71-3651

Founded in 1986, the DDBJ since February 1987 collaborates with GenBank
(Los Alamos) and EMBL (Heidelberg) in the collection and computerized
dissemination of sequences [28]. The pooled information in the 3 databases
presently (as of Sept. 1987) comprises:

- about 18 000 entries for DNA sequences (about 21 mill. base pairs)
- about 5000 entries for protein sequences (about 1.3 mill. amino acids)
- about 300 protein structure data.

On-line access is feasible on UNIX and VMS systems through the number
(0559) 75-6036 or -6037.

National Institute of Genetics, Sect. on Genetic Resources

Within the Genetic Stock Research Center of the same institute (Chap. 5),
a Section on Genetic Resources was established in 1984. It is in charge of
documentation of genetic resources, especially of experimental organisms
maintained in the universities and research institutes in Japan, via database
systems.

Publications

- Catalogue of medically important fungal strains collected in Japan, 1st ed.,

1985. Hideyo Yamaguchi, ed .. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo 1986.
ISBN 4-7622-9479-9
- "Stocks of experimental organisms maintained in the universities in Japan",
42 pages (J)
- "Drosophila Stock List in Japan 1986", 56 pages (J)
- "Catalogue of Genetic Stocks in the National Institute of Genetics", 181
pages (J)
- "List of experimental strains of mice maintained in the universities in
Japan, 1987", 177 pages (J)
- "Rice Genetic Newsletter", published allllually (E)
656

4.6 Depository under the MITI: The Fermentation Research

Institute Patent Microorganism Depository

~~~~~M~~~~~~~~Y~-
Biseibutsu Kenkyuujo Tokkyou Biseibutsu Itaku Sentaa

Address 1-1-3, Higashi

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 54-6029
Fax (0298) 54-6078
Established 1980 (photograph 2)
Director Dr. S. Kawamura
Personnel 6 permanent researchers
Budget 92 911 mill. Yen (FY 1989)
Space 1147 m2
Size of
Collection 9800 (FY 1989)

Fig. 8.12. Patent Microorganism Depository of the Fermentation Research Institute (Courtesy
of MITI)

Applicants for patents related to microorganisms or cell cultures are required

to deposit the pertinent microorganism or cell line in this depository. The
institute has been designated as the domestic depository by the Director of
the Japanese Patent Office. It is also an International Depositary Authority
based on the Budapest Treaty [29]. It accepts:
- microorganisms (fungi, yeasts, bacteria, actinomycetes)
- animal cell cultures, and
- plant cell cultures.
Pathogenic microorganisms and recombinant microorganisms requiring P3-
or P4-containment level are not accepted.
The general procedure to use this patent depository is illustrated in Fig. 8.13.
 657

Furnishing

Industrial Property
Office Deposition

Deposit

Formal revision

Not acceptable

Depositor

Fig. 8.13. Procedure for Substance Matter Deposit at MITI's Fermentation Research Institute

4.7 Depositories under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and

Fisheries (MAFF): the Gene Bank Project
The MAFF Gene Bank Project has been promoted since 1985 for the purpose
of collecting genetic resources of plants, microorganisms, animals, forest trees,
and aquatic organisms both in Japan and overseas. It aims at the classificati-
on, identification, evaluation, multiplication, and preservation of genetic
resources, and at providing national and public research institutions,
universities, and the private sector with genetic resources and related
information to promote national as well as international research activities
[30]. The organization of the MAFF Gene Bank Project is indicated in Fig.
8.14.
658

• (Sub - Banks consist of National Research Institutes. National Center for Seeds and Seedlings.
National Livestock Breeding Stations and Forest Tree Breeding Stations.)

Fig. 8.14. Organization of MAFF Gene Bank Project

MAFF Gene Bank, National Center of Genetic Resources

:ii{A~iJj ~ /' :; -
Idenshigen Sentaa

Address National Institute of Agrobiological Resources

Kannondai
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305
Phone (0298) 38-7050 (plants)
38-7053 (microorganisms)
Fax (0298) 38-7408
Established December 1986
Director Dr. Kazumi Kawaguchi
Personnel 71
Budget 143 mill. Yen (1989)
Space 1704 m2
The purpose of this institute is to collect genetic resources of plants, microor-
ganisms and animals both in Japan and overseas. It concentrates on the
preservation and supply of:

- seeds
- clones (supply only)
- microorganisms,
- animal reproductive cells and embryos (preservation only)

It also intends to preserve DNA fragments of these organisms.

 659

The MAFF Gene Bank collaborates with the International Board for Plant
Genetic Resources (IBPGR) in sharing the responsibility for the development
of an international network for the preservation of designated crops such as
rice, wheat, barley, Cruciferae, corn, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, soybean,
spring onions, etc. [30]. The building is shown in Fig. 8.15.

1111(.
- A
.J

Fig. 8.1S. Tsukuba MAFF Gene Bank Building (Courtesy of MAFF)

The interior of the seed storage room is shown in Fig. 8.16.

Fig. 8.16. MAFF Gene Bank: Interior of Seed Storage Room (Courtesy of MAFF)
660

MAFF Kanto Forest Tree Breeding Institute

(~.~*1f~, Kantou Rinboku Ikushujou)

Address 978, Kasahara-cho

Mito, Ibaraki 310
Phone (0292) 43-1190
Fax (0292) 43-1885

The depository for forest tree genetic resources.

MAFF National Research Institute of Aquaculture

( 1i:~IVf1i:pJT , Youshoku Kenkyuujo)

Address 422-1 Nakatsuhama, Nasei-cho
Watarai-gun, Mie Prefecture 516-01
Phone (05996) 6-1830
Fax (05996) 6-1962

In the Fish Genetics Division of the institute, development of techniques for

storage of enetic resources, cell culture, cell fusion, and nuclear transplant are
carried out. The institute serves as depository for aquatic organism genetic
resources.

Publication

Shokubutsu Iden Shigen Kaishi Kiroku (fi4o/Jli~'RIl~~~aWc), Sept. 1987,

416 pages (J)

4.8 Depository under the Ministry of Health and Welfare

(MHW): The Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank
J C R B*HIij?l.l '\' :/ 'l'
JCRB Saibou Banko

Address National Institute of Health

2-10-35 Kamiosaki
Shinagawa, Tokyo 141
Phone (03) 3444-2181 ext. 340
Fax (03) 3446-6286
~tablished 1985
Director Dr. Katsuyuki Hashimoto
Gene Depository Sect.
 661

The gene bank was established in 1985 in order to facilitate cancer research.
It is divided into 2 divisions:

- cell bank handling cell cultures, and

- gene bank handling cloned DNAs

The main depository of the gene bank is organized in the Department of

Virology and Rickettsiology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan (Sect.
4) [31]. There are five satellite depositories of DNA clones:

- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo

(Prof. M. Muramatsu)
- Division of Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology,
Osaka University (Prof. Y. Uchida)
- Research Laboratory for Genetic Information, Kyushu University (Prof. Y.
Sakaki)
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University (Ass. Prof. T.
Date)
- Department of Congenital Abnormalities Research, National Children's
Medical Research Center (Director Y. Nakagome)

The collection of more than 450 DNA clones (March 1990) is classified in 5
categories:

- viral oncogenes (23 DNA clones from 20 kinds of genes)

- cellular oncogenes (78 clones from 30 kinds of genes)
- various cDNA clones
- virus genomes (39 clones from 16 kinds of viruses)
- human genes (267 clones including 110 DNA segment clones).

s. Information Resources

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Databases Relating to Governmental Institutions
5.2.1 Databases Relating to STA
5.2.2 Databases Relating to Monbusho
5.2.3 Databases Relating to Mm
5.2.4 Databases Relating to MAFF
5.2.5 Databases of other Governmental Institutions
5.3 Private Databases
5.4 Biotechnology-Related Journals

5.1 Introduction
Information is an important resource in Japan, and a significant amount of
labor and budget is devoted to information acquisition. This is reflected in the
662

statistics concerning the large circulation number of journals and newspapers,

as indicated in Table 8.8 [2].

Table 8.8. Circulation of Journals and Newspapers in Japan (1987)

Circulation Copiers per capita

number per year

Newspapers (124)· 70194 Mill 578

Weeklies (104) 14.4
Monthlies (2527) 17.6

·the 6 leading national newspaper, which exhibit high standards, reached a

circulation of 28 358 mill. (morning edition), and of 15 731 mill.
(evening edition), respectively.

5.2 Databases Relating to Governmental Insthutions

All ministries involved in biotechnology have set up on-line communication
networks. The only specific database relating to biotechnology, however, is
just being started by the Japan Biotechnology Association (JBA) [32]. Thus,
the following survey relates to major databases in the public domain which
comprise, but usually are not exclusive, for biotechnology-related literature.
A profound compilation of Japanese databases has been published recently
[33].

S.2.1 Databases relating to the STA

Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST)

B*f4~af,fqfWfli~ /':;-
Nihon Kagaku Gijutsu Jouhou Sentaa

Address Science Bldg.

2-5-2 Nagatacho
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-6411
Fax (03) 3593-3375
Database established in 1957 by the STA in order to collect, process and
distribute scientific information. Collects worldwide and covers all fields of
science, including medicine and agriculture, with the exception of the
humanities' (13 000 journals, of whiclr 5500 are in Japanese). 320 employees,
5000 external abstractors. Budget 1987: 11 bill. Yen.
 663

System (JOIS) with service offices in Sapporo, Sendai, Toyama, Tsukuba,

Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima, Takamatsu, Kitakyushu. nCST joined STN
International in 1986 and started STN-service of its English version of the
nCST file at the end of 1987 [34].

JOIS Service Office in Tokyo

Address 31 Fuji Bldg. 3F

2-8-2, Hirakawa-chou
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3230-1341
Fax (03) 3237-8027
Personnel 327 (1987)
Budget 10.99 bill. Yen (1987),
out of which 6.36 bill. Yen from the government
Capital 27.6 bill. Yen (1987)

Library (Reading Room, Copy Service)

Address 2-8-18 Asahi-chou

Nerima-ku, Tokyo 176
Phone (03) 3976-4141

Overseas Agencies

- Microinfo (UK)
- GMD (FRG)
- CDST (France)

Overseas Partners (STN)

- Chemical Abstracts Service (USA)

- FIZ Karlsruhe (FRG)

Databases of Japanese Origin

- INFO TERRA (source list of environmental information)

- JAFIC FILE (information related to food industry from 160 magazines)
- nCST FILE (460 000 per year, science and technology worldwide, 20%
original Japanese documents, own thesaurus and classification)
- nCST FILE (English) (science and technology, medicine, translation of
titles, keywords plus abstracts in English (partly»
- nCST MEDICINE (Japanese medical literature)
- nCST CLEARING (research topics in public research facilities, excluding
universities)
- nCST PUBLIC (Japanese public documents related to science and
technology)
664

- NK MEDIA (technical products information, procuded by the Daily

Industrial News)

Databases of Foreign Origin

MEDLINE, CA-SEARCH, TOXLINE, BIOSIS, CAB, COAL, FSTA,

INSPEC, INIS, EMBASE, IRDD

The national JICST network is indicated in Fig. 8.17 [34,35].

ot}

Fig. 8.17. JICST On-line Network

 665

5.2.2 Databases Relating to Monbusho

National Center for Science Information System (NACSIS)

~v~jf~fIl ~ /' ?' -

Gakujutsu Jouhou Sentaa

Address 3-29-1 Otsuka

Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112
Phone (03) 3942-2451
Fax (03) 3942-2019

NACSIS took its present form in 1985, but it dates back many years, origin-
ating from a research establishment for library matters at the University of
Tokyo. It has a staff of about 40 of whom 6 have academic degrees. It is well
equipped with computers and other information processing installations. Main
activities include cataloging through a nationwide on-line system and serving
researchers in colleges and universities by providing information about foreign
science and technology at reasonable cost [36].

5.2.3 Databases Relating to MITI

Japan Biotechnology Association (JBA) Bio Database

BID E C/~'1 ;t-r~-?'~-A

JBA Baio Deetabeesu

Address 5-10-5 Shinbashi

Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3433-3545
Fax (03) 3459-1440

This is presently the only specific biotechnology database in Japan. It is under

development and scheduled to be completed by 1991 [32]. At this point, it will
contain:
JBA-related information

- JBA organization
- JBA members
- JBA news

Reference database·

- Governmental policy
- Information about companies
666

- Information from abroad

- Regional developments relating to biotechnology
- Patent information
- Results of national projects

Factual database··

- Biotechnology-related equipment
- Biochemicals
- Software relating to biotechnology
- Researchers in biotechnology
- Meetings relating to biotechnology

Members communication corner (mail system)

* completed by 1990
**completed by 1991

Japan Patent Information Organization (JAPIO)

Nihon Tokkyou Jouhou Kikou

Address Bansui Bldg.

1-5-16 Toranomon
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3503-6181
Fax (03) 3580-7164
JAPIO was created in 1985 as the successor of JAPATIC (est. 1971) through
incorporation of the service section of the Japanese Institute of Invention and
Innovation. JAPIO processes patent information from the Japanese Patent
line or batch. System name is PATOUS. English abstracts on Japanese
unexamined patents since 1976 are offered through ORBIT on-line service of
Pergamon ORBIT infoline.

Databases

- Nihon Tokkyo File (Japan patent file, Japanese)

- Nihon Jitsuyou Shinan File (Japan utility model file, Japanese)
- Nihon Ishou/Shouhyou file (Japan design, trademark file, Japanese)
- Nihon Shinpan File (Japan Administrative Review file related to patent
rights.

On-line service through PATOUS

 667

Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)

B*jiJj!11&JJ!~
Nihon Boueki Shinkoukai

Address mTRO Building

2-2-5 Toranomon,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Phone (03) 3582-5579
Fax (03) 3587-2842

Database JETRO-ACE Phone (03) 587-2835

The database mTRO ACE offers reports from the 78 overseas locations,
which supply information on 100 countries. The reports are produced in
cooperation with Nichigai (Sect. 5.3).

5.2.4 Databases Relating to MAFF

Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Research Information Center

!lif*71<PlfVf~1tfll~ ~ 1-
Nourin Suisan Kenkyuu Jouhou Sentaa

Address 2-1-2 Kannondai

Yatabemachi, Ibaraki-ken 305
Phone (02975) 6-7283
Fax (02975) 6-7204

Established by the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery Research Council to

provide information specially for governmental agencies, prefectures, and
research centers. Connected to AGRIS (International Information System for
Agricultural Sciences and Technology). Databases are RECRAS and
RECRAS-II (Retrieval System for Current Research in the Agricultural
Sciences) and JASI (Japanese Agricultural Sciences Index).
Restricted on-line access

Egis, Tokyo (Tel. (03) 3264-1060

The Japan Biotech Letter (26/y)
668

5.2.5 Databases Relating to other Governmental Institutions

Government Publications Service Center

Seifu Kankoubutsu Saabisu Sentaa

Address 2-1-1 Kasumigaseki

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3504-3885
Fax (03) 3504-3889

The Center distributes all publications of government bureaus and offices,

ministries and councils, and related organisation. A "list of publications,
government and similars" in English is available free of charge. Among the
publications are comprehensive governmental surveys, annual reports,
economic surveys, statistics, governmental guidelines, etc.

National Diet Library (NDL)

ffiI.lrffiI~~~jg
Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan

Address 1-10-1 Nagata-chou,

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3581-2331
Fax (03) 3581-0989

Library established in 1948 to serve the Parliament and the public. Deposit
library for books published in Japan. Largest library in Japan with more than
4 500 000 volumes. Staff 845. Database JAPAN MARC, on-line service
through DIALINE.

5.3 Private Databases

Advanced Medical Information Service (AMS)

Address Marunouchi Yaesu Bldg,

2-6-2 Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3210-7300
Fax (03) 3210-7385
 669

Private company collecting and providing information related to medicine,

pharmacology, biology, and biotechnology On-line access through Captain
System.

Heiwa Information Center (HIC)

Address 3-9-2 Nishi-Shinjuku

Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160
Phone (03) 3374-8673
Fax (03) 3378-0696

Data processing company set up in 1971 providing on-line search from 5

leading technical newspapers, titles from about 1000 technical magazines, and
articles from:

- Nikkei Sangyouu Shinbun

- Asahi Shinbun
- Asahi Shinbun Evening Edition
- Yomiuri Shinbun

On-line through FENICS.

Information Management Service and Research (IMSR)

f~fIl~mHiJf~*±
Jouhou Kanri Kenkyuu Sha

Address Nakajima Daiichi Bldg.

2-6-8 Yoyogi
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151
Phone (03) 3379-5556
Fax (03) 3379-3320
Private company specialising in the provision of secondary information. Own
databases provides information on Japanese patents:

- Iyaku File (patent information on pharmacy)

- Nouyaku File (patent information on herbicides, pesticides)
- BPI File (patent information on biotechnology

No on-line service
670

Japan Economic Journal (NIKKEI)

(8*1)
Nihon Keizai Shinbun (Nikkei)

Address 1-9-5 Otemachi

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Phone (03) 3270-0251
Fax (03) 3231-3568
Databank
Bureau Phone (03) 3270-0251, ext. 3451 (international information)

Largest economic newspaper in the world. Offers database NEEDS-I (macro-

economic information), NEEDS-II (microeconomic information) and NIKKEI
FILE (newspaper information).

On-line through NEEDS, NEEDS-IR, NIKKEI TELECOM

Japan Institute for Chemical Information (JAICI)

1t~jtw¥~m~
Kagaku Jouhou Kyoukai

Address Gakkai Center Bldg.

2-4-16 Yayoi
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Phone (03) 3816-3462
Fax (03) 3816-7826

Formerly "Japan Association for International Chemical Information". The

agent for Chemical Abstracts in Japan, including the input of information
from Japan into CAS. Collaborates with nCST as an agent for STN
International.

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC)

iij$14~7~fXV~j~ ::';?'-
Kaiyou Kagaku Gijutsu Sentaa

Address 2-15 Natsushima-chou

Yokosuka-shi 237
Phone (0468) 66-3811
Fax (0468) 66-2119
 671

JAMSTEC was established in 1971 by the Japanese government according to

requests by the Japan Federation of Economic Organizations (Keidanren). It
is the central organization dedicated to marine science and technology. It has
a staff of 145 and a budget of $ 80 mill. (1987).

No on-line service.

Japan Medical Abstracts Society

~~q:r~~~tljrr~
Igaku Chuuou Zasshi Kankoukai

Address 2-5-18 Takaido-higashi

Suginami-ku, Tokyo 168
Phone (03) 3334-7625
Fax (03) 3334-6013

Non-profit company established in 1903 to collect, process and distribute

medical information. System name is JAMUS (Japan Medical literature
Information System).

On-line through KINOCOSMONET and MARUNET

Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center (JAPIC)

Nippon Iyaku Jouhou Sentaa

Address Yakugaku Kaikan Apt. 601

2-12-15 Shibuya
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150
Phone (03) 3406-1811
Fax (03) 3406-1834

Private non-profit organization established in 1972 to collect, process and

distribute information on pharmaceutical science and drugs. Database is
JAPICDOC, on-line available through JIP-NET and TISNET.
Publishes CONTENTS, a list of contents of 406 journals in the field of
pharmacy, in Japanese language.
672

Japan Standards Association (JSA)

B*m~t~~
Nihon Kikaku Kyoukai

Address 4-1-24 Akasaka

Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3583-8001
Fax (03) 3586-2041

Non-profit members organization of 15000 companies established to promote

standardization in industry by publishing 1IS standard sheets. Member of ISO.
Database service from 1988 (KOKUNAI).

Mitsui Knowledge Industry

Mitsui 10uhou Kaihatsu

Address Sougou Kenkyuujo

3-7-4 Kojimachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3237-6016
Fax (03) 3234-8190

Private company, engaged with R&D in artificial intelligence, new media,

computer systems. Database PRINAS DB countains on floppy disk informati-
on about amino acids gathered from 1000 magazines in the field of life
science.

NICHIGAI Associates

Address Dai-3, Shimokawa Bldg.

1-23-8 Omori-kita
Ota-ku, Tokyo 143
Phone (03) 3763-5241
Fax (03) 3764-0845

Private company in the information processing field. Databases are

- WHO (personal information on 210 000 corporate executives)
 673

- JETRO ACE (financial, economical information report from 78 overseas

JETRO offices), and others.

On-line service through FENICS.

Touyou Information System (TIS)

*i-$twffl Y A -r A
Touyou Jouhou Shistemu

Address Shinbashi Sanwa Touyou Bldg.

1-11-7 Shinbashi,
Minato-ku, Tokyou 105
Phone (03) 3575-4021
Fax (03) 3575-4337

Dataprocessing company, providing amongst other databases JAPICDOC

(Pharmaceutical information in Japan).

On-line through TISNET.

5.4 Biotechnology-related Journals

A considerable number of Japanese periodicals relating to biotechnology exist
in Japanese language, and an increasing number of newsletters covering the
development of this field in Japan are published in English language as well.
A survey is given in Table 8.9.

Table 8.9. Periodicals relating to Biotechnology in Japan

Name Appearance Language Circulation Publisher,

phone

Kagaku to Seibutsu monthly Japanese 8800 Gakkai

(Chemistry and Biology) Shuppan Center
Tokyo
(03) 814-2001
Gendai Kagaku monthly Japanese 18 500 Tokyo Kagaku
(Modern Chemistry) Dojin
Tokyo
(03) 946-3311
Seibutsu Kagaku monthly Japanese 7000 Seibutsu News
(Biochemistry News) Kagaku
Tokyo
(03) 814-5675
674

Table 8.9. Periodicals relating to Biotechnology in Japan

Name Appearance Language Circulation Publisher,

phone

Seimei Kogako bimonthly Japanese 1000 Kenkyu Report

Sang)'o Joho Service Tokyo
(Life Engineering Research) (03) 365-4859
Nippon Nogei monthly Japanese 13400 Kagaku Kai
Kagaku Kaishi Nippon Nogei
(Journal of the Agricultural Tokyo
Chemical Society of Japan) (03) 811-8789
Baioasaiensu monthly Japanese 8300 JBA
to Indostori Tokyo
(Bioscience and Industry) (03) 433-3545
Saibo Kogaku monthly Japanese 6000 Shujun Sha
(Cell Engineering) Tokyo
(03) 440-6371
Saibo monthly Japanese 7000 New Science
(Cell) Sha
Tokyo
(03) 3294-5693
Soshiki Baiyo monthly Japanese 7000 New Science
(Tissue culture) Sha
Hakko Kogaku Kaishi bimonthly Japanese 5000 Hakko
(Journal of the Fermentation Kogaku Kai
Society) Osaka
(06) 876-2931
Journal 01 Fermentation monthly English 5000 Nihon Hakko
and Bioengineering Kogaku Kai
Osaka
(06) 876-2931
Tanpakushitsu monthly Japanese 15 600 Koso
(proteins, Nucleic Acids, Kakusan
Enzymes) Kyoritsu
Shuppan
Tokyo
(03) 3947-2511
Seibutsu Kagaku quarterly Japanese 4000 Iwanami Shoten
(Biological Sciences) Tokyo
(93) 3265-4111
Seikagaku monthly Japanese 10000 N"mon
(Biochemistry) Seikagaku Kai
Tokyo
(03) 3815-1931
The Journal 01 monthly English 2700 Nihon
Biochemistry Seikagaku Kai
Tokyo
(03) 3815-1931
Nikkei Biotech biweekly Japanese n.a. Nikkei BP Sha
Tokyo
(03) 3383-3211
Agricultural and monthly English 3500 Nippon
Biological Chemistry Nogei Kaidaki
Tokyo
(03) 3811-8789
 675

Table 8.9. Periodicals relating to Biotechnology in Japan

Name Appearance Language Circulation Publisher,

phone

Science & Technology quarterly English 30 ()()() Three "I"

in Japan Publications
Tokyo
(03) 3291-3761
Japanese Technology biweekly English n.a. Sumika Monitor
Information Service
Osaka
(06) 220-3364
Bio-Industry monthly Japanese 12 ()()() CMC
Tokyo
(03) 3293-2061
Nihon Shokuhin Gakkaishi monthly Japanese 4000 Nihon Kogyo
Gakkaishi Shokuhin Kogyo
(Journal of the Japanese Gakkai
Society for Food Technology) (02975) 67153
Seibutsu Butsuri bimonthly Japanese 3000 Nihon Seibutsu
(Biological Physics) Butsuri Gakkai
(075) 791-7002
Nihon Jyozo monthly Japanese 5000 Nihon Jyozo
Kyokai Zasshi Kyokai
(Journal of the Brewing Tokyo
Society of Japan) (03) 3910-3853
New Technology monthly English JETRO, Japan
Japan External
Trade Organisa-
tion, Tokyo
(03) 3582-5579

6. Public Acceptance
Whereas well-organized movements against various aspects of genetic
engineering and related techniques exist in the USA (e.g., the "Foundation on
Economic Trends" organized by Jeremy Rifkin) and in Europe, notably in W.-
Germany, the public acceptance of biotechnology and its basic techniques in
Japan is generally high. This may reflect a) the high level of education and
information achieved within the Japanese society, and b) the specific Japanese
way of reaching decisions, which usually involve lengthy discussions with all
groups, mostly even all individuals concerned ("ringi").

There is evidence, however, that recently also in Japan some aspects of

biotechnology raise public concerns, in particular the construction of new
research centers.
676

Opposition Against Research Centers

The National Institute of Health, under the Ministry of Health and Welfare
(Chap. 4) was scheduled to move from Shinagawa to Shinjuku, both in Tokyo.
This plan initiated, in March 1989, a citizien's initiative led by Prof. Shibata
from Hiroshima University, on the ground of safety deficits implied in rDNA
experiments scheduled for the Institute. Within 1989, there were 3 court
deliberations which did not lead to a settlement. It is expected, however, that
the governmental party will be able to prove that the planned safety measures
are in line with all regulations, and will consequently be allowed to move the
Institute, if with considerable delay.

The Life Science Institute of RIKEN in Tsukuba, under the Science and
Technology Agency (Chap. 4), set up a P4laboratory which was scheduled to
become operational in 1989. In April 1988, a Tsukuba citizien's movement
opposed these plans, and up to now there were 2 court deliberations - without
final result.

OBI (Osaka Bioscience Institute) and PERI (Protein Engineering Research

Center), two neighboring new institutes in Suita, Osaka, in 1987 suscited anti-
movements from citiziens in the neighborhood, based on fears on rDNA
techniques carried out in both institutes. As a result, a safety management
group was installed which publicizes the on-going work in both institutes [37].

Opinion Polls
When the Prime Minister's Office carried out an opinion poll on biotech-
nology in 1988, among 3000 people over 18 years old, 66.8% could not give
a correct answer to the question "what is DNA?".

The Japanese Science Magazine Newton in August 1989 carried out an

opinion poll among a sample of 300 persons (80 high school students, 77
students, 122 employees, 18 others; 93.6% male )[38].

The results were rather surprising:

- 98% knew the term ''biotechnology'', and 92% were highly or rather
interested. Over 80% were at least moderately informed about DNA and
genetic engineering.
- 90% were convinced that biotechnology would develop rapidly in the future,
but 76% expressed concerns about this.
- 74% thought that the image of "biotechnology" is difficult, at least to some
respect.
The perceived problems are closely linked to the particular field. Thus,
- about 50% or more have no concerns to eat vegetables, derived from plant
 677

tissue culture or to utilize detergents containing enzymes produced by rDNA

methods. However,
- 50% or more were concerned with chromosome engineering for fish
breeding and the use of rDNA derived insecticides.

There was strong solidarity with US citiziens movements opposing the

liberation of recombinant microorganisms (even if killed) to the environment
(82% slight or strong concerns).

Considerable concern among science leaders in Japan arose over the fact that
67% of the persons interviewed expressed the opinion that research institutes
and scientists proceed with no (42.5%) or little care (24.5%) about safety
measures, and tend to conceal negative findings from the public (87.7%).

Measures to Promote Public Acceptance

The Science and Technology Agency (STA) in 1989 for the first time included
in its budget a sum of 30 mill. Yen for the improvement of public acceptance.
This budget is scheduled to rise to 100 mill. Yen in 1990. It is planned to
spend this money mainly for information meetings on the safety of recom-
binant DNA techniques, for an audience of small- and medium-sized
companies which are still opposed to such techniques. A first seminar on this
topic was held 1989 in Osaka [39].

JBA (the former BIDEC) (Chap. 7) in 1989 founded a Public Acceptance

Working Party within its Working Party on Safety. Four seminars will be held
by renown scientists and directed at a public audience. The first seminar was
carried out in October 1989 in Sapporo, and further seminars are planned in
Kagoshima, Hiroshima, and Sendai [32].

7. Internationalization, Research Grants, Scholarships

Introduction
As discussed in Chap. 7, the Japanese government, since the mid-1980s,
follows a policy of internationalization of R&D. As a a result, all ministries
concerned with R&D have set up and published pertinent frameworks, e.g.,
MITI in its "Trends and Future Tasks in Industrial Technology", published in
September 1988.

Though on first sight the ratio of Japanese researchers dispatched to foreign

countries, and of foreign researchers accepted in Japan is rather balanced,
most of the foreign researchers come from developing nations, as sum-
marized in Table 8.10 [36].
678

Table 8.10. Balance of R&D Scholarships from and to Japan (FY 1986)

Japanese researchers Foreign researchers

sent overseas accepted in Japan

Total 55869 43686

Advanced countries 42408 6691
- USA 26334 3633
- UK 4367 1124
- France 2824 445
- W.-Germany 2770 382
Developing countries 12709 36 909
Soviet Union, Eastern Europe 752 86

In an attempt to invite more researchers from industrialized nations, Japan

is making strong efforts to facilitate living in Japan. This includes the
construction of guest houses and the improvement of Japanese language
training opportunities.

Information Exchange
Japan has signed treaties for collaboration in science and technology with a
number of international bodies and with several nations.

Science and Technology Cooperation Agreements have been concluded with

13 countries (USA, Canada, W.-Germany, France, United Kingdom, Australia,
Sweden, Italy, The People's Republic of China, South Korea), and practical
arrangements with 6 of these countries. In addition, Science and Technology
Cooperation Agreements exist with the United Nations, the OECD, ASCA,
and ASEAN [40].

International Research Grants and Scholarships

The Science and Technology Agency (STA) offers research grants within
several programs:

- The Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP): funds for research projects
and workshops outside Japan are being offered (details: Chap. 7)

- The Frontier Science Program: foreign key researchers are invited to head
R&D activities in specified fields. R&D is carried out in special buildings
at RIKEN, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research in Wako,
Saitama Prefecture (details: Chap. 7)

- The ERATO projects: foreign researchers can be invited for periods up to

5 years in the framework of these projects. Applications should be made
directly to the project coordinator (details: Chap. 7)
 679

- From FY 1988, the Special Coordination Funds for the Promotion of

Science and Technology (Chap. 3) has set up a STA Fellowship System
designed to accept young foreign research workers into Japanese national
laboratories (of STA, Mm, MAFF, MHW, and other ministries) and into
some non-profit R&D institutes. Universities and university-affiliated
laboratories are excluded. The management of the fellowships is entrust-
ed to the Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center
(JISTEC). In FY 1989, 130 fellowships were available. The following
qualifications are requested: a) doctoral degree in science or engineering,
b) age under 35, c) good English or Japanese language abilities, d) good
health status. Tenures are between 6 and 24 months. The fellowships cover
the travelling expenses, living, family and international relocation
allowance. Appartments will normally be provided, and if the host institute
is located in the Tsukuba area, Japanese language lesson courses are to be
provided free of charge [41]. The procedure to apply for an award is
indicated in Fig. 8.18.

Consult
Foreign Researcher Respqnsiplc
Submit a Iication orgamzatlon

otify Send Letter

cceptancc of Award

Contact
Notify award
Host Institute decision

STA

Fig. S.lS. Procedure to apply for STA Fellowship Award

The contact address is

Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC)

Port One Building 6F
1-7-6 Minato-machi
Tsuchiura, Ibaraki 300
Phone (0298) 24-3355
Fax (0298) 24-3214

Names and addresses of those foreign national organizations entrusted with

consultation to applicants can be found in a leaflet distributed by JISTEC.
MITI and its affiliated institutions also provide several offers to foreign
scientists:
680

- The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

NEDO, offers international joint research grants (since October 1988)[7].

The process of application for international joint research grants is

indicated in Fig. 8.19.

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

Subsidy

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

1. Announcement 2 Application 3. Grant

':,Yrif~;hati6hal
,.-,,'..
' Joi~t Research ·Teams ·
.

Fig. 8.19. Application for International Joint Research Grants with NEDO

There are several conditions for funding, with strong emphasis on coopera-
tion. Thus,
- each team must consist of four or more researchers, from at least two
nationalities,
- the research organizations where the major acitivities of the project take
place must be located in two or more countries.
- each team must appoint from among its members a research plus an
administrative coordinator. The latter must be responsible for accounting
matters and function as the liaison between the team and NEDO. The
administrative coordinator's organization must be located in Japan and
must communicate with NEDO in Japanese about all accounting
matters. The research coordinator can also hold the post of admini-
strative coordinator.
An International Research Collaboration Center was established by NEDO
in April 1989. It offers international research cooperation with research
institutes in other countries. Thus, in 1989 projects with Mexico and China for
the collection of valuable elements from brine water were begun, and with
Canada the hydrocracking of heavy oil and tar sands is being carried out.

Under AIST's Foreign Researcher Invitation Program, foreign researchers will

be invited every year to the institutes of the Agency of Industrial Science and
 681

Technology (AIST)(under the supervISiOn of AISTs International R&D

Cooperation Division, see Chap. 3). The length of invitation will be for
between six months and one year, and AIST will bear travel expenses, living
expenses, housing, family and relocation allowances.

The application process is illustrated in Fig. 8.20.

AIST IRDCD *1 - - - - - 1

AIST IRDCD * t - - - - - j

'-----------1 NEDO IRCC** !es~I:t~~~ (AIST International Center)

* AIST IRDCD: AIST International R&D Cooperation Division

**NEDO IRCC: NEDO International Research Collaboration Center

Fig. 8.20. Application for NEDO International Research Fellowships

Inquiries should be addressed to:

New Energy and Industrial Technology (NEDO)

Head Office
Sunshine 60 Bldg. 28 F
3-1-1 Higashi Ikebukuro
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170, Japan
Phone (03) 3987-9311

In FY 1987 and 1988, 14 researchers per year were already invited under
this program, and NEDO plans to invite 15-20 researchers in fiscal year
1990

The Japan Key Technology Center (Chap. 7) in 1987 has established the
Japan Trust International Research Cooperation Service which, from
operating profits of the charitable Japan Trust Fund, invites 2-4 post-
doctoral researchers from abroad [10]. The visitors are expected to engage
in R&D at a private company over a period of one year or less. From FY
682

1986 to 1989, a total of 12 researchers were invited by the fund. Inquiries

should be directed to:

The Japan Key Technology Center

Ark Mori Bldg. 16F
1-12-30 Akasaka
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107
Phone (03) 3505-6811
Fax (03) 3505-6830

The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF): is co-spon-

soring, since 1960, the Consultative Group on International Research
(CGJAR) and in this framework has co-financed the establishment of 13
research bodies in 3d world countries.

The Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) offers both research funds and
international scholarships to foreigners.

The Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (Monbusho) and its

affilitations are engaged to a large extent in international exchanges, and
offers both funds for cooperative research and scholarships both for students.
The major organization involved in Monbusho scholarships is the:

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

8*$V~j~JJ!~
Nihon Gakujutsu Shinko Kai

Address Yamato Bldg.

5-3-1 Kojimachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Phone (03) 3263-1721
Fax (03) 3237-8238
The organization was founded in 1967 and provi~es

- Fellowships for foreign scientists in general, through Japanese scientists.

Applications are accepted in May and September. Short-term fellowships
are granted to eminent senior scientists for visits up to 4 months (FY 1988:
about 220 fellowships), and long-term fellowships for young researchers
comprise periods of 6 to 12 months (FY 1988: about 65 researchers).
- JSPS Postdoctoral fellowships for foreign researchers to post-doctoral
researchers from France, West-Germany, the United Kingdom, and the
USA. Applications can be made through relevant academic organizations
 683

in these countries, together with prior consent of Japanese host scientists,

the other is directly to JSPS, through Japanese researchers (FY 1988: some
100 fellowships).
- Bilateral exchange programs with foreign institutions, numbering 40 in 29
countries as of April 1988. The cooperation consists a) in the exchange of
visits for young scientists (FY 1988: ca. 250 Japanese and 330 foreign
scientists), b) the co-sponsoring of some 50 joint research projects and 35
seminars.
- Cooperation programs with Southeast Asian countries,
- International joint research projects, for a period of up to 24 months, for
which applications are received in April and May every year (FY 1988: 48
projects),
- International research workshops (FY 1988: 17 workshops),
- Oji International Seminars, supported by the Fujihara Foundation of
Science, for small-scale international scientific meetings with about 50
participants (FY 1988: 2 seminars).

Other activities include:

- A "Japan Exchange and Teaching Program" (JET) which was introduced

in 1987, through cooperation with the Ministries of Foreign Mfairs and of
Home Mfairs. In 1988, 1384 English fellows were invited under this
program in order to improve English classroom teaching in Japan. It is
planned to increase this number to approximately 3000 in the near future;

- Under the management of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of

Science (JSPS), Monbusho in FY 1986 provided fellowships for 3802
students sent abroad and for 2401 foreign scientists received at Japanese
universities and related research institutes. The budget for these programs
totaled 20.5 bill. Yen in FY 1988. The distribution among the continents
is indicated in Table 8.11.

Table 8.11. Exchange of Researchers by Monbusho Programs (FY 1986)

Japanese researchers Foreign researchers

sent overseas received in Japan

Total 3802 2401

Asia 984 1019
Europe 1058 753
USA 1275 525
Other countries 485 84

- Within a large number of cooperative research programs, there are a few

with relation to biotechnology. Thus, a cooperation with the National
684

Science Foundation of the USA (Institute for Molecular Science) consists

on Solar energy conversion by photosynthesis, and a Fund for Overseas
Scientific Research promotes inter-university agreements for joint research
programs, e.g., in cancer research.

- Special programs exist for the cooperation with developing countries,

through
a) the Core University System, in which a Japanese and a foreign core
university formulate a joint R&D project (18 projects as of FY 1988),
b) assistaqce for Ph.D. dissertation for students from ASEAN countries;
in FY 1988,55 researchers were hosted in Japan under this program,
c) cooperation with the United Nations University founded in 1975 for
which a permanent headquarter building in Tokyo is scheduled [36].

8. References

1. Statistics Office, Management and Coordination Agency: Statistical

Handbook of Japan 1988. ISBN 4-8223-0957-6 (E)
2. Keizai Koho Center: Japan 1989 - an International Comparison. Japan
Institute for Social and Economic Affairs, ISBN 4-87605-017-1, 1989 (E)
3. Schmid R D (1986) Biotechnology in Japan 1985. Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 24, 355-365 (E)
4. Nikkei Baioteku, May 22, 1989, P 9 (J)
5. The Japan Development Bank: Annual Report 1989. Brochure, 1989 (E)
6. Baiotekunorojii Sangyouka Sokushin Yushi Bikidou Gainai (Information
about Loans to promote Industrialization in Biotechnology). Handout,
Oct. 9, 1989 (J)
7. NEDO - New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organiza-
tion: Brochure, 1989 (E)
8. NEDO - New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organiza-
tion - Industrial Technology Department: Brochure, 1989 (E)
9. JETRO - Japan External Trade Organization, New Technology Japan
1988 Special Issue: R&D on Marine Biotechnology in Japan. Brochure
ISSN-0385-6542 (E)
10. The Japan Key Technology Center: Brochure, undated (E)
11. Kiban Gijutsu Kenkyuu Sokushin Sentaa (Japan Key Tec Center): Dashii
no Go-annai (Information about Investments). Brochure, undated (J)
12. Kiban Gijutsu Kenkyuu Sokushin Sentaa (Japan Key Tec Center): Yushii
no Go-annai (Information about Loans). Brochure, undated (J)
13. BRAIN - Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution:
A Challenge to the 21st Century - Bio-oriented Technology. Brochure,
undated (E and J)
14. Iyakuhin Fukusayou Higaikyuuzai Kenkyuu Shinkou Kikin: Kenkyuu
Shinkou Jigyou no Gainai (Research The Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief
 685

and Research Promotion Fund: Information about Research Promotion).

Brochure, undated (J)
15. Science and Technology Agency, Collections of the Science Policy
Bureau: Indicators of Science and Technology (1989). ISBN 4-17-
152264-1 (J IE)
16. Fujimura Robert: Biotechnology in Japan (1988). International Trade
Administration, Washington, DC. US Department of Commerce, NTIS
Document PB89-141147 (E)
17. Baioindasutorii Kyoukai: BIDEC '88 Nenkan (1988 BIDEC Yearbook).
BIDEC, Tokyo 1988 (J)
18. AIST - Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of
International Trade and Industry, Japan: Brochure, 1989 (E)
19. Schmid R D: Gentechnik in Japan - Aufwand, Ergebnisse und staatliche
Kontrollen, Jahrbuch Biotechnologie Band 3, Hauser-Verlag Miinchen-
Wien, 1990, ISBN 3-446-15545-7 (G)
20. Statistics Office, Management and Coordination Agency: Raifu Saiensu
Kenkyuu Chousa Hokoku (Report on Life Science Research), May 1990
(J)
21. Ministry of Health and Welfare: Health and Welfare in Japan 1989.
Brochure (E)
22. Riken Kagaku Kenkyuuhou, Raifu Saiensu Tsukuba Kenkyuu Sentaa
(Tsukuba Life Science Center). Brochure, 1989 (J)
23. Umezawa Hamao: Preservation of Genetic Resources - a legacy for our
posterity. Science and Technology in Japan, Oct.-Dec. 1984, pp 8-14 (E)
24. The Japan Federation for Culture Collections: JFCC Catalogue of
Cultures. Catalogue, 4th Edition, 1987 (E/J)
25. Institute for Fermentation, Osaka. Brochure, October 1988 (E)
26. Japan Collection of Microorganisms (1986) Catalogue of Strains.
Catalogue, 3d edition, ISSN 0913-0098 (E)
27. Rikagaku Kenkyuujo - Raifusaiensu Tsukuba Sentaa (RIKEN, Tsukuba
Life Science Center): Saibou Katarogu No.1 and 2, Oct. 1988 and May
1989 (Cell catalogue). Brochure (J)
28. Monbusho - Kokuritsu Idenshigaku Kenkyuujo (National Institute of
Genetics): DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL - DNA Deetabanku (DNA
Databank). Brochure, undated (J)
29. Fermentation Research Institute, AIST: Patent Microorganism Deposi-
tory. Brochure, undated (E/J)
30. National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry & Fisheries: Gene Bank for a more prosperous and fruitful
Future. Brochure, March 1989 (E)
31. Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank (JRCB): Newsletter No. 10,
March 1989 (E)
32. Baioindasutorii Kyoukai: BIDEC '89 Nenkan (BIDEC 1989 Yearbook).
BIDEC, Tokyo 1989 (J)
33. Anon.: Directory of Sources of Japanese Information. EC-Japan Centre
for Industrial Cooperation, Tokyo 1988, ISBN 4-931240-00-3 (E)
34. The Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST), 1989
- 90. Brochure (E)
686

35. nCST The Japan Information Center of Science and Technology: JOIS
Guide, nCST Online Information System. Brochure, 1988 (E)
36. Monbusho - Ministry of Education, Science and Culture: The University
Research System in Japan. Brochure, 1988 (E and J).
37. Nikkei Baioteku: Nikkei Baio-Nenkan 89/90 - kenkyuukaihatsu to shiba-
sangyou doukou (Nikkei Bio Yearbook 89/90: Industrial developments
in R&D and markets). Nikkei BP Co., 1989; ISBN 4-9222-0811-7
38. Anon.: Ankeeto Chousa de mita haiteku e no kimochi to fuan - baio wa
abunai? (Enquete: Feelings and fears about high-tech - is biotechnology
dangerous?). Newton Graphic Science Magazine 9, 76 (Sept. 1989) (J)
39. Science and Technology Agency: Wagakuni no raifusaiensu shin taisaku
(Measures to advance the life sciences in Japan). Leaflet, Tokyo 1989 (J)
40. Science and Technology Agency, Collection of the Science Policy Bureau:
Indicators of Science and Technology (1989).
ISBN 4-17-152264-1 (J/E)
41. Science and Technology Agency, Science and Technology Promotion
Bureau, Tokyo: Science and Technology Agency Fellowship of Japan:
1989 - 90. Brochure (E).

(E) English
(J) Japanese
(G) German
Chapter 9

Science Cities and Regional Developments

1. Introduction: Japan - An Economic Giant with Regional

Problems
Japan has a central government organization, and the centralized coordination
of industry and research is a major factor in the economic success of Japan's
international trade.

The country's domestic development is also subject to central control. The 4th
National Development Plan of 1987 [1], however, does not so much reflect
the country's major economic successes, but rather the cracks in the
foundation of the Japanese industrial giant:

- high levels of friction mark the trade relationships with the USA and the
European community, both major export targets;
- a pernicious recession in the heavy industries is the source of worries
concerning a structural crisis;
- the steady, sometimes enormous upward evaluation of the Yen compared
to the US dollar has disrupted the competitiveness of importent industries,
e.g., electronics and chemicals, such that the number of bankruptcy cases
in these sectors has reached unusually high levels;
- increasing wages bills (they are amongst the highest in the world) is
pushing Japanese business into heavy competition with the low-wage
countries in the Pacific region;
- the country exodus to the towns is galloping faster and faster. Although this
has enabled the major conurbation centers in the country, in particular
Greater Tokyo, to expand into international centers for finance, trade, and
technology it has also catalyzed the worst housing price explosion in the
history of Japan (Tokyo: 250% in 2 years)(cynics say that the money to
buy all property in Greater Tokyo could instead buy the whole of the USA
including Alaska but without Hawaii - where the influence of the Japanese
is already dominant anyway). Notwithstanding a "no future" feeling amongst
the inhabitants of conurbations, whose dream of home-ownership is being
688

dashed by the price spiral, in the provinces whole tracts of land are in
danger of falling barren.

Against this background it is hardly surprising that the Japanese government

has been steadfastly following a policy of regionalization for several years.
The philosophy behind this is simple: many-high tech sectors (e.g., microelec-
tronics, new materials, biotechnology) have strong growth and are easier to
place in the regions than heavy industry. By offering public incentives this
trend is to be controlled, the exodus from the country to the cities limited
leading to amelioration of the overpopulation of the "Pacific Industrial Belt".
This regionalization is also intended to raise domestic demand, and so reduce
trading friction with foreign countries. The results cannot be regarded as fully
satisfactory to date. Despite two thirds of all new industries having actually
settled outside of the major conurbations since the 3rd National Development
Plan (1974), the flood towards the three major industrial centers of Tokyo,
Osaka, and Nagoya has continued unabated [2].

Within the techno-scientific environment, which in Japan is subject to a high

degree of government influence, current indicators do appear to show that the
government will be successful over the long term in regionalizing even Japan's
economy: the science city of Tsukuba near Tokyo has become attractive,
around 100 companies have already settled in industrial parks; Kansai Science
City, a second science city in the area of Greater Osaka/Kyoto, is under
construction and the responsible ministry, MIT!, has joined with the
prefectures and local industry to construct a total of, to date, 24 "Technopo-
lis" towns on the Japanese islands.

2. Tsukuba, Tokyo's Science City

At the start of the 1960s it was already apparent that the city of Tokyo was
becoming obsolete as a location for the many state funded research institutes:
there was no longer sufficient space available for the necessary expansion;
science and technology was becoming increasingly interdisciplinary - an
exacerbating problem of organization and finance in a pulsating metropolis
with its chronic traffic problems and extraordinarily high prices for land and
rent.

It was against this background that the Ikeda government resolved in 1961 to
move and rebuild a major proportion of the research institutes located in
Tokyo in the vicinity of 4 small towns and a village approximately 60 km
north east of the capital city - from the roots upwards. The name of this
science city was drawn from a small mountain in the region, mount Tsukuba
(876m) (Fig. 9.1) [3,4].
 689

Fig. 9.1. Mount Tsukaba and Tsukuba Science City (around 1970)
(Courtesy TEAM Co. and Tsukuba Council for Promotion)

When, in the summer of 1987, 26 years after the original cabinet resolution
(see "milestones" in Table 9.1), the first science city in Japan was granted city
rights, a complex had been brought to fruition unique the world over [9, 10]:
on a 28 560 hectare site, which is in fact half that of neighboring Tokyo,
150 000 people had been settled - of which 40 000 belong to the research
core. In a construction period spanning only 9 years an area of land 6 x 18 km
had seen the erection of 47 public research institutes under the umbrella of
9 ministries; around 40% of all Japanese scientists in state employ are to be
found in these major research establishments.
The University of Tsukuba was founded in 1973 (today it has 9000 students
and 1400 faculty members in 4 faculties) and was an important step towards
linking research and education. Tsukuba is also considered a first trial of the
compatibility of the American university structure with the Japanese culture,
where the Confucianistic respect of tradition and age appears still to be closer
to the European professorial system).
690

Table 9.1. Milestones during the construction of Tsukuba

1961 Ikeda cabinet commissions feasibility study,

1963 28 560 ha land are earmarked, including 2700 ha as "Science City",
1965 beginning of construction (infrastructure measures),
1968 erection of first research institute,
1972 first research group transfered from Tokyo to Tsukuba,
1973 foundation of Tsukuba University,
1980 43 institutes are completed and in operation,
1985 Tsukuba counts 150 000 inhabitants,
1985 Tsukuba Expo '85 with 20 million visitors; completion of highway Tsukuba-Tokyo,
1987 more than 80 companies have settled in 3 industrial parks,
1987 Tsukuba University has 8000 students in 4 faculties,
1987 Tsukuba obtains city rights.

Tables 9.2 and 9.3 provide information on these 47 major research establish-
ments, their tasks and functions [5].
Table 9.2. Universities and Public ResearcJt Institutes in Tsukuba

Science and Technology Agency (STA): Tsukuba Center for Institutes, The Japan Information
Center of Science and Technology(JICST), Tsukuba Life Science Center of The Institute of
Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), National Research Institute for Metals, National
Research Center for Disaster Prevention, National Institute of Research in Inorganic Materials
Science, The National Space Development Agency of Japan

Environmental Agency (EA): The National Institute for Environmental Studies

Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (Monbusho): University of Tsukuba, University

of Library and Information Science, National Education Center Annex (70 000 participants per
year), Tsukuba Botanical Garden and National Science Museum, National Laboratory for High
Energy Physics

Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW): Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, Tsukuba
Medicinal Plant Research Station, National Institute of Hygienic Science

Ministy of Agriculture, Forestry, and YJShery (MAFF): Tsukuba Office, Agriculture, Forestry,
and Fisheries Research Secretariat, National Center for Seeds and Seedlings, National
Agriculture Research Center, National Institute of Agro-Biological Resources, National Institute
of Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Animal Industry, Fruit Tree Research
Station, National Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Sericultural Experiment Station
(silkworm studies), National Institute of Animal Health, National Food Research Institute,
Tropical Agriculture Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI): Tsukuba Administration Office, Agency
of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), National Research Laboratory of Meteorology,
Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, Fermentation
Research Institute, Research Institute for Polymers and Textiles, Geological Survey of Japan,
Electrotechnical Laboratory, Industrial Products Research Institute, National Research Institute
for Pollution and Resources

Ministry of Transport: Meteorological Instruments Plant, Meteorological Research Institute,

Aerological Observatory
 691

Ministry of Construction: Geographical Survey Institute, Public Works Research Institute,

Building Research Institute, Tsukuba Academic City Government Buildings Management Center

Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Tsukuba International Center, Tsukuba International Agricultural

Training Center, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Table 93. Statistics of the Public Research Institutes in Tsukuba (as of 1984)[5]

Ministry, Agency Number of Number of Area (ha)

institutes employees

Science and Technology 5 558 119

Agency
Environment Agency 1 249 28
Ministry of Education 5 4036 481
Ministry of Health 2 26
and Welfare
Ministry of Agriculture, 13 2225 421
Forestry, and Fisheries
Ministry of International
Trade and Industry 10 2594 140
Ministry of Transport 3 247 53
Ministry of Foreign 2 37 5
Affairs
Ministry of Posts and 1 149 22
Telecommunication
Ministry of 3 1295 164
Construction

Total 45 11416 1447

Field Number of Number of Area (ha)

institutes employees

Education 7 4073 486

Construction 5 1539 213
Engineering 17 3549 302
Biology 15 2255 446

Total 45 11416 1447

* the data differ slightly from more recent data [9]

Particularly impressive are the research complexes of the Ministry for Interna-
tional Trade and Industry (MIT!) (Fig. 9.2), the Ministry for Agriculture,
Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF) (Fig. 9.3) and the Science and Technology
Agency (STA).
692

Fig. 9.2. AIST Research Complex in Tsukuba Science City (MITI)

(Courtesy MITI/AIST)

Fig. 93. MAFF Research Complex in Tsukuba Science City (Courtesy MAFF)
 693

As discussed in Chap. 3, MIT! is traditionally responsible for the central

coordination of industry and business (for example, the collation and presen-
tation of business and technology information drawn from all over the world).
The responsibilities of the MIT! are reflected in the objectives of the 10 MIT!
research institutes in Tsukuba: textile and synthetics research, chemistry and
fermentation, microelectronics, machine construction.

The MAFF contrasts in being responsible for the coordination and central
development tasks stemming from agriculture, agrochemistry, and the food
industry. Eleven of nineteen research institutes of this ministry are in
Tsukuba (and 75% of all research personnel of the MAFF) [5]. The primary
tasks here differ from those of the USA or Western Europe because
agriculture in Japan has a completely different structure [6], characterized by
the intensive cultivation of high-value products on small plots of land (Table
9.4):

Table 9.4. Selected Data on the Agriculture of Japan, the USA, W.-Germany, France, UK, and
Italy

USA Japan W.-Germany France UK Italy

Inhabitans (mill., 1988) 246.33 122.61 61.20 55.87 57.08 57.44

Area (1000 km2) 9373 378 249 547 245 301
Inhabitants/km 26 324 246 102 233 191
Farm land (1000 km 2) 6321 55 121 312 186 172
Persons employed in
agriculture (mill. 1984) 3.14 4.61 1.21 1.54 0.61 1.91
ha Agricultural land per
farmer 137.3 1.2 9.9 20.2 29.9 9.0

Against this background it is understandable that the introduction of

biotechnological methods is moving quickly through Japanese agriculture. An
example is the transfer of research results in, for example, cell culture
techniques or cell fusion, to actual agricultural production of high-value
products; this has already been achieved in many cases [7]: with "virus-free
seeds" (produced from heat treated cell or' anther cultures of regenerated
plants) "virus-free strawberries" have been produced in 40 of the 47
prefectures, "virus-free carnations" in 12 prefectures and ''virus-free grapes" in
7 - all products with the added bonus of improved aroma and longer storage
life. The improvement of diverse types of vegetable using cell fusion and cell
culture techniques is being strongly advanced, see Table 9.5.
694

Table 95. Breeding Methods under Investigation in Japan (Selection, after [8])

Product Breeding Method·

Asparagus AC
Peas AC
Radish MC,CF
Sweet Potatoes CF
Tomatoes AC,MC
Aubergines (Eggplant) CF
Spinach CF
Soybeans MC
Rye MC
Strawberries AC,MC,CF
Apples AC,MC, CF
Persimon AC
Citrus Fruits AC,MC
Peaches MC
Cherries MC,CF
Grapes MC,CF
Tea AC

* AC = anther culture, MC = meristeme culture, CF = cell fusion

Another example is fish farming (the average American eats 112 kg of meat
but only 7 kg of fish per annum (1982), the average Japanese eats 36 kg of
fish but only 24 kg of meat (1984» [1]. The cloning of the salmon growth
hormone by Kyowa Hakko and the resulting increased growth rate of between
100 and 300% after feeding this preparation to various types of fish much
loved by the Japanese cuisine has fanned the fantasy of fish farmers in many
prefectures throughout the country.

Investigations are also underway in many prefectures into the use of

bioreactors (immobilized enzymes or microorganisms) for the production of
sake, vinegar, wine, and other substances (Table 9.6 [8]).

Table 9.6. Bioreactors investigated for the Production of Agricultural Products (selection,after
Ref. [8])

Continuous production* of Prefecture

Wine Hokkaido, Akita, Aichi, Shimano

Cider Nagano
Fruit liquor Gifu
Sake Akita, Saitama, Niigata, Mie
Industry-use alcohol Yamaguchi, Kumamoto
Wine vinegar Toyama, Aichi, Shimano, Yamaguchi
Fruit vinegar Aomori, Toyama, Gifu
Pickle aroma Saitama

* with immobilized microorganisms, partially after cell fusion

 695

As discussed in Chap. 7, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries

organized several research associations between foodstuff and agrochemical
companies during recent years with the intent of putting these methods into
practice on a broad scale. A research association of 43 companies (and the
Food Research Institute of the Ministry in Tsukuba) has been actively
working since 1984, for example, on the use of bioreactors to develop an
improved processing technique in the production of foodstuffs. Moreover, the
MAFF has just founded an additional research association to investigate the
control of these new processes using biosensors.

The area of land under agriculture is very limited, thereby forcing the
cultivation of high-value products. Moreover, Japanese villages with their
traditional cooperatives are an ideal medium for high-tech developments.

The eleven central research institutes of the MAFF use a national computer
network (Agricultural, Forestry, and Fisheries Information Center, Chap. 8)
to provide information from the Tsukuba center (there are currently on-line
links to 5 of the 7 regional research stations). The MAFF also provides
further training for the personnel of regional research stations (1978 - 1985:
121 people cumulative) and also private or public establishments (1978 -
1985: 97 people cumulative) [9].

The Science and Technology Agency (STA) is the intermediary between the
other competing ministries. The STA has its own renowned institutes in
Tokyo (for example, the famous Physical and Chemical Research Institute,
RIKEN). In Tsukuba the STA has also set up a station of the Japanese
Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST), the largest Japane-
se scientific database, involving currently around 500 000 entries per annum
(Chap. 8). In the RIKEN Tsukuba Life Science Center Japan's only P4-class
laboratory was set up and, following lengthy discussions with local representa-
tives, put into operation at the P3 safety level (Chap. 4).

Anyone visiting Tsukuba towards the end of the 1970s was able to feel some
disharmony between the courageous concept and a certain uneasiness of the
scientists dispatched to this outstation. Certainly, the outstanding equipment
levels at the institutes impressed as much as the experience of a "city straight
off the drawing board"; the campusses (Fig. 9.4) draw on their American
counterparts and explode all myths held by visitors on "tightly packed Japan";
the number of tennis courts and cycle paths has no equal in Japan.

On the other hand, talks with scientists from Tsukuba and their family
members during this early period showed repeatedly that the large distance
from Tokyo (e.g., to the ministries 2 hours travel time both ways) and the
virtual absence of infrastructure (restaurants, art exhibitions, etc.) were hard
to accept by these "exiles", used to the cosmopolitan levels of Tokyo, leading
as a result to the feeling that they were living comfortably but in a "scientific
ghetto".
696

Fig. 9.4. Tsukuba Downtown Area - Different from most other Japanese Cities (Courtesy
TEAM Co., Tsukuba Promotion Council)

A decade later hardly any traces of this attitude are detectable. The city is
easily accessible by train, bus and car, and the local sports and leisure
facilities have attracted many young people (for example, the closeness of the
Nikko National Park and the second largest lake in Japan, Lake Tsuchiura,
both easily accessible on uncongested roads far from Tokyo). Tsukuba is a
young town, the average age of its scientists and professors is below that of
traditional universities and many successes of the institutes and the young
university have been recognized in the media, reinforcing the feeling of
belonging to a new elite.

Since the beginning of the 1980s, around 100 companies have established
research laboratories and information offices within an area of 200 hectares
in the town (predominantly in the 3 industrial parks). These companies
include major Japanese and foreign firms such as Mitsubishi, Sumitomo,
Fujitsu, Takeda, Upjohn, leI, and Texas Instruments Japan (Table 9.7).

The local market for restaurants and leisure has been boosted by the
employees of these companies. The decisive thrust for the interlinking of
Tsukuba with the neighboring metropolis came in 1985, however, with the
Tsukuba Expo, a world exposition of research and technology which attracted
more than 20 million visitors. Ever since then there has been a motorway link
to Tokyo, and connections to the excellent train and bus network in Japan
substantially improved.
 697

Table 9.7. Companies in the Tsukuba Science Parks (1988)

Tokodai Research Center: Eisai (Pharmaceuticals), Fujisawa (Pharmaceuticals), Nippon

Chemiphar (Pharmaceuticals), Nippon Paper and Pulp (Paper), Nippon Plate Glas (O-
ptoelectronics), Intel Japan (Electronics), Ushio Electrics (Electronics), INA New Civil
Engineering Research Center (Civil Engineering), Nittoku Construction (Civil Engineering),
Tokyo Wood Mutual Market (Wood). Companies < 1 ha: Kyowa Consultants, Nippon Oils and
Fats, Kensetsukikaku, Ibaraki Society of Pharmacists, Hitachi Electronics, Shosan Handel,
Daisan Industries, Ascal, Arbak BTU, Tsukuba Research Consortium (14 companies)

Technology Park West: NEC (Electronics), Nihon Texas Instruments (Electronics), Yamazaki
Mazak (Electronics), Sankyo (Electronics), Yamanouchi (pharmaceuticals), Amano
(Pharmaceuticals), Daicel (Chemicals, Electronics, Biotechnology), Nippon Synthetic Rubber
(Chemicals, Biotechnology), Hodogaya (Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Agrochemicals), Kuraray
(Chemicals), Rinnay (Gases), Fujikin (Precision Instruments)

Technology Park North: Takeda (Pharmaceuticals), Upjohn (Pharmaceuticals), Sumitomo

Chemicals (Chemicals, Biotechnology), Tokuyama Soda (Chemicals, Biotechnology), Sekisui
Chemicals Ind. (Chemicals, Electronics), Hitachi Chemicals (Chemicals), Toyo Ink (Chemicals),
Teisan (Gases), Nihon Vacuum Technology (Vacuum Technology), Nihon Semiconductors
(Electronics), Tateishi Electric (Electronics)

Companies in other Technology Parks of Tsukuba: Nippon Map Center (Maps, aerial
photographs), Kenchiku Hozen Center (Civil Engineering), Kensetsu Technical Center (Civil
Engineering), Fanac (Software, Electronics), Kowa (Medical instrumentation), Mitsubishi
Electric (Information, Researchment), Kobe Steel (Information), Sanyo Electric (Researc-
hment), Hokusan (Equipment), Tohoku Kinzoku Industry (Equipment), Chodai E and C Center
(Software), Okumura (Civil Engineering), Toda Kensetsu (Civil Engineering), Saikomu
(Software), Pacific Consultants (Civil Engineering), Kyoritsu Trading (Veterinary supplies),
Kyowa Technology (Civil Engineering), Nippon Mechtron (Chemicals), Kawasaki Heavy
Industry (Information), Chikei Electric (Information), Tsukuba Technology Res. (Wind, Water,
Environment), Takasu Seisakusho (Equipment), Mitsubishi Trading (Information), Falcom
Hitac (Cooperation with Hitachi, Fujitsu), Nippon DEC (Computer), NAK (Video-Technology),
Fujitsu (Computer, Information), Shimadzu (Equipment), Kimoto (Aerial photographs), Daia
Color (Phototechnology)

Some 30 years after commencement of planning one hears that the "Tsukuba
experiment" has succeeded - the best sign of this is its being copied in other
regions. However, it is agreed that the teething phase was a long one - reason
enough for the MITI to take a slightly different approach in its planning of
the new science centers.

3. Science Cities in the Kyoto/Osaka Region: Kansai Science City

and the Semi Technology Park
For many centuries Japan was subject to the tug of war between East and
West: on the one hand, there is the Kansai plain, steeped in tradition, with
the ancient imperial cities of Nara and Kyoto, as well as the mercantile and
698

industrial metropolis of Osaka, and, on the other hand, Kamakura on the

Kanto plain - the warring capital during the Middle Ages - and Edo (now
Tokyo), which for the last 400 years has been the center of politics, business,
and administration. Following Japanese unification in 1600, after a long
drawn out and painful civil war, the government placed a high priority on
creating a balance to these two power centers - and in today's world this
political will is reinforced by the problems created in an overpopulated
Tokyo. Hardly surprising then that in the greater Osaka/Kyoto area, seat of
many famous universities, research institutes and successful industrial
enterprises, the establishment of a "Tsukuba in Kansai" had been under
consideration for a long time.
In November 1981 the decision was finally made: in a rural region between
Kyoto, Nara, and Osaka, near the Keihanna mountains around Nara, the
Kansai Science City is being built covering an overall area of around 16 000
hectares, including 8 "Culture and Science Clusters" totalling 2500 hectares,
and in total size approximately equal to the science city district of Tsukuba
[10]. In addition, the plans envisage the location of a "Bio Park" covering
some 850 hectares [11] in Senri, the northwestern djstrict of the city of
Osaka, already characterized by a favorable infrastructure.

Kansai Science City

Kyoto - in English "the capital" - has always laid claim to be the cultural
center of Japan, even after the emperor moved to Tokyo in the year 1869.
The "Kansai Science City", in contrast to Tsukuba, is therefore intended to
carry the cultural heritage of Japan married with "high tech" into the 21st
century.

A short 9 years after the first conference discussing the "Kansai Science City"
(see milestones in Table 9.8) an area of 2540 hectares is now the site for
construction work on a large number of research establishments, including the
"Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International", the
"International Institute for Advanced Studies", and the "Research Institute of
Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)" (Fig. 9.5).

Table 9.8. Milestones during the Construction of Kansai Science City

1978 The local government commisions a first study,

1979 The National Land Agency starts planning,
1981 The Keihanna mountains are selected as location,
1983 Foundation of Kansai Science City Association,
1984 Foundation of the first institute (International Institute for Advanced Studies),
1985 Groundbreaking ceremony of Kansai Science City,
1985 Foundation of the Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International,
1986 Doshisha University, Doshisha Womens' College and Kyoto Flower Center are opened,
1986 Foundation of the Kansai Research Institute.
1988 Foundation of NEDO's "Ion Engim;ering Institute"
 699

Fig. 95.Map of Kansai Science City Location

Planning is not limited to education, science, and culture, but also new
lifestyles and leisure. Table 9.9 shows an outline of how the eight clusters of
the Kansai Science City will look in around 10 years time.

Table 9.9. Outline of Kansai Science City

Total area ca.16000 ha

Culture and Science Research District ca. 3000 ha
Inhabitants ca. 350 000
Culture and Science Research District ca. 20 000
700

Research Ousters
City/village Prefecture Area Buildings Activities
ha

Tanabe Kyoto 100 100 research, teaching

South Tanabe/Komada 340 130 research, leisure
SeikafWest Kizu 490 170 research, culture information
Kizu 740 210 research, industry
Himuro-Tsuda Osaka 200 open research, teaching, industry
Fugenji Kyoto open open research
Takayama Nara open open research, teaching
North Tahara Nara open open industry
Tahara Osaka 130 20 research, education, teaching
Kiyotaki- Osaka 340 open education, leisure
Muroake
Heijo Palace Nara 200 open history, culture
Site
Heijo Soraku Kyoto, 610 open service
NewTown Nara

Senri Technology Park

In Senri, a north eastern suburb of Osaka, the excellent infrastructure left by

EXPO 1970 is to be exploited for the construction of research institutes.
Today, many large institutes are located on an area of 850 hectares, inclu-
ding the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, the Research Institute
for Microbial Diseases, and the Protein Research Institute. Two medical
universities are almost completed. Additions and extensions will develop
Senri to a centre for the life sciences [11]: for example OBI, the Osaka
Bioresearch Institute, which concerns itself with biomedical problems (Chap.
4), and the privately co-funded Protein Engineering Research Institute, in
which 12 companies from the pharmaceutical, fermentation, and computer
industries have joined together on an space of 8500 square meters to develop
new proteins straight from the drawing board (chapter 4). The Senri
Technology Park is already the site for research laboratories belonging to
major Osaka companies, such as Tanabe Seiyaku, Suntory, and Ohtsu
Pharmaceuticals. Life science-related developments will be concentrated in
the Senri LF complex (Fig. 9.6).

Perhaps Senri will never reach the importance held by Tsukuba: despite this,
Osaka is a rich industrial city, and the "Senri Life Science Center Foundati-
on", founded in 1988 to construct a technology center, quickly built up equity
of 1.45 bill. Yen - 3 times that of the "Tsukuba Research and Technology
Center Foundation" founded at the same time. Appropriately, at its opening
in April 1991, the Senri Life Science Center will offer almost 50 000 square
meters of usable floor space spread over a six hectare site, i.e., the five-fold
of its competition in Tsukuba. Adding the potential of the Kansai Science City
to that of the neighboring Senri Technology Park, it is beyond doubt that the
 701

Fig. 9.6.The Senri LF complex (model)

(Courtesy of Senri Life Science Development Association)

interlinking of existing with new research establishments will raise the greater
Osaka/Kyoto area to an outstanding infrastructure for science and technology.

4. MITI's Technopolis Plan

"Rural serenity in the city and urban activity in the country" - this was the
slogan with which the MITI, Ministry for International Trading and Industry,
presented its Technopolis concept in 1980 [2,12]. The background of this pro-
gram has been mentioned previously. Its most important objectives:

- modernization of regional industrial companies,

- regional settlement of high-tech companies,
- founding of venture companies,
- technology transfer between diverse industrial sectors, and
- improvement of the education of engineers and technicians in regional
companies.

The first draft in 1980 envisaged the founding of new cities in rural regions
- along the lines of Tsukuba. Plans saw around 50 000 inhabitants on an area
of 2000 hectares. Surprisingly, however, the Mm tender did not bring
responses only from regional administrations, but rather within only a few
months 38 provincial towns had put themselves forward as candidates. Thus,
the concept was modified: The Technopolis legislation (March 1983) foresees
702

a university town providing the core of a "Technopolis". One of its suburbs

will be expanded to an industrial park, with integration of research and
development, production, education, and residential sectors. The conditions
for candidacy are very precise. The requirements include:

- a minimum 130 hectare overall site,

- a minimum 150000 population,
- a university already offering activities in high tech areas,
- companies with the potential for high tech developments,
- space for new industrial and residential areas, and
- good links to the rapid urban transport facilities.

Towns in the major conurbations are excluded from application.

The primary objective is to modernize local industry by the use of electronics,

mechatronics, or modern methods of plant and animal management, because
in contrast to the establishment of "frontier" technologies these measures will
lead to the desired expansion of the domestic market and thus help in
reducing Japan's trading friction with the USA and the European Economic
Community, whereas the promotion of venture companies would again be
aimed at the conquering of international markets.

In 1984, a mere year after the first publication of the ''Technopolis Law", 14
Technopolis development plans were approved - a figure now standing at 24.
For an overview of locations see Fig. 9.7, for objectives Table 9.10 [13].
In these Technopolis projects the government sees the regional administration
combining with local industry to take the initiative and bear the major share
of development costs. The central administration (the MIT!, the Japan De-
velopment Bank, and others) will provide support in the form of planning aid,
infrastructure methods - in particular transport (fast trains, motorways,
airports), environmental protection, education, and initial funding. The
"Research Core Project", of May 1986, saw the legislative and financial
prerequisites for the above being further expanded. Regional administrations,
local industry, and the MITI will cooperate on:

- measures for the construction of research institutes on lease (the expense

of initial equipping will be subsidized with 13% special write-offs,
reductions in local tax, etc.),
- the organization and funding of training measures,
- the erection of communication centers (computer and data centers,
exhibition and conference buildings),
- the preparation of attractive conditions to entice venture and service
companies (consultants, lawyers, financial advisors).

These measures will be financed for the most part by the region in question
and local industry; the very modest start aid proposed by the central
administration (1986 for example: 1.1 bill. Yen for development projects in
 703

Fig. 9.7.Map of the "Technopolis" Locations

Table 9.10. Outl ine of 24 "Technopol is" plans
'-I
0
Prefecture Region Area Largest Largest Targets Status -1>0
(m.mber of (1000 ha) local city local
existing universities
conmunities)

Hokkaido Hakodate 96 Hakodate Hokkaido Univ. EL, MECH, BID Technology Center,
(4) 320 000 "New Town" plan established

Aomori Aomori 134 Aomori Hirosaki Univ. EL, MECH, BID, Technology Center,
(8) 288 000 MAT, SOFT, SYS Technopark Aomori in operation

Iwate Kitakami 118 Morioka Iwate Univ., EL, MECH, BID Industry Center,
Becken (6) 235 000 Iwate Med. Coll. Technopark in operation

Akita Akita 91 Akita Akita Univ. EL, MECH, BID, Technology Center in operation
(3) 285 000 MAT, EN

Miyagi Sendai·North 80 Sendai Tohoku Univ., EN, MAT, BID 21st Century Plaza in operation
(6) 700 000 Tohoku Gakuin Univ.

Yamagata Yamagata 128 Yamagata Yamagata Univ. MECH, BIO, FASH Technology Center in operation
(6) 245 000

Fukushima Koriyama 115 Koriyama Nippon Univ. EL, MAT, BID Technology Center,
(6) 286 000 "New Town" plan established

Ni igata Nagaoka 26 Nagaoka Nagaoka Inst. FASH, DES Technology and Information Center
(1 ) 180 000 Sci. Technol. "New Town" Plan established

Tochigi Utsunomiya 57 Utsunomiya Utsunomiya Univ. EL, MECH, FINE, Technopolis Information Center,
(4) 378 000 MAT, SOFT Industry park established

Shizuoka Hamamatsu 65 Hamamatsu shizuoka Univ. OP, MECH, CULT Electronics, Medical Instrument Center
(5) 491 000 Hamamatsu Med. Coll. in operation, technology Cluster
under planning

Toyama Toyama 73 Toyama Toyama Univ., MECH, BID, MAT Technology, Life Science, High-Tech
(4) 305 000 Toyama Med. Pharm. Centers completed, "New Town" Plan
College in progress
Okayama Kibikogen 138 Okayama Okayama Univ., EL, MECH, BIO, Technology Center, Biotech Research
(8) 546 000 Okayama Sci. Univ. MED Center completed
Hi roshima Hiroshima 68 Kureshi Hiroshima Univ. EL, MECH, BIO, Frontier Tech Center completed
(5) 235 000 MAT
Yamaguchi Ube 105 Ube Yamaguchi Univ. EL, MECH, BIO, Technology Center, New Materials
(8) 169 000 MAT, MAR Research Center, "Academia Town"
and "Techno· Road" plans completed
Kagawa Kagawa 62 Takamatsu Kagawa Univ., MECH, BIO, SOFT, Technology Center in operation
( 12) 317 000 Kagawa Med. Univ. MAT
Fukuoka, Kurune, 31 Kurune Kurune Techn. MECH, FINE, FASH Information Center,Technopark
Saga Tosu (7) 217 000 Univ.,Kurune Univ. BIO Plan completed
Nagasaki Pan-Ohnura 69 Sasebo Nagasak i Uni v. , EL, MECH, MAT, Investigation Center, Technopark
Bay (6) 251 000 Nagasaki Univ. of EN, MAR Plan completed
Gen. Sciences
Ooita Kenhoku 123 Ooita Ooita Univ., EL, MECH, BIO, Technology Development Center
East (19) 360 000 Ooita Med. College SOFT Education Center completed
Kumamoto Kumamoto 96 Kumamoto Kumamoto Univ., INS, BIO, INF Electronics Technolgy Center
(16) 526 000 Kumamoto Techn. Univ. in operation
Miyazaki Miyazaki 87 Miyazaki Miyazaki Univ. EL, BIO Development Center, Science Park
(7) 265 000 Miyazaki Med. Coll. Plan completed
Kagoshima Kokubun 132 Kagoshima Kagoshima Univ. EL, MECH, BIO Fine Ceramics Development Center,
Hayato (14) 505 000 Kyushu Gakuin Univ. MAT Technology Center, Technopark Plan
completed
Nagano Asama n.i. Nagano Nagano Univ. MECH, BIO Ueda Research Park, Sakaki
( 10) 333 000 Techno Center completed
Yamanashi Kohfu n.i. Kohfu Kohfu Univ. EL, MECH, SOFT 21st Century Park, Industrial
(21) 203 000 Technology Center completed

EL Microelectronics MAR Marine research

BIO Biotechnology INS Instruments ......
Mech Mechatronics MED Medical Equipment 0
C11
MAT New materials FASH Fashion
SOFT Software development DES Design
706

central Japan, 405 mill. Yen for development projects on Hokkaido) are sup-
ported by intense consultation based on experience and knowledge gained
during the building of Tsukuba and Kansai Science City. Many Technopolis
towns are already witness to the first building measures (examples: Figs. 9.8 -
9.12, Table 9.11) [14-17].

Fig. 9.8. Kumamoto Technopolis (Courtesy Technopolis Promotion Room, Kumamoto)

Fig. 9.9. Kurume Technopolis, Kurume Research Park (1989)

(Courtesy Technopolis Promotion Room, Kurume)
 707

Fig. 9.10. Sendai Northern Cluster Technopolis Area, around 1987

(Courtesy Sendai Northern Cluster Business Development Association)

Fig. 9.11. Miyagi TechnoPlaza Research Center in Sendai Northern Cluster Technopolis Area,
opened April 1990 (Courtesy TechnoPlaza Miyagi Co., Sendai)
708

F"Jg. 9.12 Kibikogen City under Development, around 1988

(Courtesy Okayama Prefecture Planning Office)

Table 9.11. First Results of the "Technopolis Plan"

New Research Institutes: Nagaoka Regional Technology Development Center (1984),

Hamamatsu Institute for Mechatronics Technology (1984), Kibi Plateau New Science Center
(1985), Kumamoto Applied Electronics Mechanical Technology Institute (1985)

NewUniversitiesfFaculties: Hamamatsu University of Industrial Information (1987), Shizuoka

University School of Optoelectronics (1984), Toyama National Junior College (1986), Ube
Tokyo University of Science (1987), Kurume Industrial University (1985), Kumamoto University
School of Pharmacy (1985)

New Education Centers: Toyama Information Education Center (1984), Ohita "Softpark" (1986),
Kokubu Information Processing Center (1986)

New Science Towns (under construction): Akita New City (completed around 1995), Kibi
Plateau New City (completed around 2007), Miyazaki Research Park, Kumamoto Techno-
Research Park

Completion dates vary case by case, with the spread going from around 1995
to the year 2000 and beyond.
 709

Thus, in a concerted way, various ministries interact to make rural develop-

ment proceed smoothly. Some measures among many:

1. The Ministry of Finance, through the Japan Development Bank (Chap. 8),
in FY 1988 has spent 147 bill. Yen for Regional Development,

2. Starting from FY 1988, the Science and Technology Agency (STA) has
started to implement its Regional High Technology Network Project
(Fig. 9.13)[18].

Regions (Regional Research Information Network) Tsukuba Science City (Tsukuba Research Information Network)
-
,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - ........................ - • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NatiOn""aI- ExPeri';e~t~1 .
Prefectural Offices etc
: Research Interchange Center and Research Bodies

Host Computer Host Computer

Public Experimental
National Experimental
and Research Bodies
and Research Boches

Functions Functions
1.ElectronlC Mall
1. Electronic Mall ,' , 2 Electronic Bulletin
2.Electronlc Bulletin ,
Boards I-T~e-Ie-Ph-o-ne.,..j Boards
3 Data Bases , Lines I 3 Data Bases
Tsukuba University :
Telephone
Lines

Other Research Other Research

Facilities Facilities

L.J:~f==:=:--.J I

,L ...Personal Computer Terminals

_ _ _ ... _ ... ... ... ... ... ... _ ... _ ... ...... ... ... ... _
I
...... __ ... _ ... __ I
,l Personal
_____________ ____ Computer
_____ Terminals'
_ _ _ _ .J

Fig. 9.13. STA's Regional High-Tech Network Project

3. Monbusho has, in FY 1987 and 1988, established the first 8 Centers for
Cooperative Research in the framework of local universities, in order to
provide a stimulus for local R&D (Chap. 5).

4. MAFF has strongly promoted regional R&D projects based on biotech-

nology through its BRAIN program (Chap. 7). At present, there are more
than 20 MAFF supported R&D projects of this kind throughout the nation.

5. MIT!, through JBA (Chap. 7), has started to interact with the "Regional
Biotechnology Association Network" by conducting a nation-wide survey on
bioindustry and by jointly organizing an "All-Japan Biotechnology Associa-
tion Forum" in October, 1989. The regional networks involved are listed
in Table 9.12.
710

Table 9.12 Regional Biotechnology Association Networks in Japan

Region Name Established

Hokkaido Hokkaido Bio·Industry Center (HOBlC) April,1985

Tohoku Tohoku Bio-Industry Promotion Council March,1988
Chubu Chubu Bioindustry Promotion Council July, 1986
Kinki Kinki Bioindustry Promotion Conference March, 1985
Chugoku Chugoku Bioindustry Techno-Forum July, 1986
Shikoku Shikoku Technology Promotion Center Sept., 1984
Kyushu Kyushu Industrial Technology Center June, 1985
Bioindustry Committee
Okinawa Regional Industry and Technology Promotion April,1982
Association, Biomass Research Committee

The results are encouraging, and the local administrations strongly support
the governmental initiatives. In a recent survey about biotechnology in the
Japanese prefectures [7], the following results were oQtained (Table 9.13):
Table 9.13. Biotechnology in Prefectural and Local Research Centers

Prefecture Research Personnel*

Centers*

Hokkaido 6 38
Aomori 3 13
Miyagi 2 11
Akita 3 9
Yamagate 3 13
Aoki 1 5
Saitama 1 4
Chiba 4 13
Kanagawa 1 3
Yamagate 1 4
Shizuoka 4 22
Aichi 2 8
Nagano 1 4
Fukuyama 1 4
Ishikawa 2 3
Nara 1 4
Hogo 1 10
Osaka 2 6
Shimane 3 11
Okayama 1 3
Yamaguchi 1 3
Takachi 1 2
Fukuoka 3 12
Nagasaki 1 2
Kumamoto 5 16
Okinawa 3 9

*devoted predominantly or exclusively to biotechnology R&D

 711

Even more important, there are the first examples of joint activities between
local and large national firms, as indicated in Table 9.14 [7].

Table 9.14. Tie-ups between Local Governments and Companies on Biotechnology-Related

Projects

Company Budget Target

(mill. Yen)

Hokkaido prefecture
- Nippon Beet Sugar 1.5 Virus-free sugar beets
Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
- Hokkaido Green Bio 1.0 Disease-resistant wheat via plant
Research Center 5.0 tissue culture
- Hokkaido Sankyo 0.8 Cold-tolerant virus free strawberries
0.8 Cold-tolerant potatoes
- Kyowa Hakko Kogyo 0.9 Approval of salmon growth hormone

Aomori prefecture
- Sumitomo Chemicals Virus-free potatoes and radish
- Taiji Food Miso production based on cell fusion

Yamagata prefecture
- Miyoshi 1.03 Mutant induction for plant breeding

Aichi prefecture
- Industrial Cooperative for 20.0 Fermented food based on improved yeast
Miso and Shoyu yeast strains

Hyogo prefecture
- Sumitomo Chemicals 4.7 Diagnostics and therapeutics for plant virus
based on monoclonal antibodies
Hiroshima prefecture
- Mitsui Petrochemicals 0.3 Plant tissue culture procedures applied to lilies
Hitachi Shipbuilding 0.44 Sweetener production

In conclusion, the Japanese government has developed a carefully balanced

concept to provide industry and agriculture on a nation-wide basis with state-
of-the-art technology during the next two decades. The motives for this are
primarily:

- to counteract the exodus from the countryside by the development of

previously neglected regions,
- upgrading smaller and medium-sized companies by providing support in the
introduction of modern methods, e.g., with the help of know-how transfer
within the Technopolis program and the further education of employees,
- smoothing out international trading friction by the development of medium-
sized industry and the expansion of the domestic market.
712

5. References

1. National Land Agency, Government of Japan: The Fourth Com-

prehensive National Development Plan. Book, June 1987 (E)
2. Industrial Location and Environmental Protection Bureau, Ministry of
International Trade and Industry (MITI): Regional Economic Policies
in Japan. Brochure, April 1988 (E)
3. Public Relations Committee, Tsukuba Science City Liaison, Council
for Promotion of Research Exchange: Tsukuba Science City - Resea-
rch Institutes and Universities. Team Co. Ltd., 1987 (E)
4. National Land Agency: Tsukuba Academic New Town. Brochure,
1980 (E)
5. Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat: Directory of the
Tsukuba Institutional Complex of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fores-
try and Fisheries. Brochure, 1985 (E)
6. Keizai Koho Center - Japan Institute for Social and Economic
Affairs: Japan 1989 - an international comparison. Tokyo 1989, ISBN
4-87605-01701 (E)
7. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence: Chousa - Zenkoku Todofuken no
Baiotekunoroji Kaihatsu Joukyou (Survey of the status of biotechnol-
ogy in agriculture in Japan). Special issue, July 31, 1989 (J).
8. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence: Chousa - Zenkoku Todofuken no
Baiotekunoroji Kaihatsu Joukyou (Survey of the status of biotechnol-
ogy in agriculture in Japan). Special issue, July 27, 1987 (J).
9. Research Council Secretariat: Present Situation of Research relating
to Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Brochure, June 1986 (E)
10. Office of Science City, Public Works and Construction Department:
Kansai Science City - a pilot model city for the 21st century. Kyoto
Prefectural Government, Brochure, undated (E)
11. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence: Baio-Kenkyuujotachiiki-jouhou -
Tsukuba vs. Semi" (Information on Bio-Research Areas: Tsukuba vs.
Semi). Special issue, April 25, 1988 (J)
12. Ministry of International Trade and Industry: "Tekunoporisu kouzo ni
tsuite" (Referring to the structure of Technopolis centres). Brochure,
March 1987 (J)
13. Schmid R D (1988) Tsukuba, Kansai Science City und 24 mal Tech-
nopolis: Wissenschaftsstaedte in Japan. Chemie in unserer Zeit 22:
149 (G)
14. Kumamoto Prefecture Planning Division, Technopolis Construction
Office, Kumamoto: Kumamoto Technopolis. Brochure, undated (J)
15. Kurume Research Park Co.: Kurume Research Park. Brochure, 1989
(J)
16. Sendai Nothern Cluster Development Association: Sendai Northern
Cluster. Brochure, undated (J)
17. Okayama Prefecture Planning Office: Kibikogen City, Brochure,
undated (J)
 713

18. STA - its roles and activities 1988. Brochure (E)

(E) English
(J) Japanese
(G) German
Chapter 10

Statistical Data

1. General Statistical Data

Table 10.1. The most important Food Ingredients- Japan in Comparison to the USA (kcaljgram
per Inhabitant per Day) [1]

Japan USA
(1985) (1982)

Energy (kcal) 2581 3647

Cereals 296 170

- out of which rice 204 7

Sugar 58 178

Meat 69 307

Fish and seafood 98 19

Milk and milk products 184 589

Fats and oils 39 66

Potatoes
Vegetables same or similar intake
Fruits
Eggs
 715

Table 10.2. Selected Data on the Agriculture of Japan, USA, and France [1]

USA Japan W.-Germany France UK Italy

Inhabitans (mill.,1985) 239.28 120.75 61.02 54.95 56.89 57.35

Area (1000 km2) 9373 378 249 547 245 301

Inhabitants/km2 26 319 245 100 232 191

Farm land (1000 km 2) 6321 55 121 312 186 172

Inhabitants/qkm farm land 38 2195 504 176

Persons employed in
Agriculture (Mill. 1984) 1.95 3.7 0.93 1.71

ha agricultural land per

farmer 221.2 1.5 13.1 18.3

Table 10.3. Japan's Trade Matrix (1986, Bill. US-$, rounded) [1]

Exports to world Japan USA EEC FRG UK France Italy

Exports from

World 113 355 752 177 118 125 90

Japan 211 82 30 11 6.7 3.2 1.7

USA 217 27 50 10.6 11.5 7.2 4.8

EEC 797 11 74 451 96 63 84 53

FRG 212 4.1 26 117 21 29 20

UK 107 1.7 15 48 13 9 5

France 125 1.6 9 63 19 10.5 14

Italy 98 1.3 10.5 49 18 7 15

Total world trade in 1986 was 1 991 600 Bill. US-$

Source: Bank of Japan, Comparative international statistics 1988
716

Table 10.4. Japan's R&D Budget on an international Comparison [1]

Budget %* % of GNP % share by industry

(Bill. US-$)

USA 112 53 2.8 53

Japan 40 19 2.9 69

The four major 56 27

EEC countries
- of which W.-Germany 20 10 2.8 61

* in % share of the 6 countries

Table 10.5. Science and Technology Budget for FY 1988 (April 1st, 1988)[2]

T°tf
(10 Yen)
Change from previous year
(%)

Diet 517 1.4

Science Council 903 5.5
National Police Agency 972 5.1
Hokkaido Development Agency 143 0.1
Defence Agency 82700 11.6
Economic Planning Agency 716 0.9
Science Technology Agency (STA) 430 955 1.3
Enviromental Agency 7752 2.1
National Land Agency 105 34.1
Ministry of Justice 849 5.4
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6417 1.9
Ministry of Finance 978 3.0
Ministry of Education 812954 4.2
Ministry of Health and Welfare 44 059 10.8
Ministry of Agriculture (MAFF) 66 642 0.2
Ministry of International Trade
and Industry (MITI) 221226 0.1
Ministry of Transport 14627 0.8
Ministry of Post and
Telecommunication 30 279 4.3
Ministry of Labor 3708 2.0
Ministry of Construction 5459 0.8
Ministry of Home Affairs 543 1.4

Total 1706 504 3.1

 717

Table 10.6. Selected Statistical Data [1]

USA Japan EEC FRG UK France Italy

Inhabitants (mill.)" 244 U2 324 61 57 55 57

Total area (1 000 km 2) 9373 378 2258 249 245 547 301

Population density"
(population per km 2) 26 323 143 246 232 102 191

Nominal GNP (bill. US-S)·· 4235 1966 897 561 722 601

Nominal GNP per capita

(bill. US-S)** 17529 16184 14700 9879 13 034 10496

Dependency on exports" 5.6 9.7 26.0 19.3 17.3 14.8

(% export contained in GNP)

Dependency on imports" 9.4 6.3 20.2 22.7 17.9 16.6

(% imports contained in GNP)

Hourly wages in manufacturing

industry"
(US-S equivalent**") 9.73 8.78 7.74 5.81 5.67 4.86

Hours per week actually worked

in manufacturing industry" 38.5 43.2 35.9 42.2 38.7

% Unemployment rate" 6.2 2.8 11.6 8.9 10.6 10.4

" 1987 ." 1986 .... "annual exchange rate average

Table 10.7. 1987 Sales of Japan's Nine" Largest Trading Houses (Sogo Shosha)
(in Bill. Yen) [1]

Trade Imports Exports

in Japan into Japan from Japan

Japan's foreign trade 22466 33070

Trade of the nine sogo shosha 40 914 17222 14927

% of nine sogo shosha in

Japan's foreign trade 76.7 45.1

% of nine sogo shosha in

Japan's national trade 44.9

"C. Itoh, Sumitomo, Marubeni, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Nissho Iwai, Tomen, Nichimen, Kanematsu-
Gosho
718

Table 10.8. Major Export Goods of Japan [3]

1950 Cotton fabrics (25%)

(828 mill. US-$) Iron and steel (15%)
Raw silk (5%)
Synthetic fibers (5%)
Fish .(3.5%)

1960 Iron and steel (10%)

(4 055 mill. US-$) Cotton fabrics (9%)
Ships (7%)
Textiles (5%)
Cars (3%)

1970 Iron and steel (15%)

(19 318 mill. US-$) Ships (7.3%)
Cars (7%)
Radios (4%)
Synthetic fibers (3%)

1985 Cars (16%)

(138 831 mill. US-$) Iron and steel (11%)
Ships (5%)
Radio- and video recorder (4%)
Office equipment (2.3%)

Table 10.9. Yen average Exchange Rate against the US-$ and selected EEC Currencies [1]

Exchange rate
of 1 US-$ against Yen DM Pound FFr Lira

1970 360 3,66 0,42 5,55 625

1980 226,74 1,82 0,43 4,23 856
1985 238,54 2,04 0,77 8,99 1909
1986 168,52 2,17 0,68 6,93 1491
1987 144,64 1,80 0,61 6,01 1296
1988 124,11 1,75 0,55 6,00 1300
 719

Table 10.10. Public and Private Schools in Japan: Number and Enrollment (as of May 1st,
1987) [4]

Schools Teachers Students

Total National Public Private (1000) (1000)

Elementary schools 24 933 73 24692 168 452 10226

(6 years)*
Junior high schools 11230 78 10555 597 307 6081
(3 years)*
Senior high schools 5508 17 4191 1300 329 5375
Universities 474 95 37 342 197 1934
Junior colleges 561 38 53 470 49 438
Technical colleges 62 54 4 4 6 50
Special schools" 924 45 862 17 42 96
Training schools 3151 173 179 2799 112 653
Miscellaneous 3918 7 97 3814 47 466
Kindergardens 15156 48 6263 8845 107 2016
Total 65917 628 46 933 18356 1648 27336

* compulsory education is 9 years of elementary school and junior high school

**for the physically and mentally handicapped

Table 10.11. Advancement Rate to Higher Education [1]

Year Percentage of relevant age groupa

Total Male Female

Japanb 1987 93.9 92.8 95.0

Japanc 1987 36.9 38.2 35.4
USAd 1985 43.8 41.6 46.1
W.-Germanye 1985 19.7 23.0 16.2
France f 1986 31.9 26.9 37.2
UKe 1985 22.9 24.8 20.8

apercent of equivalent age population

brate of junior high school graduates continuing on to senior high school
cnew entrants at university, junior college, and senior level of colleges of technology
dnew entrants at 4 year- and 2 year-colleges (full-time only)
enew entrants at higher education
f new entrants at university
720

2. Biotechnology-Related Information

Table 10.12. Expenditure for the Life Sciences (in 109 Yen) [5,6]

Industry Research Universities Total

Institutes

1983 294.4 84.0 270.7 649.2

1984 334.8 85.9 322.0 742.6
1985 370.9 98.5 314.7 784.0
1986 428.5 111.0 344.4 883.8
1987 436.1 123.2 358.7 917.9
1988 483.8 144.3 383.2 1011.3

Statistics Office, 12/1988

Table 10.13. Personnel Employed in the Life Sciences [5,6]

Industry Research Universities Total

1983 24472 11278 59897 95647

1984 25940 11543 70117 107 600
1985 27811 12235 68756 108 802
1986 29495 13104 73281 115880
1987 30 991 14743 75611 121345
1988 32717 15933 78241 126 891

Statistics Office, 12/1988

Table 10.14. Life Science Personnel Employed in Industry [5,6]

Total Researchers Assistants Other

All companies (395) 32717 18335 10936 3446

SmaIl· (127) 3674 2300 1123 251

Medium· (126) 8414 5162 2445 807
Large· (141) 20 618 10864 7368 2386

Special (1) 11 92

·smaIl: Turnover 108 - lOY Yen

medium:Turnover 109 - 1010 Yen
large:Turnover more than 1010 Yen
 721

Table 10.15. Life Science Personnel employed in Research Centers [5,6]

Total Researchers Assistants Other

All research centers

(438) 15933 9477 3535 2951

National (62) 4662 2759 853 1050

Public (263) 5400 3024 1380 996
Private (107) 5260 3194 1256 855
Special (6) 611 515 46 50

Table 10.16. Life Science Personnel employed in Universities [5,6]

Total Researchers Assistants Other

All universities (636) 78241 66 099 7834 4308

National universities
(329) 37557 30 852 4225 2480
Public universities (59) 7105 6057 829 219
Private universities
(248) 33579 29190 2780 1609

Table 10.17. Genetic Engineering in Japan: Expenditure (Billion Yen*) and Number of Resear-
chers [7]

Year Total Industry Research Universities

Expenditure Institutes
(billion Yen)

1981 9.4 5.8 1.2 2.4

1982 12.8 7.9 1.9 3.0
1983 19.9 12.9 2.6 4.3
1984 24.7 13.7 4.5 6.5
1985 36.2 19.3 8.8 8.1
1986 43.7 25.8 8.7 9.8
1987 50.4 26.8 11.3 12.3

Number of researchers (persons)

1987 4934 1768 657 2509

1988 5388 1742 799 2847

* At the end of 1988, the exchange rate for 100 yen was DM 1.40
722

Table 10.IS. Market Figures for Recombinant and Cell Culture Products in Japan (Bill. Yen)

Technology 1987 1988 1989 1990

Recombinant products 11.0 27.6 59.8 123.7

Products from fused cells 25.0 34.4 35.6 35.6
Products from cell cultures 13.3 15.0 23.3 34.4

Total 49.3 77.0 118.7 194.3

Table 10.19. Expectations of Japanese Industry for Sales of Biotechnology-Derived Products

in the Year 2.000 [7]

% of total sales will be according to % of the biotech-related products responding companies

1985 1988

less than 10% 37 43

10 - 30% 36 34
30 - 70% 19.5 12
more than 70% 7.5 11

3. References
1. Keizai Koho Center - Japan Institute for Social and Economic Affairs:
Japan 1989 - an International Comparison. Booklet, 1989. ISBN 4-
87605-017-1 (E)
2. Anon.: Science and Technology Budget for FY 1988. Science and
Technology in Japan, June 1988, p 59 (E)
3. Sogo Shosha
4. Monbusho - Ministry of Education, Science and Culture:
5. Science and Technology Agency, Office of Science Policy: Indicators of
Science and Technology, 1989. Booklet, 1989, ISBN 4-17-152264-1 (E/J)
6. Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency: Raifu Saiensu
Kenkyuu Chousa Kohoku 62 (Survey on Life Science Research, 1962).
Brochure, March 1989 (J)
7. Nikkei Baioteku Bio-Intelligence
8. Nikkei Baioteku Baio-Nenkan
Photo Credits

Fig.2.2 Ajinomoto, Inter-Technology Guide, Brochure, undated, page 2/3 (J)

Fig. 2.3 The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Profile, undated, p. 5 (J IE)
Fig.2.4 Chugai Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Fuji Laboratories, Brochure, undated, cover (J)
Fig. 2.5 Ciba Geigy International Research Laboratories, Brochure, undated, back cover (J)
Fig.2.6 Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., Tsukuba Research Center, Innovation for
Tommorow, Brochure, October 1989, inside cover (J)
Fig. 2.7 Photograph courtesy of Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals
Fig. 2.8 The Green Cross Corporation, Green Cross Central Research Laboratories,
Brochure, December 1988, p. 3 (J IE)
Fig.2.9 Hayashibara Group, Brochure, September 1988, p. 23/24 (E)
Fig. 2.10 Hitachi, Hitachi Research Laboratory, Brochure, undated, unpaginated (J)
Fig. 2.11 Hoechst, Hoechst in Kawagoe, Brochure, undated, p. 2 (J)
Fig. 2.12 Japan Synthetic Rubber, Tsukuba Research Center, Brochure, May 1989, cover (J)
Fig. 2.13 Photograph courtesy of Kansai Paint
Fig. 2.14 Kao, R&D Activities at Kao, Brochure, undated, p. 2 (E/J)
Fig. 2.15 Kirin Biotechnology, Leaflet Collection, undated, unpaginated (E)
Fig. 2.16 Komatsu, Research Division, Brochure, January 1990, p. 2 (J/E)
Fig. 2.17 Kureha Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Brochure, May 1989, p. 13 (E)
Fig. 2.18 Kyowa, Kyowa Hakko's R&D, Brochure, undated, unpaginated (J/E)
Fig. 2.19 Lion Corporation, Annual Report 1988, p. 6 (E). Original photograph courtesy of
Lion Co.
Fig. 2.20 Meiji Milk Products, Meiji, Brochure, undated, p. 6/7 (E)
Fig. 2.21 Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Research and Development,Brochure, January
1990, p. 180 (E/J)
Fig. 2.22 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd., Bioscience Research Center, Brochure,
February 1986, p. 3 (J/E)
Fig. 2.23 Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Annual Report 1989, p. 10 (E)
Fig. 2.24 Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Human Health Research for the 21st Century,
Brochure, undated, inside cover (J IE)
Fig. 2.25 Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Brochure, undated, p. 8 (J)
Fig. 2.26 Nippon Roche Research Center, Brochure, undated, p. 18 (E/J)
Fig. 2.27 Nippon Mining, In Quest of Main Stream of Biotechnology, Bioscience Research
Laboratories, Brochure, undated, p. 1 (E)
Fig. 2.28 Nitto Chemicals, Brochure, undated, p. 4 (J)
Fig. 2.29 Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka Research Now, Brochure, undated, cover (E)
Fig. 2.30 Sankyo Co., Ltd., A Guide to New Research Buildings, undated, p. 5 and 6 (E)
Fig. 2.31 Snow Brand Embryo Transplantation Laboratory, Brochure, undated, p. 8 (J IE)
Fig. 2.32 Suntory Pharmaceutical Division, Brochure, undated, cover (E)
Fig. 2.33 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., R&D Activities at TaKeda, Brochure, undated, p.
19 (J/E)
Fig. 2.34 Teijin Ltd., Brochure, undated, p. 5 (E)
724

Fig. 2.35 Toyobo Power, Brochure, April 1989, p. 15 (EjJ)

Fig. 2.36 Unitika, R&D Center, Brochure, undated, back cover (J)
Fig. 2.37 Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Guide to Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Company,
undated, unpaginated (J)
Fig. 2.38 Yakult Central Research Institute, Brochure, October 1988, p. 5 (E)
Fig. 2.39 Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1989 Company Guide, Brochure, p. 7 (JjE)

Fig.4.1 RIKEN, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Ann. Report, June 1989,
p. 2 (E)
Fig. 4.3 RIKEN Tsukuba Life Science Center, Folder Titel (E)
Fig. 4.4 RIKEN Tsukuba Life Science Center, Brochure 1986, p. 18 (J)
Fig.4.5 RIKEN Tsukuba Life Science Center, Brochure 1990, p. 17 (J)
Fig. 4.6 Fermentation Research Institute, Brochure, undated, inside cover (J jE)
Fig.4.7 National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, Brochure, undated, cover (JjE)
Fig. 4.8 Directory of the Tsukuba Institutional Complex of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry, and Fisheries, undated, cover (E)
Fig.4.9 Science and Technology Agency (STA), National Laboratories and Research Public
Corporations in Japan, Brochure 1987, p. (E)
Fig. 4.11 National Institute for Agrobiological Resources, Brochure, March 1989 (E)
Fig. 4.11 National Institute of Agroenvironmental Science, Brochure, July 1988, cover (J)
Fig. 4.12 The National Cancer Center 1989, Brochure, cover (E)
Fig. 4.13 Science and Technology Agency (STA), National Laboratories and Research Public
Corporations in Japan, Brochure 1987, p. (E)
Fig. 4.14 National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brochure, undated, p.2 (E)
Fig. 4.15 National Laboratories and Research Public-Corporations in Japan, Science and
Technology Agency, p. 21 (E)
Fig. 4.16 Key-Tec News, 1986j10jNo. 1, p. 7 (J)
Fig. 4.17 Key-Tec News, 1988j3jNo. 5, p. 3 (J)
Fig. 4.18 Research Center for The Industrial Utilization of Marine Organisms, Corporate
Profile, undated, back cover (E)
Fig. 4.19 Marine Biotechnology Research Association, Sohgen Maru, Brochure, August 1989
(JjE)
Fig. 4.21 Osaka Bioscience Institute OBI, Brochure, March 1989, p. 1 (E)
Fig. 4.22 Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Opening the Gates of Life Science,
Brochure, undated, p. 1 (E). Original photograph courtesy of Mitsubishi Kasei
Institute of Life Sciences
Fig. 4.23 The Kitasato Institute, Brochure, undated, p. 3 (E)

Fig.5.1 Monbusho 1989, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Government of Japan,
Brochure, p. 16 (E)
Fig. 5.3 Science and International Affairs Bureau, Monbusho, Research Cooperation between
Universities and Industry, Brochure, undated, p. 20 (E). Original photograph courtesy
of Mr. Ohyama
Fig.5.5 Prefectural Government of Miyagi, Tohoku University. Brochure, undated
Fig. 5.7 Tokyo Institute of Technology 1985, Brochure, cover (E)
Fig. 5.8 The University of Tokyo 1985, Brochure, cover (E)
Fig. 5.9 Monbusho, Okazaki National Research Institutes. Brochure, 1988 (I jE)
Fig. 5.10 National Institute of Genetics 1989, Brochure, cover (EjI)
Fig. 5.13 Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Brochure, undated, back inside cover (J)

Fig. 7.2 Tsukuba Research Consortium, post card

Fig. 7.5 RIKEN - The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Frontier Research
Program, Brochure, November 1987, p. 15 (I)
 725

Fig. 7.12 National Research and Development Program, Aqua Renaissance '90 Project,
undated, unpaginated (E)
Fig. 7.16 RAPAD - Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives Development, Pilot Plants
used in Synfuel Project, Brochure, undated, unpaginated (E)
Fig. 7.17 RAPAD - Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives Development, Pilot Plants
used in Synfuel Project, Brochure, undated, unpaginated (E)
Fig. 7.18 RAPAD - Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives Development, Pilot Plants
used in Synfuel Project, Brochure, undated, unpaginated (E)

Fig. 8.11 RIKEN - The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Japan Collection of
Microorganisms, Brochure, undated, cover (E)
Fig. 8.12 Fermentation Research Institute, Patent Microorganism Depository, Brochure,
ndated, cover (E)
Fig. 8.15 National Institute of Abrobiological Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries, Gene Bank for a more prosperous and fruitful future, Brochure, undated,
cover (E)
Fig. 8.16 National Institute of Abrobiological Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries, Gene Bank for a more prosperous and fruitful future, Brochure, undated,
p. 7 (E)
Fig. 8.17 National Laboratories and Research Public-Corporations in Japan, Part II, Science
and Technology Agency, p. 6 (E)

Fig. 9.1 PR Committee, Tsukuba Science City, Tsukuba Science City, Research Institutes and
Universities, Brochure, July 1987, p. 3
Fig. 9.2 Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and
Industry, AIST Tsukuba Research Center, Brochure, undated, p. 1 (EjJ)
Fig. 9.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat, Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Directory of the Tsukuba Institutional Complex
of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Brochure, undated, cover
Fig. 9.4 PR Committee, Tsukuba Science City, Tsukuba Science City, Research Institutes and
Universities, Brochure, July 1987, p. 3
Fig. 9.7 Senri Life Science Center, Senri LC, Brochure, undated
Fig. 9.9 R. D. Schmid, Japanische Wissenschaftsstaedte, Chemie in unserer Zeit 22 (5): 149-
161 (1988), VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim (G)
Fig. 9.10 Kumamoto Prefecture Technopolis Center: Kumamoto Technopolis. Brochure,
undated, cover (J)
Fig. 9.11 Okayama Prefecture, Planning and Development Office: Kibikogen City. Brochure,
undated, cover (J)
Fig. 9.12 Sendai North Nucleus Business District Association: Sendai North Nucleus Business
District. Brochure, undated, cover (J)
Fig. 9.13 Kurume Research Park Office, Kurume Research Park. Brochure, April 1989, cover
(J)
Index of Abbreviations

AFP Alpha-FetoProtein
AGRIS International Information System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology
AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
AMS Advanced Medical Information System
ANP Atrio-Natriuretic Peptide
ANRE Agency for New Resources and Energy
APA AminoPenicillanic Acid
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
ASPRONC Association for the Promotion of New Chemistry
ATCC American Type Culture Collection
ATL Adult T-cell Leukemia
ATLA Anti Thymic Leukemia Antigen
ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate
BIDEC BIoindustry DEvelopment Corporation
BRAIN Bio-oriented technology Research Advancement INstitution
CEA CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen
CHOC Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Research
CSF Colony Stimulating Factor
DDBJ DNA Data Bank of Japan
DNA DesoxyriboNucleic Acid
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
EIA Enzyme Immuno Assay
EMBL European Molecular Biology Laboratory
EPO ErythroPOyetin
ERATO Exploratory Research for Advanced TechnolOgy
FlLP Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme
FRG Federal Republic of Germany
FY Fiscal Year
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GILSP Good Industrial Large Scale Practice
GMD Gesellschaft fUr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung
GNP Gross National Product
h-, H- human
HB Hepatitis B
HCG Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
HFSP Human Frontier Science Program
HFSPO Human Frontier Science Organization
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HLA Human Lymphocyte Antigen
 727

HPLC High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

lAP Intracisternal A Particle
IBPGR International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
IFO Institute for Fermentation, Osaka
IgE Immunoglobulin E
IgG Immunoglobulin G
IL InterLeukin
IMSR Information Management Service and Research
ISO International Standardization Organization
ITC Industrial Technology Council
JAICI JApan Institute for Chemical Information
JAMSTEC JApan Marine Science and TEchnology Center
Japan Key Tec
Japan Key Technology Center
JAPIC JApan Pharmaceutical Information Center
JAPATIC JApan PATent Information Center
JAPIO JApan Patent Information Organization
JASI Japanese Agricultural Sciences Index
JBA Japan Bioindustry Association
JCM Japan Collection of Microorganisms
JCRB Japan Cancer Research resources Bank
JOB Japan Development Bank
JET Japan Exchange and Teaching program
JETRO Japan External TRade Organization
JFCC Japan Federation of Culture Collections
JICST Japan Information Center on Science and Technology
JIS Japan Industrial Standard
JISC Japan Industrial Standards Committee
JISTEC Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center
JOIS Japan On-line Information System
JRDC Japan Research Development Corporation
JSA Japan Standards Association
JSPS Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
LDC Low Developed Countries
LDL Low Density Lipoprotein
m- mouse
MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
MBI Marine Biotechnology Institute
MHW Ministry of Health and Welfare
Mm Ministry of International Trade and Industry
MONBUSHO Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
NACSIS NAtional Center for Science Information System
NDL National Diet Library
NEDO New Energy and industrial technology Development Organization
NEEDS Nikkei ElEctronic Data System
NIBS Nippon Institute of Biological Sciences
NIE Newly Industrialized Economies
NIHS National Institute of Hygienic Sciences
Nikkei Nihon Keizai Shinbun
NRIB National Research Institute of Brewing
NTT National Telephone and Telegraph
OBI Osaka Bioscience Institute
OECD Organization of EConomic Development
728

OTC Over The Counter

PATOLIS PATent On-Line System
PERI Protein Engineering Research Institute
PSTI Pancreatic Serum Trypsin Inhibitor
PTH Parathyroid hormone
R&D Research and Development
RAPAD Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives Development
RCAST Research Center of Advanced Science and Technology
rDNA recombinant DNA
RECRAS Retrieval System for Current Research in the Agricultural Sciences
RFLP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
RIA RadioImmuno Assay
RIIffiN Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
RITE Research Institute for Technology on the global Environment
RNA RiboNucleic Acid
SCP Single-Cell Protein
SOD Superoxide dismutase
STA Science and Technology Agency
STN Scientific and Technical information Network
TGF Transforming Growth Factor
TIS Toyo Information System
TNF Tumor necrosis factor
TPA, t-PA Tissue plasminogen activator
TSH Thyroid Stimulating Aantigen
TV TeleVision
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
USA United States of America
USSR Union of the Social Soviet Republics
WFCC World Federation of Culture Collections
Index of Names

Abe, Shin-ichi 56 Aomi, Jun-ichi 294

Abe, Shinya 171 Aoyama, Yasuhiro 450
Abe, Takashi 125 Arai, Mamoru 223
Abe, Yasuhisa 72 Arai, Takao 410
Adachi, Shoji 520 Arai, Taketoshi 422
Adachi, Shuji 464 Arakawa, Eitaro 40
Agematsu, Junichi 201 Araki, Hideyuki 221
Aiba, Takaaki 132 Araki, Mikio 488
Aihara, Yuzo 453 Arami,Osamu 498,499
Aisaka, N. 336 Arano, Kojiro 471
Aizawa, Hideyuki 293 Arao, Yasuichi 301
Aizawa, Masao 428 Ariga, Hiroyoshi 390
Aizawa, Noboru 162 Arima, Akito 317
Akamatsu, Yuzuru 350, 351 Arima, Iratsato 435
Akano, Toru 111 Asada, Taiji 497
Akao, Mitaro 405 Asada, Toshio 425
Akasawa, Takashi 454 Asahi, Tadashi 453
Akatsuka, Joe S. 177 Asai, Tsuneo 294
Akazawa, Haruo 172 Asami, Takaaki 541
Akazawa, Osamu 64 Asano, Katsuyuki 260
Akimoto, Hajime 361 Asano, Makshige 358
Akiyama, Yuuichi 573 Asano, Rou 494
Akutsu, Seiichi 231 Ashida, Tamakazu 453
Albertini, Alberto 565 Atsuji, Yuuji 332
Amano, Hiroyuki 66 Atsumi, Hirotaka 94
Amano, Keisuke 536 Ayuzawa, Hiroshi 458
Amano, Yoshifumi 467 Bajo, Takehiko 460
Amanuma, Hiroshi 328 Bando, Mao 72
Amari, Shun-ichi 300,566 Bannen, Toru 437
Amemiya, Hiroshi 353 Beppu, Teruhiko 312,438
Ameyama, Hiroshi 509 Boycott, B. B. 565
Anato, Kazuo 427,429 Bujard, Hermann 565
Ando, Tadahiko 418 Cape, Ronald 566
Ando, Tsuyoshi 392 Chiba, Akira 271
Angei, Kenji 507 Chiba, Hideo 526
Anraku, Yasuhiro 456 Chiba, Kaoru 89
Anzai, Shigeru 508 Chiba, Seiya 387
Aoki, Kiyoshi 318, 423 Chiba, Takeshi 421
Aoki, Mikio 38 Chihara, Mitsuo 533
Aoki, Shohei 344 Chikano, Takahide 227
Aoki, Yousuke 358 Chino, Fumitoshi 350,351
730

Cynader, Max 565 Fukuda,Suguru 445

Date, T. 661 Fukui, Fumio 242
Dhara, Makoto 285 Fukui, Kenichi 317
Doerfler, Walter 565 Fukui, Masanobu 350
Do~ Seiji 92 Fukui, Saburo 570
Ebashi, Setsuro 294, 457, 566 Fukui, Sakuzo 511
Ebina, Yosuke 507 Fuk~ Toshiro 495
Egami, Nobuo 544 Fukushima, Tatsu 471
Eguchi, Masaharu 473 Fukutom~ Kazuo 358
Eij~ Shinichiro 394 Fukuya, Kiyoshi 107
Enatsu, Tadashi 228 Fumimaro, Takaku 312
Endo, Akira 433 Funada, Tadashi 184
Endo, Isao 325 Funatsu, Masaru 513
Endo, Mamoru 141 Fur~ Tetsuhiko 522
Endo,Sho 520 Furui~ Yasuhiro 186
Enomoto, Masatoshi 502 Furukawa, Hiroshi 202
Fasella, Paolo 566 Furukawa,Kellchiro 255
Fedorof, Nina 566 Furusaka, Choseki 540
Fowa, Kellchiro 361 Furusawa, Jun 248
FrezaI, Jean 5(i5 Furusawa, MitSur'u 53,558
Friesen, James D. 565 Furuya, Masaki 562
Fueki, Kazuo 301,541 Furuya, Toshiro 516
Fuji, Naoki 317 Furuyama, Junzo 244
Fujihira, Masamichi 428 Furuzaki, Shintaro 438
Fujll, Noboru 521 Fut~ Shoko 495
Fujii, Shoji 474 Fuwa, Tohu 277
Fujii, Takaaki 403 Fuwatari, Ryo 276
Fujii, Toru 140 Gachelin, Gabriel 561
Fujii, Yoshiaki 398 Gamou, Takuma 341,343
Fujiki, Hirota 352 Garcia-Bellido, A. 566
Fujimori, Takao 146 Garito, Anthony F. 562
Fujimoto, Daisaburo 433 Goffeau, Andre 566
Fujimoto, Tadaaki 234 Gohki, Tatsuo 280
Fujimura, Hiroshi 157 Gojo, Shoichi 212
Fujimura, Kouichi 51 Goodman, Corey S. 566
Fujio, Hajime 495,496 Goto, Hiroshi 255
Fujioka, Motoji 466 Goto, Teruji 467
Fujisawa, Hisao 476 Gotoh, Sukehiro 361
Fujishima, Tetsuro 283 Gros, Francois 565
Fujita, Masahiko 358 Gunj~ Atsuaki 358
Fujita, Michinari 457 Gunji, Susumi 361
Fujita, Teruyuki 464 Gunya, Tokuro 514
Fujita, Yasutaro 511 Hagiwara, Hideaki 101
Fujita, Yoshihiko 456 Hagiwara, Hiroyuki 335
Fujita, Yukio 264 Hakuta, Toshikatsu 335
Fujitake, Yoshide 190 Hamada, Tetsuo 406
Fujiwara, Keigi 353 Hamaguchi, Keizo 490
Fukami, Yasuo 472 Hamaoka, Heiichi 301
Fukazawa, Yoshimura 544 Han, Yoshio 387
Fukube, Kenjiro 426 Hanada, Kazunori 253
Fukuda, Hideo 514, 574 Hanada, Kouichi 45
Fukuda, Kenzo 335 Hara, Shodo 360
Fukuda, Ryuji 448 Hara, Yukihiko 156
 731

Harada, Hideki 450 Higuchi, Ryumasa 482

Harada, Hiroshi 318,527 Hijikata, Takeshi 570,583
Harada, Masatoshi 354 Hinata, Kokichi 397
Harano, Sahukuro 486 Hino, Tadauki 124
Harrison, Victoria 565 Hino, Toshihiko 341
Hasegawa, Masmitsu 353 Hiraga, Shota 515
Hashida, Wataru 65 Hiraishi, Jiro 335
Hashimoto, Eiji 511 Hirakawa, Kimio 301
Hashimoto, Hiraki 249 Hirano, Shigehiro 509
Hashimoto, Hironobu 427, 429 Hirano, Shin-ichi 659
Hashimoto, Katsuyuki 660 Hirasawa, Rei 301
Hashimoto, Kenji 477 Hirata, Haruhisa 275
Hashimoto, Kensuku 511 Hiratani, Hajime 104
Hashimoto, Osamu 165 Hirayama, Osamu 506
Hashimoto, Ryutaro 293 Hirobe, Masaaki 437
Hashimoto, Susumu 492 Hiroishi, Shingo 240
Hashimoto, Yoichi 408 Hirokawa, Hideo 423
Hashimoto, Yoshiyuki 397 Hiromu, Sugamu 159
Hashizume, Kazumoto 344 Hirose, Yoichi 71
Hata, Fujiki 530 Hoita, Saburo 133
Hata, Kunio 105 Hokujo, Nobumasa 461
Hatake, Tsujiaki 428 Hombo, Kiichiro 90
Hatakeyama,Osamu 137, 241 Homoto, Isao 404
Hatanaka, Hiroshi 494 Hondo, Masao 39
Hatano, Masahiro 401 Honjo, Shigeo 350, 351, 359
Hattori, Masanori 301 Honma, Takemitsu 211
Hattori, Shigeru 335 Honshou, Yu 475
Hayaishi, Osamu 369, 556 Hori, Hiroshi 389
Hayakawa, Tadao 462 Hori, Kosuke 293
Hayakawa, Takao 312 Hori, Makoto 422
Hayakawa, Yukio 451 Horiba, Masao 301
Hayami, A. 347 Horibe, Hiroshi 353
Hayashi, Harusuke 390 Horibe, Kazuo 483
Hayashi, Kenichi 294 Horie, Masaharu 100
Hayashi, Kenji 358 Horikoshi, Hiroki 428
Hayashi, Kosaburo 393 Horikoshi, Koki 326,557
Hayashi, Masayoshi 301 Horio, Koichi 494
Hayashi, Mitsunori 499 Horita, 440
Hayashi, Shinji 508 Horitsu, Hiroaki 447
Hayashi, Shiro 112 Horiuchi, Hisashi 174
Hayashi, Toshiro 407 Horiuchi, Tadaro 518
Hayashi, Yujizo 301 Hoshi, Akio 352
Hayashi, Yuzo 355 Hoshikawa, Seishin 397
Hess, Benno 565 Hosoi, Kozo 463
Higaki, Taiji 113 Hosomi, Atsushi 63
Higashi, Ichiro 391 Hosotani, Morimasa 532
Higashi, Shiro 512 Ibata, Shin-ichi 52
Higashida, Nakaaki 448 Ichihara, Akira 507
Higashimura, Toshinobu 543,659 Ichijima, Hideharu 398
Higash}nakagawa, Toru 371 Ichikawa, Atsunobu 317,428
Higashino, Shuji 386 Ichikawa, Tomio 357
Higashiura, Tadashai 54 Ichinoe, Kenji 431
Higuchi, Keiji 317 Ichinose, Hisashi 199
732

Ide, Hideto 414 Ishihara, Tomoo 317

Ideguchi, Shousuke 484 Ishii, Sunsuke 328
Igakami, lImo 460 Ishii, Takamochi 300,312
Igata, Akihiro 512 Ishii, Toshiro 212
Iguchi, Hiroo 456 Ishikawa, Fujio 570
Iguchi, M. 336 Ishikawa, Haruo 487
lida, Shigeru 420 Ishikawa, Masahiro 119
lida, Yohtaro 293 Ishikawa, S. 336
lijima, Teiji 374, 647, 652 Ishikawa, Tadao 317,415
fino, Kyuei 344 Ishimaru, Takaji 598
lizuka, Eisaku 462 Ishimoto, Akitoshi 481
lizuka, Tetsutaro 325 Ishimoto, Itsutoshi 388
Iizuka, Toshihiko 387 Ishiwa, Sadao 419
Ikada, Yoshito 475 Ishizaki, Fumisugi 519
lkawa, Yoji 294, 298, 328, 561, 562 Ishizuka, Goro 341
Ikeda, Hayato 688 Ishizuka, Morio 414
Ikeda, Hideo 442 Iso, Koujirou 195
Ikeda, Joh-E 560 Isogai, Yukihide 540
Ikeda, Masakazu 452 Isono, Kiyoshi 326, 472
Ikegami, Yusaku 401 Itakura, Hiroshige 357,603
Ikehara, Morio 213, 364, 531 Itakura, Jo 261
Ikenaga, Mitsuo 475 Ito, Akinori 144
Ikezawa, Koro 451 Ito, Hajime 416
Imagawa, Kenichi 210 Ito, Hiroshi 416,432
Imahori, Kazutomo 370, 570, 538 Ito, Katsumi 171
Imai, Ken-ichi 300 Ito,Kazuaki 297
Imai, Mutsuro 480 Ito,Kazuo 155
Imamiya, Shunichiro 416 Ito, Masanoro 516
Imamura, Hikaru 99 Ito, Masao 318,538,541,563,566
Imamura, Takashi 458 Ito, Michio 463
Imanaka, Tadayuki 492 Ito, Ryoichi 357
Imanishi, Yukio 659 Ito, Satoru 68
Imayasu, Satoshi 206 Ito, Shingo 294,347
Inaba, Fumio 558 Ito, Shizuo 514
Inagaki, Haruo 345 Ito, Yoshikazu 293
Iniwa, Hideo 436 Ito, Yoshio 139, 355
Inose, Hiroshi 293, 300 Ito, Yukiaki 481
Inoue, Isao 507 Iwadare, Shuichi 43
Inoue, Kiyoshi 300 Iwahara, Shojiro 500
Inoue, Masahisa 406 Iwamoto, Hiroaki 417
Inoue, Sakae 358 Iwamoto, Mutsuo 344
Inoue, Shunzo 39 Iwaro, Junichi 224
Inoue, Yasuo 436 Iwasaki, Hitoshi 325
Inoue, Yorinao 326 Iwasaki, Isao 236
Irie, Tatehisa 358 Iwasaki, Nario 440
Irita, Masami 53 Iwasaki, Shinjiro 147
Iriyaza, Akira 478 Iwasaki, Shunichi 399
Isaka, Hiroshi 355 Iwasaki, Teruo 472
Ise, Norio 477 Iwase, Masao 523
Ishida, Yusaburo 478 Iwashima, Kiyoshi 358
Ishidate, Motoi 355 Iwata, Seiji 301
Ishiguro, Takehiko 301 Iwatsuka, Hisashi 256
Ishihama, Akira 458 Izaki, Kazuo 398
 733

Izumi, J\kimasa 360 Kasuya, Tadao 659

Janin, Joel 565 Kasuya, Takahiro 325
Jimbo, Tsutomu 47 Katagiri, Masayuki 447
Jin, Hisanori 94 Kataya, Ken-ichi 179
Jones, Edward G. 563 Katayama, Nihachiro 586
Kadota, Noriaki 254 Kato, J\kira 446
Kadowaki, Kiyoshi 80 Kato, Jira 506
Kadowaki, Teiji 474 Kato, Mikio 294, 300, 336, 366, 581
Kadoya, Tadaaki 479 Kato, Noboru 86, 452
Kagawa, Yasuo 566 Kato, Shiro 537
Kageura, Tsuyoshi 87 Katoda, Shigeyoshi 402
Kai, Hideaki 519 Katsube, Yukiteru 494
Kai, Hidenori 509 Katsunuma, Nobuhiko 507
Kaifu, Toshiki 293 Kawabata, Narisugi 473
Kaizuma, Kyohiko 394 Kawabe, Haruhide 75
Kakimoto, Yasuo 542 Kawada, Hiroo 293,300
Kakinuma, Mitsuaki 391 Kawaguchi, Kazumi 341,658
Kako, Shunji 509 Kawai, Hayao 317
Kamata, Tadao 344 Kawai, Takehiko 218
Kamataki, Tetsuya 390 Kawai, Terukazu 192
Kametani, Y oshiya 198 Kawakami, Kenro 426
Kameya, Tetsuji 414 Kawakita, Akihiko 98
Kameyama, Masakuni 294 Kawamoto, Masahiro 57
Kameyama, Tadanori 447, 449 Kawamura, Hiroshi 371
Kamibayashi, Akira 51 Kawamura, Sugio 332,656
Kamijo, Shinichiro 362 Kawamura, Yoshitake 282
Kaminuma, Tsuguchika 355 Kawamura, Yoshiya 167
Kamio, Masayoshi 344 Kawano, Tadao 419
Kamitani, Akira 390 Kawano, Takatsugo 214
Kamiya, Shozo 355 Kawasaki, Hironoshin 355
Kamizawa, Chiyoshi 335 Kawasaki, Toshio 533
Kamoda, Hironobu 240 Kawasaki, Tsuneshi 119
Kamori, Ken 500 Kawase, Akira 335
Kanachika, Osamu 506 Kawashima, Ryoichi 307
Kanagawa, Sadaji 243 Kawashima, Yuji 169
Kanashima, Masashi 508 Kawasugi, Tadaaki 129
Kanazaki, Kiyoshi 163 Kawate, Shohei 470
Kanbara, Chikara 301 Kawazoe, Toshiyuki 414
Kanbara, Norio 235 Kawazu, Kazuki 504
Kanda, Ryuji 88 Kaya, Yoichi 300
Kaneda, Chuukichi 345 Kendrew, Sir John 566
Kaneda, Makoto 512 Kido, Makoto 482
Kanehisa, Hiroshi 480 Kikuchi, Kenichi 181
Kaneko, Akimichi 457 Kikuchi, Kenki 601
Kanji, Torizuka 445 Kikuchi, Masakazu 364
Kannan, Akira 232 Kikuchi, Tateki 357
Kanno, Takao 200 Kikuchi, Toru 466
Kano, Mutsuro 430 Kikuch~ Toshiharu 530
Kariya, Masao 102 Kikuchi, Yasuo 141
Karube, Isao 318, 428, 429, 441, 531, 573 Kikuike, Shinichi 426
Kasahara, Yukio 300 Kikumoto, Toshio 400
Kasai, Naoya 58 Kikutake, Jun-ichiro 225
Kashiwagi, H. 337 Kimura, Haruo 221
734

Kimura, Hikaru 482 Komagata, Kazuo 573

Kimura, Hitoshi 500 Komamine, Atsushi 398
Kimura, Ishizue 417 Komano, Toru 478
Kimura, Junichi 262 Komatsu, Seiji 307
Kimura, Junji 84 Komatsu, Takao 199
Kimura, Shosaburo 317 Komazawa, Nobuaki 262
Kimura, Shuichi 401 Komeyama, Taira 432
Kinemura, Yoshiaki 67 Kominami, Minoru 45
Kinoshita, Shukuo 570 Komoritani, Izumi 136
Kinoshita, Toru 301 Komuro, Katutoshi 350
Kira, Akira 326 Konakahara, Takeo 419
Kishi, Kunihei 293 Kondo, Hirosumi 506
Kishi, Shigeo 191 Kondo, Jiro 293, 294, 317
Kishimoto, Tadazo 489 Konishi, Hiroaki 181
Kishimoto, Toshio 421 Konno, Hiroshi 40
Kishita, Toshiro 387 Konno, Seishi 279
Kitagawa, Osamu 431 Konno, Yuri 300
Kitagyomon, Manabu 519 Konobe, Takeo 111
Kitahara, Yasusada 293,294 Korn, Henri 565
Kitamoto, Yutaka 509 Kosaka, Toshio 457
Kitamura, Takashi 350,351 Kosaki, Akira 102
Kitazume, Tomoya 427 Koshy, Rajen 489
Kitsushiki, Masao 419 Kotaka, Toshihiko 58
Kobamoto, Naotada 522 Koyama, Hideki 412
Kobashi, Koji 659 Koyama, Jiro 348,390
Kobayashi, Akio 194 Koyama, Tetsuo 418
Kobayashi, Fujio 346 Koyama, Tsutomu 350
Kobayashi, Isao 453 Koyanagi, Shinichi 237
Kobayashi, Noboru 603 Kubo, Toshiyuki 423
Kobayashi, Shigeyasu 45 Kubota, Yasuyoshi 507
Kobayashi, Shinya 360 Kubota, Yukiho 515
Kobayashi, Shuhei 357 Kuboyama, Morio 176
Kobayashi, Toshio 344 Kuchino, Yoshiyuki 352
Kobayashi, Yoji 126 Kudou, Hajime 387
Koda, Takao 659 Kumagai, Susumu 350,351
Kodaira, Tasuku 617 Kumatani, Nobuteru 488
Kodama, Toru 438 Kume, Takashi 67,275
Koga, Setsuo 83 Kume, Yutaka 300
Koga, Toshihiko 350 Kunitake, Toyoki 559
Koganezawa, Hideo 151 Kuno, Sho 457
Kohashi, Kazutami 129 Kurachi, Shogo 300
Kohata, Mamoru 574 Kuraishi, K. 433
Kohsaka, Shinichi 356 Kuraishi, 537
Koide, Akiichiro 466 Kuramasu, S. 373
Koide, Kozo 427 Kurashige, Shuji 180
Koide, Tsutomu 352 Kurata, Takeshi 350
Koide, Y oshio 117 Kuriya, Kazuhiko 509
Koike, Katuro 312 Kuroda, Yukiteru 529
Koizumi, Kourou 345 Kurokawa, Yuji 355
Kojima, Koyo 358 Kurotani, Yasuo 505
Kojima, Takemasa 252 Kusa, Mamoru 401
Kojima, Yoshio 464 Kusumoto, Shoichi 490
Koketsu, Mitsuru 170 Kusunokida, Hisao 523
 735

Kuwahara, Masaaki 500 Matsuo, Tsugio 573

Kuwana, Takashi 345 Matsushima, Hisashi 408
Kyogaku, Yoshimasa 494 Matsushita, Hidetsuru 358,361
Lerner, Michele 565 Matsushita, Masao 93
Machi, Dueo 298 Matsushita, Takayuki 491
Maeda, Eizo 454 Matsuzaki, Tetsuya 357
Maeda, Hidekatsu 332 Matsuzawa, Hideo 243
Maegawa, Tadashi 405 Meyerowitz, Elliot 566
Magaki, Yasumoto 601 Mihara, Shigeru 61
Magara, Yasumto 358 Mihara, Shizuo 37
Makino, Noboru 301 Mikado, Soichi 495
Makino, Tadao 453 Mikam~ Eiichi 332
Makita, Akira 391 Mikawa, Shiho 437
Manabe, Masaru 344 Mikuriya, Kenta 284
Marushige, Shingo 453 Miller, James 565
Maruyama, Hiromi B. 86 Milstein, Cesar 565
Masada, Makoto 429 Mimura, Tsutomu 491
Masakawa, Yasuaki 125 Minagawa, Tomonori 391
Masuda, Akiyoshi 177 Minakami, Atsuo 226
Masuda, Hisashi 618 Minam~ Kiyoshi 237
Masuda, Toru 477 Minami, Zenro 166
Masuzawa, Kuniyasu 134 Minamiura, Noji 485
Matsubara, Fujiyoshi 473 Minato, Kanji 258
Matsubara, Ken-ichi 298, 318, 488 Minesuga, Yousetsu 450
Matsubara, Sachiko 504 Minowa, Masumi 358
Matsubara, Yo 490 Mise, Katsutoshi 312,355
Matsubashi, Toshio 439 Mishima, Hideo 76
Matsuda, Fujishiro 431 Mita, Katsushike 317
Matsuda, Hideyuki 506 Mitsui, Takashi 326
Matsuda, Kazuo 407 Mitsumata, Tadayasu 144
Matsuda, Takehisa 353,602 Mitsuoka, Tomotari 326,562
Matsudai, 496 Mitsutake, Tyoma 172
Matsudaira, Hiromichi 294 Miura, Kazunobu 128
Matsui, Masayoshi 152 Miura, Yoshiatsu 491
Matsui, Nobuo 455 Miwa, Hajime 107
Matsui, Shigeru 93 Miwa, Masano 352
Matsui, Tomikazu 48 Miwat~ Toshio 528
Matsukado, Yasuhiko 514 Miyachi, Shigeru 511
Matsumoto, Gen 337 Miyagawa, Matsuo 301
Matsumoto, Goro 393 Miyaishi, Takeo 137
Matsumoto, Hajime 399 Miyaj~ Shigetou 439
Matsumoto, Hideaki 505 Miyaj~ Yusho 133
Matsumoto, Junji 542 Miyakawa, Atsuo 206
Matsumoto, Tadashi 393 Miyake, Tadashi 371
Matsumura, Chi 335 Miyake, Yoshihiro 353
Matsumura, Ikutoshi 183 Miyamoto, Takuji 216
Matsumura, Yoshikazu 273 Miyamoto, Toshihiko 188
Matsumura, Yoshito 265 Miyasato, Kazuko 358
Matsunaga, Hide 458 Miyashita, Nobukatsu 278
Matsunaga, Tepopei 117 Miyawaki, Koichiro 534
Matsunaka, Katsumi 49 Miyazaki, Hidetoshi 235
Matsuno, Koichiro 450 Miyazaki, Hiromichi 293
Matsuo, Hisayuki 353 Miyazaki, Masasumi 452
736

Mizukoshi, Kohji 354 Murao, Sawao 513

Mizuno, Hideo 464 Muraoka, Kouji 361
Mizuno, Koji 185 Murasato, Shohachi 98
Mizuno, Satoshi 350, 351 Murata, Akira 523
Mizuno, Shigeki 398 Murata, Takao 341,343
Mizuno, Sukeaki 392 Murata, Toshiro 312
Mizuno, Takuro 59 Nabeshima, Yoichi 357
Mizuno, Tsutakazu 424 Nagahama, Yoshitaka 456
Mizunoe, Kimifusa 374 Nagahisa, Eizo 190
Mizushima, Akiji 439 Nagai, Hiroshi 89
Mizushima, Takeshi 453 Nagai, Katsutaka 436,461
Mizutani, Junya 559 Nagai, Shiro 499,573
Mokunan, Ryo 459 Nagakura, Saburo 317
Momose, Haruo 421 Nagano, Hiroshi 283
Mori, Akihiko 118 Nagao, Minako 352
Mori, Akitane 503 Nagasaki, Kame 501
Mori, Hajime 251 Nagasawa, Katsutoshi 570
Mor~ Hiroyuki 96 Nagasawa, Takeshi 197
Mor~ Tadahiro 506 Nagata, Ryoichi 238
Mori, Toshito 127 Nagata, Shigekazu 369,484
Mori, Watarutakeyai93, 294, 312, 317, 318 Nagata, Toru 345
Mori, Yoshio 173 Nagata, Toshiyuki 456
Mor~ Yuzuru 245 Nagatani, Atsuhiro 489
Morii, Seiji 293,301 Nagatsu, Shunji 452
Morikawa, Hiroshi 550 Nagayama, Fumio 434
Morikawa, Kousuke 364 Naguma, Shoichi 416
Morikuchi, Michiaki 521 Nagumo, Jin-ichi 294
Morimoto, Keiichi 122 Naito, Masaaki 361
Morimoto, Masayoshi 109 Naito, Toshikuni 209
Morimoto, Teruhiko 164 Nakada, 495
Morioka, Yoshimasa 499 Nakagawa, Ryouchi 216
Morishima, Isao 477 Nakagawa, Takeshi 611
Morishita, Tatsuo 483 Nakagawa, Tsutomu 573
Morisue, Toshiya 453 Nakagome, Y. 661
Morita, Fumio 388 Nakahara, Tamiya 281
Morita, Fusaku 519 Nakahara, Tsuneo 300,364
Morita, Katsura 297 Nakai, Sayaka 412
Morita, Shiro 516 Nakajima, Hideo 312
Moriya, Hiroshi 420 Nakajima, Katsuhisa 442
Morohoshi, Noriyuki 433 Nakajima, Kenji 343
Motoda, Shosaku 60 Nakajima, Tsuji 207
Motokawa, Yutaro 507 Nakamoto, Yasumasa 173
Mukai, Tsunehiro 353 Nakamura, Aki2sugitara 490
Mukoi, Terumi 517 Nakamura, Akitada 355
Murai, Atsuo 652 Nakamura, Arinobu 420
Murak~ Kazuo 409,41 Nakamura, Haruki 364
Murakam~ Ken 362 Nakamura, Keiko 301
Murakam~ Masataka 361, 362 Nakamura, Makoto 91
Murakam~ Shohachi 270 Nakamura, Masao 301
Murakami, Teruhiko 434 Nakamura, Shun 356
Murakami, Yukito 518 Nakamura, Tadaaki 602
Mur~ Hiroyuki 467 Nakamura, Yoshihiro 332
Muramatsu, Masayoshi 436,661 Nakamura, Youji 573
 737

Nakane, Chie 317 Nishiyama, Terasu 79

Nakanishi, Kazuhiro 504 Nishizawa, Junichi 317,399
Nakanishi, Shigetada 477 Nishizawa, Yoshihiko 570
Nakanishi, Shui 232 Nishizuka, Yasuaki 535
Nakao, Makoto 430 Noda, Kazuhiko 412
Nakaoki, Yutaka 300 Nofuku, Shigeo 397
Nakase, Takashi 326, 654 Noguchi, Hisateru 249
Nakasone, Yasuhiro 563 Noguchi, Sumio 81
Nakata, Toshio 155 Nojima, Shoushichi 317,318
Nakata, Yoshiaki 407 Nojiro, Kikuo 432
Nakatani, Rintaro 312, 430 Noka, Jun-ichi 263
Nakatsu, Seichiro 512 Nomoto, Shinya 410
Nakayama, Hiroyuki 113 Nomura, Tashiji 318
Nakayama, Kazuhumi 160 Nomura, Tetsuji 445
Nakayama, Mitsuru 487 Nonaka, Ikuya 356
Nakayama,Ooki 573 Nonomura, Hideo 525
Nakayama, Yoshitake 513 Nonomura, Minoru 434
Nakazu, Seichiro 520 Nose, Yoshio 208
Namba, Susumu 562 Nozawa, Yasunori 399
Nanba, Tadao 466 Nozawa, Yuzuru 481
Naquet, Robert 565 Numa, Seisaku 528
Narishima, Yutaka 519 Numata, Makoto 307
Narita, Mitsuaki 433 Nushi, Masahiko 241
Narumiya, Mamoru 208 Obama, Setsuo 345
Natori, Masahiko 418 Ochi, Naokiyo 233
Natori, Shinsaku 543 Oda, Junichi 480
Natori, Shunji 437 Oda, Kinichiro 420
Nemoto, Takahisa 441 Oda, Minoru 324,328
Nielsen, Tom Busk 201 Odawara, Youji 83
Niida, Tetsuo 115 Oesterhelt, Dieter 565
Nikaido, Osamu 449 Ogasawara, Nagahiro 460
Ninomiya, Ishio 353 Ogata, Jun 353
Nishi, Shinzo 391 Ogata, Yasunari 520
Nishida, Katsuhiko 145 Ogawa, Eiji 300
Nishida, Takeshi 168 Ogawa, Hideyuki 490
Nishigo, Kaoru 436 Ogawa, Kitohiko 513
Nishihara, Haruo 317, 318, 442 Ogawa, Masaharu 494
Nishihara, Takashi 215 Ogawa, Teruo 326
Nishii, Yasuo 44 Ogawa, Tomoya 326
Nishii, Yasutaka 77 Ogawa, Waro 539
Nishijima, Yasunori 317,533 Ohara, Shu 472
Nishikawa, Tetsuji 317 Ohara, Tetsuro 424
Nishikawaji, Shigeki 104 Ohba, Kenkichi 138
Nishimura, Hajime 438 Ohba, Kiyoshi 88
Nishimura, Shigeo 433 Ohba, Yoshiki 449
Nishimura, Susumu 352 Ohi, Shinichi 465
Nishina, Yuichiro 659 Ohinata, Chusuke 43
Nishino, Masaki 267 Ohira, Eichi 440
Nishio, Koji 159 Ohki, Kenzo 416
Nishioka, Hisao 413 Ohmori, Harunori 457
Nishioka, Kazu 469 Ohmori, Hitoshia 504
Nishioka, Yasuzo 431 Ohmori, Katsuo 393
Nishishita, Yutaka 151 Ohmori, Muneki 217
738

Ohmura, Einosuke 598 Okayama, 496

Ohmura, Hirohisa 519 Okazaki, Hideo 272
Ohnishi, Hiroshi 512 Okazaki, Mitsuo 462
Ohnishi, Masaharu 234 Okazaki, Tsuneko 452
Ohnishi, Sei-ichiro 166 Okimoto, Yoichiro 424
Ohnishi, Shunichi 476 Okuhara, Eiji 385
Ohnishi, Teruo 470 Okuyama, Hiroshi 395
Ohno, Hiroie 108 Okuyama, Norio 431,573
Ohno, Koji 387 Omae, Iwao 259
Ohno, Shuichiro 335 Omura, Yozi 220
Ohsato, Toyoro 391 Ono, Koichi 573
Ohsawa, Hiroshi 42 Ono, Teruo 459
Ohsawa, Junya 393 Ono, Yoshio 427
Ohsawa, Takehiko 257 Onoe, Hisashi 317,318
Ohsawa, Toshiaki 437 Onozawa, Yoshiro 407
Ohshima, Harumi 518 Ooishi, Michio 439
Ohshima, Haruyuki 425 Oosawa, Toshiaki 294,312
Ohshima, Kiyoshi 481 Ooshima, Tomoji 293
Ohshima, Nobuo 410 Ootake, Noboru 573
Ohshima, Taiji 492 Osajima, Katsuhito 233
Ohshima, Yasuro 427,429 Oshiumi, R yoichi 189
Ohshiro, Yoshiki 491 Otani, Akira 294
Ohta, Akira 600 Otani, Masaru 272
Ohta, Jiro 419 Ouo, Kei 156
Ohta, Kazuo 539 Oya, Akira 297, 312, 350
Ohta, Takahisa 438,572 Ozaki, Asaichiro 527
Ohta, Tokio 411 Ozaki, Michio 431
Ohta, Yasuo 410 Ozawa, Eijiro 356
Ohtaki, Hitoshi 456 Ozawa, Hitoshi 268
Ohtani, Akira 601 Ozeki, Haruo 476
Ohtani, Noritaka 386 Prigogine, IIya 566
Ohtani, Shigemori 397 Rail, Joseph Edward 565
Ohtsuka, Eiko 390, 489 Rifkin, Jeremy 675
Ohtsuka, Sadao 150 Rolleston, Francis S. 565
Ohtsuki, Naoki 367 Rothschild, Henri C. 565
Ohuchi, Atsuyoshi 588 Saba, Sho-ichi 293,300
Ohyama, Kanji 479 Sada, Eizo 477
Ohyama, Katsuo 343 Sada, Toyoyasu 79
Ohyama, Mikio 55 Sadanaga, Tsuneo 285
Oi, Susumi 485 Sado, Kotaro 301
Oka, Masanori 475 Saeki, Hiroshi 360
Oka, Torno 499 Sahota, Seishi 279
Okada, Fushito 455 Saito, Eishiro 594
Okada, Kosuke 492,529,532 Saito, Hyuga 301, 318, 570
Okada, Satoshi 355 Saito, Jin-itsu 69
Okada, Shigetaka 64 Saito, Makoto 307
Okada, Tokindo 294,318 Saito, Masamitsu 230
Okada, Tomoaki 184 Saito, Masaru 123
Okada, Yoshio 317,318,488 Saito, Minoru 165
Okamoto, Hiroshi 399 Saito, Narimasa 121
Okamoto, Michio 566 Saito, Shinroku 301
Okamoto, Nobukazua 386 Saito, Taichi 300,594
Okawa, Tadashi 169 Saito, Takahide 434
 739

Saito, Takeshi 106 Seiichi, Yasuda 458

Saito, Yasumasa 300 Seike, Yasuhiko 247
Saito, Yoshikazu 388 Seki, Shuji 503
Saito, Yukio 355 Sekida, Hidesato 501
Saji, Keizo 484 Sekiguchi, Junichi 462
Saka, Takayoshi 463 Sekiguchi, Mutsuo 518,537
Sakagami, Shimeji 432 Sekiguchi, Takeshi 407
Sakaguchi, Seiji 346 Sekine, Teruaki 352
Sakaguchi, Yukio 614 Sekiya, Shinichiro 345
Sakai, Akira 432 Sekiya, Takao 352
Sakai, Asaya 450 Sekizawa, Taiji 424
Sakai, Fuminori 317 Senba, Toshihiko 101
Sakai, Haruo 317,318 Senbara, Goro 425
Sakai, Shuzo 77 Senda, Mitsugu 478
Sakaki, Keisuke 517 Seto, Haruo 440
Sakaki, Y. 661 Seto, Iwao 62
Sakakura, Sei 47 Shiba, Tadayoshi 416
Sakakura, Teruyo 328 Shibahara, Kiyoshi 130
Sakata, Hideo 566 Shibasaki, Hiroshi 356
Sakezawa, Chikahiro 508 Shibata, 676
Sakiyama, Fumio 494, 494 Shibata, Masaru 205
Sakiyama, Kosaku 485 Shibata, Shigehisa 344
Sakuma, Hideo 142 Shibata, Takehiko 326
Sakuragawa, Norio 356 Shibata, Yoshoaki 220
Sakurai, Akira 326 Shibatani, Kyoichiro 131
Sakurai, Yasuhisa 531 Shibutani, Ken 542
Samejima, Tatsuya 414 Shibuya, Isao 408
Sana, Hirotashi 430 Shibuya, Masami 189
Sasabe, Hiroyuki 325, 562 Shida, Tadamasu 476
Sasabe, Takao 202 Shiga, Fumimitsu 521
Sasada, Tomosaburo 469 Shiga, Toshio 220
Sasada, Yoshio 429 Shigekawa, Nunekazu 353
Sasaki, Motomichi 389 Shihou, Eijiro 387
Sasaki, Ryuzo 478 Shiinoki, Satoshi 360
Sasaki, Takashi 344,497 Shikae, Sadao 205
Sasamoto, Yasuhiko 254 Shimabara, Kenzo 422
Satake, Akira 461 Shimada, Akiyoshi 226
Sato, Akio 294 Shimada, Kazunori 515
Sato, Eichi 411 Shimada, Kyo 483
Sato, Fujio 182 Shimada, Mitsutaro 74
Sato, Masayoshi 215 Shimada, Tadashi 445
Sato, Mitsuru 520 Shimamawari, Kunitoshi 345
Sato, Shigeki 87 Shimamoto, Nobuo 459
Sato, Takamasa 437 Shimamoto, Tadashi 502
Sato, Tomohiro 210 Shimizu, Kajuzo 301
Sato, Yoshihei 418 Shimizu, Kenichi 219
Satzukijo, Shinichi 410 Shimizu, Shiho 441
Sawada, Kenji 399 Shimizu, Shin 96
Sawada, Motoshige 294 Shimizu, Yoichi 317,318,454
Sawada, Shozo 407 Shimoda, Masahiko 224,386
Sawada, Tatsuro 447 Shimogori, Yoichiro 174
Sawada, Toshio 317 Shimosato, Yukio 352
Sawai, Tetsuo 404 Shimotohno, Kunitada 352
740

Shiroura, Ryoro 456,476 Sugiyama, Tsutomu 458

Shimura, Yoshiro 317,318 Sunagawa, Keisuke 312
Shin, K. 472 Sunagawa, Megumi 301
Shinda, 248 Sunahara, Hiroshi 499
Shindo, Minoru 49 Susumi, Sadao 46, 372
Shinjo, Nagari 522 Suzue, Ryokueru 357
Shinosawa, Takao 406 Suzuki, Eiji 312
Shinozaki, Kazuo 328 Suzuki, H. 347
Shioda, Hideo 394 Suzuki, Haruo 443
Shiono, Masaharu 50 Suzuki, Hideo 146
Shirai, Toshigio 415 Suzuki, Koji 484
Shiraishi, Makoto 513 Suzuki, Mamoru 345
Shiraki, Masaru 332 Suzuki, Mitsuru 266
Shirako, Tadao 470 Suzuki, Seiji 294
Shitanishi, Yasushi 493 Suzuki, Shozo 395
Shizume, Takemoto 109 Suzuki, Shuichi 300, 409, 574
Shoda, Nobohiro 461 Suzuki, Takahito 341,343
Shoji, Tsuneo 78 Suzuki, Takeshi 266, 301, 358
Sobue, Kenji 490 Suzuki, Tomoo 294, 332
Soda, Kenji 480 Suzuki, Toshimitsu 457
Soeda, Eiichi 329 Suzuki, Yukio 505
Soma, Genichiro 424 Suzuki, Yuzuru 474
Sonoda, Ryuichi 245 Tabira, Takeshi 356
Sonoda, Yorikazu 516 Tabuchi, Tokuichi 118
Sonta, Hiromi 61 Tachi, Kenji 237
Sotomura, Kenzo 488 Tachibana, Toshihiko 95
Sotomura, Koichiro 478 Tada, Tomio 294
Sotoyama, Keisuke 457 Tadai, Hiroshi 538
Sudo, Ryuichi 361,362 Tadai, Yuji 516
Sudo, Tadashi 191 Tadaira, Takeshi 603
Suga, Hiroyuki 353 Tadenuma, Makoto 360
Suga, Kenichi 492 Tagaki, Waichiro 486
Suga, Shin taro 388 Tagawa, Hiroaki 411
Sugahara, Kiyoshi 361, 362 Tagawa, Kiyoshi 500
Sugahara, Shiro 395 Taguchi, Funiaki 416
Sugahara, Takao 350,301 Taguchi, Mikio 345
Sugano, Haruo 317,376 Takabashi, Ryohei 517
Sugano, Hiroshi 460 Takada, Hisao 281
Sugano, Izuru 168 Takada, Mitsuru 196
Sugano, Masayoshi 449 Takagi, Makoto 519
Suganuma, Toshio 158 Takagi, Toshio 494
Sugawara, Yo 483 Takagishi, Toru 487
Sugayama, 544 Takahara, Yasushi 149
Sugimoto, Kazunori 388,392 Takahashi, Atsushi 355
Sugimura, Takashi 294,312,566 Takahashi, Hideaki 217
Sugisawa, Hiroshi 501 Takahashi, Hideo 439
Sugita, Hideo 356 Takahashi, Joji 410,573
Sugita, Kouichi 99 Takahashi, Katsuaki 502
Sugiura, Akira 350,600 Takahashi, Katsutada 487
Sugiura, Masahiro 451 Takahashi, Kenji 436
Sugiura, Miyoji 341 Takahashi, Kiyohisa 356
Sugiyama, Hironari 130 Takahashi, Kojiro 360
Sugiyama, Junta 439 Takahashi, Kosuke 418
 741

Takahashi, Mitsuo 350 Tamaru, Keiji 534

Takahashi, Mitsuru 480 Tamura, Gakuzo 574
Takahashi, Noboru 73 Tamura, Keiji 218
Takahashi, Nobutaka 307, 326, 562 Tamura, Mamoru 392
Takahashi, Tomoko 415 Tamura, 214
Takahashi, Toshiaki 511 Tanabe, Akira 175,504
Takahisa, Hiroshi 405 Tanabe, Kiichiro 154
Takai, Koichi 65 Tanabe, Tadashi 353
Takai, Shuudou 412 Tanaka, Akira 354
Takaishi, Masahiro 358 Tanaka, Atsuo 477
Takamine,lokichi 1 Tanaka, Fumio 357,420
Takamori, Masohiro 350 Tanaka, Hideaki 335
Takanaka, Akira 354 Tanaka, Hirotake 341,343
Takanaka, Tadashi 601 Tanaka, Ikuzo 293,426
Takanami, Mitsuru 479,480 Tanaka, Katsunobu 135
Takanashi, Masayoshi 153 Tanaka, Keiji 563
Takano, Akira 358 Tanaka, Keitatsu 460
Takano, Hisateru 353 Tanaka, Kozo 498,499
Takano, Mitsuo 492 Tanaka, Masami 572
Takano, Tanaka, Masato 185
Takaoka, Yoshio 259 Tanaka, Nobuo 427
Takasaka, Shinichi 600 Tanaka, Shoji 301
Takasaki, Hirachiro 394 Tanaka, Toshiyuki 142
Takashima, Fumio 434 Tanaka, Yoshihiro 66,336
Takashima, Sachio 356 Tani, Yoshiki 573,479
Takasuna, Toshiyuki 265 Tanida, Yoshitoshi 441
Takaya, Haruo 335 Tanifuji, Shigekyuki 389
Takayama, Shozo 351 Tanigawa, Shoichiro 659
Takebayashi, Yoichi 590 Taniguchi, Itsugu 489
Takeda, Masahisa 432 Taniguchi, Masaru 404
Takeda, Mitsuharu 355 Tanimura, Akio 354
Takeda, Susumu 483 Tanooka, Hiroshi 352
Takeda, Takeo 372 Tarao, Tadao 312
Takeda, Yasushi 354 Tate, Ryuichiro 312
Takefuji, Akira 445 Tatewaki, Masakazu 389
Takefuj~ Yoshikazu 409 Tatsumi, Tomomasa 473
Takeishi, Keichi 464 Tawa, Hisaaki 71
Takemori, Toshitada 350 Tazato, Isao 504
Takenaka, Osamu 481 Tenba, Kazuo 386
Takenaka, Ryo 480 Tenma, Michiko 317
Takeshita, Noboru 563 Terada, Masaaki 352
Takeuchi, Hiroshi 301 Terada, Miyaji 97
Takeuchi, Masayuki 408 Teranaka, Masaaki 410
Takeuchi, Michio 433 Teranaka, Riaki 411
Takeuchi, Setsuo 424 Terao, Tadao 355
Takeyama, Tetsu 149 Terashima, Toyozo 330
Takeyasu, Yoshimitsu 293,294 Terzuolo, Carlo 565
Takezoe, Teruo 222 Titani, Koiti 562
Takimoto, Atsushi 533 Tobinaga, Seisho 422
Takimoto, Michiaki 425 Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco 565
Tamai, Akikazu 246 Tochiku, Masakazu 536
Tamai, Yoichi 497 Tochikura, Tatsumutsuro 478
Tamao, Y. 148 Toda, Fujio 428
742

Toda, Kiyoshi 312, 440 Uchida, Keiichi 42

Togawa, Hideo 140 Uchida, Takashi 489
Togawa, Murao 500 Uchida, Tsuneko 371
Tokita, Tsutomu 264 Uchida, Yuzuru 456, 661
Tokumaru, Katsumi 301 U chino, Shogo 425
Tokunaga, Toru 350,351,603 Uchiyama, Iwao 358
Tokura, Osamu 301 Uchiyama, Mitsuru 602
Tokura, Seichi 388 Uchiyama, Yuki 451
Tokushige, Masanobu 476 Uda, Shunsuke 449
Tokuyatsu, Kiyochika 229 Ueda, Katsumoto 358
Tominaga, Hirotomi 444 Ueda, Seinosuke 514
Tominaga, Isamu 57 Uehara, Nobuhiro 463
Tominaga, Yoshio 486 Uemura, Hajime 604
Tomita, Fusao 574 Ueno, Hiroya 421
Tomita, Ichiro 461 Ueno, Kazue 446
Tomita, Kenichi 491 Uesugi, Harukazu 492
Tomita, Kosuke 273 Ulmer, Kevin M. 562
Tomita, Takashi 127 Umeda, Keiji 344
Tone, Hiroshi 224 Umeya, Kenji 348
Tonegawa, Susumu 404 Umezawa, Hamao 375
Tonosaki, Yasuhiro 179 Umino, Hajime 428
Torii, Hiroyuki 301 Uozumi, Takeshi 439
Toriyama, Kunio 298 Ushizono, Koji 464
Totaba, Yasuyuki 467 Utaka, Juzo 454
Totani, Masayuki 357 Uyama, Chikao 353
Totsuka, Akira 360 Uzawa, Hirofumi 307
Toubayashi, Yushihide 483 Uzuhashi, Yuji 95
Toue, Akio 499 Wada, Akiyoshi 298,566
Toya, Yasunori 63 Wada, Eitaro 371
Toyama, Kyozen 522 Wada, Toshio 81
Toyoda, Koichi 562 Wakashiro, Michio 76
Toyoshima, Kumao 442 Wakazono, Hiroshi 187
Tsuboshina, Masami 207 Wasa, Tamotsu 487
Tsuchiya, Shuuji 193 Watake, Hiroaki 268
Tsuchiya, Takahide 423 Watanabe, Akira 454
Tsuchiya, Tomonobu 503 Watanabe, Goro 634
Tsuda, Karyu 459 Watanabe, Haruo 350
Tsuda, Kyosuke 598 Watanabe, Hisashi 194
Tsugawa, Ryuichiro 574 Watanabe, !taru 294, 301, 307, 312, 318
Tsugeno, Hajimu 116 Watanabe, Keizaburo 70
Tsugita, Takashi 115 Watanabe, Kiyoshi 110,485
Tsuji, Frederick I. 369, 485 Watanabe, Kobo 428
Tsuji, Masayasu 91 Watanabe, Kudo 405
Tsukada, Hideyuki 395 Watanabe, Kunio 263
Tsukada, Yoji 143 Watanabe, Misa 385
Tsukada, Yuzo 294 Watanabe, Shaw 352
Tsumura, Yoshihiro 41 Watanabe, Shoichiro 416
Tsunemasa, Norimi 75 Watanabe, Suzuo 146
Tsunewaki, Koichiro 478 Watanabe, Yasuto 486
Tsuruda, Teiji 421 Watanabe, Yasuyoshi 369
Tsurushima, Hisao 161 Watanabe, Yuji 466
Tsurutani, Taiji 247 Winnacker, Ernst L. 565
Uchida, Isao 570 Yabuki, Kazutoshi 487
 743

Vagi, Hideharu 471 Yamazawa, Shingo 418

Vagi, Nobushige 204 Yamazumi, Takuo 238
Yajima, Izumi 250 Yanagida, Fujiharu 432
Yamada, Akira 562 Yanagida, Hiroaki 441
Yamada, Hideaki 573,478 Yanagida, Kunio 312
Yamada, Shigeki 134, 258 Yanagita, Toshio 493
Yamada, Tadashi 482 Yanase, Hitoshige 213
Yamada, Tetsuya 483 Yanase, Mutsuo 293
Yamada, Tomiaki 105 Yano, Junichi 188
Yamada, Yasuchu 492 Yano, Keiji 439
Yamada, Yasuyuki 294, 298, 318, 479 Yao, Toru 364
Yamada, Yuzo 464 Yasu, Ikuo 540
Yamagata, Tatsuya 371 Yasuda, Akizo 505
Yamagishi, Shunichi 457 Yasufuku, Katsutoshi 326
Yamaguchi, Chozo 97 Yasui, Motoshi 60
Yamaguchi, Hideo 440 Yasui, Toshio 410
Yamaguchi, Isamu 326 Yasumoto, Akira 601
Yamaguchi, Kazuo 448 Yasuoka, Noritake 470
Yamaguchi, Keiichi 196 Yochiku, Masakaza 601
Yamaguchi, Ken 352 Yogi, Seichi 522
Yamaguchi, Michio 357 Yokoi, Hatsuo
Yamaguchi, Muneo 332 Yokomura, Hidekazu 484
Yamakaku, Hirotada 528 Yokoyama, Eiji 361,362
Yamamoto, Akio 429 Yokozuka, Hiroyasu 467
Yamamoto, Akira 602 Yominaga, Toshio 370
Yamamoto, Nao 452 Yoneda, Y oshifumi 440
Yamamoto, Norio 401 Yoneda, Yuko 180
Yamamoto, Shohei 501 Yoshida, Ako 301
Yamamoto, Takehiko 511 Yoshida, Genichi 461
Yamamoto, Yasushi 574,617 Yoshida, Mamoru 124
Yamamura, Kenichi 515 Yoshida, Masaki 301, 543
Yamamura, Yuichi 294, 312 Yoshida, Mitsuaki 420
Yamanaka, Hajime 573 Yoshida, Nobuo 239
Yamanaka, Masayoshi 301 Yoshida, R yo 403
Yamanaka, Takeo 427 Yoshida, Ryutaro 369, 485
Yamanaka, Yoshitada 431 Yoshida, Zen-ichi 297
Yamane, Izumi 85 Yoshihira, Kunitoshi 355, 601
Yamane, Shigeru 337 Yoshii, Hisao 432
Yamanouchi, Kazuya 312 Yoshiike, Kunihito 601
Yamashita, Atsushi 345 Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki 301
Yamashita, Makoto 274 Yoshikawa, Masanosuke 442
Yamashoji, Shiro 120 Yoshikawa, Sadao 535
Yamatani, Tomoyuki 398 Yoshikura, Hiroshi 350
Yamato, Ichiro 420 Yoshimura, Koichi 114
Yamato, Masatoshi 502 Yoshimura, Tohru 294
Yamauchi, A. 336 Yoshino, Zenichi 227
Yamauchi, Haruo 459 Yoshioka, Hirosuke 326
Yamauchi, Susumu 213 Yoshioka, Isao 416
Yamazaki, Kotaka 465 Yoshitomi, Fumihiko 373
Yamazaki; Mamoru 438 Y oshiyagawa, Makoto 269
Yamazaki, Megumi 393 Yoshizato, Minoru 358
Yamazaki, Shudo 312, 350 Yoshizawa, Haruo 195
744

Yoshizawa, Kiyoshi 360 Yura, Takashi 480, 481

Yoshizawa, Susumu 56 Yutaka, Higa 204
Y oshizumi, Hajime 572
Index of Terms

Abbott Laboratories 55 Aidagumi Co. 621

Academic Societies, see also AIST, see Agency of Industrial Science
Association..., Society... 10, 525f and Technology
- statistics 11, 525 Ajinomoto Co. 1, 19, 29, 38f, 364, 571,
- meetings 526 574, 583, 585, 590, 598, 601, 602, 605, 606,
Advanced Medical Information Service 613,616
668f Akita Co. 39f
Advanced Telecommunications Research Akita Jujo Chemicals Co. 39f
Institute 6fJ7 Akita Konno Co. 40f
AdvanTest 558 Akita New Science Town 708
Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Akita University, see University...
Research Promotion Fund 9, 313, 314, Amano Pharmaceutical Co. 37f, 612, 613,
604f,636f 614,615
- research companies 637 American Type Culture Collection
-loans 637 (ATCC) 246
- capital investment 637 ANRE, see Agency of Natural Resources
Advisory groups 288 and Energy
Agency of Industrial Science and Anti-trust regulations 568
Technology (AlST) 302, 303f, 306, 330, Anzai Universal Laboratory 616
365,567,569,573,575,576,639 Aoyama Gakuin University, see
- foreign researcher invitation program University...
681 Applied Biosystems Co. 598
- research complex, see Tsukuba Science Aqua Renaissance '90 Project 305, 306,
City... 333, 335, 576, 578f
Agency of Natural Resources and Energy Aquaculture Research Institute of Cold
(ANRE) 302, 304f, 573, 575 Zonal Fish 610
Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, Aquarenaissance '90, see Aqua
see Society... Renaissance '90 Project
Agriculture 14, 22 Arakawa-Chotaro Co. 40f
- biotechnological methods 694 Aroka Co. 588
- Japan compared to Western nations Asahi Breweries Co. 41f, 571, 598, 600,
22f, 693f, 715f 609,610,613
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Asahi Chemical Industry Co. 6, 33, 34,
Research Council Secretariat 307, 308f, 41f, 559, 571, 583, 585, 588, 598, 602, 605
607 Asahi Denka Kogyo K.K. 613, 617
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Asahi Glass Co. 42f, 559, 571, 581, 598,
Research Council 291, 307f, 606 603
- members 307 Asahi Industries Co 42f
- recommendations 307, 607f Asahi Kasei, see Asahi Chemical Industry
AGRIS database 667 Co.
Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute Asahi Medicals Co. 602
444£ Asahikawa Medical College 386f
746

Asano Construction Co. 621 Bioindustry Association...

ASPRONC, see Association... Biotechnology methods
Association - in agriculture and fisheries 694
- for Artificial Kidney Devices 602 - in industry 547f
- for Microbiology, Japan 530f Biotechnology products, see also rDNA-
- for Medical Polymers 602 related products...
- for the Promotion of New Chemistry - market expectation 3f, 5f, 6, 31
(ASPRONC) 551f - market growth 5, 31
- Japanese, Cancer 535f - sales 4f, 32f
- Japanese, for Plant Tissue Culture 527f Botanical Society of Japan, see Society...
- Japanese, of Industrial Fermentation BRAIN, see Bio-oriented Technology
527f Research Advancement Institution
- Japanese, Tissue Culture 529f Brain Research Institute, see University of
- Neurosciences Research, Japan 542 Niigata
- of Industrial Fermentation, Japan 569 Brewing Society of Japan, see Society...
Auritsu Co. 588 Bristol-Myers K.K. 598
B. Braun Biotech 571 Budapest Treaty 656
Bank of Tokyo 572 Budget
Banyu Pharmaceutical Co. 43f, 571, 598 - national 17, 626
Basic research, stimulation of 9, 15, 552 - for R&D, int~rnational comparison 716
Basic Technologies for Future Industries, - prefectural 626
see R&D Program ... - science and technology 716
Baxter Ltd. 598 C. Itoh Co. 28
Bayer Yakuhin 571 C. Itoh Sugar Co. 44f
Beckman Instruments Co. 571 California Medical University, Irvine 81
Beritas Co. 603 Calpis Food Industry 35, 598, 601
BIDEC, see Biotechnology Development Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for
Corporation Cancer Research 376f
Biotechnology Development Corporation Cancer Research Campaign Technology,
5, 13,31,598,548, 569f UK 246
Bio Database, see Japan Bioindustry Cancer research 313,314,316,381,382
Association... Canon Co. 571
Bio Science Lab 598 Cellco Advanced Bioreactors, Inc. 171
Bio-Fair exhibitions 572 Cell culture products, sales 32
Bio-oriented Technology Research Celltech Co. 246
Advancement Institution (BRAIN) 9, 13, Celltech Diagnostics Co. 246
87, 310, 608f, 634f, 709 Centocor Co. 266
- activities 608f Centers for Cooperative Research, see
- capital investment 635 Ministry of Education, Science and
- loans 610,610,636 Culture...
- projects 609f Center
Bio-Science Research Center 618 - for Development of Environmental
Bioelectronics 28 Resources 609f
Biofocus Wastewater Treatment Project - for Environmental Hygiene 601
321, 362, 620f - for Waste Treatment Technology 601
Bioindustry 29f, 546 Central Engineering Construction Co.
Biomaterials Research Institute Co. 44f, 45f
364f, 595f, 633 Central Glass Co. 372
Bioreactor for Food Industry Project, see Cetus Co. 29
R&D Project... Chemical Research Institute of Non-
Biosensor Laboratories Co. 44f, 605f Aqueous Solutions, see University of
Biotechno-System Agrogenetics Co. 171 Tohoku ...
Biotechnology database, see Japan Chemical Society of Japan, see Society...
 747

Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank 572,598

Institute 6, 34, 35, 45f, 372f, 555, 598, Dai-Ichi Pharmaceuticals 600
600,601 Dai-Ichi Pure Chemicals 598
Chiba Institute of Technology, see Daicel Chemical Industries Co. 51£, 571,
Institute of Technology... 583, 584, 595, 598
Chiba Serum Products 601 Daiei Food Industries Co. 52£
Chiba University, see University... Daiichi Pharmaceuticals, see Daiichi
Chimeratech Corp. 74 Seiyaku
Chino Works 616 Daiichi Seiyaku Co. 6,19, 52f, 558, 559,
Chisso Co. 372, 590, 598 571,598,601,602,603,605
Chiyoda Chemical Engineering Co. 46f, Daiichi Togyo Co. 53f
571, 579, 590, 598, 612, 621 Daikin Industries 54f, 559
Chiyogiku Co. 47f Dainabot Co. 54f, 55
Chori Co. 28 Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc. 55f,
Chubu Electric Power Co. 48f 372, 571, 598
Chuetsu Yeast Industry Co. 48f Dainippon Pharmaceuticals Co. 6, 35,
Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. 6, 19, 49f, 55f, 572, 599, 602, 603
571,586,598,601,602,603,606,617 Dainippon Sugar Manufacturing Co. 56f
Chuo Electric Co. 588 Daisan Industries 697
Chuo Kagaku Co. 571 Daiseki Co. 56f
Chuo University, see University... Daishin Marine Products Co. 57f
Ciba-Geigy (Japan) Ltd. 50f, 571, 598 Daiso Co. 57f
CNRS 589 Daiwa Kasei KK 58f
Coca-Cola Japan 571 Databases, see also under individual
Committee system 7, 288 organizations 661£
Communication Centers 709 - for Biotechnology, see Japan Bioindustry
Connaught Laboratories 53 Association...
Consensus 7 - AGRIS system 9, 667
Contextual measures 550 - regional high tech network project 9
Cooperation, forms of 11f - Japan Information Center of Science
- survey 30 and Technology (JICST) 9, 299, 323,
Cooperative Research Centers, see 329f,662f
Ministry of Education, Science and - on-line network 664f
Culture... - Tsukuba office 9, 330f, 665
Core University System 684 - JETRO Ace 9, 667
Cosmetics Association 600 - NACSIS system 9, 665
Cosmo Bio Co. 51£ - private 668f
Cosmo Oil Co. 51, 372, 590 - RECREAS system 9, 667
Council for Aeronautics, Electronics and Denka Seiken Co. 59f, 599, 601
other Advanced Technologies 296, 297f Denki Kagaku Kogyo KK 6Of, 571, 583,
- committee of biotechnology, members 584, 599, 612
297 Depositories 9, 646f
Council for Science and Technology 7, - DNA Data Bank of Japan 9, 655f
289, 291, 292f, 295, 383, 551£, 567, 575, - fish genetic resources 660
- committee on policy matters 293, 295 - Gene Bank Project, MAFF 9, 309, 343f,
- members 293 345, 634, 657f
- life science subcommittee, members - Institute for Fermentation Osaka (IFO)
294 373f,652f
- recommendations 552f - Japan Collection of Microorganisms 9,
- policy guidelines 552f 326,653f
Council system, overview 291£ - Japanese Cancer Research Resources
CPC International Co. 571 Bank, MHW 9,66Of
Culture collections, see Depositories... - Japanese Federation of Culture
748

Collections 647f, 654 Eniwa Research Business Park 560

- survey of available strains 648f Ensuiko Sugar Refining Co. 63f,
- of the MAFF 657 Environmental Agency 32Of, 690, 691
- of the MHW 660 - budget 289
- of the MITI 656 - research institutes 360f
- of the STA 653 ERATO project, see Exploratory Research
- of Monbusho 654 for.4dvanced Technology
- of RIIffiN 654 Eurolysine 38
- patent microorganism depository, Exchange of researchers, international
Fermentation Research Institute 9, 306, 678,683
332, 334, 656f Exploratory Research for Advanced
- RIIffiN Gene Bank 9, 328, 654f Technology (ERATO) 9, 13, 297, 299,
- tree genetic resources 660 554,555f
- World Data Center 654 - projects, see under individual names
Developmental Biology Research Center - research grants 678
618 Ezaki Glico Co. 63f,614
Dick Degremon Co. 579,621 Falcom Hitac Co. 697
Diversification 3 Fermentation Research Institute 332£,
DKKCo. 616 584,585
DNA Data Bank of Japan 655f - Patent Microorganism Depository, see
Doctor's degree, statistics 10 Depositories...
Dojindo Laboratories 559 Fermentech Co. 246
Doshisha University, see University... Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme
Dow Chemical Co. 589 627
Dowa Constructions Co. 621 FKKR&D 571
Dowa Mining Co. 6Of, 372, 571 Flowergate Co. 122
Drug Delivery System Institute Ltd. Food Bioreactor Association, see R&D
(DDS) 59f, 605f Project...
DSM Co. 571 Food intake, Japan vs. USA 21£,714f
DuPont Japan 599 Food and Drug Safety Research Center
E. Merck, Darmstadt 258 313, 601, 602, 603
Earth Chemical Co. 34, 61£, 599 Forestry and Forest Products Research
Earth Pharmaceuticals, see Earth Institute 346
Chemical Co. Foundation of Economic Trends, USA
Ebara Infilco Co. 62f, 571, 621 675
Ebara Research Co. 62f, 579, 581 Foundation for the Promotion of Cancer
Economy, Gross National Product 17 Research 313
- Gross Domestic Product 17 Frontier Research Program 9,297,299,
Education and science 327,560f
- national expenditure 626 - buildings 561
- local expenditures 626 - organizational structure 561
- school system 378f - research grants 678
- university system, see Universities... Fruit Tree Research Station 348£
Ehime University, see University... Fuji Boseki 602
Eiburu Co. 612 Fuji Chemical Industries Co. 64£
Eiken Chemicals Co. 603 Fuji Electric Co. 64£, 571, 616, 571
Eisai Co. 19, 35, 557, 571, 599, 601, 602, Fuji Oil Co. 65f, 571, 612, 616
603,605,697 Fuji Pharmaceutical Industry Co 66f, 557
Electrochemical Society of Japan, see Fuji Photo Film Co. 66£, 571, 588
Society... Fuji Spinning Co. 67f
Electrotechnical Laboratory 337f, 587 Fujihara 616
EMBL Heidelberg 655 Fujijin Shoyu Co. 67£, 275
Endowed chairs 381 Fujikin 697
 749

Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Co. 599 Grelan Pharmaceutical Co. 599

Fujirebio, Inc. 68f, 599 Group-oriented perception 14
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. 6, 19,33, Gunma University, see University...
34, 35, 68f, 571, 599, 602, 603, 605, 609, Gunze Ltd. 75f
697 Hagiwara Institute of Health 599
Fujita Co. 69f, 621, 621 Hakutsuru Sake Brewing Co. 76f, 609
Fujitsu 364, 571, 581, 587, 615, 697 Hamamatsu Hotnics 605
Fujiwara Pharmaceuticals Co. 557 Hamamatsu Institute for Mechatronics
Fukuda Electron Co. 588 Technology 708
Fukui Medical School 444f Hamamatsu Photonics 557,588
Fukui University, see University... Hana Biologics 68
Fukuoka Industrial Research Institute Harima Chemicals, Inc. 76f
559 Harwell Laboratory 589
Fukuyama University, see University... Hasegawa 614
Fund for Overseas Scientific Research Hayaishi Bioinformation Transfer Project
684 556f
Fundokin Shoyu Co. 70f, 275 Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories,
Furukawa Electric Co. 192, 588 Inc. 6, 77f, 571
Furusawa MorphoGenes Project 556, Hayashikane Sangyo Co. 78f
558f Hazama-Gumi 78f, 571, 581
Fuso Pharmaceuticals Co. 599, 600 Health care, expenditures 19
Fuso Water Industries Co. 70f Health Science Council 291, 311, 312,
Gakken Co. 71f 597
Gei Di Agris Co. 103 - biotechnology committee 312f
Gekkeikan Sake Co. 71£,571,599,609 - recommendations 597
Gemini Science Co. 122 Heian Metal Industry 588
Gen Co-operation 610 Heiwa Information Center 669f
GenBank Los Alamos 655 Helix International 195
Gene Bank Project, see Ministry of HFSP, see Human Frontier Science
Agriculture... Program ...
Genentech 29, 599, 600 Higashimaru Shoyu Co. 79f
Genetics Institute 122, 571 Higeta Shoyu Co. 79f
Genetics Society of Japan, see Society... Himae Sanatorium 603
Genex 29 Himeji Institute of Technology, see
Genzyme Japan 571 Institute of Technology...
Ghen Corporation 72f Hirosaki University, see University...
Gifu Bio Farm Co. 73f Hiroshima Institute for Tissue Culture
Gifu Immunology Research Institute 610 Technology, Ltd. 80f
Gifu University, see University... Hiroshima University, see University...
Global environment project, see R&D Hisamitsu Pharmaceuticals 559
Project... History 1, 287, 546
Godo Sake 557 Hitachi Air Conditioning and
Godo Shusei Co. 73f, 571, 590 Refrigeration Co. 80f
Goodrich Chemicals Co. 192 Hitachi Chemical Co. 81£, 372, 571
Government, survey of biotechnology Hitachi Ltd. 27, 82f, 329, 560, 571, 587,
programs, see also under individual 588, 590
ministry 549f Hitachi Electronics 697
Government Publication Service Center Hitachi Medico 588
668f Hitachi Plant Engineering and
Green Cross Co. (Midori Juji) 6, 34, 36, Construction Co. 83f, 579, 596
74f, 555, 599, 601, 603, 615 Hitachi Research Center, Irvine,
Green Planet Project, see R&D Project... California 81
Green Research Center Co. 75f Hitachi Zosen Corporation 84f, 571, 581,
750

609, 711 Hodogaya Chemical Co. 84f, Imre Co. 256

372, 571, 617, 697 Imuraya Confectionalry Co. 94f
Hoechst Japan Ltd. 85f, 571, 599 Ina Food Industry Co. 94f
Hohnen Oil Co. 86f INA New Civil Engineering Research
Hokkai Can Co. - Canning Research Center 697
Institute 86f Inaba Biophoton Project 556, 558f
Hokkaido Bank 609 Industrial Products Research Institute, see
Hokkaido Bank Foundation 572 Research Institute...
Hokkaido Electric Power 609 Industrial Technology Council 291, 300f,
Hokkaido Green-Bio Institute 87f, 609f, 302, 566
711 - Future Technology Development
Hokkaido Institute of Technology, see Subcommittee 301
Institute of Technology... - members 300
Hokkaido Nissin Co. 87f Industry
Hokkaido Sankyo 711 - agriculture and fisheries 22f
Hokkaido Sugar Co. 88f - available methods in biotechnology 31,
Hokkaido Takushoku Bank 609 547f
Hokkaido University, see University... - biotechnology personnel 3, 12, 30, 31,
Hokko Chemical Industry Co. 89f, 617 547,720
Hokudo Co. 89f - average size of groups 4
Hokuriku Seiyaku 599 - in genetic engineering 30, 547, 641
Hokusan 697 - business fields of companies entering
Hokusan Showa 618 biotechnology 3
Hokuto Industries Co. 90f - chemical 4, 20f
Hombo Brewery Co. 90f - construction 4, 26f
Horikoshi Superbugs Project 556, 557f - diversification 17, 29
Hoshi University, see University... - electric machinery 27f
Hospital of Childrens Diseases 602 - energy-related 25f
Hoyu Co. 91£ - expectations on government measures
Human Frontier Science Program 9, 13, 30
296, 306, 299, 563f, 567, 588, 593 - expenditure for life sciences and
- grants 565 biotechnology R&D 3, 4, 11, 547, 720
- organizational structure 564 - expenditure for rDNA-reiated R&D
- research grants 678 641
- scholarships 9 - exports 18f
- scientific committee 565 - fermentation-based 1, 18f, 29
- targets 565f - food 4,20f
Human genome sequencing project 297, - iron and steel 25f
299,329 - joint research with universities 383f,
Human Science News 599 619f
Ibaraki University, see University... - market informations, see Biotechnology
IBM 559 products...
Ichibiki Co. 91£ - metal leaching 4
Idemitsu Kosan Co. 92f, 557, 571, 581, - mining and energy 4, 25f
590 - pharmaceutical 4, 19f
Idemitsu Petrochemical Co. 92f, 603 - policy 546f
IFO (Institute for Fermentation Osaka), - pulp and paper 24f
see Depositories... - rDNA products, see rDNA-related
Ihara Chemical Industry Co. 93f, 581 products...
Ikeda Genosphere Project 556, 560f - regional tie-ups 711
Ikeda Mohando 600 - shipbuilding 26f
Ikeda Tohka Industries Co. 93f - textiles 4, 23f
Imasen Technology Laboratory 588 Information collection, international 9, 28
 751

Information exchange, international 678 Utilization 429f

Information Management Service and Intel Japan 697
Research 669 International Bio-Research 571
Information networks, see Data banks... International Board for Plant Genetic
Information systems 552 Resources 659
Infrastructure, measures 552 Internationalization 9, 15, 552, 567, 677f
Ingene Co. 74 Investments in biotechnology, see Ministry
Inro Biomedical Co. 246 of Finance...
Institutes, see also Research Institute..., Iseki Co. 95f
National Institute... Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Co. 95f, 571, 607,
Institute 617
- for Advanced Skin Research, Inc. 606f Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries
- for Aviation Fuel Fermentation 332 Co. 96f, 571, 579, 616
- for Biofunctional Research, Ltd. 605f Itoh Ham 614,616
- for Chemical Research, see University of Itoh Oil Manufacturing Co. 97f
Kyoto Itoman Co. 28
- for Fermentation Osaka (IFO), see Iwai Construction 613
Depositories... Iwaki Meisei University, see University...
- for Protein Research, see University of Iwata Chemical Co. 97f
Kyoto ... Iwate Bank 620
- for Virus Research, see University of Iwate Bio-Research Center Ltd. 98f, 609
Kyoto... Iwate Prefectural Brewing and Research
- of Applied Microbiology, see University Institute 393f
of Tokyo ... Iwate University, see University...
- of Cytosignal Research Inc. 604f Japan Academy 315, 320f
- of Genetic Ecology, see University of Japan Agricultural Chemicals 610
Tohoku ... Japan Association of Industrial
- of Immunological Sciences, see Fermentation, see Association...
University of Hokkaido... Japan Association for Microbiology, see
- of Medical Science, see University of Association...
Tokyo ... Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA) 5,
- of Physical and Chemical Research 9, 13, 30, 302, 548, 569~ 579, 629, 662
(RIKEN) 296,297,299, 323f, 557, 560, - activities 572
647, 678 - biotechnology database 572, 662, 665f
- Gene Bank 325, 328 - international cooperation 574f
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba 327f, - organizational structure 570
676,695 - public acceptance measures 677f
- P4 Laboratory 327, 328, 646 - publications 574
- organizational structure 325 - regional biotechnology association
- of Public Health 313, 358f network 710
- of Scientific and Industrial Research, see Japan Cancer Research Bank, MHW 9
University of Osaka... Japan Chemical Engineering and
Institute of Technology Machinery 571
- Chiba 405f Japan Collection of Microorganisms, see
- Himeji 469f Depositories...
- Hokkaido 393f Japan Corn Starch Co. 98f
- Kumamoto 513f, 574 Japan Development Bank 14, 629f, 709
- Kyoto 473f - infrastructure development 629
- Massachusetts (MIT) 589 - loans 630f
- Muroran 383 - R&D promotion 629
- Tokyo 426f Japan Economic Journal, see Journals...
- Graduate School at Nagatsuta 428f Japan Element Industry Co. 99f
- Research Institute of Resources Japan Ethanol 571
752

Japan Exchange and Teaching Program Japan R&D Association for Sensing
683 System in Food Industry, see R&D
Japan External Trade Organization Association...
(JETRO) 9, 29, 667 Japan Sake Association 609
- JETRO ACE database, see Databases... Japan Scientific Instrument Co. 101f
Japan Federation of Economic Japan Sewage System Association 621
Organizations (Keidanren) 288, 550f Japan Society for Biomaterials, see
Japan Food Processing Co. 99f Society...
Japan Health Sciences Foundation 9,13, Japan Society of Histochemistry and
311, 313, 314, 548, 597f Cytochemistry, see Society...
- activities 598f Japan Society for Bioscience,
- organizational structure 598 Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, see
- R&D projects 600f Society...
Japan Horse Race Equipment 610 Japan Society for Cell Biology, see
Japan Industrial Standards (JIS) 303,672 Society...
- Industrial Standards Committee 640 Japan Society for Cancer Therapy, see
Japan Industrial Technology Association Society...
(JITA) 303f, 569, 577 Japan Society for Biomedical
Japan Information Center on Science and Gerontechnology, see Society...
Technology (JICST), see Databases... Japan Society for the Promotion of
Japan Information Processing Service Science (JSPS) 9, 315, 319f, 682f
615 - budget 319
Japan Institute for Chemical Information - international joint research projects
670f 319, 683
Japan International Science and - international fellowships 319, 682
Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC) Japan Standards Association 672f
679 Japan Steel Works, Ltd. 101f,571
Japan Key-Tec Center 9, 13,302, 362, Japan Synthetic Alcohol 571
363, 594f, 632f Japan Synthetic Rubber Co. 102f,372,
- capital investment 595, 633 571,589
- consigned research 633 Japan Tobacco Inc. 103f, 571, 594, 609
- international fellowships 681 - research center 215
- projects 595f Japan Trust International Research
- R&D loans 595, 634 Cooperation 594
- research institutes 362f - Service 633, 681
Japan Key Technology Center, see Japan Japan Turf Grass 610
Key- Tee Center... Japan Veterinary College 559
Japan Marine Science and Technology Japanese Association of Industrial
Center 670f Fermentation, see Association ...
Japan Medical Abstracts Society 671f Japanese Association for Plant Tissue
Japan Neuroscience Society, see Society... Culture, see Association...
Japan Neurosciences Research Japanese Biochemical Society, see
Association, see Association... Society...
Japan Oil Chemists Society, see Society... Japanese Cancer Association, see
Japan on-line information system (JOIS) Association...
663 Japanese Cancer Research Resources
Japan Organo Co. 100f, 571, 579, 612 Bank, see Ministry of Health and Welfare ...
Japan Patent Information Organiation Japanese Federation of Culture
(JAPIO) 686 Collections, see Depositories...
Japan Pharmaceutical Development Co. Japanese Neurochemical Society, see
100f,571 Society...
Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center Japanese Pharmacological Society, see
671f Society...
 753

Japanese R&D Association for Bioreactor Kagura Shuzo KK 107f

System, see R&D Association... Kainos Laboratories, Inc. 108f
Japanese R&D Association for the Kajima Co. 108f, 571, 581, 621
Improvement of Enzyme Function in the Kaken Pharmaceuticals 599
Food Industry, see R&D Associaton ... Kanazawa University, see University...
Japanese Society Kanebo Ltd. l09f, 571, 599, 601
- for Bacteriology, see Society.. . Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co. 110f,
- for Biorheology, see Society.. . 364,372,557,571,599,602
- for Breeding, see Society... Kanematsu-Gosho 28
- for Enzyme Engineering, see Society... Kanoji Institute Research Foundation
- for Laboratory Animal Science, see 110f
Society... Kansai Electric Power Co. 111£
- for Marine Biotechnology, see Society... Kansai Koso Co. 111£
- of Chemical Engineers, see Society... Kansai Paint Co. 112f, 571, 581, 590
- of Developmental Biologists, see Kansai Science City 14, 368, 593, 688,
Society... 698f,733
- of Food Science and Technology, see - milestones during construction 698
Society... - research clusters 700
- of Microbial Ecology, see Society... Kansai University, see University...
- of Nutrition and Food Science, see Kanzaki Paper Manufacturing Co. 113f
Society... Kao Corporation 113f, 559, 571, 583, 584,
- of Pharmacognosy, see Society... 586, 599, 616
- of Plant Physiologists, see Society... Kashima Oil Co. 114f,571
- of Polymer Science, see Society... Katokichi Co. 115f, 602
- of Scientific Fisheries, see Society... Kawadana Hospital 602
Japanese Tissue Culture Association, see Kawano Mericlone Co. 116f
Association ... Kawasaki Heavy Industry Co. 116f, 571,
JBA, see Japan Bioilldustry Association... 579,697
JCR Pharmaceuticals Co. 104f Kawasaki Steel Co. 117f, 581
JETRO, see Japall External Trade Kawasho Co. 28
Organization Kayaku Antibiotics Research Co. 117f,
JGC Corporation 104f, 557, 571, 590 599
JICST, see Japan Infonnation Center for Keidanren, see Japan Federation of
Science and Technology Economic Orgallizations...
JIS, see Japan Industrial Standards Keio University, see University...
JITA, see Japan Industrial Techllology Kensetsukikaku 697
Association Kewpie Jozo Co. 118f
JOIS, see Japan on-line Infonnation Kibi Plateau New Science Center 708
Service Kibun Food Chemifa Co. 118f, 616
Journals Kihara Institute for Biological Research
- biotechnology-related 673f 463
- circulation number 662 Kikkoman Co. 29,34,35, 121£,571,599,
JRDC, see Research Development 613, 615, 616
Corporation of Japall ... Kiku-Masame Sake Brewing Co. 119f
JSP Corporation 571 Kimitsu Chemical Industries Co. 119f
JSPS, see Japan Society for the Promotion King Brewing Co. 120f
of Science... Kinjirushi Wasabi Co. 120f
J ujo Paper Co. 105f Kirin Brewery Co. 1, 6, 19, 33, 121£, 364,
KF. Engineering Co. l06f 571,574,581,599,601,603,609
K.I. Chemical Industry Co. 106f Kirin Mugishu 604
Kagawa University, see University... Kirin-Amgen Co. 122
Kagome Co. 107f Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. 599
Kagoshima University, see University... Kitamura Miso Shoyu Jozo 122f
754

Kitasato Institute 374f, 599, 600 Kyodo Shiryo Co. 133f, 600
Kitasato University, see University... Kyorin Pharmaceuticals Co. 134f, 599
Koa Oil 571, 590 Kyoritsu Organic Product Institute 610
Kobe Steel, Ltd. 123f, 571, 579, 589, 621, Kyoto Daiichi Kagaku Co. 134f
697 Kyoto Institute of Technology, see
Kobe University, see University... Institute of Technology...
Kobori Sake Brewing Co. 123f Kyoto Prefectural University, see
Kochi University, see University... University...
Kodama Ltd. 599 Kyoto University, see University...
Kohjin Co. 124f, 571, 599 Kyowa Chemical Engineering 621
Koiwai Agriculture Co. 609, 618 Kyowa Consultants 697
Koiwai Noboku, see Koiwai Agriculture Kyowa Electric 588
Co. Kyowa Gas Chemical Industry, Co. 372
Kokando Co. 125f Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. 2, 6, 19, 29, 33,
Komatsu Ltd. 125f, 571, 621 34, 35, 135f, 364, 372, 546, 557, 570, 571,
Komatsugawa Chemical Engineering Co. 573,574,581,583,585,588,590,596,599,
126f, 612, 613 601,602,603,609,617,694,711
Konica Corporation 571 Kyowa Medies 19,603
Konoshima Chemicals, Inc. 127f Kyowa Pharmaceuticals 599
Konsho-Mataichi Co. 28 Kyowa Seeds Co. 136f
Korean Standard Research Institute 589 Kyushu Electric Power Co. 136f
Kotobuki Seiyaku 599 Kyushu Kako Co. 137f
Kowa Co. 127f, 559, 571, 599, 600, 602 Kyushu Kyoritsu University, see
KRI International, Inc. 128f University...
Kuboko Pharmaceutical Co. 559 Kyushu Nyugyo Co. 138f
Kubota Ltd. 128f, 571, 579 Kyushu University, see University...
Kumagai Gumi Co. 129f Large-scale projects 305, 310, 568f, 576,
Kumamoto Applied Electronics 577,588,607
Mechanical Technology Institute 708 Lead Chemical Co. 599
Kumamoto Institute of Technology, see Lenti-Chemico Pharmaceuticals Co. 38
Institute of Technology... Licensing 13
Kumamoto Techno-Research Park 708 Life Technology Research Foundation
Kumamoto University, see University... 376f
Kumiai Chemical Industry Co. 129f, 557, Lifies Co. 103
617 Lion Co. 138f, 571, 588, 599, 600
Kumiai Kagaku Kogyo, see Kumiai Local banks, investments in biotechnology
Chemical Industry Co. 14
Kunitake Molecular Architecture Project Lotte Co. 139f
556,559f M&D Research Co. 141£
Kurabo Industries Ltd. 130f Machida Construction 588
Kuraray Co. 131£, 372, 559, 571, 652, 586, Maeta Concrete Industry 140f
588,599,602,605 Maezawa Construction 621
Kureha Chemical Industry Co. 132f, 571, MAFF, see Ministry of Agriculture,
599,603 Forestry and Fisheries...
Kureran Pharmaceutical Co. 602, 603 Mann's Wine Co. 140f
Kurita Construction 621 Marine Biotechnology project 13, 305,
Kurita Earthworks 610, 613 306, 333, 548, 576
Kurita Water Industries Ltd. 133f, 571, Marine Biotechnology Institute Co.
579,590 (MBI) 13, 141£, 366f, 567, 581£
Kurogane Products 609 - capitalization 632
Kuupii 557 Marine Products Development Center
Kyocera Co. 589,599 609
Kyodo Milk 612 Marubeni Co. 28, 142f
 755

Marubeni Shiryo 618 - Biotechnology Division 309

Marubishi Bioengineering Co. 143f, 571 - BRAIN program, see Bio-oriented
Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co. 599 Research Advancement Institution ...
Marukin Shoyu Co. 143f - budget 289, 309
Maruko Pharmaceutical Co. 599 - Gene Bank Project, see Depositories...
Marusan-Ai Co. 143f - international fellowships 9, 682
Maruzen Petrochemical 571 - Kanto Forest Tree Breeding Institute
Maryland Research Center 210 660f
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. 144f, - organizational structure 307f
585, 588 - R&D policy 307,606f
Matsushita Research Institute 587, 588 - rDNA guidelines 644
Max Planck Institute 559 - RECRAS database, see Databases...
Max-Planck Institute, Koeln 171 - research institutes 8, 338f
MBI, see Marine Biotechnology Institute - research institutes, locations 340f
Co. - Tsukuba research complex, see Tsukuba
MD Research Institute 595f Science City...
Mect Co. 599 Ministry of Construction 32lf, 62lf, 691
Medical and Biological Laboratories Co. - budget 289
144f - research institutes 8, 362f
Medical Information System Development Ministry of Education, Science and
Center 601 Culture (Monbusho) 8,9,10,13, 14,291,
Medical Instrument Society of Japan, see 314f, 690, 691
Society... - budget 289, 316f, 38lf
Medical Research Council, UK 246 - centers for cooperative research 9, 13,
Meidensha 621 14, 383f, 620, 709
Meiji Chocolate 612 - competitive grants 38lf
Meiji Milk Product Co. 6, 145f, 571, 599, - cooperation with industry 383f, 619
600, 601, 603, 616, 618 - grants-in-aid 382f
Meiji period 1, 287 - international fellowships 9, 319f, 682
Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd. 6,21, 146f,557, - "koza" fund 381
571, 595, 599, 600, 601, 603, 605, 609, 616, - NACSIS database, see Databases...
617 - organizational structure 315f
Meiji University, see University... - patent management 619
Meito Sangyo Co. 147f, 571, 599, 613 - R&D policy 618f
Merck Co., USA 41,43 - rDNA guidelines 643
MHW, see Ministry of Health and - research institutes 8, 11, 372, 380, 384f
Welfare ... - Science and International Affairs
Microtec Two-One Co. 148f Bureau 315, 316, 318
Midori Juji, see Green Cross Co. - subsidies 316
Mie University, see University... Ministry of Finance 289, 291, 320f, 608,
Mikado Seed Growers 148f 628f,709
Minamata accident 551 - research institutes 359f
Ministries - tax exemptions 30,568,572, 628f, 629,
- expenditure in life science and 702
biotechnology 289f Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Research
- history 287 Institutes 8
- location 290 Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW)
- general overview 7, 29lf 8,9,10, 13,289,291, 310f, 628, 636, 645,
- rivalries 7, 288 676, 690, 691
Ministry·of Agriculture, Forestry and - approval procedure for pharmaceuticals
Fisheries (MAFF) 8, 9, 13, 23, 291, 306f, 645
550,606,628,634,690,691 - budget 289, 314f
- AGRIS database, see Databases... - Central Pharmaceutical Affairs Division 311
756

- depositories 660 Mitsubishi Kasei Co. 6, 33, 35, 152f, 364,

- Division of Life Science 312f, 597 370, 547, 559, 583, 584, 586, 587, 599, 603,
- international fellowships 9,682 604,613
- Japanese Cancer Research Resources Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences
Bank, see Depositories... 370f, 547, 583, 585
- organizational structure 311f Mitsubishi Metals Co. 588
- R&D policy 597f Mitsubishi Oil Co. 153f, 571, 590, 609
- rDNA guidelines 645 Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co. 153f, 557,
- research institutes 9, 349f 571, 652, 586, 599
Ministry of International Trade and Mitsubishi Petrochemical Engineering Co.
Industry (Mm) 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 29, 30, 571
287,289,291, 299f, 362, 365, 546, 550, Mitsubishi Rayon Co. 154f, 579, 602
564, 566f, 567, 594, 628, 629, 632, 637, Mitsubishi Research Institute 588
640,643,690,691 Mitsubishi Trading 697
- Biochemical Industry Division 302f, 567 Mitsui Co. 17,28, 155f,604
- biotechnology projects 306f Mitsui Construction Co. 621
- budget 289, 306f Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co.
- international cooperation 567 156f, 559, 571, 612
- international fellowships 9,679 Mitsui Knowledge Industry Co. 329,672
- Japan Patent Information Organization Mitsui Norin Co. 156f
666f Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd.
- JBA Biotechnology database, see Japan 157f, 571, 584, 583, 596, 599, 600, 601,
Bioindustry Association... 711
- joint research with industry 305 Mitsui Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 158f, 559,
- organizational structure 302f 599,603
- R&D policy 3OOf, 566f Mitsui Sugar Co. 158f, 612
- rDNA guidelines 643f Mitsui Taiyo Kobe Bank 571
- Refining Division, Agency of Natural Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc. 35, 159f,
Resources and Energy 304f 559,571,583,585,596,603,617
- research institutes 9, 330f, 690 Mitsusawa Rikagaku Kogyo Co. 159f
- technopolis plan 14,701f Miyajima Shoyu Co. 160f
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications Miyazaki Research Park 708
8,291,362,594,632,691 Miyazaki University, see University...
- research institutes 8 Miyoshi Co. 16Of, 711
Ministry of Transport, research institutes Miyoshi Oil and Fat Co. 161f
8 Mizuno Bioholonics Project 556f
MITI, see Ministry of International Trade Mizutani Plant Ecochemicals Project 556,
and Industry... 559f
Mitsubishi Bank 599 Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. 6, 35, 161f,
Mitsubishi Cable Industry Co. 588 599,603
Mitsubishi Cement Co. 609 Mohan Medicine Research Institute 599
Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, see Molecular Biology Society of Japan, see
Mitsubishi Kasei Co. Society...
Mitsubishi Corporation 17, 28, 149f, 599, Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory,
697 see University of Tokyo...
Mitsubishi Electric Co. 27, 149f, 557, 571, Momoya Co. 162f
579,584,587,588,697 Monbusho, see Ministry of Education,
Mitsubishi Engineering Co. 612 Science and Culture...
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co. 150f, 372, Monsanto Japan 571
571,583,584,599,613 Moonlight project 305
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. 150f, Morinaga Co. 163f, 616
571, 590, 613 Morinaga Institute of Biological Science
Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd. 151f, 571 KK. 163f, 571
 757

Morinaga Milk Industry Co. 21, 164f, - of Animal Health 347f

571, 599, 600, 601 - of Genetics 11, 457f
Morinaga Sugar Co. 557 - genetic resources section 655f
Morishita Pharmaceutical Co. 599 - of Health 313, 349f, 600, 601, 603
Morita Co. 165f - opposition to 676
Municipal Clinical Research Center 600 - Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical
Murakami Color Research Laboratory Science 351, 359
616 - of Health and Nutrition 357f
Mycological Society of Japan, see - of Hygienic Science 313, 354f, 600, 601,
Society... 602,603
N.T. Science 610 - of Neuroscience, see National Center of
Nacalai Tesque, Inc. 165f Neurology and Psychiatry...
NACSIS database, see Databases... - of Nutrition 313, 603
Nagaoka Regional Technology - of Public Health 358f, 601, 602
Development Center 708 - of Radiological Sciences 299, 329f
Nagaoka University of Technology, see - of Science and Technology Policy 295,
University... 296
Nagase Biochemicals 166f,614 - of Sericultural and Entomological
Nagoya City University, see University... Science 348f
Nagoya University, see University... National Research Institute, see also
Nakano Vinegar Co. 167f National Institute ...
Nanei Togyo Co. 609 - of Aquaculture 345f, 660f
Nara Women's University, see University... - of Brewing 320, 359f
National Agriculture Research Center National Research Institutes 7
344f National Science Foundation, USA 684
National Cancer Center 313, 351f NCI 557
National Cardiovascular Center Research NEC Corporation 168f, 571, 587, 614,
Institute 353f, 601, 602, 603 697
National Center of Neurology and NEDO, see New Energy and Industrial
Psychiatry 313, 355f, 600, 601, 603 Technology Development Organization ...
National Center for Environmental NEEDS, see Nikkei Database
Health 601, 603 Neos Co. 168f
National Chemical Laboratory for Nestle KK 599
Industry 334f, 584, 585, 587, New Energy and Industrial Technology
National Childrens' Medical Research Development Organization (NEDO) 9,
Center 600, 601, 602, 603, 661 13, 302, 365f, 569, 574, 575f, 590, 630f
National development plan 687 - application procedure for R&D projects
National Diet Library 668f 631
National Federation of Agricultural - budget 577
Cooperative Associations 130f - international joint-research program
National Food Research Institute 343f, 588f
695 - international fellowships 680
National Institute, see also National - international research collaboration
Research Institute ... center 681
- for Agro-Environmental Sciences 346f, - international research grants 680
645 - organizational structure 576f
- contained greenhouse 347, 645 - patents 577
- for Basic Biology 456f - projects 577
- for Environmental Studies 320, 361f - research facility investment program
- for Molecular Science 456f 365,631
- for Physiological Sciences 457f - research institutes 365f
- of Agrobiological Resources 341f, 560, - technology transfer 577
658 New Japan Chemical Co. 169f
758

Newspapers, circulation number 662 Nippoh Chemicals Co. 176f, 571

NGK Insulators, Ltd. 169f, 571, 579 Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Co.
Nibishi Shoyu KK 170f 177f,711
Nichigai Associates 672 Nippon BioRad 571
Nichimen Co. 28, 170f Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. 177f,
Nichirei Co. 171f, 571, 581, 599, 603, 616 599
Nichirei Gene Laboratory, see University, Nippon Chemical Feed Co. 178f
Tokai Nippon Chemiphar 599, 697
Nichiro Fisheries Co. 172f Nippon DEC 697
Nihon Alcohol Co. 571 Nippon Flour Mills Co. 179f
Nihon Bunko 558 Nippon Foods 612
Nihon Chemicals 34 Nippon Gene Co. 179f
Nihon Data General 588 Nippon Hazleton 571
Nihon DEC 364 Nippon Institute for Biological Science
Nihon Denpun Kogyo Co. 172f (NIBS) 373f
Nihon Electric Co. 588 Nippon Kayaku Co. 180f, 571, 599
Nihon Gaishi 601 Nippon Keisoku Kogyo 616
Nihon Iyakuhin Kogyo Co. 173f Nippon Kokan KK 181f, 571, 581
Nihon Kayaku 603, 617 Nippon Meat Packers 616
Nihon Kentetsu 602 Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co. 181f
Nihon Koden Kogyo 588 Nippon Mining Co. 182f, 372, 571, 581,
Nihon Koshi 621 590, 599
Nihon Medi-Physics Co. 173f,599 Nippon Oil Co. 183f, 571, 590
Nihon Meiji Physics 605 Nippon Oil and Fats Co. 183f, 571, 599,
Nihon Millipore Co. 571 603,606,614,697
Nihon Nosan Kogyo KK 173f Nippon Paint Co. 184f
Nihon Noyaku 617 Nippon Paper and Pulp 697
Nihon Pall Co. 571 Nippon Petroleum Refining Co. 184f, 579
NihonPCG 600 Nippon Pharmaceuticals 603
Nihon Pharmaceuticals Co. 599, 600, 603 Nippon Plate Glas 697
Nihon Polio Center 601 Nippon Roche KK. 330, 185f, 364, 571,
Nihon Semiconductors 697 599
Nihon Shinyaku 600 Nippon Sharyo, Ltd. 187f, 613
Nihon Shoji 556, 600, 603 Nippon Shinyaku Co. 187f, 557, 599
Nihon Shokken Co. 174f Nippon Shiryo Kogyo Co. 188f
Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co. 174f, 557, 571, Nippon Shoji Kaisha 185f, 599
614 Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Co. 188f, 571
Nihon Soda Co. 617 Nippon Soda Co. 189f, 372, 571
Nihon Texas Instruments Co. 697 Nippon Steel Co. 189f, 372, 571, 584,
Nihon University, see University... 589, 595, 601
Nihon Vacuum Technology 697 Nippon Steel Chemicals 372, 571, 601
Nihon Zeon Co. 600, 601 Nippon Suisan Kaisha 19Of, 581, 610, 616
Niigata Engineering Co. 555, 613 Nippon Synthetic Rubber 697
Niigata University, see University... Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co.
Nikka Densoku 616 19lf
Nikka Whisky 571, 599, 601, 609 Nippon Telephone and Telegraph 363,
Nikkei Biotech, see Journals... 594
Nikkei Database 670f Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co. 191f
Nikken Chemicals Co. 175f, 599, 612 Nippon Zeon Co. 192f, 571, 599
Nikken Food Co. 176f Nireco Co. 616
Nikki 613 Nishihara Environmental Research
Nikkoso 588 Center 621, 621
Nikon 588 Nishihara Environmental Sanitation Co. 579
 759

Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd. 192f, Oji Cornstarch 612

372, 579, 617 Oji Paper Co. 25, 203f, 557, 571
Nissan Construction 610 Oji international seminars 683
Nissan Motor Co. 372 Okayama University of Science, see
Nissan Pharmaceutical Co. 193f University...
Nisseiken 610 Okayama University, see University...
Nisshin Engineering 613 Okazaki National Research Institutes
Nisshin Fme Chemicals 609 455f,602
Nisshin Flour Milling Co. 193f, 571, 599, Okinawa Seikagaku Kogyo Co. 204f
616,618 Okinawa Sun ChIorella Manufacterers
Nisshin Food Products Co. 194f Co. 204f
Nisshin Oil Mills, Ltd. 194f, 571, 609, Okinoerabu Bio Laboratory Co. 205f
612, 615 Okinoerabu Kyuukon Bio-Research
Nisshin Seihun, see Nisshin Flour Milling Center 609
Nisshin Seiko 618 Okura Co. 28
Nissho Iwai Corp. 28, 195f, 610, 616, 618 Okura Shuzo Co. 206f
Nissin Electronics 616 Olympus Optical Co. 205f, 558, 571
Nissui Pharmaceutical Co. 195f, 599, 603, Oncomembrane Co., Seattle 210
616 Ono Pharmaceutical Co. 206f, 599
Nitimou 610 Onoda Cement Co. 207f, 372, 571, 610
Nitto Bion Co. 196f Oosue Construction 609
Nitto Boseki Co. 197f, 372 Opinion polls 676
Nitto Chemical Industry Co. 197f, 571 Opposition against biotechnology and
Nitto Denim, see Nitto Electric Industrial rONA techniques 676
Co. Oriental Electric Co. 207f
Nitto Electric Industrial Co. 198f, 571, Oriental Instruments Ltd. 208f
579,599,601,612 Oriental Yeast Co. 209f, 571, 612, 613
Nitto Foods Product Co. 199f Osaka Bioscience Institute 368f, 484f
Nittoku Contruction 697 - opposition to 676
NKK Co. 199f, 621 Osaka Cement 609
Nobo Pharmaceuticals 602 Osaka City University, see University...
Noda Institute for Scientific Research Osaka Gas Co. 209f, 571
373f Osaka Institute for Microbial Diseases,
NOK Corporation 2OOf, 616 see University of Osaka. ..
Nomura Research Institute 571 Osaka Medical College 557
Norinchukin Bank 572 Osaka Municipal Technical Research
Novo Industri Japan Ltd. 2OOf,571 Institute 369f, 486f
Novo Nordisk 571 Osaka, Senri Science Park 16
Novo Yakuhin 599 Osaka University, see University...
Nozaki Co. 28 Otsuka Chemicals 617
Nursery Technology, Inc. 2Olf, 609f Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. 6, 34, 210f,
Obayashi-gumi Co. 610 599,601
Obihiro University, see University... Ozeki Sake Brewing Co. 211f, 609
Ocean Research Institute, see University P.C.C. Technology, Inc. 211f,596f
o/Tokyo... P3- and P4-laboratories, see rDNA-related
Ochanomizu University, see University... research ...
OECD, rONA guidelines 644, 645 Panapharm Laboratories 599
Office of Advanced Research and Paramount Beds 588
Technology of Pharmaceuticals 313 Patent Office 305f, 637
Ohayo Dairy Products Co. 20lf Patents 573, 637f
Ohbayashi Co. 202f, 571, 609 - applications, rONA 2,30
Oita Shoyu Kyogyo Co. 202f - attack 2, 29
Oita University, see University... - biotechnology, of foreign origin 638
760

- biotechnology 638f a.p. Corporation 213f,613

- cell fusion 2 R&D Association, see also Research
- database, see Japan Patent Infonnation Association...
OTganization - for Future Electronic Devices 586
- deposit of matter 639f, 656, 657 R&D expenditure in biotechnology, life
- microorganism depository, see sciences 3, 4, 11,
Depositories... R&D policy, national 7, 287f, 292f, 551£
- MITI-owned 304f - implementation 9, 292f, 553
- of foreign origin 638 R&D Program, see also R&D Project...,
- regulations 30 Research Association...
PatriarchaIic system 14 - on Basic Technology for Future
Pentel 571 Industries 13, 305, 602, 333, 335, 336,
PERI, see Protein Engineering Research 337,568,576,577,582f
Institute - on Medical and Welfare Equipment
Periodicals, see Journals... Technology 305,602, 587f
Pfizer Taito 599 R&D Project, see also R&D
Pharma Bio Co. 210 Association..., Research Association...
Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau 313 - on Bio-electronic Devices 337, 586f
Pharmaceutical Affairs Law 645 - on Bioreactors 583, 584f
Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, see - on Bioreactors for Food Industry 13,
Society... 310, 344,548,611f
Pharmacia KK 571, 599 - on Global Environmental Technology
Physiological Society of Japan, see 305,334,367,552,588,593f
Society... - on Large-scale Cell Cultivation 583,
Plant Engineering Research Center 617 584f
Plantech Nitten Co. 212f - on Molecular Assemblies for Functional
Plantech Research Institute 212f Protein System 583, 586f
Pneneix 588 - on Utilization of rONA 584,585f
Policy discussion board for - on Wastewater Technology, see Aqua
pharmaceuticals, medical devices and Renaissance '90 Project..., Biofocus
cosmetics 313 Wastewater Treatment Program ...
PolyCell Co. 246 Ram Hybrid International Co. 155
PORIM, Malaysia 574 RAPAD, see Research Association for
Prefectural governments 14 Petroleum Alternatives Development
- research activities in biotechnology 710 RCAST, see University of Tokyo, Research
Prima Meat Packers 613, 616 Center for Advanced Science and
Primate Research Institute, see University Technology
of Kyoto... rONA-related research
Priority-area projects, special funds 381£ - committee of JBA 574
Project, see R&D Program ..., R&D - expenditure 641, 721
Project... - experiments, survey 641
Protein Engineering Research Institute, - guidelines 567, 640f
Co. (PERI) 13, 213f, 290, 363f, 548, 567, - guidelines of Japanese Ministries, see
595,633 under specific Mi1listry...
- opposition to 676 - P3- and P4-laboratories 328f, 646
Protein Engineering Society of Japan, see - research personnel 30, 547, 641, 721
Society... rONA-related products
Public acceptance 7, 15, 552, 567, 675f - approved manufacturing plans 33f
- measures for promotion of 677f - industrial production, application
Public research corporations 323 procedures 645
Public Science Association 602 - market expectations of industry 5f, 6,
Public Works Research Institute 321, 31,32, 722
362f - procedures for approval 642
 761

- products under development 6, 32 of Marine Organisms (MBI), see Marine

- regulations 642f Biotechnology Institute...
- release 645 Research core project 702
- sales 4f, 32f, 722 Research companies 12, 372
- STA regulations 643 Research Development Corporation of
- survey 33f Japan (JRDC) 297,299,323, 553f
- under application 32f - High Technology Consortium 555
- USA regulations 642 - licensing of results 555
- W.-German regulations 642 Research foundations 548
Recombinant..., see rDNA-related.. . Research grants
RECRAS database, see Databases.. . - international 678f
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Co. 245 - of Ministries, see under individual
Regional Biotechnology Association Ministries
Network, see Japan Bioindustry Research institutes, see also Institutes ...,
Association... National Institutes...
Regional Technology Development 14, - attached to national universities 11, 380
305,310 - expenditure for life sciences 11
Regionalization of industry 14, 701 - in Tsukuba Science City 8
Rehabilitation Center for the - inter-university 380
Handicapped 602 - national inter-university 380
Research, see also R&D... - personnel in recombinant research 641
Research Associations, see also R&D - personnel in the life sciences 12, 721
Association..., R&D Project... - survey 322f, 378f, 380f
Research Association 12, 30, 288, 305, Research Institute
548, 568f, 576 - Industrial Products 337f
- for Bioreactor System, see R&D Project - of Applied Electricity, see University of
on Bioreactors for Food Industry... Hokkaido...
- for Biotechnology 579, 582, 583f, 640 - of Brewing Resources, Ltd. 214f
- targets 584f - of Electrical Communication, see
- for Petroleum Alternatives Development University of Tohoku ...
(RAPAD) 304,306,568, 589f - of Industrial Bio-Science Japan, Ltd.
- alcohol production costs 593f 214f
- pilot plants 591£ - of Industrial Technology for the Global
- targets 590 Environment 367
- for Sensing System in Food Industry - of Innovative Technology for the Earth
614f,615 (RITE) 367f
- for Transplantation of Fertilized Eggs in - of Microbial Biochemistry 375f
Agricultural Animals 617f - of Environmental Medicine, see
- for the Development of Agrochemicals University of Nagoya ...
617f - for Bioresources, see University of
- for the Improvement of Enzyme Okayama...
Function in the Food Industry 13, 310, - for Food Science, see University of
614f Kyoto ...
- for the Industrial Utilization of Marine - for Microbial Diseases, see University of
Organisms (MBI) 306, 366f Osaka...
- for the Structure Analysis of Genes - for Molecular Genetics, see University of
from Agricultural Organisms 617 Tokyo...
- of Medical and Welfare Apparatus 588 - for Polymers and Textiles 335f, 585
- of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry - for Wakan-Yaku, see University of
and Fisheries MAFF 695 Toyama. ..
Research Center for Molecular Genetics, Research Promotion Fund for
see University of Hokkaido ... Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices and
Research Center for the Industrialization Cosmetics, see Adverse Drug Sufferings
762

Relief and Research Promotion Fund... Sanyo Denki, see Sonyo Electric Co.
Research ship of the Marine Sanyo Electric Co. 225f, 556, 587, 588,
Biotechnology Institute 367 697
Resource banks 552 Sanyo-Kokusai Pulp Co. 226f,571
Resources Council 295 Sapporo Breweries Co. 227f, 571, 599,
Rhone-Poulenc 571 609
Rice Breeding Research Laboratories Sapporo Foundation for the Promotion of
214f Life Sciences 227
Rice Breeding and Production Institute Sapporo Medical College, Cancer
609 Research Institute 395f
Ricoh Kyosan 571 Sapporo Medical College 395f
RIKEN, see Institute of Physical and Satsuma Shuzo Co. 228f
Chemical Research ... Savings, of households 627
Ringi system 7, 675 Sawai Pharmaceuticals Co. 599, 602, 603
Rinnay 697 Scholarships
RITE, see Research Institute of Innovative - Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and
Technology for the Earth Research Promotion Fund 9
Rohto Pharmaceutical Co. 215f - international 678f
Rujihira Kogyo 621 - Japan Key-Tee Center 9
Ryuhodo Pharmaceutical Co. 216f - Japan Society for the Promotion of
Ryukyu Cement Co. 216f Science 9
Safety, see under rDNA-related research ... - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Saga-ken Shoyu Kyogyo Kumiai 217f Fishery 9
Saga University, see University... - Ministry of International Trade and
Sagami Chemical Research Center 217f, Industry 9
37lf - New Energy and Industrial Technology
Saibu Gas Co. 218f Development Organization 9
Saikin Kagaku Institute Co. 218f - Science and Technology Agency 9
Sainte Neige Wine Co. 219f School system 378f
Saitama Institute of Technology 408f - number of schools 719
Saitama University, see University.. - advancement rate 719
Sakata Seed Corporation 219f Science and technology agreements,
Sake 1,18 international 678
- Resources Research Center 609 Science and technology policy, see R&D
San-Ei Chemical Industries Co. 599 policy...
San-Jirushi Corporation 22lf Science and Technology Agency (STA)
Sanbishi Co. 220f, 613 7,8,9, 13,288,289,291,292, 294f, 299,
Sanei Chemicals 601 322, 323, 552, 553f, 564, 690, 691
Sangyo Medical University 600 - budget 289f, 299f, 381
Sanin Kensetsu Kogyo Co. 220f - fellowships, procedure to apply 679f
Sankai Co. 22lf - international fellowships 678
Sanken Setsubi Kogyo Co. 22lf - nCST database 299, 330, 662f
Sanki Construction and Engineering 579, - Life Sciences Division 297
609, 614, 621 - organizational structure 296f
Sankyo Co. 6, 19, 222f, 540, 571, 599, - public acceptance measures 677
600,602,603,697 - public corporations 323
Sanraku Inc. 223f, 571, 590, 599, 609 - rDNA guidelines 643
Santen Pharmaceutical Co. 224f, 599, 600 - Regional High Technology Network
Sanwa Bank 610 Project 9, 709
Sanwa Corn Starch Co. 226f - research grants 678
Sanwa Kagaku 599 - Resources Division 647
Sanwa Shurui Co. 224f - science policy 7, 292, 295, 553
Sanyo Chemical Industries 225f, 571 - Tsukuba institutes 8, 695
 763

Science cities 14,687f Shoda Soy 613

Science Council 291, 315, 316f, 618, 619f Showa Chemical Co. 240f
- bioscience subcommittee 318 Showa College of Pharmaceutical
- organizational structure 317 Sciences 422f
- members 317 Showa Denko KK 241£,364,571
- recommendations 619, 620f Showa Industry 612
Science Council of Japan 293 Showa Sangyo Co. 242f, 571
Science, financing 626f Showa Shell Sekiyu KK 242f, 590
Science University of Tokyo, see SKK Biochemicals 571
University... Snow Brand Embryo Transfer Research
Seatechs Aquaculture 609 Center 243f
Seika Shokuhin Co. 228f Snow Brand Milk Products Co. 6, 35,
Seikagaku Kogyo Co. 229f, 599, 602 244f, 571, 599, 600, 601, 613, 616
Seikei University, see University... Society, see also Association...
Seiken Inc. 229f - Agricultural Chemical, of Japan 10,
Seiko Instruments Inc. 23Of, 329 526f
Seinan Kaihatsu Co. 230f - Biochemical, Japanese 527f
Seitetsu Kagaku Co. 231£ - Botanical, of Japan 533f
Sekisui Chemical Co. 231£, 571, 581, 599, - Chemical, of Japan 534f
602, 697 - Electrochemical, of Japan 541
Sekisui Plastics Co. 232f - Genetics, of Japan 534f
Sekko Co. 275 - Japan Oil Chemists 535f
Sendai, Kozinkai Center Hospital 558 - Japan, for Bioscience, Biotechnology
Senmi Ekisu Co. 232f and Agrochemistry 526f
Senri Technology Park 14,700f - Medical Instrument, Japan 536f
Serono Japan 599 - Molecular Biology, of Japan 536f
Serotec Co. 233f - Mycological, of Japan 544
Sharp 587 - Neurochemical, Japanese 542
Shibaura Eng 614 - Neuroscience, Japan 538
Shikoku Electrical Construction Co. 233f - Pharmaceutical, of Japan 533f
Shikoku Kasei Kogyo K.K. 234f - Pharmacological, Japanese 542
Shikoku Research Institute, Inc. 235f - Physiological, of Japan 541
Shimadzu Co. 28, 236f, 558, 571, 588, - Protein Engineering, of Japan 531£
612, 616, 697 - Zoological, of Japan 544
Shimai Pharmaceuticals Co. 41 - for Bacteriology, Japanese 528f
Shimane University, see University... - for Biomaterials, Japan 530f
Shimaya Co. 235f - for Biomedical Gerontechnology, Japan
Shimizu Corporation 236f, 571, 579, 581, 538
621 - for Cancer Therapy, Japan 539
Shimizu Pharmaceuticals 599, 602, 603 - for Cell Biology, Japan 538
Shin Nihon Chemical Co. 35, 238f, 612 - for Laboratory Animal Science 539
Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. 237f, 599 - for Marine Biotechnology, Japanese
Shin-Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, 531£
Ltd. 238f - of Biomechanism of Japan 541
Shinko-pfaudler Co. 237f - of Biorheology, Japanese 540
Shinnippon Steel 609, 610 - of Breeding, Japanese 528f
Shinshu University, see University... - of Chemical Engineers, Japanese 543
Shionogi Co. 6, 19, 34, 35, 239f, 557, - of Developmental Biologists, Japanese
571,599,600,601,605,617 540
Shiraima~su Shinyaku Co. 239f - of Enzyme Engineering, Japanese 529f
Shiseido Co. 240f, 571, 581, 600, 606 - of Fermentation Technology 531£
Shizuoka Higashi Hospital 603 - of Food Science and Technology,
Shizuoka University, see University... Japanese 536f
764

- of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co. 34, 248f,

Japan 539 599,600,602,603
- of Japan, Brewing 529f Sunshine project 305, 333, 336
- of Japanese Virologists 537f Sunstar Inc. 6, 248f
- of Microbial Ecology, Japanese 540 Suntory Ltd. 1, 6, 19, 29, 33, 249f, 364,
- of Nutrition and Food Science, Japanese 557,571,581,596,599,603,609,612,616
532f Sunx 588
- of Pharmacognosy, Japanese 543 Suzuki Memorial Foundation 602
- of Plant Physiologists, Japanese 532f T. Hasegawa Co. 250f
- of Polymer Science, Japanese 543 Tabai Espec Corporation 250f, 571
- of Scientific Fisheries, Japanese 544 Taiho Pharmaceutical 599
- of Yeast Scientists 537f Taiji Food Co. 711
- on Marine Biotechnology 579f Taiko Sangyo K.K. 25lf
Soga 613 Taisei Co. 571, 581, 609, 610
Sogo Pharmaceuticals 559 Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. 19, 253f, 571,
Somar Corporation 571 599,603
Sophia University, see University... Taito Co. 252f
Special Coordination Funds for Taiyo Fishery Co. 253f, 571, 609
Promoting Science and Technology 7, Taiyo Foods Co. 252f
295, 298f, 299, 552, 553f Taiyo Kagaku Co. 254f
Special funds for young scientists 15 Takada Industries, Ltd. 254f
Special Reference Laboratories 559, 599, Takara Shuzo Co. 36, 255f, 571, 599, 600,
603 609,617
SRI International 651 Takasago Thermal Engineering 571
STA, see Science and Technology Agency... Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. 6, 19,
Standards 303, 640f 33, 256f, 364, 572, 583, 585, 588, 599, 600,
Standards in biotechnology 573, 573f 601,602,603,605,697
Stanley Electric Co. 586, 586 Takeda-Abbott Pharmaceuticals 256
Statistical data Takenaka Corporation 257f, 572, 621
- agriculture 715 Takii Co. 257f
- food intake 714 Tama Biochemical Co. 572
- general 717 Tamagawa University, see University...
- R&D budget 716 Tanabe Seiyaku Co. 2, 19, 258f, 546, 572,
- trade 715 599,601,602,605
Sumika Agro 610 Tateishi Electroncis 616, 697
Sumirin Agro-Products Industries Co. Tatsuuma Honke Brewing Co. 259f
244f Tax exemptions, see Ministry of Finance...
Sumitomo Bakelite 365, 559, 588 TDK 588
Sumitomo Bank 599 Technology transfer 10, 28
Sumitomo Cement 602 Technopolis plan 14, 383, 688, 701f
Sumitomo Chemical Co. 6, 245f, 570, - locations and outline 702, 703
571,583,585,599,600,602,697,711 Technopolis
Sumitomo Co. 17,28, 246f, 599 - Akita 704
Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. 365, - Aomori 704
571,588,590,599,605 - Asama 705
Sumitomo Engineering 605 - Ehime 704
Sumitomo Forestry Co. 245f, 571 - Hakodate 704
Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. 246f, - Hamamatsu 704
571, 605, 621 - Hiroshima 705
Sumitomo Jukikai Environment, Inc. - Kagawa 705
247f, 590 - Kan-Omurawan 705
Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. 247f, - Kenhoku-Kunisaki 705
571,603 - Kibi Plateau 705
 765

- Kitakamigawa 704 Tokyo Municipal Institute of Neurology

- Kohfu 705 600
- Kokubu-Hayato 705 Tokyo Research Institute for
- Koriyama 704 Immunological Studies 603
- Kumamoto 705 Tokyo Tanabe Co. 599, 603
- Kurume 705 Tokyo University, see University...
- Miyazaki 705 Tokyo University of Fisheries, see
- Nagaoka 704 University...
- Nishiharima 704 Tokyo University of Agriculture and
- Sendai Northern Cluster 704 Technology, see University...
- Toyama 704 Tokyo University of Agriculture, see
- Ube 705 University...
- Utsunomiya 704 Tokyo Women's Medical College,
- Yamagata 704 Institute of Biomedical Engineering 488
Teijin Ltd. 6, 259f, 588, 600, 599, 601, Tokuyama Soda 572
603 Tomita Pharmaceutical Co. 266f
Teikoku Seiyaku 599 Tonen Corporation 572, 581
Teikyo University, see University... Toray Fuji Bionics, Inc. 266f
Teisan 697 Toray Industries 2, 6, 24, 267f, 365, 555,
Terumo Co. 260f, 599, 600, 603 557,572,588,599,600,603
The Chemical and Serotherapeutic Toray Research Center, Inc. 267f,583,
Research Institute, see Chemo-Sero- 586
Therapeutic Research Institute Toshiba Corporation 268f, 572, 579, 588,
Three M (3M) 559 616,621
Toa Electronics 616 Toshin Electric 588
Toa Gosei Chemical Industry Co. 261£, Toshoku Ltd. 28
572 Tosoh Corporation 268f, 558, 559, 572,
Toa Nenryo Co. 364, 596, 599, 600 581, 605
Toa Pharmaceutical Co. 261£, 572 Toto Co. 579
Toho Chemical Co. 572 Tottori University, see University...
Toho Gas Co. 262f, 572 Touyou Information System 673f
Toho University, see University... Towa Kagaku K.K. 269f
Tohoku Electric Co. 262f, 610 Toyama Chemical Co. 270f, 599
Tohoku Oil Co. 263f Toyama Information Education Center
Tohoku Seed Co. 263f 708
Tohoku University, see University... Toyama National Junior College 708
Tokai Regional FISheries Research Toyama Prefectural Institute for
Laboratory 555 Pharmaceutical Research 601
Tokai University, see University... Toyama University, see University...
Tokiko 588 Toyo Boseki 600,602
Tokita Seed Co. 264f Toyo Engineering 572, 590, 609
Tokuyama Soda Co. 264f, 559, 697 Toyo Green 610
Tokyo BioFair, see Bio-Fair Exhibitions... Toyo Ink Co. 599,601,697
Tokyo Electric Power 372 Toyo Jozo Co. 6,33,34,35, 271f, 556,
Tokyo Gas Co. 265f, 572 572, 583, 585, 599, 600, 601, 609, 612, 613,
Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics 425f 614,615,616
Tokyo Institute of Technology, see Toyo Kikai Hanbai 610
Institute of Technology... Toyo Menka Kaisha 28
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, see Toyo Soda Manufacturing Co. 270, 372,
University... 599
Tokyo Metropolitan University, see Toyobo Co., Inc. 6, 24, 33, 34, 35, 270f,
University... 572, 599, 613
Tokyo Municipal University 600 Toyota Motor Corporation 572
766

Trade - private 319

- exports 181,717, 718 - public 319
- matrix of Japan 715 - survey 319f
Trading houses 17, 28f, 30 - technology transfer 10
- global network 17,29f University
- information collection 9 - Aoyama Gakuin 413f
- sales 717 - Chuo 414f
Training 552 - Doshisha 469f
Trust Fund Bureau Fund 627,633 - Fujita Gaku-en 603
Tsukishima Kikai, see Tsukishima - Hirosaki 386f
Machines Co. - Hokkaido Tokai 560
Tsukishima Machines Co. 572, 621 - Hoshi 414f
Tsukuba Science City 7,14, 688f - Iwaki Meisei 401f
- AIST research complex 330f, 692 - Juntendo 603
- Government Research Institutes 8f, 690 - Kansai 410f,528
- MAFF research institutes 309,338, - Research Institute of Technology 411£
339f, 690, 692 - Keio 415f, 601, 602, 603
- milestones during construction 690 - Kinki 602
- Mm research institutes, see AlST - Kitasato 415f
research complex - Bioscience Research Center 415
- opposition to biotechnology 676 - Medical, Osaka 551
- Research Consortium 697 - Meiji 411f, 573
- Science Park 696 - Meiji Pharmaceutical 556
- Tokodai Industrial Park 548 - Nihon 411f, 551, 559,600,603
Tsukuba University, see University... - North Carolina State 589
Tsumura 600, 601, 603 - Obihiro, of Agriculture and Veterinary
Tweyford International 122 Medicine 394f
Ube Industries, tid. 35, 272f, 559, 572, - Ochanomizu 418f,558
599,609 - Pharmaceutical, Meiji 556
Uchiyama Ryokuchi Construction 610 - Rikkyo 558
Ueda Chemical Industrial Co. 273f - Science, of Tokyo 419f
Ueno Pharmaceuticals 623 - Research Institute for Science and
United Agriseeds Co. 272 Technology 421f
United Nations University, Tokyo 684 - Seikei 421£
Unitika tid. 34,35, 273f, 572, 588, 599, - Shinshu 461£
602, 614 - High Polymer Research Institute 462
Universities - Sophia 600, 422f
- academic degrees 10, 379 - Life Science Institute 423
- contract research 383 - Tamagawa 424f
- cooperation with industry 13, 383 - Technical 301
- donations 381 - Teikyo 559, 603
- education, field of study 319, 380 - Biotechnology Research Center 424f
- endowed chairs 381 - Toho 425f
- entrance examination 10 - Tokai 560f
- expenditure for life sciences 11 - Nichirei Gene Laboratory 171
- faculties of agriculture 11 - Tokyo Kasei 603
- "koza" fund 381 - Toyo 560
- funding 381 - United Nations, Tokyo 684
- national 319 - Waseda 442f
- patent system 383 University
- personnel in life sciences and - of Agriculture, Nihon 559
biotechnology 12, 315, 380, 721 - of Akita 385f
- priority areas 381£ - of Amsterdam 589
 767

- of Brandeis 589 - of Kumamoto 383, 514f, 559, 602, 708

- of California, Irvine 559 - Institute for Medical Genetics 515
- of Cambridge 589 - of Kurume, Industrial 708
- of Chiba 403f, 601 - of Kyoto 10, 474f, 556, 557, 559, 570,
- Center for Neurobiology and 573, 589, 602
Molecular Immunology 403 - Center for Molecular Biology and
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi Genetics 534
and Microbial Toxicoses 404f - Institute for Virus Research 480f
- of Darmstadt 589 - Institute for Nucleic Acid Information
- of Ehime 497f and Analysis 539
- of Fukui 445f - Institute for Immunology 476
- of Fukuoka, Women's 559 - Institute for Chemical Research 479f
- of Fukuyama 510f - Primate Research Institute 48lf
- of Gifu 446f, 383 - Radiation Biology Center 475
- Center for Cooperative Research 383, - Research Institute for Food Science
446 48lf
- Institute of Anaerobic Bacteria 446 - Research Center for Medical Polymers
- of Gunma 383, 405f, 558 and Biomaterials 475
- Laboratory of Drug Resistance in - Research Center for Cell and Tissue
Bacteria 405 Culture 479
- of Hamamatsu, of Industrial - Wood Research Institute 482f
Information 708 - of Kyoto, Prefectural 474f
- of Hawaii 589 - of Kyushu 10, 517f, 559, 601, 603
- of Hiroshima 497f, 556, 573 - Institute of Genetic Resources 520
- Center for Gene Science 498 - Research Laboratory for Genetic
- Laboratory of Plant Chromosome and Information 517f, 661
Gene Stock 498 - of Kyushu, Kyoritsu 516f
- of Hokkaido 10, 387f, 574, 601 - of Mainz 589
- Cancer Institute 391 - of Marburg 589
- Chromosome Research Unit 390 - of Maryland 589
- Institute of Immunological Sciences - of Massachusetts 589
391 - of Mie 483f
- Institute for Dairy Science 388 - of Miyazaki 520f
- Institute for Algological Research 389 - of Nagoya 10, 45lf, 557, 558, 589, 603
- Research Center for Molecular - Biochemical Regulation Research
Genetics 392 Institute 454
- Research Institute of Applied - Center for Gene Research 451
Electricity 392 - Center for Cooperative Research in
- of Ibaraki 406f Advanced Science and Technology 383,
- of Iwate 394f 451
- of Kagawa 500f - Research Institute of Environmental
- of Kagoshima 5Uf Medicine 454f
- of Kanazawa 447f, 600, 602 - of Nagoya, City 450f
- Cancer Research Institute 449f - of Nara, Women's 484f
- Center for Gene Research 448 - of Niigata 459f
- Neuro Information Research Institute - Brain Research Institute 460f
448 - of Oita 52lf
- of Kanazawa, Medical 661 - of Okayama 50lf
- of Kobe 471f - Cancer Institute 503
- Center for Molecular Biology 472 - Gene Research Center 502
- Center for Cooperative Research and - Institute for Neurobiology 503
Development 383, 471 - Research Institute for Bioresources
- of Kochi 50lf 505f
768

.- of Okayama, Science 505f - of Tokyo, Agriculture and Technology

- of Osaka 10, 488f, 555, 602 383,432f
- Biomedical Research Center 490 - of Tokyo, Agriculture 431£, 558
- Institute for Protein Research 493f - of Tokyo, Fisheries 434f
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular - of Tokyo, Medical and Dental 430f
Biology 488f, 661 - of Tokyo, Metropolitan 430f, 573
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial - of Tokyo, Science 419f, 559
Research 495f - Research Institutes for Science and
- International Center of Cooperative Technology 421£
Research in Biotechnology 492 - of Ube Science 708
- Research Institute for Microbial - of Tokyo, Women's
Diseases 35, 495f, 600 - Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Research Center for Basic Protein 434f
Engineering 494 - of Tottori 508f
- of Osaka, City 485f - of Toyama 465f
- of Osaka, Medical and Dental 603 - Center for Cooperative Research 383,
- of Osaka, Prefecture 34, 486f 465
- of Saga 523f - of Toyama, Medical and Pharmaceutical
- of Saitama 408f, 556, 572, 573, 574, 602, 465f
603 - Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku
- of Saitama, Medical 603 466f
- of Shimane 506f - of Tsukuba 409f, 557, 573, 589, 601,
- of Shizuoka, National 462f 603, 689
- School of Optoelectronics 708 - Gene Experiment Center 409
- of Shizuoka, Public 464f - of Utsunomiya 410f, 559
- of Siena 589 - of Washington, Seattle, Biomembrane
- of Technology, Nagaoka 449f Research Center 210
- Technological Development Center - of Wisconsin, State 559
506 - of Yamagata 401£
- of the Ryukyus 521£ - of Yamaguchi 509f
- of Tohoku 10, 397f, 556, 557, 558, 589 - of Yamanashi 466f, 573
- Chemical Research Institute of Non- - Institute of Enology and Viticulture
Aqueous Solutions 401£ 467
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center - of Yokohama, City 412f
400f - Institute of Environmental Science and
- Gene Research Center 400f Technology 412
- Institute of Genetic Ecology 400f - of Yokohama, National 41lf
- Research Institute of Electrical Unkai Shuzo Co. 274f
Communication 399f Upjohn Co. 49, 599, 600, 697
- Research Institute of Electric and USA, rDNA regulation, see rDNA-related
Magnetic Alloys 558 products...
- of Tokushima 507f U shio Electrics 697
- Institute for Enzyme Research 507f Usuki Bio-Research Center Cooperative
- of Tokyo 10, 367, 435f, 556, 557, 559, 275f
570, 572, 573, 574, 601, 603, 661 Usuki Seiyaku Co. 275
- Institute of Medical Sciences 442f Utano Hospital 602
- Institute of Brain Research 437f Utsunom.iya University, see University...
- Institute of Applied Microbiology 439f Valent Co. 245
- Molecular Genetics Research Vascular Graft Research Center Co. 604f
Laboratory 440f Venture companies 2,30
- Ocean Research Institute 441£ W.-Germany, rDNA regulation, see
- Research Center for Advanced Science rDNA-related products...
and Technology (RCAST) 441£ Wakamoto Pharmaceuticals Co. 275f, 613
 769

Wakayama Agri-Bio Research Center Yamae Food Industry Co. 281f

610,610 Yamagata University, see University.. .
Wakayama Nokyo Foods 610 Yamaguchi University, see University.. .
Wakayama Nosanbutsu Processing Yamaka Shoyu Co. 281f
Research Institute 610 Yamanashi University, see University ...
Wako Pure Chemical Industries 276f, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. 282f,
599,600,601,602,605 572,599,601,602,697
Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. 6,33, Yamasa Shoyu Co. 283f, 572, 599
276f,599 Yamatake Honeywell 616
Waseda University, see University... Yamazaki Mazak 697
Water Re-use promotion center 579 Yokogawa Electric Corporation 283£,
Wood Research Institute, see University of 572,588,613
Kyoto ... Yokohama City University, see
World Federation of Culture Collection University...
654 Yokohama National University, see
Xestek 588 University...
Yae Nogei Co. 277f Yonekyu Co. 284f
Yaegaki ShuZQ Co. 278f Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industrial Co.
Yaeso Chemical 617 6, 284~ 599, 603, 605
Yaeyama Shokusan Co. 278f Yuki Gosei Kogyo Co. 285f,572
Yagai Corporation 279f Zenitakagumi 609
Yaizu Fish 613 Zeria Pharmaceutical Co. 599
Yakult 279f, 572, 599, 601, 603, 613, 614 Zoological Society of Japan, see Society...
Yamada Foods Co. 280f
Correlation of the Christian and Japanese Calendar

Christian Japanese

1993 5
1992 4
1991 3 Sfl..6X:3~ Heisei 3 nen
1990 2 Sfl..6X: 2 ~ Heisei 2 nen
1989 (1) Sfl. .6X: Jt; ~ Heisei Gannen
1988 63 IIBfo 6 3 $ Showa 63 nen
1987 62 IIBfO 6 2 ~ Showa 62 nen
1986 61
1985 60
1984 59
1983 58
1982 57
1981 56
1980 55
1979 54
1978 53
1977 52
1976 51
1975 50 IIB~O 5 0 ~ Showa 50 nen

(Japan counts years by the rule of her emperors who, for the year of their enthronement, define
a theme, e.g., "Heisei" = "peaceful development" and "Showa" = "enlightened peace". The
"Foundation Years" are: Meiji Gannen = 1878; Taisho Gannen: 1912; Meiji Gannen: 1926;
Heisei Gannen: 1989).

The Japanese Fiscal Year (FY)

starts on April 1st and ends on March 31st of the following year. Thus, as an example, "FY
1990" extends from April 1st, 1990, to March 31st, 1991.

Correlation of Western and Japanese Counting

Number Western Japanese

10 ten Guu)
100 hundred (hyaku)
1000 thousand (sen)
10000 ten thousand (man, mman)
100 000 hundred thousand Guu man)
1000000 million (hyaku man)
10000000 ten million (sen man)
100 000 000 hundred million (oku, ichi oku)
1000 000 000 billion Guu oku)
10 000 000 000 ten billion (hyaku oku)
100 000 000 000 hundred billion (sen oku)
1 000 000 000 000 1 trillion (chou, ichou)

(The Japanese use a counting system based on 10000 ( n,

man) and its multiples, e.g., 10000
x 10.000 ( ta,
oku) and 10 000 x 10 000 x 10 000 (?lis, chou). This often causes considerable
confusion in changing from Western to Japan'ese figures, and vice versa).
Exchange Rates between Yen, US-$, DM, Pound Sterling and FFr (as of Sep.
1st, 1990, rounded)
Yen US·$ DM Pound FFr

1000000 (en. hyaku-man) 6961 11 020 3715 36 955

10 000 000 ff Jj. sen-man) 69 610 110 200 37 150 369 550
100 000 000 (-{i, ichi-oku) 696 100 1102000 371 500 3695500
1000 000 000 <+ •.juu-oku) 6961000 11 020 000 3715000 36 955 000
10 000 000 000 (Ef •• hyaku-oku) 69 610 000 110 200 000 37 150 000 369 550 000
100 000 000 000 (-f- •• sen-oku) 696 100 000 1102 000 000 371500 000 3695500 000
1000 000 000 000 (~t • chou) 6961000 00011 020 000 000 3715000 00036 955 000 000

Positions in Japanese Industry and Government

Industry
Adviser (Komon)
Manager (Shukan)
Manager (Department Head) (Kachou)
General Manager (Division Head) (Buchou)
Director (general) (Torishimari-yaku)
Deputy Director (Fuku Shochou)
Director (of a unit) (Shochou)
Director (Riji)
Managing Director (Joumu Riji)
Executive (Managing) Director (Senmu Riji)
President (of a unit) (Rijichou)
Vice President (Fuku Shachou)
President (of a company) (Shachou)
Chairman of the Board (Kaichou)

Government
Office (Shitsu)
Division (Ka)
Department (Bu)
Bureau (Kyoku)
Secretariat (Jimukyoku)
Director (Kachou)
Director-General (Kyokuchou)
Vice-Minister (Jimujikan)
Minister's Secretariat (Daijin Kanbou)
Minister (Daijin)

University
Chair (Kouza)
Room (Shitsu)
Division (Bumon)
Department (Ka)
Faculty. School (Bu)