PART G – DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES

ITEM 500 – PIPE CULVERTS AND STORM DRAINS

500.1 Description

This item shall consist of the construction or reconstruction of pipe culverts

and storm drains, hereinafter referred to as “conduit” in accordance with this
Specification and in conformity with the lines and grades shown on the Plans or
as established by the Engineer.

500.2 Material Requirements

Material shall meet the requirements specified in the following

specifications:

Zinc coated (galvanized) corrugated iron or steel

culverts and underdrains AASHTO M 36

Cast iron culvert pipe AASHTO M 64

Concrete sewer, storm drain and culvert pipe AASHTO M 86

Reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain and

sewer pipe AASHTO M 170

Bituminous coated corrugated metal culvert pipe

and pipe arches AASHTO M 190

Reinforced concrete arch culvert, storm drain

and sewer pipe AASHTO M 206

Reinforced concrete elliptical culvert, storm drain

and sewer pipe AASHTO M 207

Asbestos cement pipe for culverts and storm drains AASHTO M 217

Joint Mortar – Joint mortar for concrete pipes shall consist of 1 part, by
volume of Portland Cement and two (2) parts of approved sand with water as
necessary to obtain the required consistency.

Portland Cement and sand shall conform to the requirements of Item 405,
Structural Concrete. Mortar shall be used within 30 minutes after its preparation.

Rubber gaskets AASHTO M 198

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 Oakum – Oakum for joints in bell and spigot pipes shall be made from
hemp (Cannavis Sativa) line or Benares Sunn fiber or from a combination of
these fibers. The oakum shall be thoroughly corded and finished and practically
free from lumps, dirt and extraneous matter.

Hot poured joint sealing compound AASHTO M 173

Bedding material shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 500.3.2,

Bedding.

Backfill material shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 500.3.6,

Backfilling.

When the location of manufacturing plants allow, the plants will be

inspected periodically for compliance with specified manufacturing methods, and
material samples will be obtained for laboratory testing for compliance with
materials quality requirements. This shall be the basis for acceptance of
manufacturing lots as to quality.

Prior to and during incorporation of materials in the work, these materials

will be subjected to the latest inspection and approval of the Engineer.

500.3 Construction Requirements

500.3.1 Trenches Excavation

Trenches shall be excavated in accordance with the requirement of Item

103, Structure Excavation, to a width sufficient to allow for proper jointing of the
conduit and thorough compaction of the bedding and backfill materials under and
around the conduit. Where feasible, trench wall shall be vertical.

The completed trench bottom shall be firm for its full length and width.
Where required, in the case of crop drains, the trench shall have a longitudinal
camber of the magnitude specified.

When so specified on the Plans, the excavation for conduits placed in

embankment fill, shall be made after the embankment has been completed to the
specified or directed height above the designed grade of the conduit.

500.3.2 Bedding

The bedding shall conform to one of the classes specified. When no

bedding class is specified, the requirements for Class C bedding shall apply.

Class A bedding shall consist of a continuous concrete cradle conforming

to the plan details.

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 Class B bedding shall consist of bedding the conduit to a depth of not
less than 30 percent of the vertical outside diameter of the conduit. The minimum
thickness of bedding material beneath the pipe shall be 100 mm. The bedding
material shall be sand or selected sandy soil all of which passes a 9.5 mm sieve
and not more than 10 percent of which passes a 0.075 mm sieve. The layer of
the bedding material shall be shaped to fit the conduit for at least 15 percent of
its total height. Recesses in the trench bottom shall be shaped to accommodate
the bell when bell and spigot type conduit is used.

Class C bedding shall consist of bedding the conduit to a depth of not

less than 10 percent of its total height. The foundation surface, completed in
accordance with Item 103, Structure Excavation, shall be shaped to fit the
conduit and shall have recesses shaped to receive the bells, if any.

For flexible pipe, the bed shall be roughly shaped and a bedding blanket
of sand or fine granular material as specified above shall be provided as follows:

Pipe Corrugation Depth Minimum Bedding Depth

10 mm 25 mm
25 mm 50 mm
50 mm 75 mm

For large diameter structural plate pipes the shaped bed need not
exceed the width of bottom plate.

500.3.3 Laying Conduit

The conduit laying shall begin at the downstream end of the conduit line.
The lower segment of the conduit shall be in contact with the shaped bedding
throughout its full length. Bell or groove ends of rigid conduits and outside
circumferential laps of flexible conduits shall be placed facing upstream. Flexible
conduit shall be placed with longitudinal laps or seams at the sides.

Paved or partially-lined conduit shall be laid such that the longitudinal

center line of the paved segment coincides with the flow line. Elliptical and
elliptically reinforced conduits shall be placed with the major axis within 5
degrees of a vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the conduit.

500.3.4 Jointing Conduit

Rigid conduits may either be of bell and spigot or tongue and groove
design unless another type is specified. The method of joining conduit sections
shall be such that the ends are fully entered and the inner surfaces are
reasonably flush and even.

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 Joints shall be made with (a) Portland Cement mortar, (b) Portland
Cement grout, (c) rubber gaskets, (d) oakum and mortar, (e) oakum and joint
compound, (f) plastic sealing compound, or by a combination of these types, or
any other type, as may be specified. Mortar joints shall be made with an excess
of mortar to form a continuous bead around the outside of the conduit and
finished smooth on the inside. For grouted joints, molds or runners shall be used
to retain the poured grout. Rubber ring gaskets shall be installed so as to form a
flexible water-tight seal. Where oakum is used, the joint shall be called with this
material and then sealed with the specified material.

When Portland Cement mixtures are used, the completed joints shall be
protected against rapid drying by any suitable covering material.

Flexible conduits shall be firmly joined by coupling bands.

Conduits shall be inspected before any backfill is placed. Any pipe found
to be out of alignment, unduly settled, or damaged shall be taken up and relaid or
replaced.

500.3.5 Field Strutting

When required by the Plans, vertical diameter of round flexible conduit

shall be increased 5 percent by shop elongation or by means of jacks applied
after the entire line of conduit has been installed on the bedding but before
backfilling. The vertical elongation shall be maintained by means of sills and
struts or by horizontal ties shall be used on paved invert pipe.

Ties and struts shall be 300 mm in place until the embankment is

completed and compacted, unless otherwise shown on the Plans.

These construction specifications shall also apply in the case of relaid

conduits. In addition, all conduits salvaged for relaying shall be cleaned of all
foreign materials prior to reinstallation.

500.3.6 Backfilling

Materials for backfilling on each side of the conduit for the full trench width
and to an elevation of 300 mm above the top of the conduit shall be fine, readily
compactible soil or granular material selected from excavation or from a source
of the Contractor’s choice, and shall not contain stones that would be retained on
a 50 mm sieve, chunks of highly plastic clay, or other objectionable material.
Granular backfill material shall have not less than 95 percent passing a 12.5 mm
sieve and not less than 95 percent retained on a 4.75 mm sieve. Oversized
material, if present, shall be removed at the source of the material, except as
directed by the Engineer.

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 When the top of the conduit is flushed with or below the top of the trench,
backfill material shall be placed at or near optimum moisture content and
compacted in layers not exceeding 150 mm (compacted) on both sides to an
elevation 300 mm above the top of the conduit. Care shall be exercised to
thoroughly compact the backfill under the haunches of the conduit. The backfill
shall be brought up evenly on both sides of the conduit for the full required
length. Except where negative projecting embankment-type installation is
specified, the backfill material shall be placed and compacted for the full depth of
the trench.

When the top of the conduit is above the top of the trench, backfill shall be
placed at or near optimum moisture content and compacted in layers not
exceeding 300 mm (compacted). It shall be brought up evenly on both sides of
the conduit for its full length to an elevation 300 mm above the top of the conduit.
The width of the backfill on each side of the conduit for the portion above the top
of the trench shall be equal to twice the diameter of the conduit or 3.5 m,
whichever is less. The backfill material used in the trench section and the portion
above the top of the trench for a distance on each side of the conduit equal to the
horizontal inside diameter and to 300 mm above the top of the conduit shall
conform to the requirements for backfill materials in this Subsection. The
remainder of the backfill shall consist of materials from excavation and borrow
that is suitable for embankment construction.

Compaction to the density specified in Item 104, Embankment, shall be

achieved by use of mechanical tampers or by rolling.

All conduits after being bedded and backfilled as specified in this

Subsection shall be protected by one metre cover of fill before heavy equipment
is permitted to cross during construction of the roadway.

500.3.7 Imperfect Trench

Under this method, for rigid conduit, the embankment shall be completed
as described in Subsection 500.3.6, Backfilling, to a height above the conduit
equal to the vertical outside diameter of the conduit plus 300 mm. A trench equal
in width to the outside horizontal diameter of the conduit and to the length shown
on the plans or as directed by the Engineer shall then be excavated to within 300
mm of the top of the conduit, trench walls being as nearly vertical as possible.
The trench shall be loosely filled with highly compressible soil. Construction of
embankment above shall then proceed in a normal manner.

500.4 Method of Measurement

Conduit of the different types and sizes, both new and relaid, will be
measured by the linear metre in place. Conduit with sloped or skewed ends will
be measured along the invert.

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 Each section will be measured by the number of units installed.

Branch connection and elbows will be included in the length measurement

for conduit, or they may be measured by the number of units installed.

Class B bedding material placed and approved shall be measured by the

cubic metre in place.

When the Bid Schedule contains an estimated quantity for “Furnishing and
Placing Backfill Material, Pipe Culvert”, the quantity to be paid for will be the
number of cubic metre completed in place and accepted, measured in final
position between limits as follows:

1. Measurement shall include backfill material in the trench up to

the top of the original ground line but will not include any material
placed outside of vertical planes 450 mm up outside of and
parallel to the inside wall of pipe at its widest horizontal
dimension.

2. When the original ground line is less than 300 mm above the top
of the pipe, the measurement will also include the placing of all
backfill materials, above the original ground line adjacent to the
pipe for a height of 300 mm above the top of pipe and for a
distance on each side of the pipe not greater than the widest
horizontal dimension of the pipe.

3. The measurement shall include the placing of backfill material in

all trenches of the imperfect trench method. Materials re-
excavated for imperfect trench construction will be measured for
payment under Item 103, Structure Excavation.

500.5 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities of conduit, determined as provided in Section

500.4, Method of Measurement, shall be paid for at the contract unit price per
linear meter for the conduit of the types and sizes specified complete in place.
End sections and, when so specified, branch connections and elbows, shall be
paid for at the contract unit price per piece for the kind and size specified
complete in place.

Excavation for culverts and storm drains, including excavation below flow
line grade and for imperfect trench, shall be measured and paid for as provided
in Item 103, Structure Excavation.

Concrete for Class A bedding will be paid for under Item 405, Structural
Concrete.

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 When the Bid Schedule does not contain as estimated quantity for
“Furnishing and Placing Backfill Material, Pipe Culvert” payment for placing
backfill material around pipe culverts will be considered as included in the
payment for excavation of the backfill material.

Payment will be made under:

Payment Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

500 (1) Pipe Culverts, - mm Linear Meter

Class -
500 (2) Storm Drain, - mm Linear Meter
Class -

ITEM 501- UNDERDRAINS

501.1 Description

This item shall consist of constructing underdrains, using pipe and

granular filter materials, underdrain pipe outlets, and blind drains using granular
material in accordance with this Specification and in reasonably close conformity
with the lines and grades shown on the Plans or as established by the Engineer.

501.2 Material Requirements

Material shall meet the requirements specified in the following

specifications:

Zinc coated (galvanized) corrugated iron or steel

culverts and underdrains AASHTO M 36

Extra strength and standard strength clay pipe

and perforated clay pipe AASHTO M 65

Perforated concrete pipe AASHTO M 175

Porous concrete pipe AASHTO M 176

Bituminized-fiber non-pressure sewer drain and

underdrainage pipe systems AASHTO M 177

Asbestos-cement perforated underdrain pipe AASHTO M 189

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 Granular Backfill Filter Material – Granular backfill filter material shall be
permeable and shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M 6, except that
soundness tests will not be required and minor variation in grading and content of
deleterious substances may be approved by the Engineer.

When the location of manufacturing plants allows, the plants will be

inspected periodically by compliance with specified manufacturing methods, and
material sample will be obtained for laboratory testing for compliance with
material quality requirements. This shall be the basis for acceptance of
manufacturing lots as to quality.

All material shall be subjected to inspection for acceptance as to condition

at the latest practicable time.

501.3 Construction Requirements

501.3.1 Pipe Installation

Trenches shall be excavated to the dimensions and grades required by

the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. A minimum of 150 mm bedding layer of
granular backfill material shall be placed and compacted at the bottom of the
trench for its full width and length.

Subdrainage pipe of the type and size specified shall be embedded firmly
in the bedding material.

Perforated pipe shall normally, be placed with the perforations down and
the pipe sections shall be joined securely with the appropriate coupling fittings or
bands.

Non-perforated pipe shall be laid with the bell end upgrade and with open
joints wrapped with suitable material to permit entry of water, or unwrapped as
may be specified. Upgrade end sections of all subdrainage pipe installations shall
be closed with suitable plugs to prevent entry of soil materials.

After the pipe installation has been inspected and approved, granular
backfill material shall be placed to a height of 300 mm above the top of pipe.
Care shall be taken not to displace the pipe or the covering at open joints. The
remainder of the granular backfill material shall then be placed and compacted in
150 mm maximum layers to the required height. Any remaining portion of trench
above the granular backfill shall be filled with either granular or impervious
material, as may be specified, and thoroughly compacted.

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501.3.2 Underdrain Outlets

Trenches for underdrain outlets shall be excavated to the width and depth
shown on the Plans or as otherwise directed. Pipes shall be laid in the trench
with all ends firmly joined by the applicable methods and means. After inspection
and approval of the pipe installation, the trench shall be backfilled in accordance
with Item 103, Structure Excavation.

501.3.3 Blind Drain

Trenches for blind drains shall be excavated to the width and depth shown
on the Plans. The trench shall be filled with granular backfill material to the depth
required by the Plans. Any remaining upper portion of trench shall be filled with
either granular or impervious material in accordance with Item 103, Structure
Excavation.

501.4 Method of Measurement

Underdrains and outlets shall be measured by the linear meter for pipe of
the type and size specified. Blind drains shall be measured by the linear meter
including all excavation and backfill materials required.

Granular backfill filter material, when specified in the Contract as a Pay

Item shall be measured in place by the cubic meter, completed and accepted.
Cross-sectional measurements will not exceed the net dimensions shown on the
Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

Excavation for underdrain pipe will be measured and paid for as provided
in Item 103, Structure Excavation.

501.5 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities determined as provided in Section 501.4, Method

of Measurement, shall be paid for at the contract unit prices.

Payment will be made under:

Payment Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

501 (1) Underdrain - mm Linear Meter

501 (2) Blind drain Linear Meter
501 (3) Granular backfill
filter material for underdrains Cubic Meter

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ITEM 502 – MANHOLES, INLETS AND CATCH BASINS

502.1 Description

This item shall consist of the construction, reconstruction or adjustment of

manholes, inlets and catch basins in accordance with this Specification and in
reasonably close conformity with the lines and grades shown on the Plans or as
established by the Engineer.

502.2 Material Requirements

Concrete for these structures shall meet the requirements of Item 405,
Structural Concrete. Other materials shall meet the following specifications:

Corrugated Metal Units – The units shall conform to Plan dimensions and
the metal to AASHTO M 36. Bituminous coating, when specified, shall conform to
ASTM D 1187, Asphalt-base Emulsion for use as Protective Coating for Metal.

Sewer and manhole brick

(Made from clay or shale) AASHTO M 91

Building brick (Solid masonry units made

from clay or shale) AASHTO M 114

Joint Mortar- Unless otherwise indicated on the Plans, joints mortar shall
be composed of one part Portland Cement and two parts fine aggregate by
volume to which hydrated lime has been added in an amount equal to 10 percent
of the cement by weight. All materials for mortar shall meet the requirements of
Item 405, Structural Concrete.

Frames, Gratings, Covers and Ladder Rungs – Metal units shall conform
to the Plan dimensions and to the following specification requirements for the
designated materials.

Metal gratings and covers which are to rest on frames shall bear on them
evenly. They shall be assembled before shipment and so marked that the same
pieces may be reassembled readily in the same position when installed.
Inaccuracy of bearings shall be corrected by machining, if necessary. A frame
and a grating or cover to be used with it shall constitute one pair.

All castings shall be uniformly coated with asphalt-based emulsion

meeting the requirements of ASTM D 1187, Asphalt-base Emulsion for use as
Protective Coating for Metal.

Samples of the material in casting shall be taken during the casting of the

86
units and shall be separate casting poured from the same material as the casting
they represent.

Gray iron casting AASHTO M 105

Mild to medium-strength carbon steel castings

for general application AASHTO M 103

Structural steel AASHTO M 183

Galvanizing, where specified for these units,

shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 111

Reinforcing Steel AASHTO M 31

Pre-cast Concrete Units – These units shall be cast in substantial

permanent steel forms. Structural concrete used shall attain a minimum 28-day
compressive strength of 20.682 MPa. The pre-cast units shall be cured in
accordance with AASHTO M 171. Water absorption of individual cores taken
from such units shall not exceed 7 percent. Additional reinforcement shall be
provided as necessary to provide for handling of the pre-cast units.

A sufficient number of cylinders shall be cast from the concrete of each

unit for compression tests at 7, 14 and 28 days, and to allow for at least 3
cylinders for each test. If the strength requirement is met at 7 or 14 days, the
units shall be certified for use 14 days from the date of casting. If the strength is
not met at 28 days, all units made from that batch or load will be rejected.

Cracks in units, honeycombed or patched areas in excess of 2,000 square

millimeters, excessive water absorption and failure to meet strength requirements
shall be the causes for rejection. Pre-cast reinforced concrete manhole risers and
tops shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 199.

The plants will be inspected periodically for compliance with specified

manufacturing methods, and material samples will be obtained for laboratory
testing for compliance with material quality requirements. This may be the basis
for acceptance of manufacturing lots as to quality.

All materials shall be subjected to inspection for acceptance as to

condition at the latest practicable time the Engineer has the opportunity to check
for compliance prior to or during incorporation of materials into the work.

502.3 Construction Requirements

Concrete construction shall conform to the requirements for Item 405,

Structural Concrete.

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 Metal frames shall be set in full mortar bed. Pipe sections shall be flushed
on the inside of the structure wall and projected outside sufficiently for proper
connection with next pipe section. Masonry shall fit neatly and tightly around the
pipe.

When grade adjustment of existing structures is specified, the frames,

covers and gratings shall be removed and the walls reconstructed as required.
The cleaned frames shall be reset at the required elevation. Upon completion,
each structure shall be cleaned of any accumulation of silt, debris, or foreign
matter of any kind and shall be kept clear of such accumulation until final
acceptance of the work.

Excavation and backfill shall be done in accordance with Item 103,

Structure Excavation.

502.4 Method of Measurement

Standard manholes, inlets and catch basins, both new and reconstructed
as applicable, will be measured by the unit. Any additional concrete, reinforcing
steel, or masonry required for authorized increases in heights of structures paid
of under this Item and in excess of the standard height shown on the Plans will
be measured and paid for under Item 405, Structural Concrete and Item 404,
Reinforcing Steel, as applicable. Structures noted on the Plans as “junction
boxes” will be measured for payment as manholes.

The number of concrete covers, pairs of metal frames and gratings, and
pairs of metal frames and covers will be measured as acceptably completed.

The number of existing manholes, inlets and catch basins adjusted as

directed will be measured as acceptably completed.

502.5 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities, determined as provided in Section 502.4, Method

of Measurement of the Pay Items in the Bill of Quantities will be paid for at the
contract unit prices, which shall constitute full compensation for furnishing and
placing all materials and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary
to complete the Item.

Excavation and backfill will be measured and paid for as provided in Item
103, Structure Excavation.

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 Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

502 (1) Manholes Each

502 (2) Inlets, type Each
502 (3) Catch basins Each
502 (4) Concrete covers Each
502 (5) Metal frames and gratings, type Pair
502 (6) Metal frames and covers Pair
502 (7) Adjusting manholes Each
502 (9) Adjusting catch basin Each

ITEM 503 – DRAINAGE STEEL GRATING WITH FRAME

503.1 Description

This item shall consist of furnishing all materials, tools, and equipment
including labor required in undertaking the proper application of steel grating with
frame as shown on the approved Plans and in accordance with this Specification.

503.2 Classes and Uses of Road Grates and Frames

Classes of grates that are commonly use in drainage work are sump,
trench and box.

Sump grates shall be used to create a trafficable ground level entry area
for surface rainwater to flow into the underground stormwater drainage system.
Sump grates shall be used in paved or grassed areas that are graded to direct
the surface water to a single pit or to a series of pits. Sump grates shall be plain
or hinged.

Trench grates shall be used to collect surface rainwater run off from areas
that cannot be graded to direct flow into a single pit.

Box grates or road drainage shall be used to transfer road surface storm
water into an underground drainage system. Normally used in conjunction with
kerb entry, the addition of the grate significantly increases the hydraulic capacity
of the inlet, particularly on steep slopes.

89
503.3 Strength Classifications and the Loading Conditions for Sump,
Trench and Box Grates

Class A – Test Load 10kN

For locations trafficked only by pedestrians, wheelchairs and cyclists –

inaccessible to motor vehicles by virtue of barriers, narrow passages or
stepped or unpaved approaches.

Class B – Test Load 80kN

For locations normally trafficked by pedestrians and slow moving

passenger cars or light agricultural tractors. These locations include areas
accessible to infrequent slow moving heavy trucks. Typical locations
include footpaths, ground level and multistoried car parks, suburban
driveways and back yards.

Class C – Test Load 150kN

For locations trafficked by slow moving fully laden trucks such as

pedestrians, malls and industrial or commercial areas.

Class D – Test Load 210kN

For locations trafficked by fast moving fully laden trucks and forklifts with
wheel loads to 5.0T. This includes all public roads from residential to
freeway.

Class E, F or G – Test Load 400kN, 600kN or 900kN

For locations subject to vehicles such as large forklifts, earthmoving or

container handling equipment and aircraft. Typical locations include
wharves, container storage areas, heavy industry or construction sites and
domestic or international airports.

All loading conditions specified above are applicable to the three classes
of grates depending on their specific uses and locations.

503.4 Materials Requirement

503.4.1 Steel Grating

The steel grating shall be made of fabricated mild steel provided with hot
dip galvanized in accordance with ASTM A 153/AASHTO M 232 for superior
corrosion protection. Steel grating shall be machine-made grating comprised of
steel flat bars standing on edge equispaced from each other. To prevent them

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from falling over and to provide restraint in buckling, a twisted cross rod (6mm) is
forge-welded1 into the top of the flat bars.

503.4.2 Steel Frame

The steel frame clear openings of drainage grates shall be 15mm larger
than nominal sizes of industry standard sized pits. These pits increase in size in
increments of 150mm. This shall be done to allow frames to be placed over
standard panel formwork and cast in while pouring the pit walls, to speed up
installation and ensure the frame is fully embedded in the concrete.

503.4.3 Drainage Grate Sizes

The drainage grates shall be identified by their internal clear opening

dimensions of the frame. For square and rectangular grates, the normal
convention shall be the width x length. Metal units shall conform to the approved
plan dimensions and specifications requirement for the designated materials.

Grates shall consist of 25mm to 65mm x 3mm, 4.5mm or 5mm thick flat
bars with length of not more than 6.1m spaced at 30mm o.c. with 6mm twisted
rod spaced at 100mm o.c.. Angular frame (L 75mm x 75mm x 9mm thick) shall
be coated with hot dipped galvanized for superior corrosion protection finish and
extended life. If required, I-Beam support shall be provided in the grates in
accordance with the approved plan. It shall also conform to the requirements of
ASTM A 153 or its equivalents AASHTO M 232.

503.4.4 The metal unit shall conform to ASTM A 36 / AASHTO M 183.

Dimension
Tolerances: Thickness = ± 0.20mm
Width = ± 0.80mm
Length = + 50mm/NIL mm
Straightness = 6mm in each 1.5m length

503.4.5 Joint Mortar

Unless otherwise indicated on the Plans, joint mortar shall be composed

of one part Portland Cement and two parts fine aggregate by volume to which
hydrated lime has been added in an amount equal to 10 percent of the cement
by weight. All materials for mortar shall meet the requirements of Item 405,

1
Forge-welding is a process of metal fusion using a combination of high temperature and high
pressure.

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Structural Concrete. Structural concrete used shall attain a minimum 28-day
compressive strength of 20.682 MPa.

503.5 Construction Requirements

Concrete construction shall conform to the requirements for Item 405,

Structural Concrete.

Metal gratings which are to rest on frames shall bear on them evenly. They
shall be assembled before shipment and so marked that the same pieces may be
reassembled readily in the same position when installed. Inaccuracy of bearings
shall be corrected by machining, if necessary. The steel grating and its
corresponding frame shall constitute one pair.

When grade adjustment of existing drainage grates is specified, the

frames and steel gratings shall be removed and the walls shall be reconstructed
as required. The cleaned frames shall be reset at the required elevation. Upon
completion, each drainage grates shall be cleaned of any accumulations of silt,
debris, or foreign matter of any kind and shall be kept clear of such accumulation
until final acceptance of the work.

Excavation and backfill shall be done in accordance with Item 102,

Excavation.

503.6 Acceptance Requirement

A sufficient number of cylinders for concrete construction shall be cast

from the concrete for each unit for compression tests at 7, 14 and 28 days, and
to allow for at least 3 cylinders of each test. If the strength requirement is met at
7 or 14 days, the units shall be certified for use 14 days from the date of casting.
If the strength is not met at 28 days, all units made from that batch or load will be
rejected.

The steel grating plants will be inspected periodically for compliance with
specified manufacturing and fabricating methods and bars samples will be
obtained for laboratory testing for compliance with material quality requirements.

All draining grates materials shall be subjected to inspection for

acceptance as to condition at the latest practicable time the Engineer has the
opportunity to check for compliance prior to or during incorporation of materials
into the work.

503.7 Method of Measurement

The quantity to be measured and paid for will be the number of pairs of
metal frames and gratings completed and accepted. Concrete and reinforcing

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steel (AASHTO M 31) will be measured and paid for under Item 405, Structural
Concrete and Item 404, Reinforcing Steel, respectively.

Excavation and backfill will be measured and paid for as provided in Item
102, Excavation.

503.8 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities, determined as provided in Section 503.7, Method

of Measurement of the Pay Items in the Bill of Quantities will be paid for at the
contract unit prices, which shall constitute full compensation for furnishing and
placing all materials and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary
to complete the item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item No. Description Unit Of Measurement

503 Metal frames and grating Set

ITEM 504 - CLEANING AND RECONDITIONING EXISTING DRAINAGE

STRUCTURES

504.1 Description

This item shall consist of cleaning and reconditioning existing pipes and
appurtenant structures in reasonably close conformity with this Specification and
as shown on the Plans.

504.2 Material Requirements

Materials used for repair or replacement under the various Pay Items shall
conform to the requirements of the applicable Items of this Specification.

504.3 Construction Requirements

Pipe Removed and Cleaned – The pipe shall be carefully removed and
cleaned of foreign material both within the barrel and at the jointed ends.

Pipe Cleaned in Place – All foreign materials within the barrel shall be
removed and disposed off by methods which will prevent damage to the pipe.

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 If approved by the Engineer, all or part of the pipe designated to be
cleaned in place may be removed, cleaned, and relaid in accordance with the
applicable Items. In such cases, the Contractor shall furnish all materials required
to replace damaged pipes and joints, perform all excavation and backfill, and re-
lay the pipe, all at the contract bid price for this Item.

Relaying or Stockpiling Salvaged Pipe Re-laying of pipe selected by the

Engineer to be removed and cleaned shall be done as shown on the Plans, in
accordance with the appropriate Item for the kind of pipe involved. The
Contractor shall furnish all jointing materials and shall replace the pipe broken by
him, in sufficient lengths to complete the designated length to be relaid without
added compensation. Salvaged pipe to be stockpiled shall be placed as shown
on the Plans and as directed by the Engineer. No pipe which has sustained
structural damage shall be placed in stockpiles. The Contractor shall dispose of
such damaged pipes at an approved locations.

Reconditioning Drainage Structures – Structures such as manholes, inlets,

and the likes, designated on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer to be
reconditioned shall have all debris removed, leaks repaired, missing or broken
metalwork replaced, and each structure left in operating condition.

504.4 Method of Measurement

Measurement will be made by the linear meter of pipe acceptably cleaned,

removed, re-laid or stockpiled as designated in the Bill of Quantities, irrespective
of the kind or size involved.

Pipe removed, cleaned, and relaid will be measured in their final position.

Pipe removed, cleaned, and stockpiled will be measured by totaling the

nominal laying lengths of all pipe units acceptably removed, cleaned, and placed
in the stockpile.

Pipe cleaned in place will be measured along the flow line of the pipe line
acceptably cleaned as directed.

Measurement of drainage structures reconditioned will be made by actual

count of the total number of units of each type acceptably completed.

504.5 Basis of Payment

The quantities as provided in Section 504.4, Method of Measurement,

shall be paid for at the contract price bid per unit of measurement for each of
the Pay Items listed below that appear in the Bid Schedule, which price and
payment shall be full compensation for the work of this item except excavation
and backfill which is paid for under Item 103, Structure Excavation.

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 Excavation and backfill necessary for pipe removal operations shall be
done as part of the work of this Item.

The Contractor shall remove and replace without added compensation

any pipe damaged by this operations and which cannot be acceptably repaired in
place.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

504 (1) Removing, cleaning, stockpiling

salvaged culvert pipe Linear Meter
504 (2) Removing, cleaning, and relaying
salvaged culvert pipe Linear Meter
504 (3) Cleaning culvert pipe in place Linear Meter
504 (4) Reconditioning drainage structures Each

If more than one type of drainage structure is described for an Item in the
Bid Schedule, letter suffixes shall be added to the item Number to differentiate
between such structures.

If no Pay Item from the list above appears in the Bid Schedule, the pipe
removed will be considered as included in the work Item 101, Removal of
Structures and Obstructions.

ITEM 505 – RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP

505.1 Description

This Item shall consist of the furnishing and placing of riprap with or
without grout as the case may be, with or without filter backing, furnished and
constructed in accordance with this Specification and to the lines and grades and
dimensions shown on the Plans.

505.2 Material Requirements

505.2.1 Stones

Stones for riprap shall consist of rock as nearly as rectangular in section

as is practical, except that riprap of Class A may consist of round natural stones.

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The stones shall be sound, tough, durable, dense, resistant to the action of air
and water, and suitable in all respects for the purpose intended.

Stones for riprap shall be one of the following classes as shown on the
Plans or determined by the Engineer.

Class A - Stones ranging from a minimum of 15kg to a

maximum of 25kg with at least 50 percent of the
stones weighing more than 20kg

Class B - Stones ranging from minimum of 30kg to a

maximum of 70kg with at least 50 percent of the
stones weighing more than 50kg

Class C - Stones ranging from minimum of 60kg to a

maximum of 100kg with at least 50 percent of the
stones weighing more than 80kg

Class D - Stones ranging from minimum of 100kg to a

maximum of 200kg with at least 50 percent of the
stones weighing more than 150kg

Sound pieces of broken concrete obtained from the removal of bridges,

culverts and other structures may be substituted for stone with the approval of
the Engineer.

505.2.2 Filter Materials

When required, the riprap shall be placed on a filter layer to prevent fine
embankment materials to be washed out through the voids of the face stones.
The grading of the filter material shall be as specified on the Plans, or in the
Special Provisions. If not so specified, it will be required that D 15 of the filter is at
least 4 times the size D85 for the embankment material, where D 15 percent and
85 percent, respectively, passing (by mass) in a grain size analysis. Fine
aggregate passing grading requirements for Item 405, Structural Concrete, will
satisfy foregoing requirements.

505.2.3 Mortar

Mortar for grouted riprap shall consist of sand, cement and water
conforming to the requirements given under Item 405, Structural Concrete, mixed
in the proportion of one part cement to three parts sand by volume, and sufficient
water to obtain the required consistency.

The horizontal and vertical contact surface between stones shall be

embedded by cement mortar having a minimum thickness of 20 mm. Sufficient

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mortar shall be used to completely fill all voids leaving the face of the stones
exposed.

505.3 Construction Requirements

505.3.1 Excavation

The bed for riprap shall be excavated to the required depths and properly
compacted, trimmed and shaped.

The riprap shall be founded in a toe trench dug below the depth of scour
as shown on the Plans or as ordered by the Engineer. The toe trench shall be
filled with stone of the same class as that specified for the riprap, unless
otherwise specified.

505.3.2 Placing

Stones placed below the water line shall be distributed so that the
minimum thickness of the riprap is not less than that specified.

Stones above the water line shall be placed by hand or individually by

machines. They shall be laid with close, broken joints and shall be firmly bedded
into the slope and against the adjoining stones. Each stone shall be laid with its
longest axis perpendicular to the slope in close contact with each adjacent stone.
The riprap shall be thoroughly rammed into place as construction progresses and
the finished surface shall present an even, tight surface. Interstices between
stones shall be filled with small broken fragments firmly rammed into place.

Unless otherwise provided, riprap shall have the following minimum

thickness, measured perpendicular to the slope:

Class A – 300 mm
Class B – 500 mm
Class C – 600 mm
Class D – 800 mm

The surface of riprap shall not vary from the theoretical surface by more
than 100 mm at any point.

505.3.3 Grouting

When grouted riprap is specified, stones shall be placed by hand, or

individually by machine as specified for riprap placed above the water line. The
spaces between the stones shall then be filled with cement mortar throughout the
thickness of the riprap as specified in Subsection 505.2.3, Mortar. Sufficient

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mortar shall be used to completely fill all voids, except that the face surface of the
stones shall be left exposed.

Grout shall be placed from bottom to top of the surface swept with a stiff
broom. After grouting is completed, the surface shall be cured as specified in
Item 405, Structural Concrete for a period of at least three days.

The stones shall also be laid in a manner that the vertical and horizontal
alignments of the exposed face shall, as possible be maintained in a straight line.

505.3.4 Weepholes

All walls and abutments shall be provided with weepholes. Unless

otherwise shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer, the weepholes
shall be placed horizontally at the lowest points where free outlets for water can
be obtained and shall be spaced at not more than 2 m center to center in a
staggered manner . The length of the weepholes shall not be less than the
thickness of the walls of the abutment and shall be at least 50 mm diameter PVC
or other pipe materials accepted by the Engineer. Weepholes must be provided
with filter bags as specified in special provision or as directed by the Engineer,
and shall be incidental to Pay Item 505.

505.4 Method of Measurement

The quantities to be measured for payment shall be the number of cubic

meters of riprap or grouted riprap, as the case may be, including stones placed in
the toe trench laid in position and accepted.

Filter layer of granular material, when required, shall be measured

separately by the cubic meter in place and accepted.

The computation of the quantities will be based on the volume within the
limiting dimensions designated on the Plans or as determined by the Engineer.

505.5 Basis of Payment

The quantities measured as provided under Subsection 505.4 shall be

paid for at the contract unit price, respectively, for each of the Pay Items listed
below and shown in the Bid Schedule, which price and payment shall be full
compensation for excavation and preparation of the bed, for furnishing and
placing all materials including backfill and all additional fill to bring the riprap bed
up to the lines, grades and dimensions shown on the Plans, and all labor,
equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the Item.

Payment will be made under:

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Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

505 (1) Riprap, Class A Cubic Meter

505 (2) Riprap, Class B Cubic Meter
505 (3) Riprap, Class C Cubic Meter
505 (4) Riprap, Class D Cubic Meter
505 (5) Grouted Riprap, Class A Cubic Meter
505 (6) Grouted Riprap, Class B Cubic Meter
505 (7) Grouted Riprap, Class C Cubic Meter
505 (8) Grouted Riprap, Class D Cubic Meter
505 (9) Filter layer of granular material Cubic Meter

ITEM 506 – STONE MASONRY

506.1 Description

This Item shall consist of stone masonry in minor structures, in headwalls

for culverts, in retaining walls at the toes of slopes, and at other places called for
on the Plans, constructed on the prepared foundation bed, in accordance with
this Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades, sections, and
dimensions shown on the Plans or as ordered in writing by the Engineer.

506.2 Material Requirements

506.2.1 Stone

The stone shall be clean, hard, and durable and shall be subject to the
Engineer’s approval. Adobe stone shall not be used unless otherwise specified.

Sizes and Shapes – Unless other sizes are shown on the Plans, stones
shall have a thickness of not less than 150 mm, and widths of not less than one
and one-half times their respective thickness, and lengths of not less than one
and one half times their respective widths. Each stone shall be of good shape
and be free of depressions and projections that might weaken or prevent it from
being properly bedded.
Dressing – The stone shall be dressed to remove any thin or weak
portions. Face stones shall be dressed to provide bed and joint lines that do not
vary more than 20 mm from the true lines and to ensure the meeting of bed and
joint lines without the rounding of corners of the stones in excess of 30 mm in

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radius. Bed surfaces of the face stones shall be approximately normal to the
face of the stones for about 80 mm and from this point may depart from a normal
plane not to exceed 50 mm in 300 mm.

Finish for Exposed Faces – Face stones shall be pitched to the line along
the beds and joints. The maximum projection of rock faces beyond the pitch lines
shall not be more than 50 mm.

506.2.2 Mortar

Cement, fine aggregate, and water shall conform to the respective

requirements for those materials as specified under Item 405, Structural
Concrete, except as to the grading of fine aggregate which shall all pass the 2.36
mm (No. 8) sieve, not less than 15 nor more than 40 percent shall pass the 0.3
mm (No. 50 ) sieve, and not more than 10 percent shall pass the 0.15 mm
(No.100) sieve.

The mortar for the masonry shall be composed of one part of Portland
Cement and two parts of fine aggregate by volume and sufficient water to make
the mortar of such consistency that it can be handled easily and spread with a
trowel. Mortar shall be mixed only in those quantities required for immediate use.
Unless an approved mortar mixing machine is used, the fine aggregate and
cement shall be mixed dry in a tight box until the mixture assumes a uniform
color, after which, water shall be added as the mixing continues until the mortar
attains the proper consistency. Mortar that is not used within 90 minutes after the
water has been added shall be discarded. Retempering of mortar will not be
permitted.

506.3 Construction Requirement

506.3.1 Selection and Placing

When the masonry is to be placed on a prepared foundation bed, the bed

shall be firm and normal to, or in steps normal to, the face of the wall, and shall
have been approved by the Engineer before any stone is placed.

Care shall be taken to prevent the bunching of small stone or stones of the
same size. Large stones shall be used in the corners.

All stones shall be cleaned thoroughly and wetted immediately before

being set, and the bed which is to receive them shall be cleaned and moistened
before the mortar is spread. They shall be laid with their longest faces horizontal
in full beds of mortar, and the joints shall be flushed with mortar.

The exposed faces of individual stones shall be parallel to the faces of the
walls in which the stones are set.

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 The stones shall be so handled as not to jar or displace the stones
already set. Suitable equipment shall be provided for setting stones larger than
those that can be handled by two men. The rolling or turning of stones on the
walls will not be permitted. If a stone is loosened after the mortar has taken initial
set, it shall be removed, the mortar cleaned off, and the stone relaid with fresh
mortar.

506.3.2 Bed and Joints

Beds for face stones may vary from 20 mm to 50 mm in thickness. They

shall not extend in an unbroken line through more than 5 stones. Joints may vary
from 20 mm to 50 mm in thickness. They shall not extend in an unbroken line
through more than two stones. They may be at angles with the vertical from 0 0 to
450. Face stone shall bond at least 150 mm longitudinally and 50 mm vertically.
At no place shall corners of four stones be adjacent to each other.

Cross beds for vertical faced walls shall be level, and for battered walls
may vary from level to normal to the batter line of the face of the wall.

506.3.3 Headers

Headers shall be distributed uniformly throughout the walls of the

structures so as to form at least one-fifth of the exposed faces. They shall be of
such lengths as to extend from the front face of the wall into the backing of at
least 300 mm. When a wall is 450 mm or less in thickness, the headers shall
extend entirely from front to back face.

506.3.4 Backing

Backing shall be built mostly of large stones as shown in the approved

Plans or as directed by the Engineer. The individual stones composing the
backing and hearting shall be well bonded with the stones in the face wall and
with each other. All openings and interstices in the backing shall be filled
completely with mortar or with spalls surrounded completely by mortar.

506.3.5 Pointing

Both bed and vertical joints shall be finished as shown on the Plans or as
directed by the Engineer. The mortar in joints on top of surface of masonry shall
be crowned slightly at the center of the masonry to provide drainage.
506.3.6 Coping

Copings, if called for, shall be finished as shown on the Plans. Where

copings are not called for, the top of the wall shall be finished with stones wide
enough to cover the top of the wall from 450 mm to 1000 mm in length, and of

101
random heights, with a minimum height of 150 mm. Stone shall be laid in such a
manner that the top course is an integral part of the wall. The tops of top course
of stone shall be pitched to line, in both vertical and horizontal planes.

506.3.7 Weepholes

It shall conform to the requirements of Item 505, Riprap and Grouted

Riprap under Subsection 505.3.4, Weepholes.

506.3.8 Cleaning Exposed Faces

Immediately after being laid, and while the mortar is fresh, all face stones
shall be thoroughly cleaned of mortar stains and shall be kept clean until the
work is completed.

506.3.9 Curing

In hot or dry weather, the masonry shall be satisfactory protected from the
sun and shall be kept wet for a period of at least three days after completion.

506.4 Method of Measurement

The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of cubic meters of stone
masonry complete in place and accepted. Projections extending beyond the
faces of the walls shall not be included. In computing the quantity for payment,
the dimensions used shall be those shown on the Plans or as ordered in writing
by the Engineer. No deductions shall be made for weepholes, drain pipes or
other openings of less than one square meter in area.

506.5 Basis of Payment

The quantity of masonry, determined as provided in Section 506.4,

Method of Measurement, shall be paid for at the contract unit price per cubic
meter for Stone Masonry, which price and payment shall be full compensation for
furnishing and placing all materials, including mortar for masonry, for all
necessary excavations, and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals
necessary to complete the Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

506 Stone Masonry Cubic Meter

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ITEM 507 – RUBBLE CONCRETE

507.1 Description

This item shall consist of the construction of rubble concrete in

accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades,
slopes and dimensions shown in the Plans or established by the Engineer.

507.2 Material Requirements

507.2.1 Stone

The stone shall be clean, hard, and durable and shall be subject to the
Engineer’s approval. Adobe stone shall not be used unless otherwise specified.
Stones to be used shall be more than 0.015 cubic metre in volume and not less
than 75 percent of the total volume of rock embankment and shall consist of
stones 0.03 cubic metre in volume as described in Item 506.2. Stones obtained
from excavation performed under this contract may be used.

507.2.2 Concrete Class “B”

Concrete shall be Class “B” in accordance with Item 405, Structural

Concrete.

507.3 Construction Requirements

507.3.1 Preparation of Foundation Bed

The foundation bed shall be excavated to the lines and grades as shown
in the Plans as directed by the Engineer, and shall be thoroughly compacted in
accordance with Item 104.3.3.

507.3.2 Falsework and Formwork Construction

Falsework/formwork shall be constructed so as to withstand the stresses

imposed.

Formwork used shall be constructed with sufficient strength, rigidity and

shape as to leave the finished works true to the dimensions shown on the Plans
and with the surface finished as specified.

The inside surface of the forms shall be cleaned of all dirt, water and
foreign materials. Forms shall be thoroughly coated with form oil prior to use. The
form oil shall be commercial quality form oil or other approved coating which will
permit the ready release of forms and will not discolor the concrete.

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507.3.3 Placing

One layer of concrete Class “B” shall be placed at the prepared bed prior
to placing of stones. Clearance between stones shall not be less than 63 mm the
maximum size of concrete aggregate for Class “B”.

Concrete Class “B” shall be placed after each layer of stone and shall be
thoroughly consolidated by means of a vibrator inserted in each layer of
concrete. In no case shall the vibrator be operated longer than 10 seconds in any
location.

After removal of forms, any cavities, voids and honeycomb spots shall be
filled up with mortar composed of one part cement and two parts sand.

All debris and refuse resulting from work shall be removed and the site
left in a neat and presentable condition.

507.3.4 Weepholes

It shall conform to the requirements of Item 505, Riprap and Grouted

Riprap under Subsection 505.3.4, Weepholes.

507.4 Method of Measurement

The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of cubic meters of rubble
concrete completed in place and accepted. In computing the quantity of payment
the dimension used shall be those shown on the Plans or as ordered in writing by
the Engineer. No reduction shall be made for weepholes.

507.5 Basis of Payment

The quantity of rubble concrete determined as provided in the preceding

Section 507.4, Method of Measurement, shall be paid for at the contract unit
price per cubic meter for rubble concrete, which price and payment shall be full
compensation for the preparation of the bed, furnishing, necessary excavations,
falsework, and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to
complete the Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

507 Rubble Concrete Cubic Meter

104
ITEM 508 – HAND-LAID ROCK EMBANKMENT

508.1 Description

This Item shall consist of hand-laid rock embankment, as designated in

the Bid Schedule, constructed in accordance with this Specification and in
conformity with the lines and grades shown on the Plans or established by the
Engineer.

508.2 Material Requirements

Stones shall be sound and durable and furnished in a well-balanced range

of sizes meeting the requirements herein.

Unless otherwise provided by the Plans or Special Provisions, all stones

shall be more than 0.015 cubic meter in volume and not less than 75 percent of
the total volume of rock embankment and shall consist of stones 0.03 cubic
meter in volume. Stones obtained from excavation performed under this contract
may be used. Adobe stone shall not be used, unless otherwise specified.

508.3 Construction Requirements

Sufficient excavation shall be made to expose a foundation bed that is

satisfactory to the Engineer. The stones shall be founded on this bed and laid to
the lines and dimensions required.

Stones shall be laid flat and securely placed with broken joint lines. The
larger stones shall generally be located in the lower part of the structure and
voids shall be eliminated to the extent possible. Spalls smaller than the minimum
stone size specified in Section 506.2, Material Requirements, shall be used to
check the larger stones solidly in position and to substantially fill voids between
the major stones as laid in the embankment. The exposed face of the rock mass
shall be reasonably uniform, with no projections of more than 150 mm beyond
the neat lines shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

Backfill adjacent to the hand-laid rock embankment shall be filled entirely

with acceptable material coming from excavation items and compacted.

508.4 Method of Measurement

The quantity to be paid for will be the number of cubic meter of hand-laid
rock embankment measured in place, completed and accepted.

105
508.5 Basis of Payment

The quantity determined, as provided in Section 508.4, Method of

Measurement , will be paid for at the contract price per cubic meter for Hand-
Laid Rock Embankment, which price and payment shall constitute full
compensation for furnishing, selecting, and transporting stones, for placing
stones by hand, for backfilling, and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals
necessary to complete the Item including foundation excavation.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

508 Hand-Laid Rock Embankment Cubic Meter

ITEM 509 – SHEET PILES

509.1 Description

This shall consist of furnishing, driving and cutting off of sheet piling
covered by this Specification.

509.2 Material Requirements

509.2.1 Timber Sheet Piles

The timber, unless otherwise definitely noted on the Plans or in the

Special Provisions, may consist of any species which will satisfactorily stand
driving. It shall be sawn or hewn with square corners and shall be free from worm
holes, loose knots, wing shakes, decay or unsound portions or other defects
which might impair its strength or tightness.

509.2.2 Concrete Sheet Piles

Concrete, reinforcement, and manufacture of concrete sheet piles shall

conform to the requirements of Item 400, Piling, Subsection 400.2.3, Concrete
Piles.

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509.2.3 Steel Sheet Piles

Steel sheet piles shall be of the type, weight and Section Modulus
indicated on the Plans or Special Provisions, and shall conform to the
requirement of Item 400, Piling, Subsection 400.2.7, Sheet Piles, Painting shall
conform to the requirements for Item 411, Paint, Subsection 411.3.6.2, Painting
Structural Steel.

509.3 Construction Requirements

Sheet piles shall be driven to elevation shown on the Plans or as

directed by the Engineer. Where impractical to drive to plan elevation due to
subsurface conditions, the driving of piles may be stopped at a higher elevation
with the written permission of the Engineer. However, before granting such
permission, the Engineer shall ascertain that the Contractor has adequate
equipment for the required driving and that the piles can be driven to the plan
elevation with the proper use of this equipment.

The top of the piling shall be driven or cut-off to a straight line at the
elevation indicated on the Plans.

The requirements governing the installation of sheet piling shall conform in

general to those governing bearing piles as set forth under Item 400, Piling.

509.4 Method of Measurement

Sheet piling will be measured by the linear meter of sheet piling as shown
on the Plans or as directed in writing by the Engineer, complete in place and
accepted. However, measurement of piling which has been delivered to plan
length and cannot be driven according to plan or directed elevation because of
subsurface condition shall be measured as if driven to that elevations.

509.5 Basis of Payment

Payment of steel piles as determined in Section 509.4, Method of

Measurement, shall be made at the contract unit price per linear meter. Such
payment shall be considered full compensation for furnishing all materials, labor,
equipment, tools, paint, bolts, wales and incidentals necessary to complete the
Item.

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 Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

509 (a) Sheet Piles (Timber) Linear Meter

509 (b) Sheet Piles (Steel) Linear Meter
509 (c) Sheet Piles (Concrete) Linear Meter

ITEM 510 – CONCRETE SLOPE PROTECTION

510.1 Description

This Item shall consist of the furnishing and placing of concrete slope
protection including all necessary excavation, a bed course and reinforced
concrete to the required thickness and extent to protect slopes against erosion.
Construction details shall be as shown on the Plans.

510.2 Material Requirements

510.2.1 Bed Course

A bed course, where required, shall be granular material which satisfies

the requirements for Item 200, Aggregate Sub-base, Grading A.

510.2.2 Formwork

Formwork, where necessary, shall be as specified in Item 407, Concrete

Structures.

510.2.3 Steel Reinforcement

Steel reinforcement shall be as specified in Item 404, Reinforcing Steel.

510.2.4 Concrete

Concrete shall be Class B as specified in Item 405, Structural Concrete,

unless otherwise specified or required by the Engineer.

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510.3 Construction Requirements

510.3.1 Excavation

The ground shall be excavated where necessary in accordance with the

dimensions, lines and grades shown on the Plans.

510.3.2 Bed Course

Where shown on the Plans or ordered by the Engineer, the Contractor

shall provide and lay a bed course, to the depth required, and as specified in
Item 200, Aggregate Subbase Course, compacted at least 100 percent of the
maximum dry density as determined by AASHTO T 180, Method D.

510.3.3 Concrete

The Contractor shall provide and place concrete in accordance with the
requirements of Item 405, Structural Concrete, to the required depths in the
positions and to the grades and elevations shown on the Plans. Unless otherwise
specified, the concrete slabs shall not be greater than 4m by 4m and shall have
between slabs, plain vertical straight joints with no joint filler or sealer.

The toe of the concrete slope protection shall be constructed and

protected as shown on the Plans.

510.3.4 Drainage

Drainage of the bed course or backfill shall be provided as shown on the

Plans or as required by the Engineer.

510.4 Method of Measurement

The quantity of granular material in the bed course to be paid for shall be
measured by the cubic meter in-place and accepted as shown on the Plans.

The quantity of concrete to be paid for shall be measured by the cubic

meter in-place and accepted as shown on the Plans.

510.5 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities as provided in Section 510.4, Method of

Measurement, shall be paid for at the contract unit price according to the Pay
Item in the Bid Schedule which price and payment shall constitute full
compensation for the necessary excavation, for all labor, equipment, tools, all
materials including formwork and reinforcing steel, and incidentals necessary to
complete this Item.

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 Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

510 (1) Bed Course Cubic meter in-place

Granular Material
510 (2) Concrete Cubic meter in-place

ITEM 511 – GABIONS AND MATTRESSES

511.1 Description

This Item shall consist of furnishing, forming wire mesh baskets, and
placing rocks installed at the locations designated, in accordance with this
Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades, dimensions, and
arrangements shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

511.2 Material Requirements

511.2.1General

Gabions shall be constructed of wire mesh and shall be supplied in

various lengths and heights. A double twisted wire mesh container of variable
sizes, uniformly partitioned into internal cells, interconnected with other similar
units, and filled with stones at the project site to form flexible, permeable,
monolithic structures such as retaining walls, sea walls, channel linings,
revetments and weirs for erosion control. The lengths shall be multiples of 2, 3
or 4 times the width of the gabion and heights shall be 0.50 m to 1.00 m or as
shown on the plans. The horizontal width shall not be less than one meter.
Gabion furnished shall be of uniform width.

The width, height and length of the gabion as manufactured shall not differ
more than 5% from the ordered size prior to filling.

Mattresses are double twisted wire mesh container uniformly partitioned

into internal cells with relatively small height in relation to other dimensions,
having smaller mesh openings than the mesh used for gabions. Mattresses are
generally used for riverbank protection and channel linings. The length shall be
3.00 m to 6.00 m, the width shall be 2.00 m and the height shall be 0.17 m, 0.23
m or 0.30 m or as shown on the Plans.

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 The width and length of the revet mattress as manufactured shall not differ
more than 5%, and the height shall not differ more than 10% from the ordered
size prior to filling.

511.2.2 Wire

The wire used in the manufacture of double-twisted mesh for use in

gabions and mattresses shall conform to the specifications as shown below as
appropriate for the style ordered.

511.2.2.1 Style 1 double-twisted mesh shall be manufactured from zinc-coated

steel wire conforming to Specification ASTM A 641, Class 3 coating,
soft temper.

511.2.2.2 Style 2 double-twisted mesh shall be manufactured from Zn-5A1-MM-

coated steel wire conforming to Specification ASTM A 856/A 856 M,
Class 3 coating, soft temper.

511.2.2.3 Style 3 double-twisted mesh shall be manufactured from the same type
of metallic-coated steel wire as style 1 with an additional PVC coating
extruded into the metallic-coated steel wire. The PVC coating shall
conform to the following requirements:

Test Method

1. Specific Gravity 1.30 to 1.35 D 792

2. Tensile Strength, min 20.6 MPa D 412
3. Modulus of Elasticity, min 18.6 MPa D 412
4. Hardness, shore “D” between 50 & 60 D 2240

5. Brittleness Temp, max -90C (150F) or D 746

lower temperature

6. Resistance to Abrasion, % 12% D 1242

weight loss, max.

The PVC coating shall not show cracks or breaks after the wires are
twisted in the fabrication of the mesh.

511.2.2.4 Style 4 double-twisted mesh shall be manufactured from aluminum-

coated steel wire conforming to Specification ASTM A 809, soft temper.

511.2.3Lacing Wire and Stiffener

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 Lacing wire and stiffeners shall be made of wire having the same
coating material as the double-twisted wire mesh conforming to
Specification ASTM A 641, A 856/A 856 M or A 809 with a tensile
strength in accordance with Subsection 511.2.7.

511.2.4 Fasteners made from zinc-coated steel wire, zinc - 5% aluminum

mischmetal alloy-coated steel wire and aluminum-coated steel wire
shall conform to specification A 764, Type A, B, or C, Table 2 or Table
3.

511.2.5Gabions and mattresses shall be manufactured with all components

mechanically connected at the production facility with the exception of
the mattresses lid that is produced separately from the base. All
gabions and mattresses shall be supplied in collapsed form, either
folded and bundled or rolled, for shipping.

511.2.6Dimensions

The minimum size of the galvanized and PVC coated wire to be used in
the fabrication of the gabion and mattresses shall be as follows:

Diameter, mm
Gabion Mattresses
Gabions and Mattresses Metallic PVC Metallic PVC
Wires Coated Coated Coated Coated
Body Wire 3.05 2.70 2.20 2.20

Selvedge or Perimeter Wire 3.80 3.40 2.70 2.70

Tying and Connecting Wire 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20

Diameter Tolerances for Galvanized Wire to be used in the

fabrication of gabion and mattress shall be  0.10 mm.

The nominal and the minimum thickness of PVC coating shall be

0.50 mm and 0.38 mm, respectively.

511.2.7Mechanical Properties

Tensile Strength – The tensile strength of Zinc-coated wire used in the

fabrication of gabion and mattresses when tested in accordance with ASTM A
370, shall be as follows:

Gabions and Mattresses

Wires Strength, MPa

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 Gabions Mattresses
Body Wire 350- 485 350 - 515
Selvedge or Perimeter Wire 350 - 485 350 - 485
Tying and Connecting Wire 350 - 515 350 - 515

511.2.8 Weight of Coating

The minimum weight of zinc per unit area of uncoated wire surface shall
be in accordance with ASTM A 975 or as follows:

Wire Diameter, mm Class 3 or A Coating, g/m2, ASTM A 641

Over 1.90 to 2.30 220

Over 2.30 to 2.70 230
Over 2.70 to 3.10 240
Over 3.10 to 3.50 260
Over 3.50 to 3.90 270

511.2. 9 Rock Fill

Rocks used in gabions and mattresses shall consist of hard, durable rock
pieces that will not deteriorate when submerged in water or exposed to severe
weather conditions. Rock pieces shall be generally uniformly graded in sizes
ranging from 100 mm to 200 mm. Filled gabions shall have a minimum density of
1,400 kg/m3. Voids shall be evenly distributed.

No rock size shall exceed 2/3 the mattress depth and at least 85% by
weight of the stone shall have a size greater than 80 mm. No stone shall be able
to pass through the mesh.

The rock shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M 63 except that the
sodium sulphate soundness loss shall not exceed 9% after 5 cycles.

511.2.10 Filter Fabric

Filter cloth shall consist of 70% polypropylene and 30% polyethylene.

511.3 Construction Requirements

511.3.1Fabrication

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1. Gabions and mattresses shall be in the form of rectangular baskets of
the required dimensions and shall be manufactured from wire as
specified in Subsection 511.2.2. Gabions shall be made of steel wire
double twisted forming a uniform hexagonal mesh type 8 x 10 having
a nominal mesh openings of 83 by 114 mm. Mattresses shall be
made of steel wire double twisted forming a uniform hexagonal mesh
type 6 x 8 having a nominal mesh openings of 64 by 83 mm.
Tolerances on the hexagonal, double-twisted wire mesh opening shall
not exceed 10% on the nominal dimension D values, 64 mm for
mattresses and 83 mm for gabions. The edges shall be formed into a
securely connected selvedge adequate to prevent raveling.

Individual basket ties and connections shall be made by using a

quantity of wire not less than 8% of the weight of each basket.

2. When the gabion length exceeds its width, it shall have securely tied
diaphragms connected at all edges to form individual cells of equal
length and width.

Gabions shall be fabricated in such a manner that the sides, ends,

lids and diaphragms can be assembled at the construction site into
rectangular baskets of the specified sizes. Gabions shall be of single
unit construction, base, lids, ends and sides shall be either woven into
a single unit or one edge of these members connected to the base
section of the gabion in such a manner that the strength and flexibility
at the point of connection is at least equal to that of the mesh.

The gabion shall be equally divided by diaphragms, placed at not

more than 1.0 m intervals, and of the same mesh and gauge as the
body of the gabions, into cells the length of which does not exceed
the horizontal width. The gabion shall be furnished with the necessary
diaphragms secured in proper position on the base in such a manner
that no additional tying at this junction will be necessary.

3. Four cross-connecting wires shall be provided in each cell having a

height of one half the width or less, and eight cross-connecting wires
shall be provided in each cell having a height greater than one half
the width.

All perimeter edge of the mesh forming the gabion shall be securely
selvedged so that the joints, by tying the selvedges, have at least the
same strength as the body of the mesh.

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 Selvedge wire used through all the edges (perimeter wire) shall not
be less than 3.80 mm diameter and shall meet the same
specifications as the wire mesh.

511.3.2 Assembly and Construction

1. Gabions shall be installed in a workmanlike manner. The gabions

shall be placed on a smooth foundation. The final line and grade
shall be approved by the Engineer.

Each gabion unit shall be assembled by binding together all vertical

edges with wire ties on approximately 152 mm spacing or by a
continuous piece of connecting wire stitched around the vertical
edges with a coil every 102 mm. Empty gabion units shall be set to
line and grade as shown on the Plans or as described by the
Engineer. Wire ties or connecting wires shall be used to join the units
together in the same manner as described above for assembling.
Internal tie wires shall be uniformly spaced and securely fastened in
each cell of the structure.

A standard fence stretcher, chain fall, or iron rod may be used to

stretch the wire baskets and hold alignment.

2. When possible the subgrade of the mattress and gabion shall be

properly compacted to a depth of 150 mm. The Contractor shall
consider the cost of subgrade preparation in the unit prices. Filter
fabric as beds of gabions and mattresses forming the structure shall
be suitably leveled and shall be securely connected along the
complete length of all contact edges by means of the above specified
tying and connecting wire.

3. Before the filling material is placed, the gabions and mattresses shall
be carefully selected for uniformity of size, and the pieces shall be
handplaced to provide a neat appearance as approved by the
Engineer.

The gabions shall be filled with stone carefully placed by hand or

machine to assure alignment and avoid bulges with minimum voids.
Alternate placing of rock and connection wires shall be performed
until the gabion is filled. After a gabion has been filled, the lid shall be
bent over until it meets the sides and edges. The lid shall then be
secured to the sides, ends and diaphragms with the wire ties or
connecting wire in the manner described for assembling.

The vertical joints of gabions and mattress baskets shall be

staggered as in running bond in brickwork.

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 4. The cells in any row shall be filled in stage so that local deformation
may be avoided. That is at no time shall the cell be filled to a depth
exceeding 300 mm more than the adjoining cell.

5. Filter fabric shall be placed between earth surface and gabion or

mattress structures. Filter fabric shall be rolled out into a flat non-
rutted surface free from sharp objects, weighing down the edges.
Construction equipment shall not be allowed into unprotected fabric.
Jointing is normally affected by overlapping not less than 300 mm,
but it is preferable to joint by sewing or industrial stapling. Joint edges
should be facing downwards to avoid protruding through the surface
material.

511.4 Method of Measurement

The quantities to be paid for shall be the number of cubic meter of

gabions and mattresses and the area of filter cloth completed and accepted.

511.5 Basis of Payment

Quantities determined as provided above shall be paid for at the

appropriate contract unit price per unit of measurement for the Pay Item shown
in the Bid Schedule, which price and payment shall constitute full compensation
for all necessary excavation, subgrade preparation, for furnishing, placing wire
baskets and fill materials and for all labor, equipment accessories, tools, and
incidentals necessary to complete the Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

511 (1) Gabions Cubic Meter

511 (2) Mattresses Cubic Meter
511 (3) Filter Cloth Square Meter

ITEM 512 - EROSION CONTROL MATS, ROVING, AND CELLULAR

CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS

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512.1 Description

This item shall consist of furnishing and placing erosion control mats,
roving, and cellular confinement systems installed at the locations designated for
ditch and slope protection, and stabilization, in accordance with this specification
and in conformity with the lines, grades, dimensions, and arrangements shown
on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

512.2 Materials Requirements

512.2.1 Erosion Control Mats

Erosion control mats shall conform to the specifications as shown below:

512.2.1.1 Type 1 – Straw mats, burlap fabric, jute mesh, and woven paper or
sisal mesh netting

1. Straw mats - shall be clean agricultural straw made from oats, wheat,
rye, or other grain crops that is free from weeds, mold, or other
objectionable material and furnished in an air-dry condition suitable for
placing with mulch blower equipment. Straw erosion control mat shall
conform to Table 1 as shown below:

Table 1 - Straw Erosion Control Mat

Material Property Specification

Straw(1) Moisture Content, g/m2, 240

min.
Netting Photodegradable netting 1.5
on one side 5 – 20 mm
square mesh(2), kg/100
m2 , min.

(1) Moisture content shall not exceed 20 percent

(2) Dimensions are approximate and may vary to meet
manufacturer’s standards.

2. Burlap fabric – shall have a standard weave and a mass of 145 + 20

grams per square meter.
3. Jute mesh – shall have a uniform open plain weave fabricated from
jute yarn that does not vary in thickness by more than half its normal
diameter. Jute mesh shall conform to the following:

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 Mesh size 25 by 25 mm max.
Mesh mass, ASTM D 1776 0.5 kg/m2 + 5%

4. Woven paper or sisal mesh netting – Mesh netting of woven paper or

woven sisal twisted yarn conforming to the following:

Mesh openings 3 to 6 mm
Shrinkage after wetting 20% max.

512.2.1.2 Type 2 – Straw and coconut mats, excelsior blanket, or mulch

blanket

1. Straw and coconut mats – a mat consisting of straw and undyed

untreated biodegradable jute, coconut coir, and synthetic
polypropylene fibers or other approved yarn woven into a plain weave
mesh. Straw and coconut mats shall conform to Table 2 as shown
below:

Table 2 - Straw and Coconut Mat

Material Property Specification

Straw(1) 70% Moisture Content, g/m2, min. 240

Coconut 30% Moisture Content, g/m2, min. 240
Netting Photodegradable netting on 1.5
both sides 16 – 25 mm
square mesh(2), kg/100 m2,
min.

(1) Moisture content shall not exceed 20 percent

(2) Dimensions are approximate and may vary to meet
manufacturer’s standards

2. Excelsior blanket – shall be of uniform thickness consisting of curled

wood excelsior secured on the top side to a biodegradable,
photodegradable extruded plastic mesh and shall be smolder
resistant without the use of chemical additives. Excelsior blanket shall
conform to the following:

Excelsior fibers > 200 mm length 80% min.

Mesh size 25mm by 50mm
Blanket mass/area 0.53+0.05 kg/m2

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 3. Mulch blanket – shall be 3 to 13 mm thick blanket consisting of
organic, biodegradable mulch such as straw, curled wood cellulose,
coconut coir, or other material evenly distributed on one side of a
photodegradable, polypropylene mesh having a minimum mass of
0.27 kg/m2.

512.2.1.3 Type 3 – Coconut mat

Coconut mat – shall consist of undyed untreated biodegradable jute,

coconut coir, and synthetic polypropylene fibers or other approved yarn woven
into a plain weave mesh with approximately 16 to 25 mm 2 openings. Coconut
mat shall conform to Table 3 as shown below:

Table 3 - Coconut Mat

Material Property Specification

Coconut(1) 100% Moisture Content, g/m2, 240

min.
Netting Photodegradable netting 1.5
on one side 16 – 25 mm
square mesh(2), kg/100
m2, min.

(1) Moisture content shall not exceed 20 percent

(2) Dimensions are approximate and may vary to meet
manufacturer’s standards.

512.2.1.4 Type 4 – Synthetic erosion control mats and meshes

1. Synthetic mat – Flexible mat produced by machine, consisting of

polyolefin monofilament fibers positioned between 2 biaxially oriented
nets. Mechanically bind the nets together by parallel stitching with
polyolefin thread to form a 3-dimensional web-like weave, highly
resistant to environmental and chemical deterioration. Synthetic mat
shall conform to Table 4 as shown below:

Table 4 - Synthetic Erosion Control Mat

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 Property Specifications Test Method
Color Green Visual
Thickness, mm, min. 6 ASTM D 1777
Strength (1), N/m min. 1590 x 525 ASTM D 5035
Elongation (1), %, max. 50 ASTM D 5035
Porosity (2), %, min. 85 Calculated
Resiliency (3) , %, min. 80 ASTM D 1777
Ultraviolet stability(4) , % 80 ASTM D 4355

(1) Values for both machine and cross-machine directions under

dry or saturated conditions. Machine direction specimen for 50
mm strip test includes one machine direction polyolefin stitch
line centered within its width and extending the full width length
of the specimen.
(2) Calculation based upon mass, thickness, and specific gravity.
(3) The percentage of original thickness retained after 3 cycles of
a 690 kilopascal load for 60 seconds followed by 60 seconds
without load. Thickness measured 30 minutes after load
removed.
(4) Tensile strength retained after 1000 hours in a Xenon ARC
weatherometer.

2. Synthetic polypropylene mesh – A flexible woven geotextile mesh

fabricated from polypropylene fibers that were spun in one direction.
Synthetic polypropylene mesh shall conform to Table 5 as shown
below:

Table 5 - Synthetic Polypropylene Mesh

Property Specifications Test Methods

Color Beige Visual

Mass, g/m2 , min. 59 ASTM D 5261
Tensile Strength, N/m, min. 6700 x 3700 ASTM D 5035
Elongation at break,%, max. 40 ASTM D 5035
Mullen burst strength, kPa, 515 ASTM D 3786
min.

3. Synthetic mulch control netting – A uniformly extruded, rectangular,

plastic mesh netting with 50 by 50 mm nominal mesh openings and
weighing at least 8 grams per square meter.
4. Organic mulch control netting – A leno weave mesh netting fabricated
from 12.7 kg biodegradable cellulose fiber yarn having 5 twists per 25

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 mm. Make the size of the mesh grid 13 to 25 mm 2. Finish the
selvedge to prevent raveling or fraying.

512.2.1.5 Type 5 – Turf reinforcement mats

Turf reinforcement mats – A web of mechanically or melt bonded polymer

netting, monofilaments, or fibers that are entangled to form a strong and
dimensionally stable mat. Bonding methods include polymer welding, thermal or
polymer fusion, or the placement of fibers between 2 high-strength, biaxially
oriented nets mechanically bound together by parallel stitching with polyolefin
thread and is resistant to biological, chemical, and ultraviolet degradation. Turf
reinforcement mats shall conform to Table 6 as shown below:

Table 6 - Synthetic Polypropylene Erosion Control Mat

Property Specification Test Method

Color Black Visual
Thickness, mm , min. 13 ASTM D 1777
Tensile Strength (1), 1370 x 790 ASTM D 5035
N/m, max.
Elongation (1),%, max. 50 ASTM D 5035
Porosity (2) ,%, max. 90 Calculated
Resiliency (3), %, min. 80 ASTM D 1777
Ultraviolet stability(4), %, 80 ASTM D 4355
min.
Functional Longevity 5 years Observed

(1) Values for both machine and cross-machine directions under

dry or saturated conditions using 50 mm strip method.
(2) Calculation based upon mass, thickness, and specific gravity.
(3) The percentage of original thickness retained after 3 cycles of
a 690 kilopascal load for 60 seconds followed by 60 seconds
without load. Thickness measured 30 minutes after load
removed.
(4) Tensile strength retained after 1000 hours in a Xenon ARC
weatherometer.

512.2.2 Emulsified Asphalt

Emulsified asphalt shall conform to the applicable requirements of Item

304, Bituminous Surface Treatment.

512.2.3 Cellular Confinement Systems

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 A flexible honeycomb 3-dimensional structure fabricated from polyethylene
that has been properly stabilized with carbon black and/or hindered amine light
stabilizers.

512.2.4 Roving

Types of Roving

1. Fiber glass roving – Fiber glass roving shall be formed from

continuous fibers drawn from molten glass, coated with a chrome-
complex sizing compound, collected into strands and lightly bound
together into roving without the use of clay, starch, or like deleterious
substances. Roving shall be wind into a cylindrical package
approximately 300 mm high so it can be continuously fed from the
center of the package through an ejector driven by compressed air
and expanded into a mat of glass fibers on the soil surface. Roving
containing petroleum solvents or other agents known to be toxic to
plant or animal life shall not be used. Fiber glass roving shall
conform to the following:

Strands/rove, end count 56 to 64

Fibers/strand, end count 184 to 234
Fiber diameter (trade designation G), 0.009 to 0.013 mm

ASTM D 578
m/kg of rove, ASTM D 578 340 to 600 m/kg
km/kg of strand, ASTM D 578 26.2 to 2.82
Organic content, ASTM D 578 1.65% max.

2. Polypropylene roving – Polypropylene roving shall be formed from

continuous strands of fibrillated polypropylene yarn. Roving shall be
winded into a cylindrical package so that it can be continuously fed
from the outside of the package through an ejector driven by
compressed air and expanded into a mat of polypropylene strands.
The material shall not contain agents that are toxic to plant or animal
life. Polypropylene roving shall conform to the following:

Tensile strength, ASTM D 2256 15.6 N

Elongation at break, ASTM D 2256 15.5%
Mass of strand, ASTM D 1907 360 denier
Strands per rove, measured 24
UV stability, ASTM D 4355 50% retained after
200 hours

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512.2.5 Topsoil

Topsoil shall conform to the requirements of Item 608, Topsoil, of the

DPWH Standard Specifications, Volume II.

512.2.6 Turf Establishment

1. Agricultural limestone

Agricultural limestone shall conform to the requirements of Item 609,

Subsection 609.2.3, Ground Limestone, of the DPWH Standard Specifications,
Volume II.

2. Fertilizers

Fertilizers shall conform to the requirements of Item 609, Subsection

609.2.2, Fertilizers, of the DPWH Standard Specifications, Volume II.

3. Mulch

Straw – shall be made from oats, wheat, rye, or other grain crops that is
free from weeds, mold, or other objectionable material and in an air-dry condition
suitable for placing with mulch blower equipment.

Hay – shall be made from herbaceous mowing, free from weeds, mold, or
other objectionable material. Furnish hay in an air-dry condition suitable for
placing with mulch blower equipment.

Wood fiber – shall be processed from wood chips that is as follows:

a. Colored with a green dye non-injurious to plant growth
b. Readily dispersible in water
c. Nontoxic to seed or other plant material
d. Free of growth or germination inhibiting substances
e. Free of weed seed
f. Air dried to an equilibrium moisture content of 12±3 percent
g. Packaged in new labeled containers
h. Packaged in a condition appropriate for mixing in a homogeneous
slurry suitable for application with power spray equipment

Grass straw cellulose fiber – shall be processed from grass straw fiber
that is as follows:

a. Colored with a green dye non-injurious to plant growth

b. Readily dispersible in water
c. Nontoxic to seed or other plant material
d. Free of growth or germination inhibiting substances

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 e. Free of weed seed
f. Air dried to a moisture content of 10+0.2 percent
g. Air dried to a uniform mass of 15 percent
h. Packaged in new containers labeled with the
manufacturer’s name and air-dry mass
i. Packaged in a condition appropriate for mixing in a
homogeneous slurry suitable for application with power spray
equipment

Peat moss – shall be a granulated sphagnum peat moss conforming to the

following:

Sticks, stones, and mineral matter 0%

Partially decomposed stems 75% min.
and leaves of sphagnum
Color brown
Textured from porous fibrous to spongy fibrous
pH 3.5 to 7.5
Air-dried

Mature compost – shall be a partially decomposed organic material, such

as leaves, grass, shrubs, and yard trimmings, cured for 4 to 8 weeks. Maturity is
indicated by temperature stability and soil-like odor. Also shall be friable, dark
brown, weed-free, and pathogen-free mature compost conforming to the
following:

Carbon/nitrogen ratio 25/1 to 35/1

Carbon/phosphorus ratio 120/1 to 240/1
pH 6.0 to 7.8
Water content 40% max.
Particle size
Seeding and sodding 12 mm max.
Erosion control 25 mm max.
Organic material 50% min.
Man-made inserts (plastic, glass, metal) 2% max.

Straw for hydroseeding – shall be clean agricultural straw milled to 25 mm

or less in length. Dry the fibers to 10% moisture for compaction. Bale in heat-
sealed plastic bags.

Bonded fiber matrix hydromulch – shall be a mixture of long-wood fibers

and bonding agent which when hydraulically applied and dried produce a matrix
conforming to the following:

a. Does not dissolve or disperse when wetted.

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 b. Holds at least 1000 grams of water per 100 grams of dry
matrix.
c. Has no germination or growth inhibiting factors.
d. Forms no water insensitive crust.
e. Contains material that is 100 percent biodegradable.

512.3 Construction Requirements

512.3.1 Erosion Control Mats (Type 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5)

Install erosion control mats according to the manufacturer’s

recommendations.

Install erosion control mats to soil surfaces which are at final grade, stable,
firm, and free of rocks or other obstructions. Spread erosion control mats evenly
and smoothly, without stretching, to ensure direct contact with the soil at all
points. Unroll erosion control mats parallel to the drainage flow direction. Lap
edges as recommended by the manufacturer. Place the upslope end in a 150
mm vertical slot. Backfill the slot and compact.

For swale or ditch installations, place up the side slopes to extend above
anticipated flow line and construct intermediate 150 mm vertical check slots at 8
m intervals. Construct check slots perpendicular to flow direction. Staple erosion
control mats as recommended by manufacturer. Drive all staples flush with the
soil surface.

Repair damaged areas immediately. Restore the soil in damaged areas to

finished grade, refertilize, and reseed.

Synthetic erosion control mats and meshes (Type 4) shall be installed

after turf establishment is in place.

Turf establishment mats (Type 5) shall be installed before turf

establishment is in place. After seeding, lightly brush or rake 15+5 mm of topsoil
into the mat voids to fill the mat thickness.

512.3.2 Roving

Furnish a pneumatic ejector capable of applying roving at a rate of 0.9

kilograms per minute. Furnish an air compressor capable of supplying 1.1 cubic
meters per minute at 620+70 kilopascals, complete with air hoses necessary for
supplying air to areas not accessible to the compressor. Furnish an asphalt
distributor with necessary hoses and a hand spray bar for slopes and other areas
not accessible to the distributor.

512.3.2.1 Fiber Glass Roving

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 Spread fiber glass roving uniformly at the rate of 0.16+0.03 kg/m2 to form
a random mat of continuous glass fibers.

512.3.2.2 Polypropylene Roving

Spread polypropylene roving uniformly at the rate of 0.08+0.03 kg/m2 to

form a random mat of continuous polypropylene fibers.

Anchor the roving to the ground with a slow setting emulsified asphalt
applied uniformly at a rate of 1.5+0.2 liters per square meter over the roving.
Bury upslope end of the roving 300 mm deep.

512.3.3 Cellular Confinement Systems

Excavate to the depth of the cellular confinement systems, and smooth

and compact the slope. Install the top of the system flush or lower than the
adjacent slope. Expand the cellular confinement systems down the slope.
Connect adjacent cellular confinement systems sections with hog rings or staples
every other cell.

Anchor the system with stakes across the top at every other cell. Repeat
the anchoring pattern in every tenth row and in the bottom row.

Backfill the system with topsoil. Hand-compact the topsoil within each cell.
Apply permanent turf establishment.

512.4 Acceptance Requirements

512.4.1 Certification

The manufacturer shall file with the purchaser a certificate stating the
name of the manufacturer, the chemical composition of the filaments or yarns,
and other pertinent information so as to fully describe material (including mats,
roving and other cellular confinement systems) for erosion control, ditch and
slope protection, and stabilization. The manufacturer shall include in the
certificate a guarantee stating that the material that is furnished meets the
requirements of the specification. The certificate shall be attested to by a person
having legal authority to bind the company. Either mismarking or
misinterpretation by the manufacturer shall be reason to discontinue acceptance
under these specifications. Notice sent to the manufacturer by the purchaser
regarding the discontinuance of acceptance will be considered to be notice to all
wholesalers, jobbers, distributors, agents and other intermediaries handling the
manufacturer’s product.

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512.4.2 The Engineer shall evaluate acceptance for the material for topsoil
through visual inspection and comply with the requirements of Item 608, Topsoil.

512.4.3 The Engineer shall evaluate acceptance for turf establishment work
through visual inspection and certification as prescribed in Subsection 512.4.1,
Certification.

512.5 Quality Control

The manufacturer of the material is responsible for establishing and

maintaining a quality control program so as to assure compliance with the
requirements of this specification.

512.6 Shipment and Storage

512.6.1 During periods of shipment and storage, the material shall be

protected from direct sunlight, ultraviolet rays, temperatures greater than 60ºC,
mud, dust, and debris. To the extent possible, the material shall be maintained
wrapped in a heavy-duty protective covering. Each shipping document shall
include a notation certifying that the material is in accordance with the
manufacturer’s certificate and guarantee previously filed with the purchaser.

512.6.2 Product Marking

Label the material and its container with the manufacturer’s name,
material’s type or trade name, lot number and quantity.

512.7 Method of Measurement

512.7.1 Erosion control mats, roving, and cellular confinement systems shall be
measured by the number of square meters excluding overlaps.

512.7.2 Topsoil will be measured and paid for as provided in Item 608, Topsoil.

512.7.3 Turf establishment will be measured on the following applicable

methods:

512.7.3.1 Seeding and mulching will be measured by the number of square

meters.

512.7.3.2 Fertilizer, dry method will be measured by the metric ton.

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512.8 Basis of Payment

The quantities determined as provided above shall be paid for at the

contract price per unit of measurement, respectively, for each pay item listed
below.

Payment shall be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

512 (1) Erosion Control Mat Square Meter

Type ___
512 (2) Roving Square Meter
512 (3) Cellular Confinement Square Meter
Systems

ITEM 513 – PERMANENT GROUND ANCHORS

513.1 Description

This item shall consist of designing, furnishing, installing, testing and

stressing permanent cement-grouted ground anchors in accordance with the
Plans, these Specifications, and the Special Provision.

513.2 Working Drawings

At least 30 days before work is to begin, the Contractor shall submit to the
Engineer for review and approval complete working drawings and design
calculations describing the ground anchor system or systems intended for use.
The submittal shall include the following:

1. A ground anchor schedule giving the following information:

a. Ground anchor number

b. Ground anchor design load
c. Type and size of tendon
d. Minimum total anchor length

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 e. Minimum bond length
f. Minimum tendon bond length
g. Minimum unbonded length

2. A drawing of the ground anchor tendon and the corrosion

protection system, including details for the following:

a. Spacers separating elements of tendon and their location

b. Centralizers and their location
c. Unbonded length corrosion protection system
d. Bond length corrosion protection system
e. Anchorage and trumpet
f. Anchorage corrosion protection system
g. Drilled or formed hole size
h. Level of each stage of grouting, and
i. Transition between the unbonded length and the bond length
corrosion protection system.

3. The grout mix design and procedures for placing the grout.

The Engineer shall approve or reject the Contractor’s working drawings

within 30 days of receipt of a complete submittal. No work on ground anchors
shall begin until working drawings have been approved in writing by the
Engineer. Such approval shall not relieve the Contractor of any responsibility
under the contract for the successful completion of the work.

513.3 Material Requirements

513.3.1 Prestressing Steel

Ground Anchor tendons shall consists of single or multiple elements of

prestressing steel, anchorage devices and, if required, couplers. It shall also
conform to any of the following: AASHTO M 203M, AASHTO M 275M, ASTM A
779 AND AASHTO M 203M.

Couplers for tendon sections shall be capable of developing 95 percent of

the minimum specified ultimate tensile strength of the tendon.

513.3.2 Grout

Cement shall be Type I, II or III Portland Cement conforming to AASHTO

M 85. Cement used for grouting shall be fresh and shall not contain any lumps or
other indications of hydration or “pack set.”

Grout shall be capable of reaching a cube strength (AASHTO T 106) of 25

MPa in 7 days. Grout cubes for testing shall be made from random batches of

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grout as directed. Normally, grout strength testing shall not be required as system
performance shall be measured by proof-testing each ground anchor. Grout cube
testing shall be required if admixtures are used or irregularities occur in ground
anchor testing.

Aggregate shall conform to the requirements for fine aggregate described

in Item 405, Structural Concrete.

Admixtures may be used in the grout subject to the approval of the

Engineer. Expansive admixtures may only be added to the grout used for filling
sealed encapsulations, trumpets, and anchorage covers. Accelerators shall not
be used.

Water for mixing grout shall be potable, cleaned and free of injurious
quantities of substances known to be harmful to Portland Cement or prestressing
steel.

513.3.3 Centralizers

Centralizers and spacers shall be fabricated from any type of material,

except wood, that is not deleterious to the prestressing steel.

513.3.4 Steel Elements

Bearing plates shall be fabricated from steel conforming to AASHTO M

270 (ASTM A 709) Grade 36 minimum, or be a ductile iron casting conforming to
ASTM A 536.

Trumpets used to provide a transition from the anchorage to the unbonded

length corrosion protection shall be fabricated from a steel pipe or tube
conforming to the requirements of ASTM A 53 for pipe or ASTM A 500 for tubing.
Minimum wall thickness shall be 5mm.

Anchorage covers used to enclose exposed anchorages shall be

fabricated from steel, steel pipe, steel tube, or ductile cast iron conforming to the
requirements of AASHTO M 270 (ASTM A 709) Grade 36 for steel, ASTM A 53
for pipe, ASTM A 500 for tubing, and ASTM A 536 for ductile cast iron. Minimum
thickness shall be 2.5mm.

513.3.5 Corrosion Protection Elements

Sheath for the unbonded length of a tendon shall consist of one of the
following:

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 1. Seamless polyethylene (PE) tube having a minimum
wall thickness of 1.5 mm plus or minus 0.25 mm. The polyethylene
shall be cell classification 334413 by ASTM D 3350.
2. Seamless polypropylene tube having a minimum wall
thickness of 1.5 mm plus or minus 0.25 mm. The polypropylene shall
be cell classification PP210B55542-11 by ASTM D 4101.
3. Heat shrinkable tube consisting of a radiation
crosslinked polyolefin tube internally coated with an adhesive sealant.
The minimum tube wall thickness before shrinking shall be 0.60 mm.
The minimum adhesive sealant thickness shall be 0.50 mm.
4. Corrugated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube having a
minimum wall thickness of 0.75 mm.

Encapsulation for the tendon bond length shall consist of one of the
following:

1. Corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tube

having a minimum wall thickness of 0.75 mm and conforming to
AASHTO M 252 requirements.
2. Deformed steel tube or pipe having a minimum wall
thickness of 0.625 mm.
3. Corrugated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube having a
minimum wall thickness of 0.75 mm.
4. Fusion-bonded epoxy conforming to the requirements of
AASHTO M 284, except that it shall have a film thickness of 0.375 mm.

The type of sheath and encapsulation for the tendons selected shall be
subjected to the approval of the Engineer.

513.3.6 Miscellaneous Elements

Bondbreaker for a tendon shall consist of smooth plastic tube or pipe that
is resistant to aging by ultra-violet light and that is capable of withstanding
abrasion, impact and bending during handling and installation.

Spacers for separation of elements of a multi-element tendon shall permit

the free flow of grout. They shall be fabricated from plastic, steel, or material
which is not detrimental to the prestressing steel. Wood shall not be used.

Centralizers shall be fabricated from plastic, steel, or material, which is not

detrimental to either the prestressing steel or any element of the tendon
corrosion protection. Woods shall not be used. The centralizer shall be able to
maintain the position of the tendon so that a minimum of 13 mm of grout cover is
obtained on the tendons, or over the encapsulation.

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513.4 Construction Requirements

513.4.1 Fabrication

513.4.1.1 General

Tendons for ground anchors may be either shop or field fabricated from
materials conforming to the requirements of Subsection 513.3.1. Tendons shall
be fabricated as shown on the approved working drawings. The tendon shall be
sized to meet the following:

a. The design load does not exceed 60% of the minimum

guaranteed ultimate tensile strength of the tendon

b. The maximum test load does not exceed 80% of the

minimum guaranteed ultimate tensile strength of the tendon.

513.4.1.2 Bond Length and Tendon Bond Length

The Contractor shall determine the bond length necessary to develop the
design load indicated on the plans and to satisfy the load test requirements. The
minimum tendon bond length shall be 3 m in rock, 4.5 m in soil or as shown on
the Plans, which shall not be less than 3 m.

513.4.1.3 Grout Protected Ground Anchor Tendon

Spacers shall be placed along the tendon bond length of multi-element

tendons to separate each of the individual elements so that the prestressing
strength will bond to the grout. They shall be located at 3 m maximum centers
with the upper one located a maximum of 1.5 m from the top of the tendon bond
length and the lower one located a maximum of 1.5 m from the bottom of the
tendon bond length.

Centralizers shall be placed along the bond length. They shall be located
at 3 m maximum center-to-center spacing with the upper one located a maximum
of 1.5 m from the top of the tendon bond length and the lower one located 0.30 m
from the bottom of the tendon bond length. Use centralizers that do not impede
the free flow of grout up the borehole. Centralizers are not required on tendons
installed utilizing a hollow-stem auger if it is grouted through the auger and the
drill hole is maintained full of a stiff grout (less than 22.5 cm slump) during
extraction of the auger. A combination centralizer-spacer may be used.

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 Centralizers are not required on tendons installed utilizing a pressure
injection system in coarse-grained soils using grouting pressures greater than 1
MPa.

513.4.1.4 Encapsulation Protected Ground Anchor Tendon

Where encapsulation of the tendon is required, the tendon bond length

shall be encapsulated by a grout-filled corrugated plastic or deformed steel tube,
or by a fusion-bonded epoxy coating. The tendon can be grouted inside the
encapsulation prior to inserting the tendon in the drill hole or after the tendon has
been placed in the drill hole. Punching holes in the encapsulation and allowing
the grout to flow from the encapsulation to the drill hole, or vice versa, will not be
permitted. The tendon shall be centralized within the encapsulation and the tube
sized to provide a minimum 5mm of grout cover for the prestressing steel.
Spacers and centralizers shall be used to satisfy the same requirements for grout
protected ground anchor tendons. The anchorage device of tendons protected
with fusion-bonded epoxy shall be electrically isolated from the structure.

513.4.1.5 Unbonded Length

The unbonded length of the tendon shall be a minimum of 4.5m or as

indicated on the Plans or approved working drawings.

A sheath completely filled with corrosion inhibiting grease or grout, or a

heat shrinkable tube internally coated with an elastic adhesives shall provide
corrosion protection.

If grease is used to fill the sheath, provisions shall be made to prevent it

from escaping at the ends. The grease shall completely coat the tendon and fill
the interstices between the wire strands. Continuity of corrosion protection shall
be provided at the transition from the bonded length to unbonded length of the
tendon.

If the sheath provided is not a smooth tube, then a separate bondbreaker

must be provided to prevent the tendon from bonding to the anchor grout
surrounding the unbonded length.

513.4.1.6 Anchorage and Trumpet

Nonrestressable anchorages may be used unless restressable

anchorages are not designated on the Plans or specified in the Special
Provisions.

Bearing plates shall be sized so that the bending stresses in the plate do
not exceed the yield strength of the steel when a load equal to 95% of the
minimum guaranteed ultimate tensile strength of the tendon is applied. The size

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of bearing plates shall not be less than that shown on the Plans or on the
approved working drawings.

The trumpet shall be welded to the bearing plate. The trumpet shall have
an inside diameter at least 6mm greater than the diameter of the tendon at the
anchorage. The trumpet shall be long enough to accommodate movements of
the structure during testing and stressing. For strand tendons with encapsulation
over the unbonded length, the trumpet shall be long enough to enable the
tendon to make a transition from the diameter of the tendon in the unbonded
length to the diameter of the tendon at the anchorhead without damaging the
encapsulation.

Trumpet of restressable ground anchors shall be filled with corrosion-

inhibiting grease and shall have a permanent Buna-N synthetic rubber or an
approved equal seal between the trumpet and the unbonded length corrosion
protection.

Trumpet of non-restressable ground anchor shall be filled with grout and

shall have a tightly fitting temporary seal between the trumpet and the unbonded
length corrosion protection.

513.4.1.7 Tendon Storage and Handling

Tendons shall be stored and handled in such a manner as to avoid

damage or corrosion. Damage to tendon’s prestressing steel as a result of
abrasions, cuts, nicks, welds, weld splatter corrosion or pitting will be a cause for
rejection by the Engineer. Grounding of welding leads to the prestressing steel is
not permitted. A slight rusting, provided it is not sufficient to cause pits visible to
the unaided eye, shall not be cause for rejection. Prior to inserting a tendon into
the drilled hole, its corrosion protection elements shall be examined for damage.
Any damage found shall be repaired in a manner approved by the Engineer.
Degrease the bond length of tendons and remove solvent residue before
installation.

513.4.2 Installation

The Contractor shall select the drilling method, the grouting procedure and
grouting pressure to be used for the installation of the ground anchor as
necessary to satisfy the load test requirements with prior approval of the
Engineer.

513.4.2.1 Drilling

The drilling method used may be core drilling, rotary drilling, percussion
drilling, auger drilling or driven casing. The method of drilling used shall prevent
loss of ground above the drilled hole that may be detrimental to the structure or

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existing structures. Casing for anchor holes, if used, shall be removed, unless
permitted by the Engineer to be left in place. The location, inclination, and
alignment of the drilled hole shall be as shown on the plans. Inclination and
alignment shall be within plus or minus 3 degrees of the planned angle at the
bearing plate, and within plus or minus 30cm of the planned location at the
ground surface (point of entry).

513.4.2.2 Tendon Insertion

The tendon shall be inserted into the drilled hole to the desired depth
without difficulty. When the tendon cannot be completely inserted it shall be
removed and the drill hole cleaned or redrilled to permit insertion. Partially
inserted tendons shall not be driven or forced into the hole. Do not extend ground
anchors beyond the right-of-way or easement limits.

513.4.2.3 Grouting

A neat cement grout or sand-cement grout conforming to the requirements

of Subsection 513.3.2 shall be used. Admixtures, if used, shall be mixed in
quantities not to exceed the manufacturer’s recommendations.

The grouting equipment shall produce a grout free of lumps and

undispersed cement. A positive displacement grout pump shall be used. The
pump shall be equipped with a pressure gauge to monitor grout pressures. The
pressure gauge shall be capable of measuring pressures of at least 1MPa or
twice the actual grout pressure to be used, whichever is greater. The grouting
equipment shall be sized to enable the grout to be pumped in one continuous
operation. The mixer shall be capable of continuously agitating the grout during
placement.

The grout shall be injected from the lowest point of the drill hole. The grout
may be placed either before or after insertion of the tendon. The grout may be
pumped through grout tubes, casing, hollow-stem augers or drill rods. The
quantity of the grout and the grout pressures for each ground anchor shall be
recorded. The grout pressures and grout takes shall be controlled to prevent
excessive heaving of the ground or fracturing of rock formations.

Except as indicated below, the grout above the top of the bond length may
be placed at the same time as the bond length grout, but it shall not be placed
under pressure. The grout at the top of the drill hole shall stop 150mm from the
back of the structure or from the bottom of the trumpet, whichever is lowest.

If the ground anchor is installed in a fine-grained soil using a drilled hole

larger than 150mm in diameter, then the grout above the top of the bond length
shall be placed after the ground anchor has been load tested. The entire drill
hole may be grouted at one time if it can be demonstrated that the ground

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anchor system does not derive a significant portion of its load resistance
from the soil above the bond length portion of the ground anchor.

If grout protected tendons are used for ground anchors anchored in rock,
then pressure-grouting techniques shall be utilized. Pressure grouting requires
that the drill hole be sealed and that the grout be injected until a 0.35 MPa grout
pressure can be maintained on the grout within the bond length for a period of 5
minutes.

Upon completion of grouting, the grout tube may remain in the drill hole
provided it is filled with grout.

After grouting, the tendon shall not be loaded for a minimum of 3 days.

513.4.2.4 Trumpet and Anchorage

The corrosion protection surrounding the unbonded length of the tendon

shall extend into the trumpet a minimum of 150mm beyond the bottom seal of the
trumpet or 300mm into the trumpet if no trumpet seal is provided.

The corrosion protection surrounding the unbonded length of the tendon

shall not contact the bearing plate of the anchorhead during load testing and
stressing.

The bearing plate and anchorhead shall be placed perpendicular to the

axis of the tendon.

The trumpet shall be completely filled with corrosion inhibiting grease or

grout. The grease may be placed any time during construction. The grout shall be
placed after the ground anchor has been load tested. The Contractor shall
demonstrate that the procedures selected for placement of either grease or
grout will produce a completely filled trumpet.

Anchorages not encased in concrete shall be covered with a corrosion

inhibiting grease-filled or grout-filled steel enclosure.

513.4.3 Testing and Stressing

The Contractor shall test each ground anchor using a maximum test load
not to exceed 80% of the minimum ultimate tensile strength of the tendon. No
load greater than 10% of the design load may be applied to the ground anchor
prior to load testing. The test load shall be simultaneously applied to the entire
tendon.

513.4.3.1 Testing Equipment

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 A dial gauge or vernier scale capable of measuring displacements to
0.025mm shall be used to measure ground anchor movement. It shall have
adequate travel so total ground anchor movement can be measured without
resetting the device.

A hydraulic jack and pump shall be used to apply the test load. The jack
and a calibrated pressure gauge shall be used to measure the applied load. The
pressure gauge shall be graduated in 1 MPa increments or less. When the
theoretical elastic elongation of the total anchor length at the maximum test load
exceeds the ram travel of the jack, the procedure for recycling the jack ram shall
be included in the working drawings. Each increment of test load shall be applied
as rapidly as possible.

A calibrated reference pressure gauge shall be available at the site. The

reference gauge shall be calibrated with the test jack and pressure gauge.

An electrical resistance load cell and readout shall be provided when

performing a creep test.

The stressing equipment shall be placed over the ground anchor tendon in
such a manner that the jack, bearing plates, load cells and stressing anchorage
are axially aligned with the tendon and the tendon is centered within the
equipment.

513.4.3.2 Performance Test

Five percent of the ground anchors or a minimum of three ground

anchors, whichever is greater shall be performance tested in accordance with the
following procedures. The Engineer shall select the ground anchors to be
performance tested. The remaining anchors shall be tested in accordance with
the proof test procedures.

The performance test shall be made by incrementally loading and

unloading the ground anchor in accordance with the following schedule unless a
different maximum test load and schedule are indicated on the Plans. The load
shall be raised from one increment to another immediately after recording the
ground anchor movement. The ground anchor movement shall be measured
and recorded to the nearest 0.025mm with respect to an independent fixed
reference point at the alignment load and at each increment of load. The load
shall be monitored with a pressure gauge. The reference pressure gauge shall
be placed in series with the pressure gauge during each performance test. If the
load determined by the reference pressure gauge and the load determined by the
pressure gauge differ by more than 10%, the jack, pressure gauge and reference
pressure gauge shall be recalibrated. At load increments other than the
maximum test load, the load shall be held just long enough to obtain the
movement reading.

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 Performance Test Schedule

Load Load
(START) (CONTINUATION)

AL AL
0.25DL* 0.25DL
AL 0.50DL
0.25DL 0.75DL
0.50DL* 1.00DL
AL 1.20DL*
0.25DL AL
0.50DL 0.25DL
0.75DL* 0.50DL
AL 0.75DL
0.25DL 1.00DL
0.50DL 1.20DL
0.75DL 1.33DL*
1.00DL* (maximum test load)

Reduce to lock-off load

Where: AL = Alignment load

DL = Design load for ground anchor
*
= Graph required

The maximum test load in a performance test shall be held for 10 minutes.
The jack shall be repumped as necessary in order to maintain a constant load.
The load-hold period shall start as soon as the maximum test load is applied and
the ground anchor movement shall be measured and recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 and 10 minutes. If the ground anchor movement between 1 minute and 10
minutes exceeds 1mm, the maximum shall be recorded at 15, 20, 25, 30, 45 and
60 minutes.

A graph shall be constructed showing a plot of ground anchor movement

versus load for each load increment marked with an asterisk (*) in the
performance test schedule and a plot of residual ground anchor movement of the
tendon at each alignment load versus the highest previously applied load. Graph
format shall be approved by the Engineer prior to use.

513.4.3.3 Proof Test

The proof test shall be performed by incrementally loading the ground

anchor in accordance with the following schedule unless a different maximum

138
test load and schedule are indicated on the Plans. The load shall be raised from
one increment to another immediately after recording the ground anchor
movement. The ground anchor movement shall be measured and recorded to
the nearest 0.025mm with respect to an independent fixed reference point at the
alignment load and at each increment of load. The load shall be monitored with a
pressure gauge. At load increments other than the maximum test load, the load
shall be held just long enough to obtain the movement reading.

Proof Test Schedule

Load Load
(START) (CONTINUATION)

AL
0.25DL 1.20DL
0.50DL 1.33DL (max test load)
0.75DL Reduce to lock-off load
1.00DL

Where: AL = Alignment load

DL = Design load for ground anchor

The maximum test load in a proof test shall be held for 10 minutes. The
jack shall be repumped as necessary in order to maintain a constant load. The
load-hold period shall start as soon as the maximum test load is applied and
the ground anchor movement shall be measured and recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
and 10 minutes. If the ground anchor movement between 1 minute and 10
minutes exceeds 1mm, the maximum test load shall be held for an additional 50
minutes. If the load hold is extended, the ground anchor movement shall be
recorded at 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. A graph shall be constructed showing
a plot of ground anchor movement versus load for each load increment in the
proof test. Graph format shall be approved by the Engineer prior to use.

513.4.3.4 Creep Test

Creep tests shall be performed if required by the Plans or Special

Provisions. The Engineer shall select the ground anchors to be creep tested.

The creep test shall be made by incrementally loading and unloading the
ground anchor in accordance with the performance test schedule used. At the
end of each loading cycle, the load shall be held constant for the observation
period indicated in the creep test schedule below unless a different maximum
test load is indicated on the Plans. The times for reading and recording the

139
ground anchor movement during each observation period shall be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300
minutes as appropriate. Each load-hold period shall start as soon as the test load
is applied. In a creep test the pressure gauge and reference pressure gauge will
be used to measure the applied load, and the load cell will be used to monitor
small changes of load during a constant load-hold period. The jack shall be
repumped as necessary in order to maintain a constant load.

Creep Test Schedule

Load Observation Period

(Minutes)

AL
0.25DL 10
0.50DL 30
0.75DL 30
1.00DL 45
1.20DL 60
1.33DL 300

Where: AL = Alignment load

DL = Design load for ground anchor

A graph shall be constructed showing a plot of the ground anchor

movement and the residual movement measured in a creep test as described for
the performance test. Also, a graph shall be constructed showing a plot of the
ground anchor creep movement for each load-hold as a function of the logarithm
of time. Graph formats shall be approved by the Engineer prior to use.

513.4.3.5 Ground Anchor Load Test Acceptance Criteria

A performance-tested or proof-tested ground anchor with a 10-minute load

hold is acceptable if the:

1. Ground anchor resists the maximum test load with less

than 1mm of movement between 1 and 10 minutes; and
2. Total movement at the maximum test load exceeds 80%
of the theoretical elastic elongation of the unbonded length.
3. Total movement at the maximum test load may not
exceed the theoretical elastic elongation of the unbonded length plus
50% of the theoretical elastic elongation of the bonded length.
[Criterion (3) applies only for a performance-tested ground anchor in
competent rock.]

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 A performance-tested or proof-tested ground anchor with a 60-minute load
hold is acceptable if the:

1. Ground anchor resists the maximum test load with a

creep rate that does not exceed 2 mm in the last log cycle of time
2. Total movement at the maximum test load exceeds 80%
of the theoretical elastic elongation of the unbonded length.
3. Total movement at the maximum test load may not
exceed the theoretical elastic elongation of the unbonded length plus
50% of the theoretical elastic elongation of the bonded length.
[Criterion (3) applies only for a performance-tested ground anchor in
competent rock.]

A creep-tested ground anchor is acceptable if the:

1. Ground anchor carries the maximum test load with a creep

rate that does not exceed 2 mm in the last log cycle of time
2. Total movement at the maximum test load exceeds 80% of
the theoretical elastic elongation of the unbonded length.
3. Total movement at the maximum test load may not exceed the
theoretical elastic elongation of the unbonded length plus 50% of
theoretical elastic elongation of the bonded length. [Criterion (3)
applies only for a performance-tested ground anchor in competent
rock.]

If the total movement of the ground anchor at the maximum test load does
not exceed 80% of the theoretical elastic elongation of the unbonded length, the
ground anchor shall be replaced at the Contractor’s expense.

A ground anchor which has a creep rate greater than 2 mm per log cycle
of time can be incorporated into the structure at a design load equal to one-half
of its failure load. The failure load is the load resisted by the ground anchor after
the load has been allowed to stabilize for 10 minutes.

When a ground anchor fails, the Contractor shall modify the design and/or
the installation procedures. These modifications may include, but are not limited
to, installing a replacement ground anchor, reducing the design load by
increasing the number of ground anchors, modifying the installation methods,
increasing the bond length or changing the ground anchor type. Any modification
which requires changes to the structure shall be approved by the Engineer. Any
modifications of design or construction procedures shall be without additional
cost to the Department and without extension of contract time.

141
 Retesting of a ground anchor will not be permitted, except that regrouted
ground anchors may be retested.

Complete record of the load testing data during the conduct of

Performance Test, Proof Test and Creep Test must be duly signed by the
Contractor and his Engineer and submitted to the Engineer for evaluation prior to
recommendation for payment. However if in the evaluation, a discrepancy in the
computation revealed which may affect the ground anchoring, rectification of the
anchorage shall be done at Contractor’s own expense.

513.4.3.6 Lock Off

Upon successful completion of the load testing, the ground anchor load
shall be reduced to the lock-off load indicated on the Plans and transferred to
the anchorage device. The ground anchor may be completely unloaded
prior to lock-off. After transferring the load and prior to removing the jack, a lift-off
load reading shall be made. The lift-off load shall be within 10% of the specified
lock-off load. If the load is not within 10% of the specified lock-off load, the
anchorage shall be reset and another lift-off load reading shall be made. This
process shall be repeated until the desired lock-off load is obtained.

513.5 Method of Measurement

Ground anchors will be measured and paid for by the sum of the bonded
and unbonded length of anchor bars installed and accepted as shown on the
Plans or ordered by the Engineer. No change in the number of ground anchors to
be paid for will be made because of the use by the Contractor of an alternative
number of ground anchors.

513.6 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantity, measured as prescribed in Section 513.5, shall be

paid for at the contract unit price paid for Permanent Ground Anchors, which
price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing all labors, materials,
tools, equipment and incidentals and for doing all the work involved in installing
the ground anchors (including testing), complete in place, as shown on the plans
and as specified in these Specifications and the Special Provisions, and as
directed by the Engineer.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item
Description Unit of Measurement
Number
513 Permanent Ground Anchor Linear meter

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ITEM 514 – SHOTCRETE (CONCRETE SPRAY)

514.1 Description

This item shall consist of mixing and placing one or more courses of
shotcrete on a prepared slope surface in accordance with this Specification and
in conformity with the lines, grades, dimensions and cross-sections shown on the
Plans or as established by the Engineer.

514.2 Materials Requirements

514.2.1 Air-Entraining Admixtures (wet mix only)

Air-entraining admixtures shall conform to AASHTO M 154.

514.2.2 Chemical Admixtures (wet mix only)

Water-reducing, retarding, self-accelerating, and hydration stabilizing

admixtures, or combinations thereof, shall conform to AASHTO M 194. Hydration
stabilizing admixtures shall conform to AASHTO M 194, type B or D.

514.2.3 Concrete Coloring Agents

Concrete coloring agents shall conform to ASTM C 979. Coloring agents

composed of synthetic or natural inorganic iron oxides shall only be used.

514.2.4 Curing Material

Curing Material shall conform to the following:

a) Burlap cloth AASHTO M 182

b) Waterproof paper AASHTO M 171
c) Polyethylene film AASHTO M 171
d) Liquid membrane forming AASHTO M 148, type 1-D or 2
compounds
514.2.5 Hydraulic Cement

Hydraulic cement shall conform to the requirements of Item 700, Hydraulic

Cement.

Cement brands or types shall not be mixed.

514.2.6 Penetrating Stain

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 Penetrating stain shall conform to the following:

a) Weatherometer on base 1000 h

material, ASTM G 23

b) Acrylic dispersion 73.4% of nonvolatile vehicle

c) Viscosity 58±2 Krebs units

d) Solids volatile content 40.3

Stain shall be stored according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.

514.2.7 Reinforcing Fibers

Deformed steel or fibrillated polypropylene fibers conforming to ASTM C

1116 shall be used.

514.2.8 Reinforcing Steel

Reinforcing steel shall conform to the requirements of Item 710,

Reinforcing Steel and Wire Rope.

514.2.9 Shotcrete Aggregate

Fine aggregate shall be rounded particles conforming to AASHTO M 6,

class B including the reactive aggregate supplementary requirement , except as
amended or supplemented by the following:

a. Material passing No. 200 sieve, AASHTO T 11 3% max.

b. Sand equivalent value, AASHTO T 176, 75 min.
alternate method no. 2, reference method
Lightweight fine aggregate shall conform to AASHTO M 195.

Coarse aggregate shall conform to AASHTO M 80, class B, except as

amended or supplemented by the following:

a. Los Angeles abrasion, AASHTO T 96 40% max.

b. Adherent coating, ASTM D 5711 1% max.
Aggregates shall be combined to meet the designated gradation in Table
514-1.

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 Table 514 – 1 Shotcrete Gradation Limits for Combined Aggregates

Percent by Mass Passing Designated Sieve

Sieve (AASHTO T 27 & T 11)
Size
Grading Designation
A B C
19 mm - - 100
12.5 mm - 100 80-95
9.5 mm 100 90-100 70-90
4.75 mm 95-100 70-85 50-70
2.36 mm 80-100 50-70 35-55
1.18 mm 50-85 35-55 20-40
600 µm 25-60 20-35 10-30
300 µm 10-30 8-20 5-17
150 µm 2-10 2-10 2-10

514.2.10 Water

Water shall conform to the requirements of Item 714, Water.

514.2.11 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes

PVC drainpipes shall be furnished and installed including necessary

fittings as shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. The PVC
drainpipes shall also be 40 mm diameter un-elasticized or as approved by the
Engineer.

514.3 Construction Requirements

514.3.1 Composition (Shotcrete Mix Design)

Shotcrete mixtures shall be designed and produced conforming to Table

514-2.

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 Table 514-2 Composition of Shotcrete

Minimum
Type of
Cement Maximum Air Content Minimum 28-Day
Shotcrete
Content W/C Ratio Range % Strength (MPa)
Process
(Kg/m3)

Wet 325 0.55 NA 28

Dry 325 0.50 NA 28
Wet (Air-
325 0.45 5 min. 28
Entrained)
Dry (Air-
325 0.45 5 min. 28
Entrained)

Shotcrete mixtures shall also conform to the following ACI specifications:

a. ACI 506R Guide to Shotcrete

b. ACI 506.1 State of the Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete

c. ACI 506.2 Specifications for Proportioning Application of Shotcrete

Mix design shall be verified with trial mixes prepared from the same
source proposed for use. The following shall be submitted for acceptance before
placing shotcrete:

1. Proposed shotcrete mix design with mix proportions. Dosage and type of
any admixture shall be included with proposed mix design.

2. Results of shotcrete preconstruction testing.

3. Proposed method for applying shotcrete.

4. Other information necessary to verify compliance with ACI 506.2.

5. Shotcrete materials certifications.

6. Fiber samples, if used.

7. Description of proposed equipment for mixing and placing shotcrete.

Manufacturer’s instructions, recommendations, literature, performance,
and test data shall all be included. In addition to meeting equipment
requirements in ACI 506, the following shall also be provided:

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 a. Water Supply System

For dry mix, a job site water storage tank shall be provided.
It shall be provided with a positive displacement pump with a
regulating valve that is accurately controlled to provide water at
the required pressure and volume.

b. Mixing

Equipment capable of handling and applying shotcrete

containing the specified maximum size aggregate and
admixtures shall be used. An air hose and blow pipe shall be
provided to clear dust and rebound during shotcrete application.
514.3.2 Hydration Stabilizing Admixtures

When hydration stabilizing admixtures are used to extend the allowable

delivery time for shotcrete, admixtures shall be included in the shotcrete mix
design. Dosage shall be based on the time needed to delay the initial set of the
shotcrete for delivery and discharge on the job. Design discharge time limit shall
be included in the dosage submittal. The maximum allowable design discharge
time shall be 3.5 hours.

An approved and compatible hydration activator shall be used at the

discharge site to ensure proper placement and testing.

Dosage required to stabilize shotcrete shall be determined using job site

material and field trial mixtures. The extended-set admixture shall control the
hydration of all cement minerals and gypsum.

When requested, the admixture manufacturer shall provide the service of

a qualified person to assist in establishing the proper dose of extended-set
admixture and shall make dosage adjustments required to meet changing job site
conditions.

514.3.3 Preconstruction Testing

Preconstruction shotcrete field trials shall be conducted before starting

shotcrete production.

1. Field Trials. Test panels shall be constructed from 600 millimeter by

600 millimeter by 150 millimeters wood forms. Each proposed
nozzleman shall produced shotcrete panels on two vertical wood
forms. The test panels shall be cured according to AASHTO T 23
except that the panels shall not be immersed in water or curing
compound.

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 2. Coring. Six 75-millimeter diameter cores shall be taken from each test
panel according to AASHTO T 24. The ends of the cores shall be
trimmed according to AASHTO T 24 to make cores at least 75
millimeters long.

3. Compressive Strength Testing. The cores shall be soaked in water for

40 hours immediately before testing. Three cores from each test panel
shall be tested four days after the field trial and the remaining three
cores shall be tested 28 days after the field trial. Tests shall be
performed according to AASHTO T 23.

4. Mix design Acceptance. Test data and a visual description of each core
shall be submitted. Details concerning presence of voids, sand
pockets, lamination, and other inadequacies shall be included.
Acceptance of the mix design shall be based on preconstruction field
trials and test results. The visual quality of the cores shall not be lower
than Grade 2 according to shotcrete grading requirements of ACI
506.2.

Field quality control test reports shall be submitted after performing the
tests. The following information shall be included in the reports:

1. Sample identification including mix design and test panel number and
orientation.

2. Date and time of sample preparation including curing conditions and

sample dimensions.

3. Date, time, and type of test.

4. Complete test results including load and deformation data during
testing, pictures of sample before and after testing, and any unusual
occurrences observed.

5. Location of steel reinforcement, if used, covered by shotcrete.

514.3.4 Shotcrete Construction

Shotcrete application shall be according to ACI 506R and the following:

1. Surface Preparation

For earth surfaces, all loose rock sharp protruding edges as well
as dirt, grease, oil scale and other contaminations shall be carefully
removed. Any seepage water entering shall be dealt with by suitable
means, such as drainage boring with grouted pipe nipples connected
to pipe, sealing measures, etc. which shall be approved by the

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 Engineer. Installation of weepholes shall follow the locations shown on
the plans or as directed by the Engineer.
For previously placed shotcrete surfaces, curing compound shall
be removed by sandblasting. Approved depth gauges to indicate the
thickness of the shotcrete layers shall be installed. Depth gauges shall
be installed on 2-meter centers longitudinally and transversely with no
less than two gauges per increment of surface area to receive the
shotcrete. All surfaces shall be moistened.

2. Temperature and Weather Conditions

The temperature of the shotcrete mix shall be maintained
between 100C and 300C. Shotcrete shall be placed when the
surface and ambient temperature is at least 5 0C and rising. Shotcrete
operations shall be not be performed during high winds and heavy
rains.

3. Mixing

Thorough mixing of aggregates, cement, admixtures and water

shall be ensured for all shotcrete mix.

4. Deliveries and Sampling

Sampling and testing requirements shal conform to Table 514-3.

All equipment shall be furnished and the temperature, unit

mass, air content, slump, and other tests to verify specification
compliance shall be performed before and during each placement
operation.

If hydration stabilizing admixtures is used, the slump shall be

determined before placement. Concrete with a slump loss of more than
50 mm as compared to the slump recorded at the batch plant shall not
be used.

Sample shall be taken from every batch of shotcrete mixture

after at least 0.20 m3 are discharge and before placing any of the
batches. When continuous mixing is used, take sample from
approximately every 7.5 m3. The air content shall be tested according
to AASHTO T 152 or T 196.

A single compressive strength test result is the average result

from 2 cylinders cast from the same load and tested at 28 days.
Remove and replace concrete if the compressive strength test results

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 are less than 90 percent of specified design strength at the specified
test age.

If three (3) successive samples are tested and compliance with

the specifications is indicated, screening tests may be reduced to an
approved frequency. Initial testing frequency shall be resumed if a test
shows a failing temperature, air content, slump or when directed by the
Engineer.

5. Shotcrete Application

a. Shotcrete shall be applied within 45 minutes of adding cement to

the mixture.

b. Layer thickness of each shotcrete application shall be limited to 50

millimeters. Thicker applications may be approved if the Contractor
can demonstrate that no sloughing or sagging is occurring. If
additional thickness is required, the applied surface shall be
broomed or scarified and allow the layer to harden. The surface
shall be dampened before applying an additional layer. Shooting
shall be discontinued or shield the nozzle stream if wind causes
separation of ingredients during shooting.

c. Laitance, loose material, and rebound shall be removed. Rebound

shall be promptly removed from the work area.

d. Construction joints shall be tapered to a thin edge over a distance

of at least 300 millimeters. Joint surface shall be wetted before
placing additional shotcrete on the joint. Square construction joints
shall not be used.

e. Shotcrete shall be finished as specified on the plan. The quantities

of shotcrete mix to be discharged at the nozzle shall be determined
based on the dimensions shown on the plans or as required by the
Engineer. The surface of existing structures shall be protected
before shooting of shotcrete mix. Rebound and hardened overspray
shall be removed from final shotcrete surfaces and from areas not
intended for shotcrete placement.

f. Minimum slump of wet-mix shotcrete shall be 25 mm.

514.3.5 Curing Shotcrete

Curing the surface shall immediately begin after the free surface water has
evaporated and the finishing is completed. If the surface of the shotcrete begins

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to dry before the selected curing method can be implemented, shotcrete surface
shall be kept moist using a fog spray without damaging the surface.

Surfaces to be rubbed shall be kept moist after forms are removed. It shall
be cured immediately following the first rub.

All shotcrete shall be cured uninterrupted for at least 7 days.

For intermediate shotcrete surfaces or if a stained or finished final surface

is required, the shotcrete surface shall be kept continuously wet by ponding,
spraying, or covering with material that is kept continuously and thoroughly wet.
Covering material may consist of cotton mats, multiple layers of burlap, or other
approved material that does not discolor or otherwise damage the shotcrete and
thereafter shall be covered with a waterproof sheet material that prevents
moisture loss from the shotcrete. The widest sheets practical shall be used.
Adjacent sheets shall be lapped at least 150 mm, and shall tightly seal all seams
with pressure sensitive tape, mastic, glue, or other approved methods. All
materials shall be secured so that wind does not displace them. Sheets that are
broken or damaged shall be immediately repaired.

If stained or finished surface is not required, curing compound shall be

applied to the final exposed shotcrete surface. The liquid membrane method
shall not be used on surfaces that will receive a rubbed finish. Use on
construction joint surfaces shall be permitted only if the compound is removed by
sandblasting before placement of shotcrete against the joint. Only Type 2, white-
pigmented, liquid membrane shall be used on surfaces not exposed to view in
the completed work. Type 1 or 1-D clear curing compounds shall be used on
other surfaces. Membrane curing solutions containing pigments shall be mixed
before use. It shall be continuously agitated during application. Equipment
capable of producing a fine spray shall be used. The curing compound shall be
applied at a minimum rate of 0.25 liter per square meter in one or two uniform
applications. If the solution is applied in 2 applications, the first application shall
be followed with the second application within 30 minutes, and shall be applied at
right angles to the first application. If the membrane is damaged by rain or other
means during the curing period, a new coat shall be applied immediately over the
damaged areas.

Shotcrete shall be maintained at a temperature above 5 0C until shotcrete

has achieved a minimum compressive strength of 5.2 MPa.

514.3.6 Production Report

The contractor shall prepare and submit a written report of shotcrete

production and application for each shift. The following information shall be
included in the report:

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 1. Quantity and location of shotcrete applied including pictures of areas
where shotcrete was placed.

2. Observations of success or problems of equipment operation,

application, final product condition, and any other relevant issues
during production and application.

3. Batch number/s if applicable.

514.4 Acceptance

Materials for shotcrete shall be evaluated by visual inspection and by a

certification from the manufacturer. Material accepted by certification may be
sampled and tested at any time. If found not in conformance with the contract,
the material shall be rejected whether in place or not.

The shotcrete placement system, mixtures, air content and unit mass
shall all be evaluated by visual inspection, and by the results of measurements
and testing.

Compressive strength shall be evaluated by test results.

514.5 Method of Measurement

The area to be paid for under this Item shall be the number of surface
square meters (m2) of shotcrete placed and accepted in the completed slope. In
computing the quantity, the dimensions shall be those as measured in place and
completed based on the preceding requirements.

514.6 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantity, measured as prescribed in Section 514.5, shall be

paid for at the contract unit price for shotcrete, which price and payment shall be

full compensation for preparation of slope, furnishing all materials, for mixing,
placing, sampling and testing, finishing and curing all shotcrete, and for
furnishing all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the
Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

514 (1) Shotcrete (with reinforcing steel) m2

514 (2) Shotcrete (with reinforcing fibers) m2

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