(formerly Manila Adventist Medical Center & School of Medical Arts, Inc.
)
1975 Corner Donada and San Juan Streets, Pasay City 1300
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
HANDOUTS
on
RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 2
Prepared by: Ryan Ray M. Mata, RN, MA, MN
Research Teacher
Noted by: Marilyn P. Mutuc, MAEd, PhD
Principal
Terminologies
Hypothesis
A prediction or a testable statement about the relationship between two or more
variables which a researcher aims to test to see if it is supported or rejected
Shrewd guess or inference that is formulated and provisionally adopted to
explain observed facts or conditions and to guide further investigation
Purposes of Hypothesis
Guide the scientific inquiry in the advancement of knowledge
Provide direction for the research design and the collection, analysis, and
interpretation of data
Provide a framework for reporting the conclusion of the study
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Present tense
Testable (Accepted or rejected/ supported or not supported)
Contains one independent variable and one dependent variable
Classification of Hypothesis
Research hypothesis
Null hypothesis
Alternative (or experimental) hypothesis
Research hypothesis
Also referred to as (1) scientific, (2) substantive or (3) declarative hypothesis
Presents a general POSITIVE prediction about the relationship between two
phenomena or variables
States the ACTUAL expected relationship between variables
Samples:
There is a significant difference in the perceived level of social support between
dormitorian and non-dormitorian senior high school students.
There is a significant relationship between the perceived level of social support
and academic performance of senior high school students.
Null hypothesis
Also known as statistical hypothesis
Formal statement indicating that there is NO relationship between the
independent and dependent variables
Always expressed as a NEGATIVE statement
Subjected to testing in which the decision is either accept or reject it
Samples:
There is no significant difference in the perceived level of social support between
dormitorian and non-dormitorian senior high school students.
There is no significant relationship between the perceived level of social support
and academic performance of senior high school students.
Alternative/ Experimental hypothesis
State the precise behavior or responses
Symbols used for Hypothesis
Symbols Meaning
H Hypothesis
H0 Null hypothesis
HA Alternative hypothesis
H1 First (of possible several) research hypothesis
H2 Second (of possible several) research hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
Simple and complex hypotheses
Associative and causal hypotheses
Directional and non-directional hypotheses
Simple hypothesis
Also called univariate hypothesis
States the relationship between two variables (one independent and one
dependent)
Samples:
Teachers with more work experience provide better teaching skills than
teachers with less working experience.
Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer.
Complex hypothesis
Also referred to as multivariate hypothesis
States the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or
more dependent
Types: (1) multiple independent variables, (2) multiple dependent variables, (3)
multiple independent and dependent variables
Samples:
The personal and professional profiles of senior high school students affect their
level of academic performance and the NAT rating.
Heredity, home environment, and quality of instruction are related to
intelligence, motivation, and performance in school.
Associative hypothesis
Proposes relationships among variables that occur or exist together in the real
world, so that when one variables changes, the other changes
Causal hypothesis
Cause-and-effect interaction between two or more variables (IV and DV)
Directional hypothesis
States the DIRECTION of the relationship between variables
Usually derived from conceptual models or findings from previous researches
Samples:
Older people are at greater risk of acquiring non-communicable diseases.
The higher the intake of fibers, the lower is the weight of physical mass.
Women who have higher levels of depressive symptoms will report fewer positive
health practices.
Directional Indicators
Positive (+) direction Negative (-) direction
Increase Decrease
Higher Lower
Presence Absence
More Less
Better Worse
Greater Lesser
Non-directional hypothesis
States the relationship between variables but has NO specific direction
Used when past research studies provide conflicting results or when the
direction of the relationship is unknown
Samples:
There is a correlation between board examination result and number of hours
spent watching television.
Male students differ from female students with respect to scores in the
Academic performance and National Achievement Test
Hypothesis testing
Decision H0 is True H0 is False
Rejected/ Not accepted H0 Type I error (incorrect Correct decision
decision)
Accepted H0 Correct decision Type II error (incorrect
decision)
Type I error – rejection of the null hypothesis when in fact it is true
Type II error – acceptance of the null hypothesis when in fact it is false
Rejection and Acceptance of Null Hypothesis
Tabular Value (TV)/
Null hypothesis Computed Value (CV)
Critical Value
Rejected/ Not accepted Significant Equal or greater than
Accepted Insignificant Lesser than
