PNNL-17056

Technical Support Document:

The Development of the
Advanced Energy Design Guide
for Small Warehouse and Self-Storage
Buildings

B. Liu
R.E. Jarnagin
W. Jiang
K. Gowri

December 2007

Prepared for
U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830
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Technical Support Document:
The Development of the
Advanced Energy Design Guide
for Small Warehouse and Self-Storage Buildings

B. Liu
R. E. Jarnagin
W. Jiang
K. Gowri

December 2007

Prepared for
the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Richland, Washington 99352

iii
 Acknowledgments

This document was prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for U.S. Department of
Energy’s (DOE) Office of Building Technologies (BT) as DOE BT’s FY 2008 Joule report. The authors
would like to thank Mr. Dru Crawley, Technology Development Manager for Commercial Building
Integration Program, for his dedicated support of this project and his insightful review of this document.

The authors would like to thank all the members of the project committee for their tremendous
volunteering efforts and significant inputs to our energy analysis work during the development of the
Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Warehouse and Self Storage Buildings. Without the committee
members’ expertise in producing the energy efficiency recommendations covering envelop, lighting,
daylighting, and HAVC systems, this document would not have been successful.

Last, but not least, the authors would like to specially recognize Andrew Nicholls, the program
manager overseeing the Commercial Building Integration Program at PNNL, for providing the thorough
review of this document and for his support of this particular project. Finally, the authors greatly
appreciate the assistance of Todd Taylor at PNNL. Todd constructed the cluster simulation structure in
EnergyPlus, which allowed us to evaluate the many variations of energy efficiency technologies in a
timely fashion to meet the project compressed schedule.

Bing Liu
Ron Jarnagin
Wei Jiang
Krishnan Gowri

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

iv
 Executive Summary

This Technical Support Document (TSD) describes the process and methodology for development of
the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Warehouse and Self-storage Buildings (AEDG-WH or the
Guide), a design guidance document intended to provide recommendations for achieving 30% energy
savings in small warehouses over levels contained in ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999,
Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. The AEDG-WH is the fourth in a
series of guides being developed by a partnership of organizations, including the American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), the American Institute of
Architects (AIA), the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), the United States
Green Buildings Council (USGBC), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).

Each of the guides in the AEDG series provides recommendations and user-friendly design assistance
to designers, developers and owners of small commercial buildings that will encourage steady progress
towards net-zero energy buildings. The guides provide prescriptive recommendation packages that are
capable of reaching the energy savings target for each climate zone to ease the burden of the design and
construction of energy-efficient small commercial buildings

The AEDG-WH was developed in seven months by an ASHRAE special project committee (SP-114)
made up of representatives of each of the partner organizations. This TSD describes the charge given to
the committee in developing the warehouse guide and outlines the schedule of the development effort.
The project committee developed two prototype warehouses (non-refrigerated warehouse and self-storage
warehouse) to represent the class of small warehouses and performed an energy simulation scoping study
to determine the preliminary levels of efficiency necessary to meet the energy savings target. The
simulation approach used by the project committee is documented in this TSD, along with the
characteristics of the prototype buildings (which were based on data from F.W. Dodge and the Energy
Information Administration). The prototype buildings were simulated in the same climate zones used by
the prevailing energy codes and standards to evaluate energy savings.
Prescriptive packages of recommendations presented in the Guide by climate zone include enhanced
envelope technologies, lighting and daylighting technologies, infiltration reduction, and heating,
ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) and service water heating (SWH) technologies. The report also
documents the modeling assumptions used in the simulations for both the baseline and advanced
buildings. Final efficiency recommendations for each climate zone are included, along with the results of
the energy simulations indicating an average energy savings over all buildings and climates of
approximately 42% over the Standard 90.1-1999. If using Standard 90.1-2004 as the basis, this Guide
would produce 33% energy savings.

v
 Nomenclature

AEDG-SO Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings

AEDG-SR Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings
AEDG-WH Advanced Energy Design Guide for Warehouses
AFUE annual fuel utilization efficiencies
AIA American Institute of Architects
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
CBECS Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey
CDD Cooling degree day
cfm cubic feet per minute
COP coefficient of performance
CUAC Commercial unitary air conditioners
DCV demand-controlled ventilation
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DX direct expansion
Ec combustion efficiency
EER energy efficiency ratio
EF energy factors
EIA Energy Information Administration
EPDM ethylene-propylenediene-terpolymer membrane
Et thermal efficiency
EUI energy use index
GAMA Gas Appliance Manufactures Association
HDD heating degree day
HIR heat input ratio
HSPF heating season performance factors
HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning
IECC International Energy Conservation Code
IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
in. inch
IPLV integrated part load values
IR infrared
LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
LCC life-cycle cost
®
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environment Design
LPD lighting power densities
MBMA Metal Building Manufacturers Association

vii
NAECA National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
NC3 National Commercial Construction Characteristics Database
NOS net occupied space
o.c. on center
PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric Company
PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RE recovery efficiency
RH relative humidity
SC shading coefficient
SEER seasonal energy efficiency ratio
SHGC solar heat gain coefficient
SP single package
SSPC Standing Standard Project Committee
SR scalar ratio
SRI solar reflectance index
SWH service water heating
TMY typical meteorological year
Tdb dry-bulb temperature
Twb wet-bulb temperature
TSD technical support document
UA standby heat loss coefficient
UPWF uniform present worth factors
USGBC U.S. Green Building Council
USGS U.S. Geological Service
VLT visible light transmittance
w.c. water column
WD weekdays
WEH weekends and holidays
WHAM Water Heater Analysis Model
WWR window-to-wall ratio

viii
 Contents

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................ iv
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... v
Nomenclature.............................................................................................................................................. vii
1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1.1
1.1 Charge to the Committee........................................................................................................ 1.2
1.2 Scope of the Document .......................................................................................................... 1.3
1.3 Project Committee Organization and Membership ................................................................ 1.3
2.0 AEDG-WH Development Schedule and Milestones....................................................................... 2.1
3.0 Simulation Approach and Analytical Tools .................................................................................... 3.1
3.1 Simulation Approach.............................................................................................................. 3.1
3.2 Simulation Tool Description .................................................................................................. 3.2
4.0 Initial Scoping Study ....................................................................................................................... 4.1
5.0 Selection of Climate Locations for Final Guide .............................................................................. 5.1
6.0 Selection of Energy Saving Technologies....................................................................................... 6.1
6.1 Envelope Technologies .......................................................................................................... 6.1
6.2 Lighting and Daylighting Technologies................................................................................. 6.2
6.3 HVAC and Service Water Heating (SWH) Technologies...................................................... 6.2
7.0 Development of Baseline Building Assumptions............................................................................ 7.1
7.1 Selection of the Baseline Building Prototypes ....................................................................... 7.1
7.2 Baseline Building Envelope Characteristics .......................................................................... 7.1
7.2.1 Exterior Walls ........................................................................................................... 7.2
7.2.2 Roofs ......................................................................................................................... 7.2
7.2.3 Slab-On-Grade Floors ............................................................................................... 7.3
7.2.4 Fenestration ............................................................................................................... 7.3
7.2.5 Air Infiltration ........................................................................................................... 7.4
7.2.6 Roof Absorptivities ................................................................................................... 7.5
7.3 Baseline Building Internal Loads ........................................................................................... 7.6
7.3.1 People ........................................................................................................................ 7.7
7.3.2 Interior Lighting ........................................................................................................ 7.7
7.3.3 Plug Loads................................................................................................................ 7.8
7.3.4 Internal Mass ............................................................................................................. 7.9
7.4 Baseline Building HVAC Systems......................................................................................... 7.9
7.4.1 Building HAVC System Operating Schedules........................................................ 7.10
7.4.2 Heating and Cooling Thermostat Setpoints............................................................. 7.10
7.4.3 Equipment Sizing and Efficiency............................................................................ 7.11
7.4.4 Fan Power Assumptions.......................................................................................... 7.12
7.4.5 Ventilation Rates and Schedules ............................................................................. 7.13
7.4.6 Economizer Use ...................................................................................................... 7.14

ix
 7.5 Service Hot Water System ................................................................................................... 7.14
7.5.1 Storage Tank Size.................................................................................................... 7.15
7.5.2 Standby Heat Loss Coefficient and Heat Input Ratio ............................................. 7.15
8.0 Development of Advanced Building Assumptions ......................................................................... 8.1
8.1 Advanced Building Envelope Assumptions........................................................................... 8.1
8.2 Advanced Building Lighting Levels Assumptions................................................................. 8.2
8.3 Advanced Building HVAC Systems ...................................................................................... 8.3
8.3.1 Higher HVAC Equipment Efficiency ....................................................................... 8.4
8.3.2 Air Economizer ......................................................................................................... 8.4
8.3.3 Motorized Damper Control ....................................................................................... 8.4
8.3.4 Lower Static Pressure Ductwork ............................................................................... 8.4
8.4 Service Water Heating............................................................................................................ 8.5
9.0 Development of Cost Effectiveness Data ........................................................................................ 9.1
9.1 Basis for Incremental Energy Savings Measure Costs........................................................... 9.1
9.2 Comparison of Incremental Costs to Baseline Costs for Construction .................................. 9.4
9.3 Cost Effectiveness Calculations ............................................................................................. 9.5
10.0 Final Recommendations and Energy Savings Results................................................................... 10.1
10.1 Final Energy Savings Recommendations............................................................................. 10.1
10.1.1 Envelope Measures ................................................................................................. 10.1
10.1.2 Lighting and Daylighting Measures ........................................................................ 10.4
10.1.3 HVAC and SWH Measures..................................................................................... 10.5
10.2 Energy Savings Results ........................................................................................................ 10.7
11.0 References ..................................................................................................................................... 11.1
Appendix A – Prototype Building Descriptions and Assumptions........................................................... A.1
Appendix B – Simulation Input Assumptions for Final Guide..................................................................B.1
Appendix C – Energy Savings Final Results by End Use .........................................................................C.1
Appendix D – Development of the Prototype Building Characteristics Using 2003 CBECS .................. D.1

x
 Figures

Figure 4.1. Warehouses Cumulative Frequency from F.W. Dodge........................................................... 4.1

Figure 4.2. Three-Dimensional Computer Model of the 50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype ...................... 4.3
Figure 4.3. Three-Dimensional Computer Model of the 8,000-ft² Self-Storage Prototype ...................... 4.3
Figure 5.1. U.S. Department of Energy Developed Climate Zone Map ................................................... 5.1
Figure 5.2. Representative Climate Locations in U.S............................................................................... 5.2
Figure 7.1. Occupancy Schedule in the office are of the 50,000-ft² Warehouse ...................................... 7.7
Figure 7.2. Lighting Schedule in the Fine and Bulky Storage for the Baseline 50,000-ft² Warehouse .... 7.8
Figure 8.1. Lighting Schedules and Occupancy Sensor............................................................................ 8.3
Figure 10.1. 8,000-ft² Self-Storage Energy Savings (ASHRAE 90.1-1999 as baseline)........................ 10.8
Figure 10.2. 50,000-ft² Warehouse Energy Savings (ASHRAE 90.1-1999 as baseline)........................ 10.8
Figure 10.3. 8,000-ft² Self Storage Energy End Use (ASHRAE 90.1-1999 as baseline) ..................... 10.10
Figure 10.4. 50,000-ft² Warehouse Energy End Use (ASHRAE 90.1-1999 as baseline)..................... 10.10
Figure 10.5. 8,000-ft² Self Storage Energy End Use (ASHRAE 90.1-2004 as baseline) ..................... 10.11
Figure 10.6. 50,000-ft² Warehouse Energy End Use (ASHRAE 90.1-2004 as baseline)..................... 10.11

xi
 Tables

Table 1.1. AEDG-WH Project Committee Organization Chart................................................................ 1.3

Table 2.1. AEDG-WH Key Development Dates ...................................................................................... 2.1
Table 4.1. Energy Savings from Scoping Study on 50,000-ft2 Warehouse .............................................. 4.4
Table 4.2. Energy Savings from Scoping Study on 8,000-ft2 Self-storage Warehouse ........................... 4.4
Table 7.1. Baseline Air Infiltration Rate Assumptions for the 50,000-ft² Warehouse.............................. 7.5
Table 7.2. Baseline Interior Lighting Design Power Levels ..................................................................... 7.8
Table 7.3. Baseline Building HVAC Systems ........................................................................................ 7.10
Table 7.4. Total Fan Static Pressure Drops Calculations for the Baseline Buildings ............................. 7.13
Table 7.5. Baseline Modeling Economizer Requirement (for 10- and 15-ton Units) ............................. 7.14
Table 8.1. Baseline and Advanced Case Air Infiltration Rate Assumptions for the 50,000-ft²
Warehouse .............................................................................................................................. 8.2
Table 8.2. Interior Lighting Power Density Comparison.......................................................................... 8.2
Table 8.3. Advanced Building Calculated Total Fan Static Pressure Drops............................................. 8.5
Table 9.1. Baseline and Energy Saving Costs Summary for the 50,000-ft² Warehouse........................... 9.2
Table 9.2. Incremental Costs per Building for Energy Measures in 50,000-ft2 Warehouse ..................... 9.4
Table 9.3. Percentage Cost Increases for Meeting the Recommendations of the Guide - 50,000 ft²
Warehouse .............................................................................................................................. 9.5
Table 9.4. Simple Payback Period for Meeting the Recommendations of the Guide – 50,000 ft²
Warehouse .............................................................................................................................. 9.6
Table 10.1. Final Energy Savings Recommendations for Semi-Heated Warehouse – Building
Envelope............................................................................................................................... 10.2
Table 10.2. Final Energy Savings Recommendations for Conditioned Warehouse – Building
Envelope............................................................................................................................... 10.3
Table 10.3. AEDG-WH Final Energy Savings Recommendations – Lighting....................................... 10.4
Table 10.4. AEDG-WH Final Energy Savings Recommendations – HVAC and SWH......................... 10.6
Table 10.5. Energy Saving Results: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline ....................................................... 10.7
Table 10.6. Energy Saving Results: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline ....................................................... 10.9

xii
 1.0 Introduction

The Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Warehouses and Self-Storage Buildings (AEDG-WH)
(referred to as the “Guide” in this report) was developed by a partnership of organizations, including the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), the American
Institute of Architects (AIA), the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), the
United States Green Buildings Council (USGBC), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The Guide is
intended to offer recommendations to achieve 30% energy savings and thus to encourage steady progress
toward net-zero energy buildings. The baseline level energy use was set as buildings built at the turn of
the millennium, which are assumed to be based on ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999
(ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 1999), Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
(referred to as the “Standard” in this report). ASHRAE and its partners are engaged in development of a
series of guides for small commercial buildings, with the AEDG-WH being the fourth in the series.
Previously the partnership developed advanced energy design guides for small offices, small retail and
K-12 schools.

The purpose of the Guide is to provide user-friendly design assistance to design and architectural and
engineering firms working for developers and owners of small to medium warehouse buildings to achieve
30% energy savings over the baseline. Such progress, in turn, will help realize eventual achievement of
net-zero energy buildings. In addition, the Guide was intended to be useful to contractors and other
construction professionals including design-build firms. Implicitly, the Guide recognizes that builders
and designers, while complying with minimum energy code requirements, often lack the opportunity and
the resources to pursue innovative, energy-efficient concepts in the design of small buildings. To address
this need, the Guide presents clear, prescriptive recommendations that provide “a way, but not the only
way” of reaching the energy savings target.

Warehouses were chosen for the fourth guide because of the impact of their energy use in the
commercial building sector. According to the Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) Commercial
Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) in 2003, warehouses account for 456 trillion Btu of
energy usea, or approximately 7% of the energy use of all commercial buildings (CBECS 2003). Non-
refrigerated warehouses were singled out for the Guide to help in bounding the scope of the effort
necessary for development of the Guide. Refrigeration equipment is not part of the scope of Standard
90.1, which forms the baseline for the Guide, so refrigerated warehouses were eliminated from the
Guide’s scope. A warehouse within the scope of this Guide is defined as a non-refrigerated facility that is
heated, cooled, or heated and cooled (i.e., conditioned space).

The Guide focuses on the following warehouse applications, which are representative of the broad
category of warehouses:
• Distribution/shipping centers
• Non-refrigerated warehouses
• Self-storage warehouses.

a
Of the the total amount of 456 trillion Btu, 404 trillion Btu are contributed from the non-refrigerated warehouses (i.e., about
89% of energy use of all warehouses) and the remaining 52 trillion Btu are used by the refrigerated warehouses (i.e., about 11%
of energy use of all warehouses),

1.1
 These warehouses are excluded from this Guide:
• Refrigerated units or systems
• Unheated warehouses

Warehouses are understood to pose particular challenges in several areas. The first is lighting, to
illuminate the rack areas where products are stored. These lighting levels are relatively low, thereby
presenting a challenge to reaching energy savings targets. Daylighting is likely to be an effective strategy
to address this challenge. The second area is the low level of heating and cooling energy used in
warehouses, again resulting in lower potential for energy savings. A final area is infiltration, which arises
from loading docks and loading dock doors.

1.1 Charge to the Committee

The project committee selected to develop the Guide was charged by a steering committee made up
of representatives of the partner organizations to include a timeline for the task, an energy savings goal,
an intended target audience, and desired design assistance characteristics.

Timeline
• Complete document in 9 months

Goals
• 30% energy savings relative to buildings constructed to meet the energy requirements of Standard
90.1-1999
• Savings to be achieved in each climate location (not simply an average)
• Hard goal of 30% to be consistent with U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED®) rating system
• Attain energy savings through packages of design measures

Target Audience
• Contractors
• Designers
• Developers
• Owners
• Those with limited design capabilities to achieve advanced energy savings

Desired Design Assistance

• Provide practical, prescriptive recommendations
• Format for ease of use
• Simplify recommendation tables
• Avoid code language
• Provide “how to” guidance to enhance recommendations

1.2
 • Allow some flexibility for those accustomed to performance-based documents
• Provide case studies where appropriate.

1.2 Scope of the Document

The scope of the Guide is limited to non-refrigerated warehouses that are heated, cooled, or heated
and cooled that meet the following criteria:
• Do not exceed 50,000 gross square feet
• Heating and cooling provided by unitary HVAC equipment (packaged or split systems).

Exclusions
• Refrigerated warehouses with refrigeration units or systems
• Unheated warehouses
• Built-up systems using chillers and boilers.

Recommendations contained in the AEDG-WH will apply primarily to new buildings, but may also
be applied in their entirety to existing buildings undergoing major renovations. They may be applied in
part as recommendations for changes to one or more systems in existing buildings. Covered building
components and systems include the building envelope; lighting and daylighting systems; unitary
packaged and split mechanical equipment for heating, ventilating and cooling; building automation and
control systems; ventilation systems; infiltration control systems; service water heating for bathrooms and
sinks; plug loads for charging equipment; and building commissioning.

1.3 Project Committee Organization and Membership

The Guide was developed by a project committee administered under ASHRAE’s Special Project
procedures. The AEDG-WH project committee was designated as ASHRAE Special Project 114
(SP-114), and included membership from each of the partner organizations. The following table indicates
the project committee members and the organizations that they represent.

Table 1.1. AEDG-WH Project Committee Organization Chart

Ron Jarnagin – Chairman
Merle McBride Don Colliver
Vice Chairman Steering Committee Ex Officio
Dan Nall Michael Lane
AIA Representative IESNA Representative
Dan Walker Jay Enck
MBMA Representative USGBC Representative
James McClendon Lilas Pratt
Wal-Mart, Consultant ASHRAE Staff Liaison

1.3
 ASHRAE selected its committee members to further represent technical and standards project
committees that had technical scopes that overlapped with the development of the Guide. As a result of
the rather specific nature of the warehouse building type, a representative of the Metal Building
Manufacturers Association (MBMA) was added to the committee to provide expertise in construction
issues related to warehouses. In addition, a member of the Wal-Mart corporate staff provided input as a
consultant to the committee. Each of the representative organizations were given the chance to provide
peer review input on the various review drafts produced by the project committee. In effect, these
representatives were intended to be the interface to their respective organizations to ensure a large body of
input into development of the document.

1.4
 2.0 AEDG-WH Development Schedule and Milestones

Following the guidance from the steering committee, the AEDG-WH project committee developed a
7-month plan for completing the document. Key milestones in the development schedule center around
the review periods for the various completion stages for the draft document. Utilizing a similar schedule
to what was developed for the most recent guide for retail, the project committee planned for two peer
review periods that corresponded with a 65% completion draft (technical refinement review) and a 90%
completion draft (final review for errors). During development of the initial guide for small offices, an
earlier 35% review period was held to gain input on the conceptual approach for the guides. Since then,
two guides have been published following a consistent format, and the steering committee felt that a
conceptual review was no longer needed.

Because the document was developed under the ASHRAE Special Project procedures, and not the
standards development procedures, the reviews were not considered true “public” reviews. However,
review copies were made available to all of the partner organizations, as well as the various bodies within
ASHRAE represented by the membership on the project committee. In addition, interested members
could download review copies from the ASHRAE web site. The following schedule outlines key dates in
the development of the AEDG-WH.

Table 2.1. AEDG-WH Key Development Dates

Date Event Comment
3/22 – 3/23/2007 Project Committee Meeting #1 Initial organizational meeting
4/15 – 4/16/2007 Project Committee Meeting #2 Prepare 65% draft
5/7 – 5/18/2007 65% Draft Review Period Milestone #1
5/31 – 6/2/2007 Project Committee Meeting #3 Address peer review remarks on 65% draft, work
on 90% draft
8/17 – 8/18/2007 Project Committee Meeting #4 Review simulation results and complete 90%
review draft
Late Aug 2007 90% Draft Review Period Milestone #3
Early Sep 2007 Conference call Address peer review remarks on 90% draft
Mid Sep 2007 Conference call Approval final draft for steering committee
Late Sep 2007 Transfer final draft to steering committee Milestone #4
Late Sep 2007 Conference call Steering committee approval of final draft

2.1
 3.0 Simulation Approach and Analytical Tools

This section describes the energy simulation approach and analytical tools that were used to
assess and quantify the 30% energy saving goals by implementing the Guide’s energy efficiency
recommendations.

3.1 Simulation Approach

The analytic approach was similar to the one used for previous guides, where several prototype
buildings were devised, and then simulated in 15 climate locations covering the eight climate zones
contained in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). The
analysis results established that the packages in the Guide meet the energy savings target.

The purpose of this building energy simulation analysis is to assess and quantify the energy savings
potential of the Guide’s final recommendations. To reach this goal, the first step was to conduct an initial
scoping study. The scoping study evaluated the possible energy savings from the energy efficiency
measures selected by the AEDG-WH project committee for a limited set (four) climate locations.
Following a consistent practice for the two previous guides, the project committee defined two
prototypical warehouse buildings that span the range of building sizes, each of which demonstrates
varying construction techniques (i.e., mass wall, metal building wall). The prototypes were also of
varying sizes within the size range category of small- to medium-size non-refrigerated warehouse
buildings. Technologies were selected from a list generated for the first AEDG (i.e., AEDG for small
office buildings), and generally reflected technologies in fairly common use. Sensitivities to the use of
these technologies were addressed during the scoping study phase, where various technologies are
considered in combination to assess the ease with which the energy savings target might be reached.
Further sensitivity analyses may be performed as part of the envelope analysis, which is designed to have
various envelope assemblies achieve similar economic performance.

During the scoping study phase, two warehouse buildings were defined as the building prototypes,
i.e., an 8,000-ft² (743.2 m²) conditioned self-storage building and a 50,000-ft² (4645.2 m²) large
warehouse building. The self-storage prototype and the large warehouse prototype represent the smaller
end and the higher end building sizes in the category of the non-refrigerated warehouses, respectively.
Section 4 in this report describes the scoping study in detail.

After the selected energy-efficient technologies were demonstrated to achieve the 30% energy saving
goal in the scoping study, the energy simulations were expanded to the full study, including the above two
warehouse building prototypes for all 15 representative locations. Fifteen climate locations were selected
to adequately represent the eight climate zones in the United States. Baseline model prototypes were
developed in compliance with the prescriptive design options defined in ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999.
The advanced models were established based on the recommended energy-efficient technologies by the
Guide. Sections 7 and 8 document the modeling input assumptions for the baseline models and the
advanced models, respectively.

The last stage involves summarizing the energy simulation results for all locations and presenting the
final energy saving recommendations by climate zones, as described in Section 10.

3.1
 Finally, the energy savings of the prescriptive recommendations were also examined relative to
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 2004) and the saving results were also
documented in Section 10 in this report.

3.2 Simulation Tool Description

Unlike the earlier guides using DOE-2 as the simulation engine, this Guide switched the computer
simulation program to EnergyPlus. EnergyPlus is a new building-energy-simulation program under
development by the Department of Energy (DOE) since 1996 (Crawley et al. 2004). It is a complex
building energy simulation program for modeling building heating, cooling, lighting, ventilating, and
other energy flows. While it is based on the most popular features and capabilities of BLAST and DOE-2,
EnergyPlus includes many innovative simulation capabilities such as time steps of less than one hour,
modular systems and plant integrated with heat balance-based zone simulation, multi-zone air flow,
thermal comfort, and photovoltaic systems. EnergyPlus Version 2.0 (released on April 2007) was used to
assess the energy savings potential of recommended energy measures, and to perform analysis of the final
recommendations in the Guide.

3.2
 4.0 Initial Scoping Study

Following the proven model used in the development of the Advanced Energy Design Guide for
Small Office Buildings (AEDG-SO 2004) and Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings
(AEDG-SR 2006), the project committee performed an initial scoping study to test the efficiency levels of
the various building systems that would be necessary to reach the energy savings targets. By being able
to develop an early assessment of the baseline and advanced energy use potential, the committee was then
able to prioritize its activities for development of the Guide.

Much of the initial debate by the committee focused on the building configuration to be used for the
simulation model. Building size and construction method were discussed at length. Because many small
warehouses are used for self-storage applications, the committee initially decided that a self-storage
warehouse would be modeled, as well as a larger non-refrigerated warehouse. To span the range of
construction types, the self-storage warehouse was assumed to be constructed as a metal building and the
warehouse was assumed to be constructed as a tilt-up concrete structure with built-up roof.

The 2003 CBECS dataset has been used to characterize the “typical” warehouse building parameters.
Appendix D in the report documents the findings by analyzing of the 493 surveyed warehouse buildings.
The floor plan of the self-storage model was estimated by the committee based on typical storage bay
sizes as well as typical configurations for enclosed self-storage. This yielded a prototype design that was
approximately 8,000 ft2 in size. This size is also consistent with the weighted-average floor area of self
storage surveyed by 2003 CBECS, i.e., 6,358 ft2. For the warehouse, the committee debated the size
building to use. Data from both CBECS and F.W. Dodge were reviewed for typical sizes. A close look
at F.W. Dodge data suggested a 50,000 ft2 size non-refrigerated warehouse would cover about 80% of the
most recent new construction in warehouses (see Figure 4.1).

Warehouses Cumulative Frequency

(2002-2005)

100%
90%
80%
Cumulative Frequency - %

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200

Area - 1,000 ft²

Figure 4.1. Warehouses Cumulative Frequency from F.W. Dodge

4.1
 Occupancy hours for each warehouse were based on normal business operating schedules derived
from 2003 CBECS data set, with the self-storage areas having extended hours in the evenings and
weekends. Heating and cooling equipment and lighting operational schedules were developed based on
occupancy hours. In addition, for the warehouse, four of the seven loading dock doors were assumed to
be occupied by trucks either loading or unloading, and dock doors were assumed to be closed when trucks
were not being loaded or unloaded. This assumption was developed based on the consultations with the
industrial experts.

Zoning for the HVAC systems was broken down into three zones for the 50,000-ft2 warehouse:
office space, fine storage space and bulky storage space. For the self-storage warehouse there were two
zones: office space and self-storage space. Each zone requiring cooling (office, fine storage, self-
storage) was served by a single packaged rooftop unitary equipment with electric direct expansion (DX)
cooling and gas heating, sized to meet the space’s load. The air conditioning units were operated with
setback and setup control strategies, and ventilation air was supplied as required by ASHRAE Standard
62-2001 (ANSI/ASHRAE 2001). Heating and cooling set points in the both the fine storage area of the
non-refrigerated warehouse and the self-storage area of the self-storage warehouse were 80°F for cooling
and 60°F for heating. The bulky storage area of the non-refrigerated warehouse was defined as a semi-
heated zone with heating setpoint of 45°F.

The self-storage exterior envelope consisted of metal building wall construction, while the non-
refrigerated warehouse exterior envelope was tilt-up concrete wall. Glazing was limited to the entrance
wall of the small office spaces, with less than 5% of gross floor area. Each window contained a 5-ft
overhang for shading and weather protection for the advanced case. The floor-to-ceiling height was 12 ft
for the self-storage and 24 ft for the warehouse. The roofing construction was a steel deck with rigid
insulation, protected by a membrane exterior surface. Each warehouse had a slab-on-grade floor.

Values for the thermal and solar performance of the envelope measures, mechanical equipment
efficiencies, and mechanical system requirements came from Standard 90.1-1999 for the baseline, and
from the AEDG-SO for the advanced case. These values can be found in Appendix A and Appendix B.
The AEDG-SO measures were used for the scoping study because both the warehouses had small office
spaces and the envelope measures for this part of the building were carried over into the conditioned
storage areas, and the scoping study was designed only to get a quick estimate of the committee’s ability
to meet the energy savings target.

The self-storage and warehouse prototype buildings were simulated in four diverse climates to test the
range of savings potential. Climate locations used in the scoping study included Miami (hot and humid),
Phoenix (hot and dry), Duluth (cold), and Seattle (cool moderate). These climate locations represented a
subset of the full set of climate locations chosen for the overall analysis, and were expected to
demonstrate the extremes of what might be achieved.

Illustrative three-dimensional models of the warehouse and the self-storage warehouse are shown in
Figure 4.2 and Error! Reference source not found., respectively, for reference below. Each building
was oriented with the entrance facing due south in each location to present a worst case energy use
scenario resulting from solar loading.

4.2
 Figure 4.2. Three-Dimensional Computer Model of the 50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype

Figure 4.3. Three-Dimensional Computer Model of the 8,000-ft² Self-Storage Prototype

Results of the initial simulation for the 50,000-ft2 warehouse indicated the potential for reaching the
energy savings goal in each of the climate extremes. Duluth, a very cold climate, proved to be the climate
that showed the lowest savings. The results for each of the climate locations are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.2 summarizes the simulation results for the 8,000-ft² self-storage building. The scoping study
observed the challenges inherent in attaining the energy savings targets in some climate locations for the
self-storage warehouse. After thoroughly investigating the energy models, we believed the challenge was
caused by the relative humidity control requirement for the self-storage building. We conducted further
energy analysis and explored additional energy efficiency measures during the full study phase of this
project to meet the energy savings targets.

4.3
 Table 4.1. Energy Savings from Scoping Study on 50,000-ft2 Warehouse
Whole Building Savings Percentage, Whole Building Savings Percentage,
Climate City Plugs in the denominator Plugs not in the denominator
Miami 41.0% 49.2%
Phoenix 43.8% 51.0%
Seattle 35.4% 39.7%
Duluth 35.0% 36.8%
Note: Results are presented for both the case of whole building energy use with plug loads included in the denominator and the
case of whole building energy use without the plug loads included in the denominator.

Table 4.2. Energy Savings from Scoping Study on 8,000-ft2 Self-storage Warehouse
Whole Building Savings Percentage, Whole Building Savings Percentage,
Climate City Plugs in the denominator Plugs not in the denominator
Miami 27.3% 27.7%
Phoenix 23.2% 23.7%
Seattle 30.5% 30.9%
Duluth 19.6% 19.8%
Note: Results are presented for both the case of whole building energy use with plug loads included in the denominator and the
case of whole building energy use without the plug loads included in the denominator.

4.4
 5.0 Selection of Climate Locations for Final Guide

The three Advanced Energy Design Guides developed to date have standardized climate zones that
have been adopted by IECC as well as ASHRAE for both residential and commercial applications. This
results in a common set of climate zones for use in codes and standards. The common set of climate
zones includes eight zones covering the entire United States as shown in Figure 5.1 (Briggs 2003).
Climate zones are categorized by heating-degree-days (HDD) and cooling-degree-days (CDD), and range
from the very hot zone 1 to the very cold zone 8. These climate zones may be mapped to other climate
locations for international use (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 2004). When the climate zones were being
developed, they were further divided into moist and dry regions. The Advanced Energy Design Guides do
not explicitly consider the moist and dry designations, but the actual climate locations used in the analysis
of energy savings are selected to ensure representation of the moist and dry differences.

Figure 5.1. U.S. Department of Energy Developed Climate Zone Map

When the climate zones were being developed, specific climate locations (cities) were selected as
being most representative of each of the climate zones. These representative climate locations were
assigned construction weights based on using population from the U.S. Geologic Service’s (USGS)
Populated Places dataset as a surrogate for construction volume mapped to each climate location (USGS
2006). The weighted climate locations can then be used to aggregate savings results for the purpose of
calculating national weighted energy savings. The 15 climate cities representative of the 8 climate zones
are listed below:

5.1
Zone 1: Miami, Florida (hot, humid)
Zone 2A: Houston, Texas (hot, humid)
Zone 2B: Phoenix, Arizona (hot, dry)
Zone 3A: Memphis, Tennessee (hot, humid)
Zone 3B: El Paso, Texas (hot, dry)
Zone 3C: San Francisco, California (marine)
Zone 4A: Baltimore, Maryland (mild, humid)
Zone 4B: Albuquerque, New Mexico (mild, dry)
Zone 4C: Seattle, Washington (marine)
Zone 5A: Chicago, Illinois (cold, humid)
Zone 5B: Boise, Idaho (cold, dry)
Zone 6A: Burlington, Vermont (cold, humid)
Zone 6B: Helena, Montana (cold, dry)
Zone 7: Duluth, Minnesota (very cold)
Zone 8: Fairbanks, Alaska (extremely cold).

The map in Figure 5.2 indicates the 15 climate locations chosen for the analysis of the guides.

Figure 5.2. Representative Climate Locations in U.S.

5.2
 6.0 Selection of Energy Saving Technologies

The project committee began the process of selecting energy savings technologies by reviewing the
work done in previous AEDG documents for Small Offices and Small Retail. This approach was
somewhat relevant since the prototype warehouse buildings contained a small amount of office space
(about 5% of the floor area). The project committee decided to utilize the recommendations from the
AEDG-SO for the office portion of the prototypes since these were known to produce savings at or above
the 30% level. By using these values initially the committee was able to start quickly on the project since
the timeline was somewhat compressed. As in the case of the AEDG-SR, using these values initially
facilitated the work on the early rounds of scoping study analysis for the reasons explained in Section 4.0.
However, since the warehouse represents a significantly different building type in terms of its operation
and energy use the committee needed to resort to some exploration of technologies specifically suited to
the warehouse application. Some of these technologies included unit heaters, destratification equipment
and infiltration reduction measures. The scoping study pointed out some areas in which problems might
be encountered in meeting the energy savings targets, and those problems were most prevalent in the Self-
storage warehouse where ventilation control and humidity created problems. The following sections
briefly describe the process the committee used to choose the technologies for the final recommendations.

6.1 Envelope Technologies

As noted above, the envelope is somewhat less important for warehouses since the heating and
cooling loads tend to be lower. This arises from the fact that thermostatic set points are generally relaxed
in storage areas, thus reducing the time that the mechanical equipment needs to operate to satisfy the set
point conditions. Typically the more critical need for insulation occurs in the colder climates, similar to
the other building types in the AEDG series. The committee explored the insulation levels necessary to
achieve adequate energy performance during the scoping study runs. Based on these initial runs
insulation levels were established early in the process.

Since warehouses commonly have low window to wall ratios the exploration of energy efficient
glazing options was somewhat limited due to the low impact on the final energy savings numbers. Only
the office segment of the warehouse prototypes had any windows, although the large warehouse prototype
did have a fairly significant use of skylights (6% of the roof area in the bulk storage section of the
warehouse). Skylights in large warehouses are particularly helpful in reducing the need for electric
lighting, especially in the bulk storage area. A fairly significant fraction of the total savings from the
warehouse guide came from a reduction in the electric lighting. Skylights can create problems in colder
climates, however, where the thermal losses through the skylights increases heating energy use and
sometimes offset the lighting energy savings.

In the case of the warehouse guide the committee looked more closely at both mass buildings as well
as metal buildings, both of which are common methods of construction for warehouses and storage units.
These two construction types offer some unique challenges in terms of how insulation is installed.
Fortunately the committee had ready access to professionals from the respective industries to help in
addressing these challenges.

6.1
6.2 Lighting and Daylighting Technologies
Lighting and daylighting technologies were utilized to produce significant energy savings in the large
warehouse and to a somewhat lesser extent in the self-storage warehouse. The primary differences in the
lighting energy savings between the two prototypes resulted from the fact that the self-storage warehouse
needed much lower lighting levels because of the layout, and because the occupancy patterns were such
that occupancy sensors can keep the lighting level low based on the intermittent occupancy of those types
of buildings. Lighting systems in larger warehouses must provide sufficient lighting on a vertical plane to
allow workers to effectively see the products being stacked on the storage racks. Since their ceilings are
fairly high compared to typical self-storage warehouses (e.g 22 ft vs. 12 ft), the light fixtures must
produce a fair amount of lighting in order to maintain adequate visibility.

The committee explored different lighting designs and layouts to try and achieve low lighting power
while maximizing visibility. Based on some lighting modeling studies performed by the committee it
appears that it is possible to fairly easily meet or go below the recommended lighting power density levels
contained in the AEDG recommendations. When occupancy sensors are combined with in-fixture
daylighting sensors large energy savings may be achieved from lighting. It should be noted that control
strategies that interlink the two technologies become significantly more important for these types of
applications.

Lighting technologies necessary to meet the recommended lighting power densities are high
performance T8 fluorescents with high performance electronic ballasts as well as high output T5
fluorescent lamps. These technologies are readily available from major national suppliers, making it easy
for designers and builders to find adequate supplies.

6.3 HVAC and Service Water Heating (SWH) Technologies

In general, the HVAC and SWH technologies were carried forward from the AEDG-SO with the
addition of warehouse specific technologies. For example, this AEDG provides recommendations for use
of de-stratification fans to maximize the use of heating in high ceiling warehouse applications.
Recommendations in the guide continue the approach of varying heating and cooling efficiencies by
climate zone where possible, which represents a change from the policy maintained by the Standard,
where equipment efficiencies remain constant across climates. The equipment efficiency values used in
the AEDG-SO are also used in the AEDG-WH document because they were found to be sufficient to
meet the energy savings targets. In addition, the AEDG-WH also continued the recommendations for
integrated part load values (IPLV) for commercial cooling equipment because this represents a step
forward from the Standard. Another recommendation unique to the warehouse guide is the
recommendation for heat pump systems with variable speed fans and compressors to help produce energy
savings while simultaneously maintaining humidity control.

Economizer requirements were extended to equipment with capacities as low as 54,000 Btu/hr versus
65,000 Btu/hr as required by the Standard 90.1-1999 , resulting in additional energy savings for smaller
capacity equipment in climate zones where the use of economizers is more appropriate. Motorized
dampers for outdoor air control in off hours was recommended in the Guide. Each of these technologies
has been demonstrated through simulation to achieve energy savings in warehouse buildings. Duct
systems have recommendations resulting in an improved design (lower friction rate), better sealing (seal
class B), and improved thermal performance (interior locations and better insulation).

6.2
 The SWH recommendations continue the focus on reduction of standby losses by improving energy
factors (EF) or by utilizing instantaneous water heaters for fuel-fired applications. Electric instantaneous
water heaters were considered and rejected as a result of concerns over increased electrical demand.
When storage water heaters are used, the recommendations result in higher efficiencies for both gas and
electric water heaters. In addition, recommendations are provided suggesting that the use of pumped
returns for point of use water heaters when loads are light and distributed is discouraged. The reader will
also find recommendations that water heaters be sized correctly and provide correct supply temperatures.

6.3
 7.0 Development of Baseline Building Assumptions

This section contains a topic-by-topic review of baseline building models and how the baseline
building descriptions were assumed in EnergyPlus modeling, including the building envelope
characteristics; building internal loads and operating schedules; ventilation rates and schedules; HVAC
equipment efficiency, operation, control and sizing; fan power assumptions; and service water heating.
The use of specific trade names in this document does not constitute an endorsement of these products. It
only documents the equipment that was used in our analysis for research purposes.

7.1 Selection of the Baseline Building Prototypes

To quantify the expected energy savings, the baseline prototypes of the warehouses were selected by
the project committee to meet the prescriptive criteria of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999. The Standard
provides the fixed reference point based on the Standard 90.1-1999 at the turn of the millennium for all
the guides in this series. The primary reason for this choice as the reference point is to maintain a
consistent baseline and scale for all the 30% AEDG series documents. A shifting baseline (i.e. use
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 as the baseline) between multiple documents in the AEDG series would
lead to confusion among users about the level of energy savings achieved. In addition, the 1999 Standard
is the latest version of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 upon which DOE has published its determination in the
Federal Register. This determination concluded that Standard 90.1-1999 would improve commercial
building energy efficiency by comparing it to Standard 90.1-1989, fulfilling DOE's mandate under the
Energy Conservation Policy Act, as amended.

7.2 Baseline Building Envelope Characteristics

The project committee assumed, based on experience of those in the construction industry, that the
self-storage prototype (8,000 ft²) was constructed with steel metal panels as exterior walls, metal building
roofs, and slab-on-grade floors. For the larger warehouse prototype (50,000 ft²), it was assumed that the
exterior walls were concrete tilt-up construction, built-up roofs, and slab-on-grade floors. These envelope
structures represent common construction practices for small- to medium-size warehouse and self-storage
buildings in U.S. The assumptions were derived from the 2003 CBECS database and the F.W. Dodge
data set. The development of the building characteristics of these warehouse prototypes is documented in
Appendix D.

The baseline building envelope characteristics were developed to meet the prescriptive design option
requirements in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 Section 5.3. The following section
describes the assumptions used for simulation modeling of the baseline building envelope construction,
including the exterior walls, roofs, slab-on-grade floors, window glazing and doors, infiltration, and roof
absorptivities.

EnergyPlus can calculate the overall U-factor of opaque assemblies by defining the properties of
materials, layers and construction. This method was used in this analysis to properly account for thermal
mass impacts on the calculations of space loads.

7.1
7.2.1 Exterior Walls

Two types of exterior walls have been modeled in this analysis work, i.e., metal building walls in the
self-storage buildings and mass walls in the warehouse building. The base assembly of the metal building
wall is bare galvanized steel metal wall panels. The single-layer or double-layer (varies by climate)
mineral fiber insulation was compressed between metal wall panels and the metal structure. The overall
U-factor for metal building walls was derived from Table A-9 in the Standard. The U-factor of the metal
building wall includes the following layers:
• Outside air film (calculated by EnergyPlus)
• Pre-fabricated metal panels
• First layer of the compressed mineral fiber insulation (R-13 for climate zone 1-6)
• Second layer of the compressed mineral fiber insulation (R13 for zone 7 and 8 only)
• Inside air film (calculated by EnergyPlus).

The concrete tilt-up mass wall was assembled assuming 8-in. medium weight concrete blocks with a
density of 115 lb/ft³ and solid grouted cores (refer to Table A-5 in the Standard). The concrete tilt-up
building wall includes the following layers:
• Outside air film (calculated by EnergyPlus)
• 8-in. concrete block, 115 lb/ft³
• Continuous insulation uninterrupted by framing (R-0 to R-11, varies by climate)
• Inside air film (calculated by EnergyPlus).

R-values for most of the above layers were derived from Appendix A of the Standard (Assembly U-
Factor, C-Factor, And F-Factor Determination). Insulation R-values were selected to meet the insulation
minimum R-value required in the Standard’s Appendix B (Building Envelope Criteria), as defined by
climate range.

7.2.2 Roofs

Metal building roofs were used in the self-storage prototype, i.e., standing seam roofs with thermal
blocks, as defined in Table A-2 in the Standard. The base assembly contained the insulation draped over
the steel structure (purlins) and then compressed when the metal spanning members were attached to the
purlins. The minimum U-factor includes R-0.17 for exterior air film, R-0 for metal deck, and R-0.61 for
interior air film heat flow up. Compressed insulation could be single layer or double layer, depending on
climate. Overall U-factor for assembly of base roof plus compressed insulation was taken from Table A-
2 in the Standard.

Built-up roofs were modeled in the 50,000-ft² warehouse prototype, i.e., rigid insulation over a
structural metal deck. The minimum U-factor includes R-0.17 for exterior air film, R-0 for metal deck,
and R-0.61 for interior air film heat flow up. Added insulation is continuous and uninterrupted by
framing. Roof insulation R-values were also set to match the minimum roof insulation requirements in
Appendix B (Building Envelope Criteria) of the Standard, by climate.

7.2
7.2.3 Slab-On-Grade Floors

The base assembly for slab-on-grade floors is a slab floor of 6-in. concrete poured directly on to the
earth. The bottom of the slab is 12-in. soil, with soil conductivity of 0.75 Btu/hr-ft²-°F. In contrast to the
U-factor for other envelope assemblies, the F-factor is set to match the minimum requirements for slab-
on-grade floors in Appendix B of the Standard, based on climate. F-factor is expressed as the
conductance of the surface per unit length of building perimeter, in the unit of Btu/hr-°F-ft. Appendix B
also provides the corresponding R-values of the vertical insulation when required by the Standard. This
continuous insulation is typically applied directly to the slab exterior, extending downward from the top
of the slab for the distance specified.

One of the advanced features in EnergyPlus program is that the conduction calculations of the ground
heat-transfer through ground-contact surfaces (i.e., slab-on-grade floors) are two- or three-dimensional
rather than the simplified one-dimensional in DOE-2 program. To use this method, the appropriate
ground temperature must be specified by using the Slab program, a preprocessor as part of the Auxiliary
EnergyPlus programs. The calculated custom monthly average ground temperatures were manually
transferred into the main EnergyPlus program as one of the inputs at each of 15 climate locations.

In the Slab program, the key inputs to calculate the ground temperatures are described as following:

• Slab material and soil density

• Building height
• Indoor average temperature set point
• R-value and depth of vertical insulation (if presented)
• Thickness of slab-on-grade
• The floor area to perimeter length ratio for this slab
• Distance from edge of slab to domain edge.

7.2.4 Fenestration

Warehouse buildings typically have much smaller areas of window compared with other types of
commercial building in U.S. The 2003 CBECS database shows that over 90% of the non-refrigerated
warehouse and self-storage buildings have window-to-wall ratio (WWR) less than 10%. In addition, the
b
warehouse construction drawings in the NC3 database indicated that the limited windows are commonly
located in the office area as the vision window for the occupants.

Window requirements in the Standard are defined by bulk properties of U-factor and Solar Heat Gain
Coefficient (SHGC). EnergyPlus, however, requires that the thermal/optical properties be defined for the
window assembly layer by layer. Hypothetical window layers were derived by iterative Window 5
calculations within EnergyPlus to produce a match to the specified U-factor and SHGC outlined in
Appendix B in the Standard, by climate.

b
National Commercial Construction Characteristics Database (NC3), an internal database developed by Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory with DOE Building Technologies Program support to represent nationwide commercial construction energy-
related characteristics.

7.3
 For example, to match the U-factor of a double-pane window, the gap thickness was first adjusted,
then the inner glazing conductivity, and finally the outer glazing conductivity, as necessary. To match the
SHGC, the solar transmittance at normal incidence was adjusted, followed by the front and back solar
reflectance at normal incidence, as necessary. The hypothetical component window properties thus
created were used in EnergyPlus simulation to match the fenestration performance criteria outlined in the
Standard.

However, using the window layers method could be problematic in matching the maximum allowable
U-factor and SHGC values in accordance with the Standard. The reason is that no actual windows exist
to match some of the fenestration requirements in the Standard, for certain climates.

7.2.5 Air Infiltration

Building air infiltration is addressed indirectly in the Standard through the requirements in building
envelope sealing, fenestration and doors air leakage, etc. The Standard does not specify the air infiltration
rate over the entire building. For this analysis, the project committee evaluated the air infiltration rate in
the 50,000-ft² warehouse model by further dividing the infiltration rates into three additive components:
1) general infiltration through the building envelope cracks and air leakage, etc.; 2) air leakage from relief
dampers of four central exhaust fans located in the bulky storage area when exhaust fans are off; and 3)
infiltration through loading dock doors for truck loading or unloading. General infiltration applies
uniformly over the entire building. The infiltration through relief dampers and dock doors (both open and
closed) only applies to the bulky storage area. Dock doors are assumed to be open only when a truck is in
place. Table 7.1 provides detailed descriptions of the infiltration rate assumptions used in the larger
warehouse prototype. Recognizing that infiltration through open load dock doors can result in significant
energy use, the committee recommended weatherseals for dock levelers and trailer hinges to restrict
infiltration when these doors are open and trailers are in use.

The air filtration rate in the self-storage prototype was set to be 0.038 cfm/ft² of gross exterior wall,
consistent with the value of the general infiltration rate used in the larger warehouse prototype per
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989.

The basic equation used to calculate infiltration in EnergyPlus is:

Infiltration = (Idesign) (Fschedule)[A+B|(Tzone – Todb)| + C(WindSpeed) + D(Windspeed²)]

where
Idesign = maximum infiltration rate at design conditions, cfm
Fschedule = infiltration schedule
Tzone – Todb = the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air dry-bulb temperatures, °F

To determine the coefficients A, B and C in above equation, the air change method was used to
maintain consistency with previous AEDGs. Therefore, the air change method defaults in DOE-2 are
(adjusted to SI units) 0, 0, 0.224, and 0 for A, B, C, and D, respectively (EnergyPlus 2007). With these
coefficients, the summer conditions above would give an infiltration factor of 0.75, and the winter
conditions would give 1.34. A wind speed of 10 mph gives a factor of 1.0 for both summer and winter
conditions.

7.4
 In addition, the infiltration schedule was also incorporated in the modeling by assuming no infiltration
when the HVAC system is switched “on”, and infiltration is present when the HVAC system is switched
“off”.

Table 7.1. Baseline Air Infiltration Rate Assumptions for the 50,000-ft² Warehouse
Infiltration Input Data Source
General 0.038 cfm/ft² of gross Use the value from ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989 and the same values have
infiltration exterior walls, been used for the AEDG-SO and AEDG-SR guides to keep consistency.
total 1000 cfm over
the entire building
Air leakage for 2000 cfm total Infiltration occurs through the relief damper leakage when the exhaust fans
relief dampers (four relief dampers are off with the following assumptions:
with 500 cfm each ) 1. Four of 20,000 cfm fans each with 2-hp motor. The fans would operate
under thermostatic control to energize when the indoor temperature in the
bulky storage reached 85°F. Relief dampers will need to be provided for
makeup air.
2. The air leakage per relief damper is 50 cfm /sf x 10 sf, with a leakage rate
at 2.5% of peak flow stated by manufacturers.
Dock doors 0.40 cfm/ft² of door 1. Use the value from ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 for dock doors (rollup
closed area, or overhead)
infiltration 32.0 cfm per door 2. Use the loading dock door size as 8 ft x 10 ft as this appears to be the
most common loading dock door size (7 of them)
Dock doors 783 cfm per door Infiltration occurs around the crack between the truck and the door with the
open infiltration following assumptions:
1. Effective crack area:
Assume:
• crack around two sides and top of truck = 0.5”
• hinge gap for each of the two truck doors when open = 2” on each side
• gap on 3 sides of standard 6x6 dock leveler = 1.25”
• gap on 2 sides at base of truck between dock leveler and side of truck =
0.5”
This results in an effective crack area of 6.27 ft².
See Table 8.1 for im-
2. Leakage rate based on the following equation:
proved values
Q = C x dP x n
where
dP = the pressure differential due to wind speed,
n = assumed to be 0.5,
C = crack thickness, assumed to be 31.5 inches.
The leakage rate translates to 125 cfm/sf of effective crack area.

7.2.6 Roof Absorptivities

The Standard does not specify either absorptance or other surface assumptions. The roof exterior
finish was defined as a single-ply roof membrane with grey EPDM (ethylene-propylenediene-terpolymer
membrane) in the baseline of the warehouse prototype, based on the inputs from the experts in the project
c
committee. According to both Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Cool Roof Materials Database

c
To access LBNL’s cool roof materials database, go to http://eetd.lbl.gov/coolroof/.

7.5
and a study by Pacific Gas and Electric Company, the solar reflectance was assumed to be 0.23 for this
type of roofing (Eilert 2000).

For the metal building roofs in the self-storage prototype, the bare galvanized steel was selected as the
exterior finish to capture the typical US metal building conditions. Based on Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory’s Cool Roof Materials Database, the committee set the solar reflectance at 0.61,

7.3 Baseline Building Internal Loads

Internal loads from lighting, people, and miscellaneous sources (plug loads) are generally low in
warehouses. Most of load is thermal transmission and infiltration. Warehouses are used to store
merchandise, equipment or other massive materials. The stored materials may be massive enough to
cause air-conditioning peak load to lag and consequently flatten the load profile. Therefore, the internal
mass was considered when defining the baseline internal loads for both the self-storage building and
larger warehouse building.

Modeling the energy impacts of the building internal loads using the EnergyPlus simulation program
requires assumptions about the building internal loads and operation schedules. The loads for people
refer to the maximum occupancy at the peak time of a typical day. For lighting and plug loads, these loads
are represented by a power design level and the operation schedules.

The warehouse operating schedules were developed based on the weekly operating hours surveyed by
2003 CBECS. Analysis of the CBECS database shows that the average of weekly operating hours are 52
hours for the non-refrigerated warehouse building and 93 hours for the self-storage building.
Furthermore, the building operation schedules for the larger warehouse prototype were defined as 8 am to
5 pm from Monday to Saturday, based on the project committee’s inputs. Similarly, the operation
schedules for the self-storage prototype were defined as 6 am to 8 pm, Monday through Sunday. The
business hours of the self-storage buildings were verified through phone interviews with some national
chain self-storage warehouses, such as Public Storage. Appendix B in this report contains tables of the
schedule profiles for each of the two prototypical buildings. Figure 7.1 shows a typical occupancy
schedule for the larger warehouse prototype, open Monday through Saturday.

7.6
 Non-Refrigerated Warehouse Schedules - People

1.00

0.90

0.80
Percent of Peak Occupant Density

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
12 am 2 am 4 am 6 am 8 am 10 am Noon 2 pm 4 pm 6 pm 8 pm 10 pm
Hour of the day

Figure 7.1. Occupancy Schedule in the office are of the 50,000-ft² Warehouse

7.3.1 People

The number of employees during main shift is 5 persons and 1 person for the warehouse and self-
storage buildings, respectively, derived from data in the 2003 CBECS.

For the computer simulations, it is assumed that the occupant activity level was 450 Btu/hr per person
for all the prototypes, including 250 Btu/hr sensible heat gain and 200 Btu/hr latent heat gain. These
values represent the degree of activity in the office areas of the warehouse buildings, i.e., standing, light
work, and walking, and were derived from Table 1 of Chapter 30 in the ASHRAE 2005 Fundamentals
Handbook, assuming that the occupant activity levels did not vary with climate (ASHRAE 2005).

7.3.2 Interior Lighting

The EnergyPlus program allows the user to specify information about a zone’s electric lighting
system, including design power level and operation schedule, and how the heat from lights is distributed
thermally.

The baseline interior lighting power for each specific area is derived using the building area method
described in Standard 90.1-1999, as shown in Table 7.2. The interior lighting power design levels in watts
in Table 7.2 were used as the EnergyPlus inputs for each zone. Table 7.2 also shows the lighing power
requirement to meet the Standard 90.1-2004 as baseline. Figure 7.2 illustrates the typical lighting
operation schedules for the fine and bulky storage areas in the 50,000-ft² warehouse prototype.

7.7
 Table 7.2. Baseline Interior Lighting Design Power Levels
Standard 90.1-1999 Standard 90.1-2004
Lighting Lighting
Floor Area LPD Level LPD Level
Building Type Building Area (ft²) (watts/ft²) (watts) (watts/ft²) (watts)
Zone 1 – office 2,550 1.3 3,315 1.0 2,550
50,000-ft²
Zone 2 – fine
warehouse 12,450 1.2 14,940 0.8 9,960
storage
building
Zone 3 – bulky
34,500 1.2 41,400 0.8 27,600
storage
8,000-ft² Zone 1 – office 300 1.3 390 1.0 300
self-storage
building Zone 2 – storage 7,700 1.2 9,240 0.8 6,160

50,000 sf Non-Refrigerated Warehouse Schedules - Fine/Bulk Storage Lighting

1.00

0.90

0.80
Percent of Peak Lighting Density

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
12 am 2 am 4 am 6 am 8 am 10 am Noon 2 pm 4 pm 6 pm 8 pm 10 pm
Hour of the day

Figure 7.2. Lighting Schedule in the Fine and Bulky Storage for the Baseline 50,000-ft² Warehouse

7.3.3 Plug Loads

The project committee assumed that the plug loads in the office would be consistent with those used
for the office guide, that plug loads in the fine storage would be essentially zero, and that plug loads for
the bulky storage would be due to the charging and discharging of the tow motor fork lifts. The
committee assumed the warehouse would have three 4,000-lb capacity tow motors, which would operate
for 8 hours a day and be charged for 16 hours at night.

7.8
 The plug load heat release values are 9,329 Btu/hr for 8 hours and 2,332 Btu/hr for 16 hours. These
calculations are based on the assumptions that the tow motor charging efficiency is 75% and thus 25% of
the input energy to the charger is lost to the space during charging. The daily charging energy for each
tow motor is 32.8 kWh, so three tow motors will use 98.4 kWh. Given the total gross floor area of
35,000 ft² in the bulky storage area, this results in 0.35 w/sf of plug load during occupied hours.

7.3.4 Internal Mass

The internal mass could contribute to the space cooling load because of the time delay effect.
Therefore, the project committee considered to evaluate the internal mass in the storage areas. The
internal mass for the bulky storage is assumed to be made up of products stored in the racks.
• The bulky storage mass value = 545.14 lb/sf
• Total rack volume = 8-ft wide x 106-ft long x 20-ft high = 16,960 cf
• Usable rack volume = 16,960 ft x 75% = 12,720 cf
• Assumed product density from loaded truck weights = 12.5 lb/cf
• Loaded rack weight = 12,720 cf x 12.5 lbs/cf = 1,590,000 lbs/rack x 12 racks = 19,080,000 lbs
• Internal mass density = 19,080,000 lb/35,000 sf = 545 lb/sf

7.4 Baseline Building HVAC Systems

The scope of this Guide covers small warehouse buildings up to 50,000 ft² that use unitary heating
and air-conditioning equipment. Buildings of this size represent over 80 percent of warehouses in the
U.S. Some of stored products or materials may not require defined inside conditions, which applied to
the bulky storage and loading areas in the 50,000-ft² warehouse building. Consequently, the project
committee assumed that the bulky storage area is not air conditioned, but is semi-heated and ventilated.
Even though thermal comfort may not be considered for these areas, it is necessary to keep the
temperature about 45°F to provide a tolerable working environment and to protect sprinkler piping or
stored materials from freezing. If the stored products do require defined controlled conditions, an air-
conditioning system must be added. Both the 8,000-ft² self-storage building and the fine storage area in
the 50,000-ft² warehouse were designed with air-conditioning systems to provide temperature and
humidity control to prevent the stored products from melting or other damages. Associated facilities
occupied by office workers, such as self-storage leasing offices and inventory control offices, are
generally air conditioned (ASHRAE 2003).

As shown in Table 7.3, single-zone packaged unitary systems were selected to provide conditioned
supply air to certain areas in the warehouse and self-storage buildings, where thermal comfort or
controlled indoor conditions were required. All the packaged rooftop units are constant air volume
systems, equipped with an electric direct expansion (DX) coil for cooling and a gas-fired furnace or heat
pump for heating.

7.9
 There are two single-zone packaged rooftop units in the 50,000-ft² warehouse prototype, one unit
serving each zone. For the 8,000-ft² self-storage prototype, it is assumed that one single packaged air
conditioner provides certain conditioned supply air to the entire building, with the exception of the leasing
office. The 300-ft² leasing office was equipped with a packaged terminal heat pump unit to meet the
thermal comfort requirement in the office. The project committee also decided to apply the single
packaged heat pump to the self-storage building in climate zones 1 to 5, and to apply the gas-fired furnace
to the cold climate zones 6, 7 and 8.

For the semi-heated area, i.e., the bulky storage area in the 50,000-ft² warehouse, unit heaters were
used to heat up the space. In addition, 20,000 cfm exhaust fans (4 of them) with 2-hp motor each would
be installed in the same area. Relief dampers with 10-ft² face area each were also assumed to provide
makeup air when the exhaust fans are on.

Table 7.3. Baseline Building HVAC Systems

Building Type Building Area HVAC System Type Thermostat Setpoints
50,000-ft² Office area Packaged single-zone DX with gas-fired furnace 75°F cooling
warehouse 70°F heating
Fine storage Packaged single-zone DX with gas-fired furnace 80°F cooling
60°F heating
Bulky storage Unit heaters and central exhaust fans 45°F heating
8,000-ft² Leasing office Packaged terminal heat pump 75°F cooling
self-storage 70°F heating
Storage • Packaged single-zone heat pump in climate
zone 1 to 5 80°F cooling
• Packaged single-zone DX with gas-fired 60°F heating
furnace in climate zone 6, 7 and 8

7.4.1 Building HAVC System Operating Schedules

The air conditioning operating schedule is based on the building occupancy schedule, as described in
Section 7.3. The fan is scheduled “on” 1 hour prior to the staff coming to the store to pre-condition the
space, and the fan is scheduled “off” 1 hour after the store closes. During off hours, the fan will shut off
and only cycle “on” when the setback thermostat control calls for heating or cooling to maintain the
setback temperature.

For the semi-heated bulky storage area, the operation of the unit heaters was controlled by the
thermostat. The units only operated to maintain the space temperature above 45°F. The exhaust fans
would also operate under thermostatic control to energize when the indoor temperature in the bulky
storage reached 85°F.

7.4.2 Heating and Cooling Thermostat Setpoints

As shown in Table 7.3, the offices were designed for 70°F heating setpoint and 75°F cooling
thermostat setpoint during occupied hours. During off hours, thermostat setback control strategy is
applied in the baseline prototypes, assuming a 5°F temperature setback to 65°F for heating and 80°F for

7.10
cooling. For the self-storage building and the fine-storage zone in the warehouse building, the heating
and cooling thermostat setpoints are 60°F and 80°F to provide defined inside conditions to the stored
products. The semi-heated bulky storage zone was maintained at 45°F year around.

7.4.3 Equipment Sizing and Efficiency

Equipment sizing refers to the method used to determine the cooling capacity of the DX cooling coil,
the supply air flow rate through the supply fans, or the heating capacity of the furnace in the packaged
rooftop unit or other type of heating equipment. Similar to the DOE-2 program, EnergyPlus allows users
to use a “design day” simulation method for sizing equipment. When using the design day simulation
method, two separate design day inputs should be specified, one for heating and one for cooling. The
program determines the design peak loads by simulating the buildings for a 24-hour period on each of the
design days. The design peak loads thus are used by the subprogram for sizing HVAC equipment. This
analysis work used the design-day method primarily for two reasons: 1) it is general practice for designers
to choose design-day method for sizing the HVAC equipment; and 2) using design-day method will
prevent equipment oversizing to meet the extreme peak weather conditions occurring for a very short
period of time during a year.

The design-day data for all 15 climate locations were developed based on the “weather data”
contained in the accompanying CD-ROM of ASHRAE 2005 Handbook of Fundamentals (ASHRAE
2005). In this data set, annual heating design condition is based on annual percentiles of 99.6. 99.6%
values of occurrence represent that the dry-bulb temperature occurs or is below the heating design
condition for 35 hours per year in cold conditions. Similarly, annual cooling design condition is based on
dry-bulb temperature corresponding to 1% annual cumulative frequency of occurrence in warm
conditions. Similarly, 1% values of occurrence mean that the dry-bulb temperature occurs or exceeds the
cooling design condition for 88 hours per year. Additionally, the range of the dry-bulb temperature for
summer is in compliance with ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999. In EnergyPlus simulations, design-day
schedules can also be specified. To be consistent with the general design practice for HVAC equipment
sizing, the internal loads (occupancy, lights, and plug loads) were scheduled as zero on the heating design
day, and as maximum level on the cooling design day.

For the baseline buildings, equipment efficiencies were taken from the equipment efficiency tables in
Standard 90.1-1999, as approved in June 1999. To meet the minimum efficiency requirements in the
Standard, the project committee recommended using three levels of cooling capacities (i.e., 5-ton, 10-ton
and 15-ton) for single-zone packaged unitary air conditioners or heat pumps. The 5-ton capacity level
represents the low end of the capacity range for single packaged air conditioners. The 15-ton level is
representative of larger systems at the high end of the capacity range. The Standard requires that the
energy efficiency of single packaged unitary air conditioners at the 5-ton level should be rated by the
seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER). The 10-ton and 15-ton levels should be rated by the energy
efficiency ratio (EER). Furthermore, the cooling capacity of the office zone in the 50,000-ft² warehouse
prototype was normalized to a 5-ton unit, adopting the minimum efficiency requirements of 9.7 SEER as
the baseline case. Similarly, for the fine storage zone and the self-storage building baseline models, the
minimum efficiency of 9.5 EER and 10.1 EER were set to meet the minimum requirements for the 15-ton
and 10-ton size category, respectively.

7.11
7.4.4 Fan Power Assumptions

The EnergyPlus program calculates the fan power by taking three inputs for a constant air volume
fan, i.e., the design pressure drops through the fan, total efficiency, and motor efficiency. For the systems
using the packaged unitary equipment, the project committee assumed that the HVAC system contains
only a supply fan, and there is no return fan or central exhaust fan in the system based on the committee’s
experience with warehouse and self-storage buildings and current construction practice. This assumption
is consistent with the most likely HVAC system design configurations for single-zone packaged rooftop
air conditioners and heat pumps with a constant-air-volume system.

To calculate the total supply fan static pressure drops, two elements have to be considered. These are
internal static pressure drops and external static pressure drops. The internal static pressure is the static
pressure drop across the packaged unitary equipment while operating, and was estimated based on the
manufacturer’s product performance data for 5-ton and 15-ton single packaged rooftop units with a gas
furnace. The external static pressure calculation was based on the standard HVAC ductwork design
method for representative duct runs served by 5- and 15-ton packaged unitary equipment. Table 7.4
summarizes the breakdown calculation of the fan total static pressure for both 5- and 15-ton equipment.
A total fan static pressure of 1.11 inch water column (in. w.c.) was calculated for the 5-ton unit,
representing the system serving the office zone in the 50,000-ft² warehouse prototype. For the fine
storage zone with the 15-ton unit, a total fan static pressure of 2.61 in. w.c. was calculated. Similarly, a
total fan static pressure of 1.44 in. w.c. was calculated for the self-storage building with 10-ton unit.

In addition, a fan efficiency of 60% and supply fan motor/drive efficiency of 85% were used for the
modeling, based on manufacturer’s product specifications for the same size motors. These two
efficiencies provided a combined supply fan, motor, and drive efficiency of 51% as simulation inputs.

7.12
 Table 7.4. Total Fan Static Pressure Drops Calculations for the Baseline Buildings
8,000-ft² Self-storage
50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype Prototype
Fine Storage: Self-Storage:
Office Zone: 15-ton Packaged 10-ton Packaged
5-ton Packaged Rooftop Rooftop Unit Rooftop Unit
Component Unit (@2000 cfm) (@5250 cfm) (@3500 cfm)
Internal Static Pressure (Inches Water Column)1
Standard DX Coil 0.15 0.79 0.28
Gas Heating Section 0.13 0.51 0.14
2-in. Plated Filters2 0.15 0.29 0.18
Economizer3 0.00 0.16 0.09
Acoustical Curb 0.04 0.13 0.07
Subtotal 0.47 1.88 0.75
External Static Pressure (Inches Water Column)4
Diffuser 0.10 0.10 0.10
Supply Ductwork5 0.20 0.28 0.24
Return Ductwork5 0.05 0.06 0.06
Grille 0.03 0.03 0.03
Fan Outlet Transition 0.20 0.20 0.20
Subtotal 0.58 0.67 0.63
10 % Safety Factor 0.06 0.07 0.06
Subtotal 0.64 0.74 0.69
Total Static Pressure Drops 1.11 2.61 1.44
Notes:
1. Internal static pressure drops were derived from AAON product catalog for RK Series, last updated on July 1999.
2. Used average difference between the clean and dirty filters.
3. For system with 15-ton units baseline models, if economizer is not required by the Standard, the total static pressure drops will
be 2.45 in. w.c., by deducting the pressure drop of 0.16 in. w.c. from 2.61 in. w.c..
4. External static pressure was calculated based on the typical duct runs served by the listed cooling capacities.
5. Used standard practice of 0.1 inch/100 ft friction rate for the baseline prototypes.

7.4.5 Ventilation Rates and Schedules

Forklifts and trucks powered by gasoline, propane, and other fuels are often used inside warehouses.
Proper ventilation is necessary to alleviate the buildup of CO and other noxious fumes. Outdoor air
requirement for ventilation was adopted in this Guide to meet ASHRAE Standard 62-2001. The
committee believes that designers are more likely to follow the ventilation rates contained in ASHRAE
Standard 62, and there are no other readily available, credible data sources to support alternative
ventilation rates in commercial buildings. The committee chose to use the 2001 version rather than 2004
version to be consistent with the analysis work from the earlier guides. Standard 62-2001 requires
0.05 cfm/ft² outdoor air ventilation for warehouses, and 20 cfm/person for office area.

Standard 90.1-1999 Section 6.1.3 (Simplified Approach Option for HVAC System) does not require
outdoor air systems equipped with motorized dampers that will automatically shut off when the systems
served are not in use. Therefore, hourly ventilation air schedules were developed in our prototypes to
maintain the outside air damper at the minimum intake position both at the occupied and unoccupied
hours. During the occupied hours, however, the outside air damper was scheduled to modulate 100%
open if the economizer was operating.

7.13
7.4.6 Economizer Use

In accordance with Standard 90.1-1999, an economizer is not required if the system size is less than
65,000 Btu/hr in cooling capacity, regardless of the climate location. Therefore, the baseline systems
with 5-ton units have no economizer. For the 10-ton and 15-ton units, the systems were equipped with an
economizer at some climate locations, in compliance with the Standard. Table 7.5 summarizes the
requirements of economizers for each representative city.

Table 7.5. Baseline Modeling Economizer Requirement (for 10- and 15-ton Units)

Climate Twb1 No. of Hours Between 8 am and 4 pm Economizer

Zone Representative City (°F) with 55°F < Tdb < 69°F Requirement
Zone 1 Miami 77 259 no
Zone 2 Phoenix 70 746 yes
Zone 2 Houston 77 6442 no
Zone 3A Memphis 77 851 yes
Zone 3B El Paso 64 735 yes
Zone 3C San Francisco 62 1796 yes
Zone 4 Baltimore 74 7852 no
Zone 4 Albuquerque 60 703 yes
Zone 4 Seattle 64 982 yes
Zone 5 Chicago 73 613 yes
Zone 5 Boise 63 647 yes
Zone 6 Helena 59 651 yes
Zone 6 Burlington 69 637 yes
Zone 7 Duluth 67 650 yes
Zone 8 Fairbanks 59 7002 yes
Notes:
1. Twb = 1% cooling design web-bulb temperature, derived from Standard 90.1-1999 Appendix D
2. Data is not available in Appendix D of 90.1-1999 and was created using BinMaker, a weather data program.

7.5 Service Hot Water System

The project committee defined the baseline service hot water system for both the 50,000-ft²
warehouse and the 8,000-ft² self-storage prototype buildings as an electric storage water heater that meets
the minimum efficiency requirement for residential water heaters (with rated input power less than 12
kW) under Standard 90.1-1999. Electric-resistant water heaters were chosen for the baseline to capture
common warehouse and self-storage building conditions (CBECS 2003), where the majority of
warehouse buildings used electricity as fuel source rather than natural gas. The reason to choose the
residential water heater is that the peak hot water load is usually only from the use of a few lavatories by
the office workers. This limited hot-water demand can normally to be met by a residential water heater.
The Guide also provides the efficiency recommendation for the gas-fired water heater. The
recommended efficiency level for the advanced design guide is described in Section 8.4.

To estimate the energy performance of a service water heater with a storage tank, the EnergyPlus
program requires the user to define the following key input variables as the operating parameters:

7.14
 • the rated storage tank volume in gallons
• the rated input power in Btu/hr – the heating capacity of the burner used to meet the domestic hot
water load and charge the tank
• the standby heat loss coefficient (expressed as UA) in Btu/hr-°F
• heat input ratio (HIR) – this is a ratio of gas heat input to heating capacity at full load. HIR is the
inverse of the water hear thermal efficiency (Et).

7.5.1 Storage Tank Size

The water heater storage tank volume was sized based on the methodology described in the 2003
ASHRAE Applications Handbook. The committee determined the maximum of four lavatories and one
kitchen sink will satisfy the needs for studied warehouse buildings. Possible maximum hot water demand
is determined by multiplying the number of fixtures with the hot-water demand per fixture in Table 8 of
Chapter 49 Service Water Heating (ASHRAE 2003). Warehouse is not listed as one of the building types
in Table 8, and the closest building type with similar demand is an office building. The hot-water demand
for an office building is 2 gal/h per private lavatory and 20 gal/h per kitchen sink, resulting in the possible
maximum demand of 28 gal/h. Plugging in the demand factor of 0.30 and the storage capacity factor of
2.0 from the same table, the storage tank capacity is calculated as 16.8 gallons. Therefore, a storage tank
with rated capacity of 20 gallons is chosen as one of the baseline input variables.

7.5.2 Standby Heat Loss Coefficient and Heat Input Ratio

For residential water heaters, the minimum efficiency of heaters is required to meet the requirements
by National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), as expressed as energy factor (EF). Standard
90.1-1999 also refers to NAECA requirements for residential water heaters. The Energy Factor of a water
heater was 0.90 using the following equation required in the Standard:

EF = 0.93 − 0.00132 × Rated Storage Tank Volume

Based on one manufacturer’s electric water heater specification, the corresponding input rate of a 20-
d e
gallon electric water heater is 20,480 Btu/h , with recovery efficiency (RE) of 98% . Furthermore, the
Water Heater Analysis Model used in DOE’s Appliance Standard Rulemaking for Residential Water
Heater (DOE 2000) estimated the heater standby heat loss coefficient (UA) from the following equation:

⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
UA = ⎝ EF RE ⎠
⎛ 24 1 ⎞
67.5 × ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ 41094 RE × Pon ⎠

d
Refer to A.O. Smith water heater catalog, Model DEL-20 Electric Water Heater with 20 gallons rated tank size and maximum 6
kW input. http://www.hotwater.com/lit/catalogs.html
e
Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association (GAMA) reports that electric water heaters have recovery efficiency of 98% (GAMA
2006).

7.15
where
UA standby heat loss efficient (Btu/hr-°F)
=
RE recovery efficiency
=
Pon rated input power (Btu/hr)
=
67.5 =
difference in temperature between stored water thermostat set point and ambient
air temperature at the test condition (°F)
41094 = daily heat content of the water drawn from the water heater at the test condition
(Btu/day).

Plugging in the appropriate values for EF, RE, and Pon results in a UA of 2.393 Btu/hr-°F, as one of
the input variables in the EnergyPlus program.

The electric-resistance water heater has thermal efficiency Et of 100%, resulting in the heat input ratio
(HIR) of 1.0.

7.16
 8.0 Development of Advanced Building Assumptions
To quantity the potential energy savings from the recommended energy measures in the Guide, the
advanced building models were simulated by implementing the energy-efficiency technologies noted
below. This section contains a topic-by-topic review of advanced building models and how the
recommended energy-efficiency measures were implemented into advanced EnergyPlus modeling. The
energy-efficiency measures include:
• Enhanced building opaque envelope insulation
• High performance window glazing
• Reduced air infiltration for loading dock doors
• Reduced air leakage through the relief dampers
• Reduced lighting power density
• Skylights and daylighting controls
• Higher cooling and/or heating equipment efficiency levels
• Economizer application on smaller capacity equipment (>54,000 Btu/hr)
• Motorized dampers for outdoor air control during unoccupied hours
• Lower friction rate ductwork design
• Instantaneous service water heater.

8.1 Advanced Building Envelope Assumptions

The advanced building prototypes were modeled with the same number of floors, identical
conditioned floor area, identical opaque envelope types and areas, and identical fenestration locations and
areas. The Guide recommends the following energy-efficiency measures in the envelope section. All
these measures have been incorporated into the EnergyPlus models for the advanced case to estimate the
potential energy savings.
• Opaque assemblies – Opaque assemblies such as roof, walls, floors and doors were modeled as
having the same opaque types and heat capacity as the baseline buildings, but with the enhanced
insulation R-values required in the Guide, as described in Section 10.0 of this report.
• Cool roof – Roof exterior finish was recommended by the committee to be a single-ply roof
membrane with white EPDM for built-up roofs and metal building roofs in the advanced case.
Therefore, the solar reflectance used in the advanced cases for the 50,000-ft² warehouse prototype
was 0.65, and the corresponding emittance was 0.86, derived from a study by PG&E (Eilert 2000).
The Guide recommends cool roof application only in climate zones 1 through 3. No cool roof is
recommended for the attic roofs in this Guide.
• Fenestration – The fenestration in the advanced case was modeled with the same window area as the
baseline models. Permanent shading devices overhangs were also modeled. Fenestration U-factor
was implemented to meet recommendations for the climate, and the solar heat gain coefficient was set
to the maximum allowed for the climate, as shown in Section 10 in this report.
• Infiltration – The project committee recommends the use of weatherseals for dock levelers and trailer
hinges to reduce the air infiltration through the dock doors when they are open and the trailers are in
place. In addition, reduction of air leakage through the relief dampers of the exhaust fans can be
achieved by using the dampers with less leakage rate. See Table 8.1 for detailed assumptions.

8.1
 Table 8.1. Baseline and Advanced Case Air Infiltration Rate Assumptions for the 50,000-ft²
Warehouse
Infiltration Baseline Advanced Case
(ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999)
General infiltration 0.038 cfm/ft² of gross exterior Same as baseline
walls,
total 1000 cfm over the entire
building
Air leakage from relief 2000 cfm 1400 cfm
dampers (=35 cfm/sf x 10 sf x 4 dampers)
Dock doors closed 0.40 cfm/ft² of door area, 0.28 cfm/ft² of door area,
infiltration 32.0 cfm per door 22.4 cfm per door

Dock doors open 783 cfm per door 203 cfm per door
infiltration (Reduce the effective crack area
from 6.27 sf to 1.65 sf using
weatherseals when doors open)

8.2 Advanced Building Lighting Levels Assumptions

The committee chose to adopt the advanced lighting levels that were lower than those being required
by Standard 90.1-2004 (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 2004). The lighting levels for the office areas were set
at 0.9 w/ft², consistent with the recommendations from the AEDG-SO and 0.1 w/ft² lower than that
required by Standard 90.1-2004. The lighting level for the fine storage area was reduced from 1.2 w/ft²
(as required by Standard 90.1-1999) to 0.85 w/ft², recommended by the project committee. Similarly, the
lighting levels for the bulky storage area and self-storage prototype were set at 0.6 w/ft² in the advanced
case. Table 8.2 summarizes the advanced lighting levels incorporated into the EnergyPlus models for
both prototypes. As shown in Table 8.2, the average lighting levels reductions were 44% relative to the
1999 baseline and 16% relative to the 2004 baseline for the 50,000-ft² prototype, and 49% and 24%,
respectively, for the self-storage prototype.
Table 8.2. Interior Lighting Power Density Comparison

Lighting Power Densities (W/ft²)

Baseline
Building Floor Area (Standard Standard
Prototype Building Area (ft²) 90.1-1999) 90.1-2004 AEDG-WH
50,000-ft² Zone 1 – office 2,550 1.30 1.00 0.90
Warehouse Zone 2 – fine storage 12,450 1.20 0.80 0.85
Zone 3 – bulky storage 34,500 1.20 0.80 0.60
Total 49,500 1.21 0.81 0.68
8,000-ft² Self- Zone 1 – office 300 1.30 1.00 0.90
Storage Zone 2 – storage 7,700 1.20 0.80 0.60
Total 8,000 1.20 0.81 0.61

8.2
 The Guide requires 6% prismatic diffusing skylights in the warehouse area with exception of the self-
storage building. Furthermore, the Guide recommends automatic dimming control in daylit warehouse
areas. No skylights were recommended in climate zone 8 because the energy saving analysis indicated
that the winter heat loss from the skylights exceeds the potential energy savings from daylighting in this
very cold climate. Daylight dimming controls were incorporated into the advanced building simulation
modeling by providing for dimming of electric lighting when daylighting levels are sufficient to provide
adequate interior lighting. No recommendations were provided for daylighting from vertical glazing
because this was deemed to be an inappropriate application. For purposes of modeling the advanced case,
daylighting was incorporated only in the bulky storage area of the larger warehouse prototype.

In addition, occupancy controls were also included in the simulations for the advanced building case.
The impact of occupancy controls was modeled by modifying the peak lighting levels by a percentage to
account for typical office occupancy based on field studies of office occupancy as shown in Figure 8.1..

1.1
1.0
Fraction of Defined Peak

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour of Day
Lighting w/o occupancy sensor Lighting with occupancy sensor

Figure 8.1. Lighting Schedules and Occupancy Sensor

8.3 Advanced Building HVAC Systems

As described in Section 6.3 in this report, the energy-efficient technologies that have been
demonstrated through simulation include:
• Higher cooling and/or heating equipment efficiency levels
• Economizer application on smaller capacity equipment (>54,000 Btu/hr)
• Motorized dampers for outdoor air control during unoccupied hours
• Lower friction rate ductwork design.

This section describes how these energy-efficient measures were modeled in EnergyPlus program for
the advanced buildings.

8.3
8.3.1 Higher HVAC Equipment Efficiency

The committee recommended the minimum cooling equipment efficiency of 13 SEER for 5-ton
residential products normalized in the office area of the 50,000-ft² warehouse prototype. This
recommendation is consistent with the requirements in the AEDG-SO. For 15-ton commercial products
modeled serving the fine-storage area in the same prototype, the equipment efficiency recommendation
varies by climate, i.e., 11.0 EER in zones 1 and 2, 10.8 EER in zones 3, 4, 5 and 6, and remains the same
level as Standard 90.1-1999 (9.5 EER) in zones 7 and 8. Similarly, for the 10-ton equipment in the self-
storage prototype, the equipment efficiency recommends 11.3 EER in zones 1 and 2, 11.0 EER in zones
3, 4, 5 and 6, and remains the same level as Standard 90.1-1999 (10.1 EER) in zones 7 and 8.

8.3.2 Air Economizer

Following the recommendation in the AEDG-SO, the committee recommended lowering the capacity
threshold for air economizers from 65,000 Btu/hr to 54,000 Btu/hr for climate zones 3 through 6.
Accordingly, the advanced systems with unitary packaged equipment have economizers implemented in
climate zones 3, 4, 5, and 6 only. Appendix B summarizes the key simulation parameters for both the
baseline and advanced cases at each representative city, including economizer requirements.

8.3.3 Motorized Damper Control

As described in Section 7.4.5, Standard 90.1-1999 does not require motorized dampers to control the
outdoor air intake during off hours (nor does Standard 90.1-2004). The Guide recommends use of
motorized dampers to prevent outdoor air from entering during the unoccupied periods. To simulate the
motorized damper control, hourly outdoor ventilation air schedules were modified in the advanced
systems to follow a two-step control strategy: 1) during the occupied hours, maintain the outdoor air
damper at the minimum intake position, or modulate 100% open if the system operates in the economizer
mode; 2) during unoccupied (off) hours, automatically close the outdoor air damper to reduce
unnecessary outside air intake into the building.

Motorized damper control can save significant energy, especially in cold climates when the unit may
recirculate air to maintain setback temperature during the unoccupied period and the cold outdoor air has
to be heated by the unit if no motorized damper is employed. It also helps to control the excess humid
outdoor air introduced into the building during off hours in hot and humid climates.

8.3.4 Lower Static Pressure Ductwork

To quantify the potential energy savings from the recommended improved ductwork design (low
friction rate) in the simulation analysis, the supply fan external static pressure drops were re-calculated,
based on a maximum ductwork friction rate no greater than 0.08 in. per 100 liner feet of duct run, as
recommended by the Guide. The internal static pressure remained the same as the baseline calculation
shown in Table 7.4. Table 8.3 summarizes the breakdown calculation of the fan total static pressure for
5-, 10- and 15-ton equipment. The difference compared to the baseline calculation is shaded in Table 8.2,
including static pressure drops through diffusers, registers, and supply and return ductwork. In summary,
total fan static pressure of the 5-ton unit was reduced from 1.11 in. w.c. to 1.05 in. w.c., representing the
office area in the larger warehouse advanced prototype. For the fine storage area advanced prototype
with the 15-ton unit, a total fan static pressure of 2.48 in. w.c. was calculated compared to 2.61 in. w.c. in

8.4
the baseline prototype. Similarly, the 10-ton unit serving the self-storage advanced prototype was set to
1.32 in. w.c. rather than 1.44 in. w.c. in the baseline case.

Table 8.3. Advanced Building Calculated Total Fan Static Pressure Drops
8,000-ft² Self-storage
50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype Prototype
Fine Storage: Self-Storage:
Office Zone:
15-ton Packaged 10-ton Packaged
5-ton Packaged Rooftop
Rooftop Unit (@5250 Rooftop Unit (@3500
Unit (@2000 cfm)
Component cfm) cfm)
1
Internal Static Pressure (Inches Water Column)
Standard DX Coil 0.15 0.79 0.28
Gas Heating Section 0.13 0.51 0.14
2
2-in. Plated Filters 0.15 0.29 0.18
Economizer3 0.05 0.16 0.09
Acoustical Curb 0.04 0.13 0.07
Subtotal of internal SP 0.52 1.87 0.75
External Static Pressure (Inches Water Column)4
Diffuser 0.05 0.05 0.05
Supply Ductwork5 0.16 0.22 0.19
Return Ductwork5 0.04 0.05 0.05
Grille 0.03 0.03 0.03
Fan Outlet Transition 0.20 0.20 0.20
Subtotal 0.48 0.55 0.52
10 % Safety Factor 0.05 0.06 0.05
Subtotal of external SP 0.53 0.61 0.57
Total Static Pressure Drops 1.05 2.48 1.32
Notes:
1. Internal static pressure drops were derived from AAON product catalog for RK Series, last updated on July 1999.
2. Used average difference between the clean and dirty filters.
3. For system with 15-ton units baseline models, if economizer is not required by the Standard, the total static pressure drops
will be 2.45 in. w.c., by deducting the pressure drop of 0.16 in. w.c. from 2.61 in. w.c..
4. External static pressure was calculated based on the typical duct runs served by the listed cooling capacities.
5. Used standard practice of 0.1 inch/100 ft friction rate for the baseline prototypes.

8.4 Service Water Heating

Following the recommendations in the AEDG-SO, this Guide provides higher efficiency requirement
for electric water heater, i.e., energy factor (EF) of 0.97 using Equation 8.1 recommended by the Guide.
Additional recommendations are provided in the Guide for gas-fired water heaters. These are a gas
storage water heater with a 90% thermal efficiency (Et) or a gas instantaneous water heater with either a
measured 81% Et or a 0.81 energy factor (EF) rating for NAECA covered water heaters. Gas-fired water
heaters were not modeled as part of this exercise.

EF = 0.99 − 0.0012 × Rated Storage Tank Volume (8.1)

Plugging in the new EF and the same values for RE and Pon using equation 7.4, the standby loss UA
was reduced from 2.393 Btu/hr-°F (in the base case) to 0.410 Btu/hr-°F (in the advanced case).

8.5
 In summary, the base and advanced electric water heater input variables in the EnergyPlus program
for both the smaller and larger warehouse prototypes were:
Heat Input Storage Volume Rated Input Power Tank Standby Loss UA
Ratio (gallons) (Btu/hr) (Btu/hr-°F)
Base 1.0 20 20,478 2.393
Advanced 1.0 20 20,478 0.410

8.6
 9.0 Development of Cost Effectiveness Data

The electric charge given to the AEDG-WH Project Committee clearly delineated that the objective
function of the work was to maximize energy savings. Cost effectiveness was not specified as one of the
key variables to consider by the Steering Committee. An additional concern about cost effectiveness was
the potential effort necessary to collect large amounts of cost data on various measures as well as the
challenges in establishing agreement on parameters such as measure life, installation costs and the
economic parameters such as discount rates and fuel escalation rates. For these reasons the guides have
not contained information on cost effectiveness. This was deemed acceptable by the Steering Committee
since the guides are voluntary recommendations rather than mandatory requirements like those contained
in building codes.

Based on feedback received from DOE, as well as users and promoters of the guides, there is a strong
interest in having some sense of the additional costs necessary to meet the recommended energy
performance levels in the guides. Most of the input was focused on having a feel for the additional costs
rather than the cost effectiveness. The cost data provided in this report is intended to represent a
reasonable estimate of the incremental costs for energy efficient warehouses based on the large prototype
building (50,000 sf) used for performing energy simulations. Using incremental costs helps to offset
some of the biases in cost data when the cost data is deemed to be either routinely high or routinely low.
For example, cost data from R.S. Means is generally considered to be a bit high in absolute, but using
differences between the baseline and energy savings costs may be more representative of incremental
costs seen in the industry.

9.1 Basis for Incremental Energy Savings Measure Costs

The costs for various energy savings measures are developed as incremental costs based on the
difference between the costs for the baseline measure and the costs for the energy savings measure. The
incremental costs may be based on a per unit cost, such as costs per square foot of wall area, or a per
building cost, such as the cost of an economizer for a single air conditioning unit that serves an entire
building or section of a building. This approach requires that for each measure both baseline cost and
energy savings cost must be developed.

The 50,000-ft² warehouse prototype building described in Section 4 was used to develop the cost
data. Costs were developed for each of the efficiency measures used in the building, and then the
measure costs will be summed to get the overall cost premium for the building prototype. Table 9.1
summarizes the basis for estimating both the baseline and energy savings costs for each of the critical
measures for the prototype building. The results are shown in Table 9.2.

9.1
 Table 9.1. Baseline and Energy Saving Costs Summary for the 50,000-ft² Warehouse
Component Cost Equation Source
Cost = Area of roof x incremental cost/ft2 of
Roof insulation SSPC 90.1 Cost Database
higher insulation value
Cost = Net area of exterior wall x incremental
Exterior wall
cost/ft2 of higher insulation value SSPC 90.1 Cost Database
insulation
Cost = Net area of interior wall x incremental
Interior wall
cost/ft2 of higher insulation value SSPC 90.1 Cost Database
insulation
Cost = Perimeter of slab x incremental cost/ft
Slab-on-grade
of higher insulation value SSPC 90.1 Cost Database
insulation
Cost = Area of door x incremental cost/ft2 of
Doors - swinging SSPC 90.1 Cost Database
lower U-factor
Cost = Area of door x incremental cost/ft2 of
SSPC 90.1 Cost Database
lower U-factor
Cost = Perimeter of door x incremental cost of
Industry quotations
Vehicular/Dock sealing material
doors Cost = Perimeter of door hinge area x
Industry quotations
incremental cost of sealing material
Cost = Perimeter of dock leveler x incremental
Industry quotations
cost of sealing material
Fenestration -
Cost = Area of windows x incremental cost of
Windows SSPC 90.1 Cost Database
window type
Fenestration –
Cost = Area of skylights x incremental cost of
Skylights SSPC 90.1 Cost Database
skylights
Cost = Incremental cost of bulbs x number of
Grainger catalog
Interior lighting - bulbs used
LPD Cost = Incremental cost of ballasts x number of
Grainger catalog
ballasts used
Estimates provided by Seattle
Daylighting controls Cost = Additional costs of daylighting controls
Lighting Laboratory
Estimates provided by Seattle
Occupancy sensors Cost = Additional costs of occupancy sensors
Lighting Laboratory
Cooling – Air
DOE Technical Support
conditioner Cost = Incremental cost/ton for higher EER x
Document for CUAC
efficiency total tonnage
Rulemaking
Heating – Furnace Cost = Incremental cost/furnace for higher
Industry quotations
Efficiency thermal efficiency x number of furnaces
Heating – Heat Cost = Incremental cost/ton for higher EER x
Industry quotations
Pump total tonnage

9.2
 Table 9.1 (Cont.)
Component Cost Equation Source
Heating – Industry quotations
Cost = Additional cost of destratification fans
Destratification
Economizer –
Cooling for Office
Cost = Additional cost of economizer Industry quotations
and Fine Storage

Economizer –
Cost = Additional cost of controls for exhaust Industry quotations
Cooling for Bulk
fans x number of fans used
Storage
Ventilation –
Cost = Additional cost for motorized damper x
Outside Air Damper Industry quotations
number of dampers used
Ventilation – Cost = Additional costs for CO2 sensors x
Industry quotations
Demand Controlled number of sensors used
Ducts Cost = Additional cost of sealing material Contractor estimate
Cost = Additional cost of insulation material Industrial quotations
Service Water Cost = Additional cost of higher efficiency Contractor estimate
Heating water heater

9.3
 Table 9.2. Incremental Costs per Building for Energy Measures in 50,000-ft2 Warehouse
Item Component Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8
Roof Insulation $11,026.20 $4,200.00 $7,118.70 $7,118.70 $11,658.90 $16,199.10 $16,199.10 $17,480.40
Exterior Wall
Insulation $0.00 $0.00 $1,598.94 $3,109.05 $32,718.56 $32,096.75 $37,102.10 $8,691.34
Interior Wall
Insulation $1,452.50 $1,452.50 $1,452.50 $1,452.50 $1,452.50 $1,452.50 $1,452.50 $1,452.50
Slab Insulation $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $882.00 $1,011.50 $1,141.00
Doors –
Swinging $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00
Opaque Vehicular/Dock
Elements Doors $15,562.40 $15,562.40 $15,562.40 $15,562.40 $15,562.40 $15,562.40 $15,562.40 $15,562.40
Windows $3,898.44 $1,865.92 $1,132.88 $649.74 $649.74 $649.74 $6,905.57 $3,406.97
Fenestration Skylights $39,102.30 $39,102.30 $39,102.30 $39,102.30 $39,102.30 $39,102.30 $39,102.30 $0.00
Lighting $1,982.50 $1,982.50 $1,982.50 $1,982.50 $1,982.50 $1,982.50 $1,982.50 $1,982.50
Daylighting
Controls $19,000.00 $19,000.00 $19,000.00 $19,000.00 $19,000.00 $19,000.00 $19,000.00 $0.00
Interior Occupancy
Lighting Sensors $600.00 $600.00 $600.00 $600.00 $600.00 $600.00 $600.00 $600.00
Cooling
Cooling Efficiency $9,000.00 $9,000.00 $7,800.00 $7,800.00 $7,800.00 $3,000.00 $0.00 $0.00
Furnace
Efficiency $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00
De-
Heating stratification $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $44,000.00 $44,000.00 $44,000.00 $44,000.00
Economizer-
Office $0.00 $0.00 $2,000.00 $2,000.00 $2,000.00 $2,000.00 $0.00 $0.00
Economizer-
Economizer Storage $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00
Outside Air
Damper $200.00 $200.00 $200.00 $200.00 $200.00 $200.00 $200.00 $200.00
Ventilation Exhaust Fan
Damper $20.00 $20.00 $20.00 $20.00 $20.00 $20.00 $20.00 $20.00
Ducts Insulation $363.00 $363.00 $363.00 $363.00 $363.00 $363.00 $363.00 $363.00
Pipes Insulation $324.00 $324.00 $324.00 $324.00 $324.00 $324.00 $324.00 $324.00
Efficiency
SWH factor $472.00 $472.00 $472.00 $472.00 $472.00 $472.00 $472.00 $472.00
TOTAL $103,003.34 $94,144.62 $98,729.22 $99,756.19 $177,905.90 $177,906.29 $184,296.97 $95,696.11

9.2 Comparison of Incremental Costs to Baseline Costs for Construction

Another item that needs to be addressed is the baseline costs for construction of typical warehouses.
Armed with this information, designers and owners can quickly evaluate the estimated cost premiums for
meeting the recommendations for the guides. Within the design and construction community the quick
evaluation of cost premiums versus the expected cost per square foot estimates seemingly serves as the
surrogate for cost effectiveness.

For example, the 2007 version of R.S. Means Construction Cost Database indicates that for
warehouses and storage buildings the median unit construction cost is $54.00/ft2 with a lower quartile
value of $37.50/ft2 and an upper quartile value of $77.00/ft2. For warehouse and office “hybrids” the

9.4
median unit construction cost is $59.00/ft2 with a lower quartile value of $44.00/ft2 and an upper quartile
value of $79.50/ft2. For purposes of this analysis the unit cost values for the warehouse and offices
combination buildings will be used. Presumably cost premiums of a few percent of the average
construction costs might be deemed in the cost effective range, while those in higher ranges of percentage
might not.

To address the needs of this segment of the industry the total incremental costs developed in Section
9.1 will be compared to the median baseline construction costs to help evaluate the surrogate cost
effectiveness of the guide for each of the climate zones. Error! Reference source not found. Table 9.3
indicates the comparison by climate zones. Note that in this table the median baseline construction cost
estimates for each zone are adjusted by the cost multipliers for the climate cities modeled as part of the
energy savings analysis.

Table 9.3. Percentage Cost Increases for Meeting the Recommendations of the Guide - 50,000 ft²
Warehouse
Adjusted Unit
Unit Cost Median Percentage of
Increase Over Baseline Cost Increase
Climate Incremental Median Construction Over Median
Zone Cost Baseline Cost Baseline
1 $103,003.34 $2.06/ft² $51.09/ft² 4.0%
2 $94,144.62 $1.88/ft² $52.45/ft² 3.6%
3 $98,729.22 $1.97/ft² $56.05/ft² 3.5%
4 $99,756.19 $2.00/ft² $56.29/ft² 3.5%
5 $177,905.90 $3.56/ft² $60.06/ft² 5.9%
6 $177,906.29 $3.56/ft² $51.04/ft² 7.0%
7 $184,296.97 $3.69/ft² $61.77/ft² 6.0%
8 $95,696.11 $1.91/ft² $73.10/ft² 2.6%

9.3 Cost Effectiveness Calculations

Cost effectiveness can be shown most directly by looking at the simple payback for the energy
savings measures recommended in the guide. The simple payback is calculated for the energy savings
measures in aggregate by dividing the total incremental cost of the measures by the energy savings in
dollars. Energy savings in dollars is calculated by using the EIA national average natural gas rate of
$1.16/therm and the national average electric rate of $0.0939/kWh.f These rates are the same ones being
used by the SSPC 90.1 committee in developing the 2010 version of Standard 90.1. See Table 9.4 for a
tabulation of the simple paybacks for each climate location simulated for the energy savings analysis.

The reader will note the significant increase in the incremental costs for climate zones 5-7 in the
following tables. This is attributable to two main driving functions: (1) recommendations call for de-

f
National average natural gas rate and electric rate are derived from the report Annual Energy Review 2006 by EIA. Last
accessed at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/aer.pdf in October 2007.

9.5
stratification fans to circulate heated air in the bulk storage area which adds a fairly large first cost to the
project, and (2) the exterior wall insulation goes up substantially in these climate zones and the baseline
mass wall assemblies have no insulation to begin with. This second factor results in a fairly large
increase in costs for exterior wall insulation that drives the total project cost up a bit disproportionately.
The values for climate zone 8 drop due to the elimination of the skylights and day lighting controls in that
climate.

Table 9.4. Simple Payback Period for Meeting the Recommendations of the Guide – 50,000 ft²
Warehouse

Energy Cost Savings Simple

Climate Incremental Payback
Zone Climate City First Cost Electricity Natural Gas Total (Years)
1A Miami $103,003.34 $13,627.37 $0.12 $13,627.49 7.6
2A Houston $94,144.62 $13,986.91 $349.67 $14,336.58 6.6
2B Phoenix $94,144.62 $15,710.09 $110.57 $15,820.66 6.0
3A Memphis $98,729.22 $13,047.62 -$115.60 $12,932.03 7.6
3B El Paso $98,729.22 $13,124.08 -$118.06 $13,006.02 7.6
3C San Francisco $98,729.22 $11,903.82 $17.99 $11,921.81 8.3
4A Albuquerque $99,756.19 $12,528.20 $175.19 $12,703.39 7.9
4B Baltimore $99,756.19 $12,400.09 $474.80 $12,874.88 7.7
4C Seattle $99,756.19 $11,760.74 $226.82 $11,987.56 8.3
5A Boise $177,905.90 $12,043.00 $1,162.19 $13,205.18 13.5
5B Chicago $177,905.90 $12,161.70 $2,230.19 $14,391.89 12.4
6A Burlington $177,906.29 $12,023.46 $3,965.87 $15,989.34 11.1
6B Helena $177,906.29 $11,975.20 $3,149.39 $15,124.58 11.8
7A Duluth $184,296.97 $12,033.93 $7,205.60 $19,239.53 9.6
8A Fairbanks $95,696.11 $9,090.49 $4,685.00 $13,775.49 6.9

9.6
 10.0 Final Recommendations and Energy Savings Results

This section contains the final recommendations approved by the project committee for AEDG-WH,
as well as the energy savings results that are achieved as a result of applying these recommendations to
the prototype buildings. The recommendations are applicable for all warehouse buildings within the
scope of the Guide as a means of demonstrating the 30% energy savings. The Guide recognizes that there
are other ways of achieving the 30% energy savings, and offers these recommendations as “a way, but not
the only way” of meeting the energy savings target. When a recommendation contains the designation
“NR”, then the Guide is providing no recommendation for this component or system. In these cases, the
requirements of Standard 90.1-1999 or the local code (whichever is more stringent) will apply.

10.1 Final Energy Savings Recommendations

This section describes the final energy savings recommendations in the AEDG-WH. The
recommendations are grouped into envelope measures, lighting and daylighting measures, and HVAC and
SWH measures.

10.1.1 Envelope Measures

The envelope measures cover the range of assemblies for both the opaque and fenestration portions of
the building. Opaque elements include the roof, walls, floors and slabs, as well as opaque doors.
Fenestration elements include the vertical glazing (including doors) and skylights. For each building
element, there are a number of components for which the Guide presents recommendations. In some
cases, these components represent an assembly, such as an attic or a steel-framed wall, and in other cases,
the components may relate to the allowable area, such as the window-to-wall ratio for the building.

Recommendations for each envelope component are contained in Table 10.1 for the semi-heated
areas in the warehouses, and in Table 10.2 for the conditioned areas in the warehouse buildings. These
tables are organized by climate zone, ranging from the hot zone 1 to the cold zone 8. Consistent with the
movement from the hotter to colder zones, the insulation requirements (R-value) increase as the climates
get colder, and corresponding thermal transmittance (U-factor) decreases. Control of solar loads is more
important in the hotter, sunnier climates, and thus the solar heat gain coefficient tends to be more
stringent (lower) in zone 1 and higher in zone 8. Warehouses typically have very low glazing areas, thus
this is not a critical parameter in the design. The reader should note that the AEDG-WH repeats most of
the recommendations from the AEDG-SO for the conditioned office portion of the warehouse with some
updated changes, especially for the metal buildings.

In several additional cases, the recommendations are constant across all climate zones, which
suggests an insensitivity to climate. The recommendation for the maximum (and minimum) skylight
areas demonstrate this. These areas are limited to reduce overall energy use while maximizing the
daylighting potential regardless of the climate.

10.1
 Table 10.1. Final Energy Savings Recommendations for Semi-Heated Warehouse – Building Envelope
Item Component Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8
Insulation
entirely above R-3.8 ci R-3.8 ci R-5.0 ci R-5.0 ci R-7.6 ci R-10.0 ci R-10.0 ci R-15.0 ci
deck
Metal building R-6.0 R-10.0 R-10.0 R-10.0 R-13.0 R-16.0 R-16.0 R-19.0
Roof
Single rafter R-21.0 R-21.0 R-21.0 R-30.0 R-30.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0
Solar
reflectance 78 78 78 NR NR NR NR NR
index
Mass
NR NR NR NR R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci R-7.6 ci R-9.5 ci
(HC > 7 Btu/ft2)

Walls- Metal building R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0
Exterior R-13.0 + R-
Steel framed NR R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0
3.8 ci
Wood framed
NR R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0
and other
Walls-
Partition Walls R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0
Interior

Slabs Unheated NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

Swinging U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700

Vehicular/Dock
Thermal U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500
Transmittance
Doors Vehicular/Dock 0.28 0.28 0.28
0.28 cfm/ft2 of 0.28 cfm/ft2 of 0.28 cfm/ft2 of 0.28 cfm/ft2 of 0.28 cfm/ft2 of
Opaque infiltration-door cfm/ft2 of cfm/ft2 of cfm/ft2 of
door area door area door area door area door area
closed door area door area door area
Vehicular/Dock Weatherseals Weatherseals Weatherseals Weatherseals Weatherseals
infiltration-door for dock for dock for dock for dock for dock
NR NR NR
open with truck levelers and levelers and levelers and levelers and levelers and
in place trailer hinges trailer hinges trailer hinges trailer hinges trailer hinges
Thermal
U-1.20 U-1.20 U-1.20 U-1.20 U-1.20 U-0.60 U-0.60 U-0.60
transmittance
Vertical Solar heat gain
glazing coefficient NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
including (SHGC)
doors Exterior sun
control (S, E, W NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
only)
Area (percent of
5-7% prismatic diffusing skylights required in warehouse areas (except in self-storage warehouse) No Skylights
gross roof)
Thermal
U-1.36 U-1.36 U-1.36 U-1.36 U-1.36 U-1.36 U-1.36 NR
Skylights transmittance
Solar heat gain
coefficient NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
(SHGC)

Visible light
transmittance 0.45 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 NR
(VLT)

10.2
 Table 10.2. Final Energy Savings Recommendations for Conditioned Warehouse – Building Envelope
Item Component Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8

Insulation entirely
R-15 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-30.0 ci
above deck

R-13.0 + R-13.0 + R-13.0 + R-13.0 + R-13.0 + R-13.0 + R-11.0 +

Metal building R-19.0
R-13.0 R-13.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-30.0 ls
Roof
R-38.0 + R-38.0 + R-38.0 + R-38.0 +
Single rafter R-30.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0
R-5.0 ci R-5.0 ci R-10.0 ci R-10.0 ci

Solar reflectance
78 78 78 78 NR NR NR NR
index

Mass
NR R-5.7 ci R-7.6 ci R-9.5 ci R-11.4 ci R-13.3 ci R-15.2 ci R-15.2 ci
(HC > 7 Btu/ft2)
R-19.0+ R-19.0+ R-19.0+ R-19.0+
Metal building R-16.0 R-16.0 R-19.0 R-19.0
Walls-Exterior R-5.6 ci R-5.6 ci R-11.2 ci R-11.2 ci
R-13.0+ R-13.0+ R-13.0+ R-13.0+ R-13.0+ R-13.0+
Steel framed R-13.0 R-13.0
R-3.8 ci R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci
Wood framed and R-13.0+ R-13.0+ R-13.0+ R-13.0+
R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0
other R-3.8 ci R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci R-15.6 ci

Walls-Interior Partition Walls R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0 R-13.0

R-10.0 for R-15.0 for R-20.0 for

Slabs Unheated NR NR NR NR NR
24 in. 24 in. 24 in.
Swinging U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.500 U-0.500
Vehicular/Dock
Thermal U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500 U-0.500
Transmittance
Vehicular/Dock
Doors Opaque infiltration-door 0.28 cfm/ft2 of door area
closed
Vehicular/Dock
infiltration-door
Weatherseals for dock levelers and trailer hinges
open with truck in
place
Thermal
U-0.56 U-0.45 U-0.45 U-0.42 U-0.42 U-0.42 U-0.33 U-0.33
transmittance
Vertical Solar heat gain
N,S,E,W- N,S,E,W- N,S,E,W- N,S,E,W- N,S,E,W- N,S,E,W- N,S,E,W- N,S,E,W-
glazing coefficient
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45
including (SHGC)
doors Exterior sun
control (S, E, W PF>0.5 PF>0.5 PF>0.5 PF>0.5 PF>0.5 PF>0.5 PF>0.5 PF>0.5
only)
Area (percent of
5-7% prismatic diffusing skylights required in warehouse areas (except in self-storage warehouse) No Skylights
gross roof)
Thermal
U-1.36 U-1.36 U-0.69 U-0.69 U-0.69 U-0.69 U-0.69 NR
Skylights transmittance
Solar heat gain
coefficient 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.32 0.36 0.46 0.64 NR
(SHGC)

Visible light
transmittance 0.45 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 NR
(VLT)

10.3
10.1.2 Lighting and Daylighting Measures

For lighting and daylighting, the measures are not climate dependent except for daylighting via
skylights in very cold climates such as Zone 8. As such, the same recommendation is provided for each
of the climate zones with the exception of Zone 8 where no skylights are recommended. The reason that
skylights are not recommended is that the thermal losses during the winter when temperatures are low and
sunlight is rarely available offset the electric light savings due to daylighting. Recommendations are
provided for interior lighting (including additional light power allowances and daylighting), as well as
exterior lighting, in Table 10.3.

Table 10.3. AEDG-WH Final Energy Savings Recommendations – Lighting

Item Component Zones 1-8
Warehouse (bulky & Self-Storage) = 0.60 W/ft2
Lighting power
Warehouse (fine storage) = 0.85 W/ft2
density (LPD)
Office area = 0.90 W/ ft2

Linear fluorescent
T5HO or T-8 high-performance electronic ballast
lamps

Controls for daylight Automatic dimming or switching of all

Interior
harvesting luminaires in daylit areas
Lighting
Auto-on/off for all luminaires in the warehouse
Occupancy controls and self-storage areas, manual-on/off for all
office areas

Ceiling surface 80%

reflectance

Exterior
Canopied Areas 0.50 W/ft2
Lighting

Interior lighting recommendations include a maximum lighting power density for the different types
of warehouse storage spaces as well as office spaces. Additional recommendations cover the minimum
performance of the light sources and ballasts (minimum mean lumens/watt). Occupancy and daylighting
control recommendations are provided, as well as recommendations for surface reflectance values to
enhance daylighting.

Exterior lighting recommendations include a maximum LPD for facade lighting, as well as
illuminated signage.

10.4
10.1.3 HVAC and SWH Measures

HVAC measures include recommendations for minimum heating and cooling equipment efficiencies
for both residential and commercial products because both of these types of products are used in
warehouse applications. The cooling equipment efficiencies are expressed in seasonal energy efficiency
ratios (SEER) for residential products and energy efficiency ratios (EER) for commercial products.
Additionally, commercial cooling products have integrated part load values (IPLV) that express their
performance during part load operation. Heating equipment efficiencies for residential products are
expressed as annual fuel utilization efficiencies (AFUE) for gas furnaces and heating season performance
factors (HSPF) for heat pumps. Heating efficiencies for commercial products are expressed as thermal
efficiencies (Et) and combustion efficiencies (Ec) for furnaces and coefficients of performance (COP) for
heat pumps.

Cooling equipment efficiencies generally are higher in the hotter climates and lower in the colder
climates for commercial products. For residential products, the efficiencies are constant across the
climate zones because the efficiencies were set by the project committee at the highest level for which
there were available products from multiple manufacturers. These levels have been adopted by federal
law as the minimum mandatory manufacturing standards.

Heating equipment efficiencies generally are higher in colder climates, where higher equipment
efficiencies are available from multiple manufacturers. For residential heat pumps, the efficiencies are
constant across the zones for the reasons noted in the paragraph above. For single package (SP) unitary
equipment, the heating efficiencies are constant across climates because higher efficiency equipment is
not available from multiple manufacturers. For residential-sized gas furnaces in split systems, the heating
efficiencies increase in the colder climates because the product is available at the higher efficiency levels
from multiple manufacturers.

HVAC measures also include system recommendations, such as lowering the capacity threshold for
economizers to 54,000 Btu/hr for climate zones 3 through 6, providing motorized dampers to control the
introduction of outdoor air during off hours, and recommendations for the design, sealing, and location of
ductwork. Only the economizer recommendations are climate dependent.

SWH measures include recommendations for the use of instantaneous water heaters for fuel-fired
applications and enhanced efficiencies for storage applications. In addition, recommendations are
provided for enhanced pipe insulation values. Table 10.4 provides the recommendations for HVAC and
SWH measures.

10.5
 Table 10.4. AEDG-WH Final Energy Savings Recommendations – HVAC and SWH
Item Component Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8
Cooling System
Heat Pump packaged systems for low sensible load spaces, Variable speed supply fan; inverter
(Conditioned NR
compressor
Storage all)
Air conditioner
13.0 SEER
(0-65 KBtuh)
Air conditioner
11.3 EER 11.3 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER
(>65-135 NR NR
11.5 IPLV 11.5 IPLV 11.4 IPLV 11.4 IPLV 11.4 IPLV 11.4 IPLV
KBtuh)

Air conditioner
11.0 EER 11.0 EER 10.8 EER 10.8 EER 10.8 EER 10.8 EER
(>135-240 NR NR
11.5 IPLV 11.5 IPLV 11.2 IPLV 11.2 IPLV 11.2 IPLV 11.2 IPLV
KBtuh)

Air conditioner 10.6 EER 10.6 EER 10.0 EER 10.0 EER 10.0 EER 10.0 EER
NR NR
(>240 KBtuh) 11.2 IPLV 11.2 IPLV 10.4 IPLV 10.4 IPLV 10.4 IPLV 10.4 IPLV

HVAC Gas furnace (0- 80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or
225 KBtuh - SP) Et Et Et Et 81% Et 81% Et 81% Et 81% Et
Gas furnace (0-
80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or 80% AFUE or 90% AFUE or 90% AFUE or 90% AFUE or 90% AFUE or
225 KBtuh -
Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et
Split)
Gas furnace 82% Ec or 82% Ec or 82% Ec or 82% Ec or
80% Ec 80% Ec 80% Ec 80% Ec
(>225 KBtuh) 81% Et 81% Et 81% Et 81% Et
Heat pump (0-65 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER 13.0 SEER
KBtuh) 7.7 HSPF 7.7 HSPF 7.7 HSPF 7.7 HSPF 7.7 HSPF 7.7 HSPF 7.7 HSPF 7.7 HSPF
10.6 EER 10.6 EER 10.6 EER 10.6 EER 10.6 EER
Heat pump (>65-
11.0 IPLV 11.0 IPLV 11.0 IPLV 11.0 IPLV 11.0 IPLV NR NR NR
135 KBtuh)
3.2 COP 3.2 COP 3.2 COP 3.2 COP 3.2 COP
10.1 EER 10.1 EER 10.1 EER 10.1 EER 10.1 EER
Heat pump
11.5 IPLV 11.5 IPLV 11.0 IPLV 11.0 IPLV 11.0 IPLV NR NR NR
(>135 KBtuh)
3.1 COP 3.1 COP 3.1 COP 3.1 COP 3.1 COP
Destratification NR Destratification fans for high bay spaces

Air conditioners Cooling Cooling

Cooling capacity Cooling capacity
Economizer & heat pumps- NR NR capacity > 54 capacity > 54 NR NR
> 54 KBtuh > 54 KBtuh
SP KBtuh KBtuh
Outdoor air
Motorized control
damper
Ventilation Air leakage
through relief 20 cfm/ft² of damper area
dampers
Friction rate 0.08 in. w.c./100 feet

Sealing Seal class B

Ducts
Location Interior only

Insulation level R-6 R-8

Gas Water
Storage - 90% Et
Heater
Instantaneous - 0.81 EF or 81% Et
Efficiency

Electric storage
(≤12 kW and > EF > 0.99 – 0.0012xVolume
Service Water 20 gal)
Heating
Point of Use
Avoid pumped return for distributed light loads
Heater Selection
Water Heater
Avoid oversizing and excessive supply temperatures
Sizing
Pipe insulation
(d<1½ in./ d≥1½ 1 in./ 1½ in.
in.)

10.6
10.2 Energy Savings Results
Once the project committee determined the final recommendations, the prototype large warehouses
and self-storage buildings were simulated in each of the 15 climate locations to determine if the 30%
energy savings goal was achieved. The whole building energy savings results for the recommendations
are summarized in Table 10.5 for both the 8,000-ft² self-storage and the 50,000-ft² warehouse prototype.
In addition, the energy savings in percentage are also provided in Figure 10.1 for the self-storage
warehouse prototype and in Figure 10.2 for the 50,000 sf warehouse prototype, respectively. In all cases
the energy savings are relative to the baseline energy use from Standard 90.1-1999. For each prototype
building, results are presented for both the case of whole building energy use with plug loads included in
the denominator and the case of whole building energy use without the plug loads included in the
denominator (as the committee considers the savings). The 50,000-ft² warehouse building prototype met
the 30% savings goal in all climates for the case without plug loads included in the denominator.
The self storage building met or exceeded the 30% savings in climate zone 1 though 5 and fell short from
1% to 3% in meeting the 30% goal in a few cities of the colder climate zones. The average whole
building energy savings including the plug load in denominator are 42% for the self-storage and 42% for
the large warehouse buildings, respectively.

Table 10.5. Energy Saving Results: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline

8,000 ft² Self-Storage 50,000 ft² Warehouse
Plug load Plug load
Plug load in not in Plug load in not in
Climate Zone Climate City denominator denominator denominator denominator
1 Miami 63% 67% 51% 59%
2A Houston 58% 61% 54% 63%
2B Phoenix 59% 63% 53% 60%
3A Memphis 46% 49% 43% 49%
3B El Paso 49% 52% 47% 54%
3C San Francisco 52% 56% 46% 53%
4A Albuquerque 39% 41% 40% 45%
4B Baltimore 35% 36% 37% 41%
4C Seattle 43% 45% 36% 40%
5A Boise 37% 38% 37% 41%
5B Chicago 33% 34% 39% 43%
6A Burlington 31% 31% 42% 45%
6B Helena 29% 29% 39% 42%
7 Duluth 28% 28% 43% 45%
8 Fairbanks 27% 27% 29% 30%
Average 42% 44% 42% 47%

On average, the 50,000 sf warehouse prototype performs slightly better than the self-storage building
prototype for several reasons. First, the large warehouse is able to make maximum use of daylighting to
reduce the energy use of electric light and thus save additional energy. The larger warehouse also
benefits from occupancy controls and infiltration control measures not necessarily available in the self-
storage building. The self storage building tends not to perform as well in colder climates where
higher insulation levels are needed due to its metal wall construction. In addition, the self

10.7
storage uses the packaged unitary equipment with gas furnace that benefits less from the energy
efficiency improvements for heating since the recommendations in the guide are somewhat less
aggressive for these categories of equipment.

80%

Plug load in denominator

70%
Plug load not in denominator

60%
Percentage of Energy Savings

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Miami

Memphis
Phoenix

El Paso

Fairbanks
Houston

Baltimore

Seattle

Boise
San Francisco

Albuquerque

Chicago

Burlington

Helena

Duluth
Climate City

Figure 10.1. 8,000-ft² Self-Storage Energy Savings (ASHRAE 90.1-1999 as baseline)

70%

Plug load in denominator

60% Plug load not in denominator
Percentage of Energy Savings

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Miami

Memphis
Phoenix

Fairbanks
Houston

El Paso

San Francisco

Albuquerque

Baltimore

Seattle

Boise

Chicago

Burlington

Helena

Duluth

Climate City

Figure 10.2. 50,000-ft² Warehouse Energy Savings (ASHRAE 90.1-1999 as baseline)

10.8
 The energy savings results for the recommendations in the Warehouse AEDG, relative to ASHRAE
90.1-2004, are shown in Table 10.6 for both the self-storage and large warehouse prototype buildings.
The recommendations in the Warehouse AEDG result in 30% or greater energy savings over ASHRAE
90.1-2004 in most of the climate cities, with a few percentage of short in a couple of cities. The average
whole building energy savings including the plug load in denominator are 33% for the self-storage and
33% for the large warehouse buildings, respectively.

Table 10.6. Energy Saving Results: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline

8,000 ft² Self-Storage 50,000 ft² Warehouse
Plug load Plug load
Plug load in not in Plug load in not in
Climate Zone Climate City denominator denominator denominator denominator
1 Miami 48% 52% 36% 44%
2A Houston 44% 47% 42% 50%
2B Phoenix 44% 48% 41% 48%
3A Memphis 34% 36% 30% 35%
3B El Paso 36% 38% 38% 45%
3C San Francisco 39% 42% 30% 37%
4A Albuquerque 29% 31% 28% 33%
4B Baltimore 25% 26% 27% 31%
4C Seattle 32% 34% 25% 28%
5A Boise 28% 30% 29% 32%
5B Chicago 26% 27% 32% 36%
6A Burlington 29% 30% 37% 40%
6B Helena 27% 28% 34% 36%
7 Duluth 26% 26% 40% 42%
8 Fairbanks 25% 25% 25% 27%
Average 33% 35% 33% 38%

The energy end uses for each ASHRAE 90.1-1999 baseline and the advanced model are illustrated in
Figure 10.3 and Figure 10.4 for both the self-storage and warehouse prototype buildings, respectively.
Similarly, the energy end uses for each ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baseline and the advanced model are shown
in Figure 10.5 and Figure 10.6 for both the self-storage and warehouse prototype buildings, respectively.
In addition, the end use data and percent savings in tabular format are shown in Appendix C.

10.9
 70
27%
Plug Load
Lights
60 Cooling
Heating
28%
Fans
Water Heater
50
31%
Site EUI (kBtu/ft²)

29%
40

30
33%
37%
20 39% 43%
35%
46% 49% 52%
63% 58% 59%

10

0
90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999
AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG
1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A
Climate Zone

Figure 10.3. 8,000-ft² Self Storage Energy End Use (ASHRAE 90.1-1999 as baseline)

60
Plug Load
Lights
29%
Cooling 43%
50 Heating
Fans
Water Heater

40 42% 39%
Site EUI (kBtu/ft²)

39%

37%
30 37%
36%
40%
51% 54% 53% 43% 47% 46%

20

10

0
AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG
90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

90.1-1999

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A
Climate Zone

Figure 10.4. 50,000-ft² Warehouse Energy End Use (ASHRAE 90.1-1999 as baseline)

10.10
 70
25%
Plug Load
Lights
Cooling
60 Heating
Fans 26%
Water Heater

50

29%
Site EUI (kBtu/ft²)

27%
40

30

26%

20 28%
29% 25%
34% 32%
36%
44% 44% 39%
48%
10

0
AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG
90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004
1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 10.5. 8,000-ft² Self Storage Energy End Use (ASHRAE 90.1-2004 as baseline)

60
Plug Load
Lights
Cooling
Heating 25%
50
Fans 40%
Water Heater

40
34%
Site EUI (kBtu/ft²)

37%

32%
30
29%
27%
25%
28%
20 41% 30%
38%
36% 42% 30%

10

0
AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG

AEDG
90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

90.1-2004

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 10.6. 50,000-ft² Warehouse Energy End Use (ASHRAE 90.1-2004 as baseline)

10.11
 11.0 References

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Energy Savings Over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, 2004.

AEDG-SR. 2006. Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings: Achieving 30%
Energy Savings Over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, 2006.

ANSI/ASHRAE. 2001. ASHRAE Standard 62-2001, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta,
Georgia, 2001.

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Quality, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta,
Georgia, 2004.

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA. 1999. ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999, Energy Standard for Buildings

Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, American Society of Heating, Ventilating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 1999.

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA. 2004. ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings

Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia.

ASHRAE/IESNA. 1989. ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989, Energy Efficient Design of New

Building Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, American Society of Heating, Ventilating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 1989.

ASHRAE. 2003. HVAC Applications Handbook, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 2003.

ASHRAE. 2005. Handbook of Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and

Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 2005.

ASTM E 917-02, 2002. “Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and
Building Systems.” American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken,
Pennsylvania.

Briggs R.L., R.G. Lucas, and Z.T. Taylor. 2003. “Climate Classification for Building Energy
Codes and Standards: Part 1—Development Process.” ASHRAE Transactions 2003 (1).

11.1
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta,
Georgia, 2003.

CBECS. 2003. Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 2003, Energy Information
Administration of U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. Last accessed on August 29,
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CEC. 2006. California Energy Commission Appliance Database. Sacramento, California. Last
accessed on August 29, 2006 at http://energy.ca.gov/appliances/appliance/index.html

Crawley et al. 2004. “EnergyPlus: New, Capable, and Linked,” in Journal of Architectural and
Planning Research, 21:4 (Winter 2004)

DOE. 2000. Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products:
Residential Water Heaters, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. Last accessed on
August 29, 2006 at
http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/waterheat_0300_r.html

Eilert, P. 2000. High Albedo (Cool) Roofs – Codes and Standards Enhancement (CASE) Study.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, California. Last accessed on August 29, 2006
at http://www.newbuildings.org/downloads/codes/CoolRoof.pdf

Eley, C. and E. Kolderup. 1992. “Fenestration Optimization for Commercial Building Energy
Standards.” Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings V, December 7-10,
1992, Clearwater Beach, Florida. ASHRAE, Atlanta, Georgia, pp.333-344.

EnergyPlus. 2007. “EnergyPlus Input and Output Reference: The Encyclopedic Reference to
EnergyPlus Input and Output”. Last access on August 29 2006 at http://www.energyplus.gov.

GAMA. 2006. “Procedural Guide for Residential and Commercial Water Heater Efficiency
Certification Program.” January 2006. GAMA, Arlington, Virginia.

IESNA. 2005. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Light Power Density.
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Jeannette et al. 2006. Designing and Testing Demand Controlled Ventilation Strategies,
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LBNL. 2004. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and James J. Hirsch & Associates. “DOE-
2.2 Building Energy Use and Cost Analysis Program Documentation.”
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11.2
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11.3
Appendix A – Prototype Building Descriptions and Assumptions
 Appendix A – Prototype Building Baseline Assumptions

Table A.1. Baseline Assumptions for 50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype

Characteristic Prototype Building Data Source/Remarks

GENERAL
Building Type Non-refrigerated warehouse 2003 CBECS Database
Gross Floor Area 49,500 ft² Dodge Data for New Constructions
Operation Hours Monday-Saturday, 2003 CBECS Database
8:00 am – 5:00 pm
Location 15 climate cities. See Section 5 of the report. Briggs 2003
ARCHITECTURE
Configuration/Shape
Building Shape Wide rectangle 2003 CBECS Database
Aspect Ratio 2.2 (330 ft x 150 ft) 2003 CBECS Database
Number of Floors 1 2003 CBECS Database
Activity Area • Bulk storage area: 34,500 ft² (70%) Committee’s inputs
(percentage of gross floor • Fine storage area: 12,450 ft² (25%)
area) • Office area: 2,550 ft² (5%)

Window to Wall Ratio • Storage area: no windows Committee’s inputs

• Office area: 12% view windows
Floor Height 28 ft DODGE Database Sample Building
Plans
Floor-to-Ceiling Height 14 ft (for the office area only) Committee’s Input
Infiltration Rate • General: 0.038 cfm/sf of the gross ASHRAE 90.1-1989 §13.7.3.2
exterior walls over the entire building Committee’s inputs
• Bulk storage:
o 2000 cfm total of air leakage through
the relief dampers
o Dock doors closed: 0.28 cfm/ft² of
door area
o Dock doors open: 783 cfm per door
Infiltration Schedule See Table A.3
Thermal Zoning • Bulk storage: 45°F (semi-heated) Committee’s inputs
• Fine storage: 60°F to 80°F
• Office area: 70°F to 75°F

A.2
 Table A.1. Baseline Assumptions for 50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype (Cont.)

Characteristic Prototype Building Data Source/Remarks

Exterior Walls
Structure Mass wall (8 in. medium weight 115 lb/ft³ Committee’s inputs
concrete tilt-up construction)
Insulation See Table B.1 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Roof
Structure Steel deck with rigid insulation Committee’s inputs
Exterior Finish Single-ply roof membrane
Insulation See Table B.1 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Solar Reflectance See Table B.1 in Appendix B Base: LBNL’s Cool Roof Materials
Database
(http://eetd.lbl.gov/coolroof/)
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Slab-On-Grade Floor
Floor Insulation See Table B.1 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Fenestration/Windows
(for the office area only)
Total U-factor See Table B.1 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
SHGC See Table B.1 in Appendix B AEDG: AEDG-WH
Window Shading/Overhangs See Table B.1 in Appendix B Base: 2003 CBECS Database
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Opaque Doors
Door Type 7 of 3’ x 7’ standard steel doors DODGE Database Sample Building
Plans
Total U-factor See Table B.1 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Overhead Doors
Door Type 7 of 8’ x 10’ roll-up doors DODGE Database Sample Building
Plans
Total U-factor See Table B.1 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
INTERNAL LOADS
Occupancy
Number of People 5 (in the office area) 2003 CBECS Database
Occupancy Schedule 8:00 am – 5:00 pm (See Table A.3) DOE Appliance Equipment Standard
TSD for CUAC
People Sensible Heat Gain 250 Btu/h ASHRAE 2005 Fundamentals
People Latent Heat Gain 200 Btu/h Chapter 30.4 Table 1 (for standing light
work)
Lighting

A.3
 Table A.1. Baseline Assumptions for 50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype (Cont.)

Characteristic Prototype Building Data Source/Remarks

Average Power Density • Bulk storage area: 1.20 w/sf Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
• Fine storage area: 1.20 w/sf AEDG: Committee’s inputs
• Office area: 1.30 w/sf

Lighting Schedule See Table A.3 EPACT Standard

(TSD for Energy Efficiency Program for
CUAC)
Occupancy Sensors Baseline: No occupancy sensors Committee’s inputs
AEDG: occupancy sensors in the fine and
bulky storage areas
Skylights Baseline: No skylights Base: 2003 CBECS Database
(Daylighting Responsive AEDG: 65 of 4 ft x 8 ft acrylic dome double AEDG: Committee’s inputs
Lighting Control) glazed clear prismatic, 6% of total bulky
storage floor area

Plug Load
Average Power Density Office: 0.75 w/sf Committee’s inputs
Bulky storage: 0.24 w/sf
Equipment Schedule See Table A.3 DOE Appliance Equipment Standard
TSD for CUAC
HVAC
System Type
Heating Type • Bulky storage area: unit heater 2003 CBECS Database
• Fine storage area: Gas furnace Committee’s inputs
• Office area: Gas furnace
Cooling Type • Bulky storage area: no cooling
• Fine storage area: Direct expansion
• Office area: Direct expansion
Fan Control Constant volume
Distribution/Terminal Units Single zone/Direct air
HVAC Efficiency
Cooing • Fine storage: normalized to 15-ton unit Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table 6.2.1B
• Office area: normalized to 5-ton unit AEDG: AEDG-WH
See Table B.1 for EER or SEER
Heating Efficiency See Table B.1 Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table 6.2.1E
AEDG: AEDG-WH
HVAC Control
Cooling T-stat • Fine storage are: 80°F Committee’s inputs
• Office area: 75°F (85°F setup)
Heating T-stat • Bulky storage area: 45°F Committee’s inputs
• Fine storage area: 60°F
• Office area: 70°F (60°F setback)
Outdoor Ventilation Air • Storage area: 0.05 cfm/ft² ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2001 Table 2
• Office area: 20 cfm/person

A.4
 Table A.1. Baseline Assumptions for 50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype (Cont.)

Characteristic Prototype Building Data Source/Remarks

Ventilation Control Mode Baseline: Outside air damper remains open at Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
minimum position during unoccupied periods AEDG: AEDG-WH
AEDG: Outside air damper automatically
shut off during unoccupied periods
Demanded Control Ventilation None Committee’s inputs
Economizer See Table B.1 Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Fan Loads
Supply Fan Efficiency (%) Fan mechanical efficiency: 60% AEDG-Small Retail TSD
Fan motor efficiency: 85% Manufacturers’ Specifications
Supply Fan Flow Rate (cfm) Autosized
Supply Fan Static Pressure See Table B.1
Supply Fan Schedule 6:00 am – 6:00 pm ON
6:00 pm – 6:00 am CYCLY OFF
See Table A.3
SERVICE WATER HEATER
Water Heater Type Electric storage water heater
Tank Capacity, gallon 20 General design practice
Supply Temperature, °F 120 General design practice
Energy Factor Baseline: EF = 0.904 Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table 7.2.2
AEGD: EF=0.966 AEDG: AEDG-WH
Recovery Efficiency 98%
Tank UA, Btu/h-F Baseline: UA = 2.393
AEDG: UA = 0.410
DHW Schedule See Table A.3 General design practice

A.5
 Table A.2. Baseline Assumptions for 8,000-ft² Self-storage

Characteristic Prototype Building Data Source/Remarks

GENERAL
Building Type Conditioned Self-Storage 2003 CBECS Database
Gross Area 8,000 ft² 2003 CBECS Database
Operation Hours • Storage area: 2003 CBECS Database
6:00 am – 8:00 pm daily
• Office: 9:00 am – 5:00 pm daily
Location 15 climate cities. See Section 5 of the report. Briggs 2003
ARCHITECTURE
Configuration/Shape
Building Shape Narrow rectangle 2003 CBECS Database
Aspect Ratio 5:1 (200 ft x 40 ft) 2003 CBECS Database
Number of Floors 1 2003 CBECS Database
Activity Area (percentage of • Storage area: 7,700 ft² (96.2%) Committee’s inputs
gross floor area) • Office area: 300 ft² (3.8%)
Windows • Storage area: no windows 2003 CBECS Database
• Office area: 6’x7’ glass door and two of Committee’s inputs
5’ x 7’ view windows
Floor Height 10 ft Committee’s inputs
Infiltration Rate • Base infiltration: 0.038 cfm/sf of the gross ASHRAE 90.1-1989 §13.7.3.2
exterior walls
• Infiltration through the overhead doors:
0.28 cfm/ft² of door area
Infiltration Schedule See Table A.4
Thermal Zoning Two zones: office area and storage area

Exterior Walls
Structure Steel metal panels 2003 CBECS Database
Exterior Finish Bare galvanized steel Committee’s inputs
Insulation See Table B.2 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Roof
Structure Metal building roofs (1:12 slope) 2003 CBECS Database
Exterior Finish Bare galvanized steel Committee’s inputs
Insulation See Table B.2 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Solar Reflectance See Table B.2 in Appendix B Base: LBNL’s Cool Roof Materials
Database
AEDG: AEDG-WH

A.6
 Table A.2. Baseline Assumptions for 8,000-ft² Self-storage (Cont.)

Characteristic Prototype Building Data Source/Remarks

Slab-On-Grade Floor
Floor Insulation See Table B.2 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Windows
(Office Area Only)
Total U-factor See Table B.2 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
SHGC See Table B.2 in Appendix B AEDG: AEDG-WH
Window Shading/Overhangs See Table B.2 in Appendix B Base: 2003 CBECS Database
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Swinging Doors
Door Type
Total U-factor
Overhead/Roll-up Doors
Door Type 10’ x 10’ (Qty: 6) Committee’s Inputs
Total U-factor See Table B.2 in Appendix B Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
INTERNAL LOADS
Occupancy
Number of People • Storage area: none 2003 CBECS Database
• Office area: 1
Occupancy Schedule Office area: 9:00 am – 5:00 pm daily DOE Appliance Equipment Standard
(See Table A.4) TSD for CUAC
People Heat Gain 250 Btu/h sensible, 200 Btu/h latent ASHRAE 2005 Fundamentals
Lighting
Average Power Density • Storage area: 1.20w/sf Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
• Office area: 1.30 w/sf AEDG: AEDG-WH

Lighting Schedule See Table A.4 Committee’s inputs

Occupancy Sensors Baseline: No occupancy sensors Committee’s inputs
AEDG: occupancy sensors in the storage
areas
Skylights None 2003 CBECS Database
(Daylighting Responsive
Lighting Control)
Plug Load
Average Power Density Storage area: 0.0 w/sf Committee’s inputs
Office area: 1.08 w/sf
Equipment Schedule See under Schedules
HVAC
System Type

A.7
 Table A.2. Baseline Assumptions for 8,000-ft² Self-storage (Cont.)

Characteristic Prototype Building Data Source/Remarks

Heating Type Storage area: AEDG-WH
• Zone 1-5: Heat pump packaged
system
• Zone 6-8: Gas furnace
Office area: packaged terminal heat pump
Cooling Type Storage area: AEDG-WH
• Zone 1-5: Heat pump packaged
system
• Zone 6-8: Direct expansion
Office area: packaged terminal heat pump
Fan Control Constant volume
Distribution/Terminal Units Single zone/Direct air
HVAC Efficiency
Cooing Storage area: normalized to 10-ton unit, Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table
See Table B.2 for EER 6.2.1B
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Heating Efficiency See Table B.2 for EER Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table
6.2.1E
AEDG: AEDG-WH
HVAC Control
Cooling T-stat Storage area: 80°F Committee’s inputs
Office area: 75°F (85°F setback)
Heating T-stat Storage area: 60°F Committee’s inputs
Office area: 70°F (60°F setback)
Outdoor Ventilation Air • Storage area: 0.05 cfm/ft² ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2001 Table 2
• Office area: 20 cfm/person
Ventilation Control Mode Baseline: Outside air damper remains open at Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 (automatic
minimum position during unoccupied periods outdoor air damper control is not
AEDG: Outside air damper automatically required for 2-story buildings and
shut off during unoccupied periods below)
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Demand Control Ventilation None Committee’s inputs
Economizer See Table B.2 Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999
AEDG: AEDG-WH
Fan Loads
Supply Fan Efficiency (%) Fan mechanical efficiency: 60% AEDG-Small Retail TSD
Fan motor efficiency: 85% Manufacturers’ Specifications
Supply Fan Flow Rate (cfm) Autosized
Supply Fan Static Pressure See Table B.2
Supply Fan Schedule Storage area: fan runs continuously Note: Supply Fan in the storage areas
Office area: fan runs continuously during needs to run continuously to maintain
business hours and cycle on/off during off the setting of the space temperature and
hours relative humidity.

A.8
 Table A.2. Baseline Assumptions for 8,000-ft² Self-storage (Cont.)

Characteristic Prototype Building Data Source/Remarks

DOMESTIC HOT WATER
Water Heater Type Electric storage water heater
Tank Capacity, gallon 20 General design practice
Supply Temperature, °F 120 General design practice
Energy Factor Baseline: EF = 0.904 Base: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table
AEGD: EF=0.966 7.2.2
Recovery Efficiency 98% AEDG: AEDG-WH
Tank UA, Btu/h-F Baseline: UA = 2.393
AEDG: UA = 0.410
DHW Schedule See Table A.4 General design practice

A.9
 Table A.3. Energy Modeling Schedules for the 50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype

1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am 6 am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am Noon 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm 6 pm 7 pm 8 pm 9 pm 10 pm 11 pm 12 pm
Office 12-1a 1-2a 2-3a 3-4a 4-5a 5-6a 6-7a 7-8a 8-9a 9-10a 10-11a 11-12p 12-1p 1-2p 2-3p 3-4p 4-5p 5-6p 6-7p 7-8p 8-9p 9-10p 10-11p 11-12a
People Mon-Sat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.21 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.53 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sunday 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Light Mon-Sat 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.23 0.42 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.61 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
(Base) Sunday 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Light Mon-Sat 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.23 0.42 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.68 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.61 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
(AEDG) Sunday 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Plug Mon-Sat 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Sunday 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30

Infiltration Mon-Sat 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.250 1.250 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 1.250 1.250 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Sunday 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

Heating Mon-Sat 60 60 60 60 60 60 65 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 60 60 60 60 60 60
Sunday 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

Cooing Mon-Sat 85 85 85 85 85 85 80 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 85 85 85 85 85 85
Sunday 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

Fan Mon-Sat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sunday 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ventilation Mon-Sat 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(Base) Sunday 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ventilation Mon-Sat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(AEDG) Sunday 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SWH Mon-Sat 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.101 0.399 0.501 0.501 0.696 0.900 0.798 0.696 0.798 0.297 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
Sunday 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015

A.10
 Table A.3. Energy Modeling Schedules for the 50,000-ft² Warehouse Prototype (Cont.)
1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am 6 am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am Noon 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm 6 pm 7 pm 8 pm 9 pm 10 pm 11 pm 12 pm
Bulk/Fine Storage 12-1a 1-2a 2-3a 3-4a 4-5a 5-6a 6-7a 7-8a 8-9a 9-10a 10-11a 11-12p 12-1p 1-2p 2-3p 3-4p 4-5p 5-6p 6-7p 7-8p 8-9p 9-10p 10-11p 11-12a
Light Mon-Sat 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.60 0.75 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.76 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.75 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
(Base) Sunday 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Light Mon-Sat 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.60 0.64 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.64 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.64 0.60 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
(AEDG) Sunday 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am 6 am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am Noon 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm 6 pm 7 pm 8 pm 9 pm 10 pm 11 pm 12 pm
Fine Storage 12-1a 1-2a 2-3a 3-4a 4-5a 5-6a 6-7a 7-8a 8-9a 9-10a 10-11a 11-12p 12-1p 1-2p 2-3p 3-4p 4-5p 5-6p 6-7p 7-8p 8-9p 9-10p 10-11p 11-12a
Infiltration Mon-Sat 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.250 1.250 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 1.250 1.250 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Sunday 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

Ventilation Mon-Sat 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(Base) Sunday 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ventilation Mon-Sat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(AEDG) Sunday 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Heating Mon-Sat 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
Sunday 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

Cooling Mon-Sat 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Sunday 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

Fan Mon-Sat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sunday 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am 6 am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am Noon 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm 6 pm 7 pm 8 pm 9 pm 10 pm 11 pm 12 pm
Bulk Storage 12-1a 1-2a 2-3a 3-4a 4-5a 5-6a 6-7a 7-8a 8-9a 9-10a 10-11a 11-12p 12-1p 1-2p 2-3p 3-4p 4-5p 5-6p 6-7p 7-8p 8-9p 9-10p 10-11p 11-12a
Plug Mon-Sat 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Sunday 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Infiltration Mon-Sat 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.440 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440
(Base) Sunday 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440 0.440

Infiltration Mon-Sat 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.750 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750
(AEDG) Sunday 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750

Heating Mon-Sat 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
Sunday 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45

A.11
 Table A.4. Energy Modeling Schedules for the 8,000 ft² Self-storage Prototype
1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am 6 am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am Noon 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm 6 pm 7 pm 8 pm 9 pm 10 pm 11 pm 12 pm
Storage Area 12-1a 1-2a 2-3a 3-4a 4-5a 5-6a 6-7a 7-8a 8-9a 9-10a 10-11a 11-12p 12-1p 1-2p 2-3p 3-4p 4-5p 5-6p 6-7p 7-8p 8-9p 9-10p 10-11p 11-12a
Light WD 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
(Baseline) WEH 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Light WD 0.0125 0.0125 0.0125 0.0125 0.0125 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.125 0.1 0.0750 0.0125
(AEDG) WEH 0.0125 0.0125 0.0125 0.0125 0.0125 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.1875 0.125 0.1 0.0750 0.0125

Infiltration WD 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.25 1.25 0.94 0.50 0.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.65 1.25 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
WEH 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.25 1.25 0.94 0.50 0.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.65 1.25 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Heating WD 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
WEH 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

Cooing WD 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
WEH 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

Fan WD 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
WEH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ventilation WD 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(Base) WEH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ventilation WD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
(AEDG) WEH 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

A.12
 Table A.4. Energy Modeling Schedules for the 8,000 ft² Self-storage Prototype (Cont.)

1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am 6 am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am Noon 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm 6 pm 7 pm 8 pm 9 pm 10 pm 11 pm 12 pm
Office Area 12-1a 1-2a 2-3a 3-4a 4-5a 5-6a 6-7a 7-8a 8-9a 9-10a 10-11a 11-12p 12-1p 1-2p 2-3p 3-4p 4-5p 5-6p 6-7p 7-8p 8-9p 9-10p 10-11p 11-12a
People WD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WEH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Light WD 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
WEH 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Plug WD 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33
WEH 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

Infiltration WD 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
WEH 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Heating WD 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 65 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 65 60 60 60 60 60 60
WEH 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 65 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 65 60 60 60 60 60 60

Cooing WD 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 80 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 80 85 85 85 85 85 85
WEH 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 80 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 80 85 85 85 85 85 85

Fan WD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
WEH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

SWH WD 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.101 0.399 0.501 0.696 0.900 0.798 0.696 0.798 0.297 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
WEH 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.101 0.399 0.501 0.696 0.900 0.798 0.696 0.798 0.297 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

A.13
Appendix B – Simulation Input Assumptions for Final Guide

B.1
 Table B.1. 50,000-ft2 Warehouse Prototype Energy Simulation Input Assumptions: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline
For conditioned spaces only For semi-heated space only
(office area + fine storage) (bulk storage)

Exterior Roof Floor Glass Swinging Overhead Exterior Swinging Overhead

wall R- F- U- Glass Overhang Door Door wall Roof Door Door Heating
Case R-value value factor value SHGC Office U-value U-value R-value R-value Floor F U-value U-value Skylights System_bulk
LWH_Base_Miami R-0 R-15 F-0.73 1.22 0.25 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-0 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Miami R-0 R-15 F-0.73 0.56 0.25 yes 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Phoenix R-0 R-15 F-0.73 1.22 0.25 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Phoenix R-5 R-20 F-0.73 0.45 0.25 yes 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Houston R-0 R-15 F-0.73 1.22 0.39 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Houston R-5 R-20 F-0.73 0.45 0.25 yes 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Memphis R-5 R-15 F-0.73 0.57 0.39 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Memphis R-7 R-20 F-0.73 0.45 0.25 yes 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_El-Paso R-5 R-15 F-0.73 0.57 0.39 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_El-Paso R-7 R-20 F-0.73 0.45 0.25 yes 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_San-Francisco R-5 R-10 F-0.73 1.22 0.61 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_San-Francisco R-7 R-20 F-0.73 0.45 0.25 yes 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Baltimore R-5 R-15 F-0.73 0.57 0.39 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Baltimore R-8 R-20 F-0.73 0.42 0.4 yes 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Albuquerque R-5 R-15 F-0.73 0.57 0.39 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Albuquerque R-8 R-20 F-0.73 0.42 0.4 yes 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Seattle R-5 R-15 F-0.73 0.57 0.49 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-3.8 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Seattle R-8 R-20 F-0.73 0.42 0.4 yes 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Chicago R-7 R-15 F-0.73 0.57 0.49 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Chicago R-10 R-20 F-0.73 0.42 0.4 yes 0.70 0.50 R-5 R-7.6 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Boise R-7 R-15 F-0.73 0.57 0.49 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Boise R-10 R-20 F-0.73 0.42 0.4 yes 0.70 0.50 R-5 R-7.6 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Helena R-8 R-15 F-0.73 0.57 0.49 no 0.70 1.45 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Helena R-11 R-20 F-0.54 0.42 0.4 yes 0.70 0.50 R-5 R-10 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Burlington R-8 R-15 F-0.73 0.42 0.4 no 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Burlington R-11 R-20 F-0.54 0.42 0.4 yes 0.70 0.50 R-5 R-10 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Duluth R-10 R-15 F-0.73 0.57 0.49 no 0.70 0.50 R-0 R-5 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Duluth R-13 R-20 F-0.52 0.33 0.45 yes 0.50 0.50 R-7 R-10 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 yes UnitHeater
LWH_Base_Fairbanks R-11 R-20 F-0.54 0.46 NR no 0.50 0.50 R-5 R-10 F-0.73 0.70 1.45 no UnitHeater
LWH_Adva_Fairbanks R-13 R-30 F-0.51 0.33 0.45 yes 0.50 0.50 R-8 R-15 F-0.73 0.70 0.50 no UnitHeater

B.1
 Table B.1. (cont’d)
For both conditioned and semi-heated spaces

Roof Solar Damper Lighting- Lighting- Lighting- Occu Sensor- Occu Sensor-
Case Reflectance Infil-bulk Infil_schedule_bulk Leak-bulk office fine storage bulk storage fine storage bulk storage
LWH_Base_Miami 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Miami 0.65 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Phoenix 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Phoenix 0.65 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Houston 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Houston 0.65 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Memphis 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Memphis 0.65 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_El-Paso 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_El-Paso 0.65 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_San-Francisco 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_San-Francisco 0.65 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Baltimore 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Baltimore 0.23 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Albuquerque 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Albuquerque 0.23 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Seattle 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Seattle 0.23 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Chicago 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Chicago 0.23 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Boise 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Boise 0.23 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Helena 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Helena 0.23 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Burlington 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Burlington 0.23 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Duluth 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Duluth 0.23 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes
LWH_Base_Fairbanks 0.23 1999.54 Bulk Storage Infil_Base Schedule 2000 1.30 1.20 1.20 no no
LWH_Adva_Fairbanks 0.23 1076.74 Bulk Storage Infil_Adva Schedule 800 0.90 0.85 0.60 yes yes

B.2
 Table B.1. (cont’d)
For both conditioned and semi-heated spaces

Min OA Fan TSP- Cooling Cooling Furnace Furnace

Damper economizer- economizer- Fan TSP- fine SEER- EER-fine Furnace Eff-fine Eff-bulk
Case Control office fine storage office storage office storage Eff-office storage storage SWH UA
LWH_Base_Miami no no no 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Miami yes no no 1.05 2.48 13.00 11.00 0.80 0.793 0.793 0.410
LWH_Base_Phoenix no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Phoenix yes no yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 11.00 0.80 0.793 0.793 0.410
LWH_Base_Houston no no no 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Houston yes no no 1.05 2.48 13.00 11.00 0.80 0.793 0.793 0.410
LWH_Base_Memphis no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Memphis yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.80 0.793 0.793 0.410
LWH_Base_El-Paso no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_El-Paso yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.80 0.793 0.793 0.410
LWH_Base_San-Francisco no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_San-Francisco yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.80 0.793 0.793 0.410
LWH_Base_Baltimore no no no 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Baltimore yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.80 0.793 0.793 0.410
LWH_Base_Albuquerque no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Albuquerque yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.80 0.793 0.793 0.410
LWH_Base_Seattle no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Seattle yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.80 0.793 0.793 0.410
LWH_Base_Chicago no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Chicago yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.81 0.810 0.810 0.410
LWH_Base_Boise no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Boise yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.81 0.810 0.810 0.410
LWH_Base_Helena no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Helena yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.81 0.810 0.810 0.410
LWH_Base_Burlington no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Burlington yes yes yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 10.80 0.81 0.810 0.810 0.410
LWH_Base_Duluth no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Duluth yes no yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 9.50 0.81 0.810 0.810 0.410
LWH_Base_Fairbanks no no yes 1.11 2.61 9.70 9.50 0.80 0.793 0.793 2.393
LWH_Adva_Fairbanks yes no yes 1.05 2.48 13.00 9.50 0.81 0.810 0.810 0.410

B.3
 Table B.2. 8,000-ft2 Self-Storage Energy Simulation Input Assumptions: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline

Meteal Overhead Glass

Building Wall Metal Building Roof Solar Door U- Glass Overhang Lighting-
Case R Roof R Reflectance Floor F U-value value SHGC Office Infiltration_storage Lighting_office storage
SelfStorage_Base_Miami R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 1.22 0.25 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Miami R-16 R-19 0.67 F-0.73 0.5 0.56 0.25 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Phoenix R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 1.22 0.25 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Phoenix R-16 R-13+R-13 0.67 F-0.73 0.5 0.45 0.25 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Houston R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 1.22 0.39 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Houston R-16 R-13+R-13 0.67 F-0.73 0.5 0.45 0.25 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Memphis R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 0.57 0.39 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Memphis R-19 R-13+R-13 0.67 F-0.73 0.5 0.45 0.25 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_El-Paso R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 0.57 0.39 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_El-Paso R-19 R-13+R-13 0.67 F-0.73 0.5 0.45 0.25 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_San-Francisco R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 1.22 0.61 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_San-Francisco R-19 R-13+R-13 0.67 F-0.73 0.5 0.45 0.25 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Baltimore R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 0.57 0.39 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Baltimore R-19 R-13+R-19 0.61 F-0.73 0.5 0.42 0.4 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Albuquerque R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 0.57 0.39 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Albuquerque R-19 R-13+R-19 0.61 F-0.73 0.5 0.42 0.4 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Seattle R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 0.57 0.49 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Seattle R-19 R-13+R-19 0.61 F-0.73 0.5 0.42 0.4 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Chicago R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 0.57 0.49 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Chicago R-19+R-5.6ci R-13+R-19 0.61 F-0.73 0.5 0.42 0.4 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Boise R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 0.57 0.49 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Boise R-19+R-5.6ci R-13+R-19 0.61 F-0.73 0.5 0.42 0.4 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Helena R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 1.45 0.57 0.49 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Helena R-19+R-5.6ci R-13+R-19 0.61 F-0.54 0.5 0.42 0.4 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Burlington R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 0.5 0.57 0.49 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Burlington R-19+R-5.6ci R-13+R-19 0.61 F-0.54 0.5 0.42 0.4 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Duluth R-13+R-13 R-19 0.61 F-0.73 0.5 0.57 0.49 no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Duluth R-19+R-11.2ci R-13+R-19 0.61 F-0.52 0.5 0.33 0.45 yes 320 0.9 0.6
SelfStorage_Base_Fairbanks R-13+R-13 R-13+R-13 0.61 F-0.54 0.5 0.46 NR no 392 1.3 1.2
SelfStorage_Adva_Fairbanks R-19+R-11.2ci R-11+R-30Ls 0.61 F-0.51 0.5 0.33 0.45 yes 320 0.9 0.6

B.4
 Table B.2. (cont’d)

Supply
Fan
Min Total
OA Static
Occu Damper Pressure HP_Cooling PSZ_Cooling FurNAce
Case Sensor_storage Control Economizer (in.) HVAC System EER HP_Heating_COP EER Eff SWH UA
SelfStorage_Base_Miami no no no 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Miami yes yes no 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Phoenix no no no 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Phoenix yes yes no 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Houston no no no 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Houston yes yes no 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Memphis no no no 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Memphis yes yes yes 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_El-Paso no no yes 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_El-Paso yes yes yes 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_San-Francisco no no yes 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_San-Francisco yes yes yes 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Baltimore no no no 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Baltimore yes yes yes 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Albuquerque no no yes 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Albuquerque yes yes yes 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Seattle no no yes 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Seattle yes yes yes 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Chicago no no no 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Chicago yes yes yes 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Boise no no yes 1.438 HeatPump 9.9 3.5 NA NA 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Boise yes yes yes 1.317 HeatPump 10.6 3.4 NA NA 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Helena no no yes 1.438 PkgSingleZone NA NA 10.1 0.7925 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Helena yes yes yes 1.317 PkgSingleZone NA NA 11 0.81 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Burlington no no no 1.438 PkgSingleZone NA NA 10.1 0.7925 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Burlington yes yes yes 1.317 PkgSingleZone NA NA 11 0.81 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Duluth no no yes 1.438 PkgSingleZone NA NA 10.1 0.7925 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Duluth yes yes yes 1.317 PkgSingleZone NA NA 10.1 0.81 0.41
SelfStorage_Base_Fairbanks no no yes 1.438 PkgSingleZone NA NA 10.1 0.7925 2.393
SelfStorage_Adva_Fairbanks yes yes yes 1.317 PkgSingleZone NA NA 10.1 0.81 0.41

B.5
Appendix C – Energy Savings Final Results by End Use

C.1
 Table C.1. Energy Savings End Use for the 50,000-ft2 Warehouse Prototype: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline
Plug Water Total
Lights Load Fans Cooling Heater Heating Energy EUI Savings Savings
Case Zone [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [kBtu/SF] w/ Plug wo Plug
LWH_Base_Miami 646 132 55 134 5 0 973 19.5
1A 51% 59%
LWH_Adva_Miami 215 132 42 84 5 0 478 9.6
LWH_Base_Houston 646 132 56 87 6 61 990 19.8
2A 54% 63%
LWH_Adva_Houston 217 132 26 39 6 31 451 9.0
LWH_Base_Phoenix 646 132 102 191 6 29 1,106 22.1
2B 53% 60%
LWH_Adva_Phoenix 218 132 55 95 5 19 525 10.5
LWH_Base_Memphis 646 132 45 54 7 194 1,079 21.6
3A 43% 49%
LWH_Adva_Memphis 217 132 26 29 6 204 615 12.3
LWH_Base_El-Paso 646 132 53 56 7 100 994 19.9
3B 47% 54%
LWH_Adva_El-Paso 217 132 32 30 6 110 527 10.5
LWH_Base_San-Francisco 646 132 15 1 8 147 949 19.0
3C 46% 53%
LWH_Adva_San-Francisco 219 132 12 0 7 145 515 10.3
LWH_Base_Albuquerque 646 132 45 29 8 318 1,179 23.6
4A 40% 45%
LWH_Adva_Albuquerque 218 132 31 17 7 303 708 14.2
LWH_Base_Baltimore 646 132 36 25 8 476 1,323 26.5
4B 37% 41%
LWH_Adva_Baltimore 219 132 24 14 7 435 832 16.6
LWH_Base_Seattle 646 132 24 2 9 442 1,254 25.1
4C 36% 40%
LWH_Adva_Seattle 224 132 20 1 8 422 807 16.1
LWH_Base_Boise 646 132 35 12 9 611 1,444 28.9
5A 37% 41%
LWH_Adva_Boise 222 132 28 6 8 511 906 18.1
LWH_Base_Chicago 646 132 35 14 9 778 1,614 32.3
5B 39% 43%
LWH_Adva_Chicago 219 132 28 7 8 586 980 19.6
LWH_Base_Burlington 646 132 35 5 9 1,034 1,861 37.2
6A 42% 45%
LWH_Adva_Burlington 220 132 27 2 9 692 1,082 21.6
LWH_Base_Helena 646 132 40 4 10 972 1,804 36.1
6B 39% 42%
LWH_Adva_Helena 222 132 32 2 9 700 1,097 21.9
LWH_Base_Duluth 646 132 44 2 10 1,644 2,479 49.6
7A 43% 45%
LWH_Adva_Duluth 221 132 33 1 10 1,023 1,420 28.4
LWH_Base_Fairbanks 646 132 42 0 12 1734 2,566 51.3
8A 29% 30%
LWH_Adva_Fairbanks 325 132 34 0 11 1330 1,831 36.6

C.1
 Table C.2. Energy Savings End Use for the 8,000-ft2 Self Storage Prototype: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline
Plug Water Total
Lights Load Fans Cooling Heater Heating Energy EUI Savings Savings
Case Zone [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [kBtu/SF] w/ Plug wo Plug
SelfStorage_Base_Miami 74 5 13 5 5 0 102 12.7
1 63% 67%
SelfStorage_Adva_Miami 19 5 6 3 4 0 37 4.7
SelfStorage_Base_Houston 74 5 13 5 5 7 109 13.7
2A 58% 61%
SelfStorage_Adva_Houston 19 5 6 2 5 9 46 5.7
SelfStorage_Base_Phoenix 74 5 8 4 5 2 99 12.3
2B 59% 63%
SelfStorage_Adva_Phoenix 19 5 4 1 4 6 40 5.0
SelfStorage_Base_Memphis 74 5 11 3 6 20 119 14.9
3A 46% 49%
SelfStorage_Adva_Memphis 19 5 9 1 5 24 64 8.0
SelfStorage_Base_El-Paso 74 5 9 3 6 12 109 13.6
3B 49% 52%
SelfStorage_Adva_El-Paso 19 5 8 1 5 17 56 6.9
SelfStorage_Base_San-Francisco 74 5 5 2 7 6 99 12.3
3C 52% 56%
SelfStorage_Adva_San-Francisco 19 5 4 0 6 12 47 5.9
SelfStorage_Base_Albuquerque 74 5 12 2 7 38 137 17.2
4A 39% 41%
SelfStorage_Adva_Albuquerque 19 5 11 1 6 42 83 10.4
SelfStorage_Base_Baltimore 74 5 9 2 7 43 140 17.5
4B 35% 36%
SelfStorage_Adva_Baltimore 19 5 9 1 6 50 91 11.4
SelfStorage_Base_Seattle 74 5 8 1 7 26 122 15.2
4C 43% 45%
SelfStorage_Adva_Seattle 19 5 7 0 6 31 69 8.6
SelfStorage_Base_Boise 74 5 13 2 7 63 164 20.6
5A 37% 38%
SelfStorage_Adva_Boise 19 5 11 0 6 61 103 12.9
SelfStorage_Base_Chicago 74 5 16 2 7 86 190 23.7
5B 33% 34%
SelfStorage_Adva_Chicago 19 5 13 1 6 82 127 15.9
SelfStorage_Base_Burlington 74 5 16 1 8 242 347 43.3
6A 31% 31%
SelfStorage_Adva_Burlington 19 5 12 0 7 197 241 30.1
SelfStorage_Base_Helena 74 5 18 1 8 219 325 40.6
6B 29% 29%
SelfStorage_Adva_Helena 19 5 14 0 7 187 232 29.0
SelfStorage_Base_Duluth 74 5 20 1 9 329 438 54.7
7 28% 28%
SelfStorage_Adva_Duluth 19 5 15 0 8 269 316 39.5
SelfStorage_Base_Fairbanks 74 5 19 1 9 441 550 68.8
8 27% 27%
SelfStorage_Adva_Fairbanks 19 5 14 0 9 355 402 50.2

C.2
 Table C.3. Energy Savings End Use for the 50,000-ft2 Warehouse Prototype: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline
Plug Water Total
Lights Load Fans Cooling Heater Heating Energy EUI Savings Savings
Case Zone [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [kBtu/SF] w/ Plug wo Plug
LWH_Base_Miami 435 132 51 123 5 0 747 14.9
1A 36% 44%
LWH_Adva_Miami 215 132 42 84 5 0 478 9.6
LWH_Base_Houston 435 132 53 80 6 68 774 15.5
2A 42% 50%
LWH_Adva_Houston 217 132 26 39 6 31 451 9.0
LWH_Base_Phoenix 435 132 98 183 6 33 887 17.7
2B 41% 48%
LWH_Adva_Phoenix 218 132 55 95 5 19 525 10.5
LWH_Base_Memphis 435 132 40 47 7 214 876 17.5
3A 30% 35%
LWH_Adva_Memphis 217 132 26 29 6 204 615 12.3
LWH_Base_El-Paso 435 132 65 67 7 140 846 16.9
3B 38% 45%
LWH_Adva_El-Paso 217 132 32 30 6 110 527 10.5
LWH_Base_San-Francisco 435 132 14 1 8 150 740 14.8
3C 30% 37%
LWH_Adva_San-Francisco 219 132 12 0 7 145 515 10.3
LWH_Base_Albuquerque 435 132 40 24 8 347 986 19.7
4A 28% 33%
LWH_Adva_Albuquerque 218 132 31 17 7 303 708 14.2
LWH_Base_Baltimore 435 132 32 21 8 512 1,139 22.8
4B 27% 31%
LWH_Adva_Baltimore 219 132 24 14 7 435 832 16.6
LWH_Base_Seattle 435 132 24 1 9 475 1,076 21.5
4C 25% 28%
LWH_Adva_Seattle 224 132 20 1 8 422 807 16.1
LWH_Base_Boise 435 132 35 10 9 653 1,273 25.5
5A 29% 32%
LWH_Adva_Boise 222 132 28 6 8 511 906 18.1
LWH_Base_Chicago 435 132 36 11 9 826 1,449 29.0
5B 32% 36%
LWH_Adva_Chicago 219 132 28 7 8 586 980 19.6
LWH_Base_Burlington 435 132 35 4 9 1,096 1,711 34.2
6A 37% 40%
LWH_Adva_Burlington 220 132 27 2 9 692 1,082 21.6
LWH_Base_Helena 435 132 41 3 10 1,030 1,651 33.0
6B 34% 36%
LWH_Adva_Helena 222 132 32 2 9 700 1,097 21.9
LWH_Base_Duluth 435 132 44 1 10 1,725 2,348 47.0
7A 40% 42%
LWH_Adva_Duluth 221 132 33 1 10 1,023 1,420 28.4
LWH_Base_Fairbanks 435 132 42 0 12 1832 2,452 49.0
8A 25% 27%
LWH_Adva_Fairbanks 325 132 34 0 11 1330 1,831 36.6

C.3
 Table C.4. Energy Savings End Use for the 8,000-ft2 Self Storage Prototype: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline
Plug Water Total
Lights Load Fans Cooling Heater Heating Energy EUI Savings Savings
Case Zone [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [MMBtu] [kBtu/SF] w/ Plug wo Plug
SelfStorage_Base_Miami 50 5 8 4 5 0 72 9.0
1A 48% 52%
SelfStorage_Adva_Miami 19 5 6 3 4 0 37 4.7
SelfStorage_Base_Houston 50 5 9 4 5 9 82 10.2
2A 44% 47%
SelfStorage_Adva_Houston 19 5 6 2 5 9 46 5.7
SelfStorage_Base_Phoenix 50 5 4 4 5 4 72 9.0
2B 44% 48%
SelfStorage_Adva_Phoenix 19 5 4 1 4 6 40 5.0
SelfStorage_Base_Memphis 50 5 10 3 6 23 97 12.1
3A 34% 36%
SelfStorage_Adva_Memphis 19 5 9 1 5 24 64 8.0
SelfStorage_Base_El-Paso 50 5 9 2 6 15 87 10.8
3B 36% 38%
SelfStorage_Adva_El-Paso 19 5 8 1 5 17 56 6.9
SelfStorage_Base_San-Francisco 50 5 5 2 7 9 77 9.6
3C 39% 42%
SelfStorage_Adva_San-Francisco 19 5 4 0 6 12 47 5.9
SelfStorage_Base_Albuquerque 50 5 12 2 7 43 118 14.7
4A 29% 31%
SelfStorage_Adva_Albuquerque 19 5 11 1 6 42 83 10.4
SelfStorage_Base_Baltimore 50 5 9 2 7 48 121 15.1
4B 25% 26%
SelfStorage_Adva_Baltimore 19 5 9 1 6 50 91 11.4
SelfStorage_Base_Seattle 50 5 8 1 7 30 101 12.7
4C 32% 34%
SelfStorage_Adva_Seattle 19 5 7 0 6 31 69 8.6
SelfStorage_Base_Boise 50 5 13 1 7 67 144 18.1
5A 28% 30%
SelfStorage_Adva_Boise 19 5 11 0 6 61 103 12.9
SelfStorage_Base_Chicago 50 5 16 2 7 93 172 21.5
5B 26% 27%
SelfStorage_Adva_Chicago 19 5 13 1 6 82 127 15.9
SelfStorage_Base_Burlington 50 5 16 1 8 259 339 42.4
6A 29% 30%
SelfStorage_Adva_Burlington 19 5 12 0 7 197 241 30.1
SelfStorage_Base_Helena 50 5 18 1 8 237 319 39.9
6B 27% 28%
SelfStorage_Adva_Helena 19 5 14 0 7 187 232 29.0
SelfStorage_Base_Duluth 50 5 20 1 9 344 428 53.5
7A 26% 26%
SelfStorage_Adva_Duluth 19 5 15 0 8 269 316 39.5
SelfStorage_Base_Fairbanks 50 5 19 1 9 450 534 66.7
8A 25% 25%
SelfStorage_Adva_Fairbanks 19 5 14 0 9 355 402 50.2

C.4
Appendix D – Development of the Prototype Building
Characteristics Using 2003 CBECS

D.1
 Appendix D – Development of the Prototype Building Characteristics Using 2003 CBECS

This appendix summarizes the approach used to develop the warehouse building characteristics by
deriving data available in the Energy Information Agency (EIA) 2003 Commercial Building Energy
Consumption Survey (2003 CBECS). g 2003 CBECS was used to select the representative warehouse
building prototypes and develop some building characteristics assumptions for the purpose of energy
modeling (i.e., building shape, building construction type, etc.). We supplemented CBECS data with
F.W. Dodge Data for new constructions as well as other sources to more accurately foresee the trend in
the new construction building stocks.

The CBECS data sets are publicly available and provide statistically valid results from a periodic
national survey of commercial buildings and their energy suppliers performed by EIA. While the Guide
is used for new constructions, some building characteristics in new constructions are pretty much same as
existing constructions.

In the 2003 CBECS survey, 4,859 buildings were surveyed and the sampled buildings were given
base weights (CBECS variable “ADJWT8”) to represent the entire stock of commercial buildings in the
U.S. 2003 CBECS contains a total of 493 surveyed warehouse buildings, breaking down by four sub-
categories: 1) non-refrigerated warehouse, 2) distribution/shipping center, 3) refrigerated warehouse, and
4) self-storage. Based on the scoping document from the steering committee, the project committee
decided to evaluate two warehouse prototypes, i.e., the non-refrigerated warehouse and self-storage.
Based on the 2003 CBECS dataset, these two types of warehouse represent over 70 percent of warehouses
in term of the number of buildings, i.e., 38 percent and 33 percent of warehouses are non-refrigerated
warehouse and self-storage, respectively.

The average floor area is 6,358 ft2 for the self-storage buildings in the 2003 CBECS. The average
floor area of non-refrigerated warehouses is 13,296 ft2. The CBECS data also shows that 84 percent of
the self-storage buildings are single-story and 94 percent of non-refrigerated warehouse buildings are
single-story.

The CBECS survey asks questions about building shape (square, wide rectangle, other) and 2003
CBECS reported that about 52 percent of self-storage buildings are narrow rectangular shape and 66
percent of non-refrigerated warehouses are wide rectangular shape. Therefore, the committee assumed
the prototypical self-storage to be a narrow rectangle and the prototypical non-refrigerated warehouse to
be a wide rectangle.

Aspect ratios are important in determining the relative amount of perimeter area (responsive to the
outdoor environment and with window daylighting potential) to core area for a given building. Aspect
ratio information coupled with orientation and self-shading would also be relevant in determining solar
loading in a real building. The aspect ratio is defined as the reported building length divided by the
building width:

g
The results of the 2003 CBECS surveys are available as downloadable reports and micro-data files from the EIA website
(http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/). The 2003 CBECS is the most recent data set available.

D.2
 Building Length
Aspect Ratio =
Building Width

Unfortunately, aspect ratio information has not been collected in the CBECS since 1995, so general
information on actual aspect ratios has been limited. What information was collected in these early
CBECS distributions is building length and width for rectangular and square buildings. The rectangle
with courtyard buildings did not have the length and width reported. The committee calculated the actual
aspect ratio based on the 1992 CBECS data from the reported length and width of the building. The
averages of aspect ratio were calculated to be 5.0 and 2.2 for 1992 CBECS self-storage buildings and
non-refrigerated warehouses, respectively. These aspect ratios were used in the prototypical buildings to
be simulated.

In the 2003 CBECS data, a “percent exterior glass” variable was reported for each building in one of
the five bins (for example, “10 percent or less”, “11–25 percent”), and the committee used this data for
estimating the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) for the prototypical buildings. The data shows that 82
percent of the non-refrigerated warehouses fall into “10 percent or less” category and all the self-storage
buildings are in “10 percent or less” category. The committee assumed the storage areas for both
prototypes have no windows.

The description of the wall construction and roof construction variables in 2003 CBECS primarily
describes the surface material for these portions of the building envelope and not the actual construction.
The most common opaque wall category for self-storage buildings in 2003 CBECS is “sheet metal
panel”, about 48 percent of self-storage buildings. The most common roof category for self-storage
buildings in 2003 CBECS is “metal surfacing”, about 66 percent of self-storage buildings. Based on the
CBECS data, the committee assumed that the wall construction and roof construction in the simulated
self-storage prototypical building are steel metal panel and metal roof, respectively.

The CBECS information with respect to the presence of overhangs and awnings provided virtually no
detail on the size or shading capability of overhangs or awnings. Because the 2003 CBECS reported
about 77 percent of non-refrigerated warehouses and 80 percent of self-storage buildings that responded
to this survey question do not have overhangs or awnings, the committee assumed that both baseline
prototypical buildings have no overhangs or awnings.

The CBECS also asks whether the building has skylights and the 2003 CBECS data shows about 93
percent of non-refrigerated warehouses and 100 percent of self-storage buildings that responded to this
survey question do not skylight. Therefore, the committee assumed that both baseline prototypical
buildings have no skylight.

The CBECS provided information with respect to operating hours and number of employees. The
2003 CBECS reported the average operating hour to be 101 hours per week for self-storage buildings and
41 hours per week for non-refrigerated warehouses. It also showed the average number of employee is 1
for self-storage and 5 for non-refrigerated warehouses. The committee developed the prototypical
building internal gain schedules partially based on these data.

D.3