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Inducing Voltage in 3-Phase Synchronous Generator

The document describes an experiment to induce voltage in a 3-phase synchronous generator by applying an excitation current to the rotor and rotating it with a prime mover, with objectives of understanding generator operation, phase relationships of voltages, and factors affecting output voltage like excitation current and load type. Procedures are outlined to collect no-load and loaded characteristic data by varying speed, excitation, and resistive or capacitive loads.

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Bilal Khan
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69 views6 pages

Inducing Voltage in 3-Phase Synchronous Generator

The document describes an experiment to induce voltage in a 3-phase synchronous generator by applying an excitation current to the rotor and rotating it with a prime mover, with objectives of understanding generator operation, phase relationships of voltages, and factors affecting output voltage like excitation current and load type. Procedures are outlined to collect no-load and loaded characteristic data by varying speed, excitation, and resistive or capacitive loads.

Uploaded by

Bilal Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT

Inducing Voltage in 3-phase Synchronous Generator

Objectives:- To induce Voltage and control the frequency and the voltage
generated. Specifically, the objectives are to experimentally:

1. Understand the operation of a synchronous generator


2. Understand the phase relationships between the generated voltages in
3. Understand the factors that affects the generated voltage
4. Obtain the magnetization characteristics (no-load) of an alternator.

Theory:
Construction of the synchronous machine

A cross section of an alternator is shown below

Fig 1. A cross section of a four salient pole alternator (1)

The synchronous machine (alternator) consists of two main parts:

A)Stator, which carries the three phase winding,


B)Rotor, with one DC winding or permanent magnets, the excitation winding
is generally supplied with DC through slip rings.

There must be also a source of mechanical energy (prime mover) and a


source of excitation (usually an exciter).
The armature windings are placed (not shown) in the slots (shown) at the inner
surface of the stator. When the prime mover rotates the rotor,
The alternator that you will be using is especially designed to give you better
insight on the phasor relations and three-phase power. The machine is
equipped with six similar armature windings equally spaced around the
periphery of the armature.

Operation

The prime mover (the DC motor in this experiment) is coupled to the shaft of
the alternator. When the prime mover rotates the shaft of the alternator, the
magnetic flux of the rotor that is linking the armature will be changing. The
change of the flux generates an emf in the armature windings according to
Faraday’s Law. The voltage generated depends on this flux and, therefore,
on the field current. The prime mover imparts mechanical power to the
alternator.

If the number of poles is P, then the frequency of the generated voltages in the
stator depends on the speed:

N(rpm)=120fPN(rpm)=120fP

Thus, the frequency of the machine is influenced by the rotational speed of the
prime
mover (the DC machine in this case), while the voltage magnitude is
influenced by the excitation current, according to:

Erms = 4.44 f * (number of turns)*φpole

The stator currents produce a rotating magnetic field in the air-gap. A


constant torque can be produced only if the stator field and the DC excited
rotor field rotate synchronously.

The equivalent circuit of one phase of an alternator is shown

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit per phase (2)


Procedure

Important Note: Always make certain that there is field current flowing in the
DC machine before pushing the starter button. Also be sure to turn the field
rheostat all the way one direction to the starting position. Ask the instructor if
you’re not certain which position this is

1. Read the name plate data of the DC machine and the alternator and
record these data.
2. Connect the supply to the DC motor through a circuit breaker. The
relative position of the various modules and machines terminals on the bench
is shown below (A refers to the armature, F to the shunt field, and S to the
series field):

3. Ask the instructor to check the circuit.


4. Run the DC machine and familiarize yourself with speed control using
the field current. Note the range of speed you can obtain using this method
and record the corresponding field currents. Make certain the field current
stays within the rating on the nameplate.
5. With the AC field not energized, measure and record the generated
voltage across each of the AC machine armature winding.
6. Connect an analog DC Ammeter in the field circuit of the alternator.
7. Ask the instructor to check the circuit and then record the possible
range of the field current in the AC machine.
8. With the AC field current at minimum, start the DC machine.
9. Measure the generated voltages across the armature windings of the
AC machine.
10. Observe the phase difference between those voltages, determine the
number of poles in your machine, from the generated electrical frequency and
the rpm speed of the prime mover. Compare it with the nameplate data.
11. Keeping the field current of the AC machine constant, vary the speed
and record the generated voltage.
12. Switch off the DC machine and then connect the windings of the AC
machine to obtain a 3-phase Y-connected supply.
13. Start the DC machine as before. Vary the field current of the alternator
and measure the line to neutral generated voltage, record this voltage and the
corresponding field currentfor enough values to plot the no
-load characteristic of this generator.
14. Turn the machine off and add a three-phase resistive load
box. Arrange to measure the load current. Start the DC machine as before
and vary it’s speed to drive the generator at its rated speed. Choose a value
of the field current that is somewhere in the middle of the range. Measure the
output voltage as a function of the load. If you have insufficient load
capabilities in one load cart you may try paralleling two. Take enough data to
plot the output voltage as a function of the resistive load.
15. Repeat Step 14 but with a three-phase variable capacitive load. Take
enough data to plot Vout as a function of the capacitive load.
16. If possible repeat step 14 with a three-phase inductive load (IMs,
Transformer…?)

Report

Your report should include a detailed circuit diagrams.


In addition to reporting on the data you obtained, and creating the plots of the
no-load and loaded characteristics (Vout vs Iout), answer the following
questions:

1. Plot the loaded characteristics for both resistive and capacitive load
on one graph if possible. Can you explain the difference in the curves
for resistive and capacitive loads?
2. When starting the DC motor, should the DC field rheostat be maximum
or minimum.
3. If there is a starting rheostat in the armature circuit of the DC machine,
should it be all-in or all-out.
4. Does the alternator you used have a round rotor (cylindrical) or
salient-pole rotor?
5. What factors affects the decision to design a machine with salient or
round rotor?
6. If the voltage induced in the first stator winding is: v1 (t) = 50cos(ωt ) ,
write the equations of the voltages of the other five windings.
7. Represent the voltages of the previous question in a phasor diagram.
8. Each winding can be thought of as a voltage source as shown.

How would you connect these sources to obtain a 3-phase,


Y-connected source.

9. Use Matlab to obtain a smooth V = f(If).


10. Plot E as a function of If with constant speed. This is the no-load
characteristics.
Explain the shape of this characteristics.

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