HESI ENTRANCE

EXAMINATION

STUDY GUIDE
 TABLE OF CONTENTES

Page
HESI Study Packet
Introduction

HESI Test Overview (Math, Reading, Comprehension, Vocabulary,

Grammar) 1-2
Math (face sheets precedes each section—pages bold, underlined;
Answers follow each section

Math diagnostic Test 3-4, 5-8

HEST Math Review I-III: Add, subtract, multiply, divide 9-14

Math IV-VI: Add, subtract, multiply, divide decimals 15-19

Math VII-XII: Fraction terms; reducing proper and improper fractions; LCD 20-33
changing improper to mixed, mixed to improper; ass, subtract, multiply,
divide fractions; change fractions to decimals; change decimals to fractions

Math XIII: Ratio/Proportion 34-36

Math XVI: Percentages 37-39

Math: Helpful information to memorize and understand: chart of fractions,

decimals, percents; Roman numerals; measurement conversions 40-41

Math Review Answer key 42-43

MATH PRACTIVE TEST 1 (face sheets) 44-46

1. Add, subtract, multiply, divide 47-48

2. Multiply, divide (by & into), and, subtract decimals 49-50

3. Change fractions to decimals; decimals to fractions 51-52

4. Add, subtract, multiply, divide fractions 53-54

5. Percentage 55-56

6. Ratio/Proportion 57

7. Conversion 58-59
8.Rounding 60-61

MATH PRACTICE TEST 2 (face sheets) 62-64

9. Add, subtract, multiply, divide 65-66

10. Change decimals to fractions; change fractions to decimals; 67-68

multiply, divide (by & into) add, subtract decimals.

11. Add, subtract, multiply, divide fractions 69-70

12. Percentage 71-72

13. Ratio/Proportion 73-74

14. Conversion 75-76

15. Rounding 77-78

Reading Comprehension (face sheets) face sheet precedes each 79-80

section pages are bold, underlined; answers follow each section

How to answer reading comprehension questions and sharpen your

reading skills (without really trying) 81-83

Sample reading test

84-86
Reading
87-92
Vocabulary (face sheets) face sheet precedes each section pages
are bold, underlined; answers follow each section 93-95

1. Test 5 (everyday) 96-97

2. Exams 7, 10-14 (everyday) 98-102

3. Spelling (everyday) 103-107

4. Multiple Choice Quiz (medical terminology) Chapter One- Four, 108-122

Twenty-One

List of medical terminology (four study only) 123-134

Grammar (face sheets) face sheet precedes each section- pages 135-137
are bold, underlined; answers follow each section

1. Exercise One: Problems with Verbs (Part 1) 138-139

2. Exercise Two: Problems with Verbs (Part 2) 140

3. Exercise Three: Problems with Verbs (part 3) 141

4. Exercise Fourteen: Problems with Introductory Verbal 142-144

Modifiers

5. Exercise Fifteen: Problems with Parallel Structure 145-147

6. Exercise Eighteen: Problems with Structure 148-149

Answer keys for above grammar section (1-6) 150-158

7. Lesson 5: Sentence Structure: Dangling Modifiers 159-161

8. Lesson 5: Sentence Structure: Parallel Structure 162-164

Answer keys for above grammar section (7-8) 165

9. Plurals: Ex 2, 3, 4, 5 166-169

10. Verbs: Ex 12, 13 170-172

Answer keys for above grammar section (9-10) 173-174

11. Verbs: (Subjects – Verbs Agreement) lesson 12, Exercise 19 175-178

Answer key for the above grammar section (11) 179-180

12. Gerunds and Infinitives 181

Answer key for above grammar section (12) 182

 1

Math Overview

Types of questions (no word or story problems)

1. Add, subtract
2. Add, subtract: decimals, whole numbers to decimals
3. Ratio; change fractions to ratio
4. Change decimal to percent
5. Multiply decimals
6. Divide by decimals
7. Rounding
8. Change fractions to decimals
9. Divide by fractions
10. Reduce
11. Add fractions with unlike denominators
12. Divide fractions by whole numbers
13. Divide fractions by fractions

HESI Reading Comprehension Overview

1. Need a good vocabulary to answer questions

2. Read, summarize
3. Implies information: Ex. (From the text) In a test, spend more time on essay
questions, which are worth more. (From the question) In a test, in order to get
more points, spend more time on difficult questions.
4. Long and short paragraphs
5. Other types of questions:
A. Definition of words
B. What is stated vs. implied
C. Fact vs. opinion

HESI Vocabulary Test Overview

1. Vocabulary in context, or as definition, or correct usage---questions not always

clear
A. Multiple Choice, Scenario is set up
B. Medical terms, some from biology
C. Literary words
D. Everyday words
 2

HESI Grammar
Overview

1. Particularly difficult for ESL (foreign) students

2. Questions 1-25 select best answer
A. Verb Forms
B. Dangling modifiers

3. Questions 26-50 Identify and correct incorrect portion

a. Subject-Verb agreement
b. Parallelism
c. Plurals
d. Infinitives (to + Verb) or Gerunds (verb + ing)
e. Particles/prepositions (depend on, not depend in)
f. There, their, they’re usage

4. Questions 51-55
 3

MATH Diagnostic

Directions:
1) Take the diagnostic test that follows.
2) Score with the answer key that immediately follows.
3) Provide the following information hereon (pages 3,4) for tutor- and-self-
evaluation:

Total number of problems: 27

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100=
Divide by total number of problems= %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in Math.

Areas to work on: , , ,

NEXT STEP: GO ON TO
MATH REVIEW, THEN
PRACTICE TESTS 1 AND 2.
 4

Diagnostic
Key to follow

Circle question number (s) missed Type of Question

1 Addition

25 Multiplication

36 Division

4 Subtraction

7 Add, subtract, multiply, decimals

8 9 10 11 12 16a 17 18 19 Concept of decimals, fractions, percent

Add fractions w/ unlike denominators

13
Multiply fractions
14
Divide fractions
15
Concept of ratio
16b
Subtract decimals
21
Multiply decimals
22
Divide by decimals
23
Percent problem
24 25 26
Ratio Problem
27a 27b
 5
Number Power Review Pretest

This pretest will tell you which chapters of Number Power Review you need to work on and which you have
already mastered. Do all the problems that you can. There is no time limit. Check your answers with the answer
key. Fill out chart at test end. Do all work on these pages.

Find an answer to each problem

1. 793 2. 215 x 89 = 3. 417 ÷ 19

517
+ 385

Find an answer to each problem.

4. 2800 5. 173 6. 4,208 ÷ 16

- 946 x 26

7. Find the Value of the expression: 3 ($2.50 - $1.00) + ($10.00 ÷4).

8. Write the following numbers in order, from least to greatest.

3 .034 30% 2 4% 0.4
4 3

9. What percent of this pizza has been eaten?

 6
Write <, > or + to compare each pair of numbers.

10. 3 21 11. 2 14 12. 4 11

4 2 2
3 3 5 15
8 48

Solve each Problem.

13. 2¾ 14. 2 x 3 15. 1 ÷ 5
+1 ⅓ 3 5 4 8

16. Keisha bought sixteen cans of soda for a birthday party. Six of these are cans of cola.
a. What fraction of the soda is cola (red)?

= Red

b. What is the ratio of cola to flavors that are not cola?

Write <,>, or = to compare the pair of decimals.

17. 0.65 0.605 18. 0.329 0.48 19. 1.14 1.042

20. Which expression can be used to find the width of each board?

Board gap 0.375

18”

a. 18+ (3 x 0.375) d. 18-(3 x 0.375)

4 4

b. 18+ (3 x 0.375) e. 18 –(4 x 0.375)

3 4

c. 18- (3 x 0.375)
3
 7
Solve each problem.

21. 5.08 22. 2.05 x 0.06 = 23. 2.842 ÷ 1.4 =

-2.92

24. The Clothes Tree is offering a 25% discount on all women’s sweaters. Including a 6% sales tax,
what will Selena pay for a sweater that normally sells for $48.00?

For problem 25 & 26, refer to the circle graph.

25. What percent of the students at Highland Middle School are in the 8th grade?

26. Suppose that next year the enrollment at Highland Middle School increases by 20%. How many
students will be enrolled at Highland next year?

7th
th
6 Grade Grade
174 156

8th Grade 170

27. What is the ratio of the amount that Jonathan saved in May to the amount he saved in January?
(Reduce to lowest terms. If necessary)

If Jonathan’s take-home pay is 1,500 per month, how much did he save during the 6 months
shown on the graph?
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
 8

Answer Key

1. 1,695
2. 19,135
3. 21 R 18
4. 1,854
5. 4,498
6. 263
7. $ 7.00 ($4.50 + $2.50)
8. 4%, 30%, 0.34, 0.4, 2/3, ¾
9. 62.5%
10. <
11. =
12. >
13. 4 – ½
14. 2/5
15. 2/5
16. a. 3/8 (6/16) b. 3/5 or 3 to 5 (6/10)
17. >
18. <
19. >
20. d.
21. 2.16
22. 0.123
23. 2.03
24. $38.16 ($36.00+ $2.16)
25. 34% (170/500 x 100%)
26. 600 (500 + 100)
27. 5/3 (25/15)
 9

Math Review

(Note: This page has space for portion and for overall test score.)

Directions: 1) Take the portion of the test that follows. Label and do all work on front
and back of same page as problem.
2) See pages 42-44 for answer key, to score portion.
3) Provide the following information hereon (page 10) for tutor- and self-
evaluation:

Total number of problems: 24 Add, subtract, multiply, divide, whole numbers

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100 =
Divide by total number of problems = %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in math.

Areas to work on: , , ,

OVERALL MATH REVIEW SCORE

Total number of problems (overall): 104

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100 =
Divide by total number of problems = %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in math.

Areas to work on: , , ,

NEXT STEP: GO ON TO
PRACTICE TESTS 1 AND 2.
 10
Basic Addition and Subtraction
Basic Addition Steps:
462+133 1. Line up digits according to place value.
Check by: 595 2. Add the digits starting from right to left:
462 - 133 Ones: 2 + 3 = 5
+133 462 must be the answer Tens: 6 + 3 = 9
595 Hundreds: 4 + 1 = 5

Addition w/ Regrouping Steps:

835+559 1. Line up the digits according to place value.
Check by: 1,394 2. Add:
1
- 599 Ones: 5+9 = 14
835 835 must be the answer (carry the 1 to the tens place, which is
+ 559 one place to the left)
1394 Tens: 1+ 3+ 5= 9
Hundreds: 8+ 5= 13

Basic Subtraction Steps:

5,234 – 4,112 1. Line up the digits according to place value.
Check by: 1,122 2. Subtract:
5,234 +4,112 Ones: 4 – 2 = 2
- 4,112 5,234 must be the answer Tens: 3 – 1 = 2
1,122 Hundreds: 2 – 1 = 1
Thousands: 5 – 4 = 1

Subtraction with Regrouping Steps:

457 – 29 1. Line up the digits according to place value.
417
Check by: 428 2. Subtract:
457 + 29 Ones: 7 – 9 (must borrow 1 from the 5
- 2 9 457 must be the answer In the tens place)
428 Tens 4 – 2 = 2
Hundreds: 4 – 0 = 4

Vocabulary:
Digit: A numeral, (the number 7 is a digit). Now you try!
Place Value: Each digit in a number occupies a
position – that position is called its place value. 1. 1,803 + 156 =

HESI Hints: 2. 835 + 145 =

1 Ten = 10 ones
Hundred

3. 1,372 + 139
1 Hundred = 100 ones
Ones
Tens

1 Thousand = 1000 ones 4. 123 + 54 + 23 =

5. 673 – 241 =
6. 547 – 88 =
6 5 9 7. 222 – 114 =
8. 12,478 – 467 =
 11
Basic Multiplication
(Whole Numbers)

23 X 5 Steps:
1. Multiply one digit at a time.
1
2. Multiply (5 X 23)
23
Ones: 5 x 3 = 15 (carry the 1 to the tens place
x 5
and write the 5 in the ones place)
115
Tens: 5 x 2 = 10 + 1 = 11

623 X 45 Steps:
1. Multiply 623 X 5
5 x 3 = 15
623 5 x 2 = 10 + 1 (carried over)= 11
x 45 5 x 6 = 30 + 1 (carried over)= 31 (doesn’t need
3115 to be carried over)
24,920 2. Multiply 623 x 4 (remember to line up the ones
28,035 digits with the four by using zero as the
placeholder):
4 x 3 = 12
4x2=8+1=9
4 x 6 = 24
3. Add the two products together:
3,115 + 24,920 = 28,035 is the final product

Vocabulary:
Product: The answer to a multiplication problem.

HESI Hints:
Remember, the placeholders help keep the problem aligned. If you do not skip a space, the answer
will be incorrect. Below is an example of a well-aligned problem.

Note: Timetables are crucial for doing multiplication, division, fractions, etc. Please notify the tutor if
you do not know timesheets by heart at least through 9 x 9.
 12

301
301 x 451 x 451 Steps: Now You Try!
301 1. Multiply 301 x 1
¾ 1x1=1
15050 ¾ 1x0=0 1. 846 x 7 =
+120400 ¾ 1x3=3
135,751 2. Multiply 301 x 5 2. 325 x 6 =
¾ 5 x 1 = 5 ( remember
to use a zero for a 3. 653 x 12 =
placeholder)
¾ 5x0=0 4. 806 x 55 =
¾ 5 x 3 = 15
3. Multiply 301 x 4 5. 795 x 14 =
¾ 4x1=4
¾ 4x0=0 6. 999 x 22 =
¾ 4 x 3 = 12
4. Add the three products 7. 582 x 325 =
together:
¾ 301 + 15,050 + 8. 9,438 x 165 =
120,400 = 135,751 is
the final product
 13
Basic Division
(Whole Numbers)

40÷ 8 = Steps:
1. Set up the problem. (Review the vocabulary section).
2. Use a series of multiplication and subtraction problems to
solve a division problem.
3. 8 x ?= 40
Multiply: 8 x 5 = 40
Subtract: 40-40=0
The quotient (or answer) is 5

672÷ 6 = Steps:
1. Set up the problem.
2. Begin with the hundreds place:
o 6 x ?=6; we know 6 x 1 =6; Therefore, place the
1(quotient) above the 6 hundred (dividend). Place the
other 6 under the hundred and subtract: 6-6=0
o Bring down the next number which is 7; 6 x ? = 7.
There is no number that can be multiplied by six that
will equal seven exactly, so try to get as close as
possible without going over 7. Use 6x1=6 and set it up
just like the last subtraction problem. 7-6 =1
o Bring down the 2 from the dividend which results in
the number 12 (the 1 came from the remainder of 7-
6=1).
o 6x?=12;?=2 The two becomes the next number in the
quotient. 12- 12=0. There is not a remainder.
o The quotient (or answer) is 112.

Vocabulary
Quotient: The answer to a division problem.
Dividend: The number being divided.
Divisor: The number by which the dividend is divided.

HESI Hints:
The 5 represents the divisor, the 45 represents the dividend, and the 9 represents the
quotient. It is the best not to leave a division problem with a remainder, but to end it as
a fraction or a decimal point instead. To make the problem into a decimal, just add a
decimal point and zeros at the end of the dividend and continue. If a remainder
continues to occur, round to the hundredths place.
Example:
233.547→ 233.55 (the 7 rounds the 4 to a 5)

Steps to Division
1. Division
2. Multiplication
3. Subtraction
4. Bring down
 14
174÷ 5 Steps:
1. Set up the problem.
2. 5 does not divide into 1, but does divide into 17.
3. 5 x 3 = 15 Write the 3 in the quotient. (It is written above
the 7 in seventeen because that is the last digit in the
number).
o 5 x 3 = 15
o 17 – 15 = 2
4. Bring the 4 down. Combine the 2 (remainder from 17-15)
and 4 to create 24.
5. Five does not divide evenly into 24; therefore try to get
close without going over.
o 5 x 4 = 20
o 24 – 20 =4
6. There is a remainder of 4, but there is not a number left
in the dividend. Add a decimal point and zeros and
continue to divide.
7. The quotient (or answer) is 34.8 (thirty-four and eight
tenths).

Now You Try!

1. 132 ÷ 11 =

2. 9,618 ÷ 3 =

3. 2,466 ÷ 2 =

4. 325 ÷ 13 =

5. 5,024 ÷ 8 =

6. 3,705 ÷ 5 =

7. 859 ÷ 4 =

8. 6,987 ÷ 7 =
 15

Math Review

Directions: 1) Take the portion of the test that follows. Label and do all work on front
and back of same page as problem.
2) See pages 42-44 for answer key, to score portion.
3) Provide the following information hereon (page 16) for tutor-and-self-
evaluation:

Total number of problems: 16 Add, subtract, multiply, divide decimals

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100 =
Divide by total number of problems = %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in math.

Areas to work on: , , ,

Next step: Go to Math Review,

Then Practice Tests 1 & 2
 16

Addition and Subtraction of Decimals

2.6 + 3.1 Steps: Vocabulary:
1. Line up the decimal points. Place value (regarding decimals):
2.6 2. Add the tenths together: Numbers to the right of the decimal
+ 3.1 6+1=7 point have different terms from the
5.7 3. Add the ones together: 3 + 2 = 5 whole numbers to the left of the
4. Final answer: 5.7 (5 and 7 tenths). decimal point. Each digit in a
number occupies a position; that
5 + 12.34 Steps:
position is called its place value.
1. Line up the decimal points.
o It might be difficult to line up the

Ten-Thousandths
5 because it does not have a
12.34 decimal point. Remember that

Thousandths
+ 5.00

Hundredths
Thousands
after the ones place; there is a

Hundreds
17.34 decimal point. IN order to help

Tenths
Ones
Tens
with organization, add zeros.
Example: 5= 5.00
2. Add the hundredths: 4 + 0 = 4
3. Add the tenths: 3 + 0 = 3 9 8 7 6 . 5 4 3 2
4. Add the ones: 2 + 5 = 7
5. Add the tens: 1 + 0 = 1
6. Final answer: 17.34 (17 and 34
hundredths).
7.21 – 4.01 Steps: HESI Hints:
1. Line up the decimal points The word “and” when writing the
7.21 2. Subtract the hundredths: number in words stands for the
- 4.01 3. Subtract the tenths: 2 – 0= 2 decimal.
3.20 4. Subtract the ones: 7 – 4 = 3 Example: 5.7 (five and seven
5. Final answer: 3.20 (3 and 20 tenths)
hundredths).
12 – 8.99 Steps: Now You Try!
1. Line up the decimal points.
2. Since twelve is a whole number, add 1. 9.2 + 7.55=
a decimal point and zeros.
3. .00 - .99 cannot be subtracted; 2. 2.258 + 64.58 =
1 9 10
therefore, 1 must be borrowed from
12.00 the 12 and regrouped. 3. 892.2 + 56 =
- 8.99 4. The ones become 1, the tenths
3.01 become 9, and the hundredths 4. 22 + 3.26 =
become 10.
5. Subtract the hundredths: 10 – 9 = 1 5. 8.5 + 7.55 + 14 =
6. Subtract the tenths: 9 – 9 = 0
7. Subtract the ones: 11 – 8 = 3 6. 18 + 7.55 =
o 1 was borrowed from the tens in
order to subtract the 8. 7. 31.84 – 2.430 =
Final answer: 3.01 (3 and 1 hundredth).
8. 21.36 – 8.79 =
 17

Multiplication of Decimals
75.7 x 2.1 Steps: Vocabulary:
Place value (regarding decimals):
1. Multiply 757 x 21 (do not worry
1 decimal place Numbers to the right of the
about the decimal until the final
75.7 + 1 decimal place decimal point have different terms
product has been calculated).
x 2.1 2 decimal places from the whole numbers to the left
757 2. Starting from the right count the of the decimal point. Each digit in
+15140 move to the left decimal places in both numbers a number occupies a position:
158.97 two decimal and ass together (2 decimal That position is called its place
places in the final places). value.
product.
3. Move to the left 2 places and then
place the decimal.

Ten-Thousands
Thousandths
0.002 x 3.4 Steps:

Hundredths
Thousands
Hundreds
1. Multiply 0002 x 34

Tenths
3 decimal places

Ones
Tens
+ 1 decimal places
0.002 4 decimal places 2. Starting from the right, count
x 3.4 the decimal places in both
Move four places numbers and add together (4
0008
to the left. decimal places).
+ 00060 9 8 7 6 . 5 4 3 2
0.0068 3. Move to the left 4 places and
then place the decimal.

3.41 x 7 Steps: Now you Try!

1. Multiply 341 x 7
1. 0.003 x 4.23 =
2 decimal places 2. Starting from the right, count
3.41 + 0 decimal places the decimal places in both 2. 98.26 x 8 =
x 7 2 decimal places numbers and add together (2
23.87 decimal places). 3. 8.03 x 2.1 =
Move two places
to the left.
3. Move to the left 2 places and
then place the decimal. 4. 250.1 x 25 =

5. 0.1364 x 2.11 =

6. 8.23 x 4 =

7. 0.058 x 64.2 =

8. 794.23 x .001 =
 18

Division of Decimals
34 ÷ 2.5 Steps: Vocabulary:

1. Set up the division problem. Quotient: The answer to a division

2. Move the decimal point in 2.5 problem.
one place to the right making Dividend: The number being
it a whole number. divided.
3. “What is done to one side Divisor: The number by which the
must be done to the other dividend is divided.
side.” Move the decimal point
one place to the right in 34,
making it 340, and then bring
the decimal point up into the
quotient. The 5 represents the divisor, the 45
4. Divide normally: represents the dividend, and 9
o 25 x 1= 25 represents the quotient. Place value
o Subtract 34 – 25 = 9 (regarding decimals): Numbers to
o Bring down the zero to make the right of the decimal point have
90 different terms than whole
o 25 x 3 = 75 This is as close numbers.
to 90 as possible without

Ten-Thousandths
going over

Thousandths
o Subtract 90 – 75 = 15

Hundredths
Thousands
Hundreds
o Add a zero to the dividend

Tenths
and bring it down to the 15

Ones
Tens
making it 15j0
o 26 x 6 = 150
150 – 150 = 0
5. The quotient is 13.6 9 8 7 6 . 5 4 3 2

2.468 ÷ 0.2 Steps: HESI Hints:

1. Set up the division problem. The number 25 is a whole number.

2. Move the decimal point in Though this number could be
0.2 over one place to the written 25.0, decimals are usually
right making it a whole not displayed after a whole number.
number. .02 is now 2.
3. Move the same number of
spaces in the dividend.
2.468 is now 24.68.
4. Bring the decimal point up
to the quotient in the new
position.
5. Divide normally.
 19

0.894 ÷ 0.05 Steps: Now You Try!

1. Set up the division problem. 1. 48 ÷ 0.4 =

2. Move the decimal point in 2. 144 ÷ 0.6 =

the divisor until it is a
whole number.
3. 3.75 ÷ 0.4 =
0.05 is now 5
4. 56.2 ÷ 0.2 =
3. Move the decimal in the
dividend the same amount 5. 2.6336 ÷ 0.32 =
of spaces that were moved
in the divisor. 6. 591 ÷ 0.3 =

0.894 is now 89.4 7. 0.72 ÷ 0.8 =

4. Divide normally.
8. 0.132 ÷ 0.11 =
 20

Math Review

Directions:

1) Take the portion of the test that follows. Label and do all work on
front and back of same page as problem.
2) See pages 42-44 for answer key, to score portion.
3) Provide the following information hereon (page 21) for tutor-and self-
evaluation:

Total number of problems: 48 Fractions

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100= +-
Divide by total number of problems= %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in math.

Areas to work on: , , ,

Next step: Go to Math Review,

Then Practice Tests 1 & 2
 21

Basic Fraction Vocabulary and Explanation

(terms, improper fractions, reducing, least common denominators, and mixed numbers)
Terms Description:
o The numerator is the top number of the
Numerator (part) fraction. It represents the part or pieces.
Fraction Bar o The denominator is the bottom number of the
Denominator fraction. It represents the total or whole
amount.
Example: 21 is solved using division o The fraction bar is the line that separated the
7 numerator and the denominator.

(The top number goes inside the box. The bottom An improper fraction occurs when the numerator is
number goes outside the box.) larger than the denominator. An improper fraction
should always be reduced or made into a mixed
The answer is 3. number.

Reducing Fractions using the Greatest Common Description:

Factor Factor: a number that divides evenly into another
number.
Example: Factors of 12:
Reduce o 1 x 12 = 12
o 2 x 6 = 12
o 3 x 4 = 12
Factors of 7 and 21: 12 {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} Listing the factors helps
7 {1,7} determine the greatest common factor between two or
21{1,3,7,21} more numbers.
The greatest common factor is 7; therefore divide the
numerator and denominator by 7. 1 = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
7 ÷ 7 = 1
21 ÷ 7 = 3 (all represent a half)
(reducing fractions can also be called reducing a
fraction to its lowest terms or simplest form.)
Reduce

Factors of 12 and 20: 1= 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10

12 {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20 {1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20}
The greatest common factor is 4 (they do have 1 and 2
in common, but the greatest factor is needed).

12 ÷ 4 = 3
20 ÷ 4 = 5
 22

Least Common Least Common Denominator Description:

(LCD):
The Smallest multiple that two numbers Steps for example I
share. 1. List the multiples (Multiplication tables) of each
denominator.
Determining the LCD is an essential step in the
addition, subtraction, and ordering of fractions. ƒ 4: 4 x 1 = 4, 4 x 2 = 8, 4 x 3 = 12, 4 x 4 = 16, 4 x
5 = 20, 4 x 6 = 24, 4 x 7 = 28, 4 x 8 = 32, 4 x 9 =
Example I: Find the least common denominator for 36, 4 x 10 = 40
ƒ 4 (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40). This will
3 , 7 be STANDARD FORM throughout for listing
multiples.
4 9 ƒ 9(9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90)
2. Compare each for the least common multiple
ƒ 4 (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40)
ƒ 9(9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90)
3. The least common denominator between 4 and 9 is
Example II: Find the least common denominator for 36 (4 x 9= 36 and 9 x 2 = 36).

3 , 1 Steps for Example II

12 8 1. List the multiples of each denominator and find the
common multiples.
ƒ 12 (12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120)
ƒ 8 (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80)
ƒ Find the least (or smallest) common multiple.
2. The least common denominator between 12 and 8 is
24 (12 x 2= 24 and 8 x 3 = 24).

Changing Improper Fractions into Mixed Description:

Numbers (An improper fraction has a larger Steps for Example I
numerator than denominator.) ƒ We cannot leave the fraction in this form,
therefore we turn it into a mixed number through
Example I. division. (The top number goes in the box
3 (numerator) the bottom number (denominator)
2
√
17 Æ 5 17 Æ 3 stays out).
ƒ The 3 becomes the whole number.
5 15 5 ƒ The remainder becomes the numerator.
02 ƒ The denominator stays the same.
Changing Mixed Numbers into Improper Description:
Fractions
(A mixed number has a whole number and a Steps for Example I
fraction combined.) ƒ To make a mixed number into an improper
fraction, multiply the denominator and whole
Example I number together, and then add the numerator.
ƒ Place this new numerator over the denominator,
5 2/3 Æ 5 + 2 = (5 x 3) + 2 = 17 Æ
17 which stays the same in the mixed number.

x 3 3
 23
Addition of Fractions
Addition with common denominators Steps:
1. Add the numerators together 3 + 2= 5
3+2=5 2. The denominator stays the same, 7.
7 7 7 3. Answer: 5/7 (five—sevenths)

Addition with unlike denominators Steps:

1. Find the least common denominator by
listing the multiple of each denominator.
1 + 7 1x2= 2 o 5: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
5 10 5 x 2 = 10 o 10: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
o The least common denominator is 10.
2. If the denominator is changed, the
7x1= 7 numerator must also be changed by the
10 x 1 = 10 same number. Do this by multiplying the
numerator and denominator by the same
2+7=9 number.
10 +10=10 1x 2= 2
5 x 2 = 10
3. Since the denominator of the second
fraction is 10, no change is necessary.
4. Add the numerator together and keep the
common denominator.
5. Reduce if necessary.

Vocabulary:
Numerator: the top number in a fraction
Denominator: the bottom number in a fraction
Common Denominator: two or more fraction that have the same denominator
Least common denominator: the smallest multiple that two numbers share.

NOTE: never add denominators; they must be the same for addition and subtraction before you
add or subtract.
 24

Addition of Mixed Numbers

Steps: Now you try it!
1. Find a common
1 5 5 denominator of 4 and 10 by 1. 1 5
1 X =1 listing the multiples of each. + =
1 14 + 25 8 20 ƒ 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 12 12
ƒ 10: 10, 20, 30.
4 10
2. Calculate the new numerator
8 2 16 2. 7 10
2 X = 2 of each fraction to + =
correspond to the changed
10 2 20 21 21
denominator.
3. Add the whole numbers
5 16 21 1 together, and then add the 3. 1 + 4 =
1 +2 =3 =4
numerators together. Keep 2 5
20 20 20 20 the common denominator
20. 4. 5 + 3 =
4. The Numerator is larger
7 14
than the denominator
(improper), change the
answer to a mixed number. 5. 4 + 6 =
(review vocabulary if 5 7
necessary).
6. 1 4
7 +2 =
8 12
7. 2 2
5 +1 =
9 9
8. 1 1
12 +3 =
21 3
 25

Subtraction of Fractions
Subtracting fractions with Steps: Vocabulary:
common denominators
1. Subtract the numerators: Numerator: the top number in a
2. Keep the same fraction.
denominator. Denominator: the bottom number
3. Reduce the fraction by in a fraction.
dividing by the greatest Common Denominator: two or
common factor: more fractions that have the same
denominator.
Least Common Denominator: the
smallest multiple that two numbers
share.
Factor: a number that divides
evenly into another number.
Example: 12 ÷ 6 = 2 (6 and 2 are
factors of 12).

Subtracting fractions with unlike Steps: HESI Hints:

denominators
1. Find the least common Fractions as a whole:
denominator by listing the
multiples of each 15
denominator: 15 = One Whole
2. Change the numerator to
reflect the new o Notice in problem 3 that we
denominator. (what is done added 15 to both the
to the bottom must be don’t numerator and the
to the top of a fraction). denominator. We did this
3. Subtract the new because it is one whole and
numerators: 10-3 = 7. it is the same denominator.
The denominator stays the
same.
 26
Borrowing from Whole Numbers
Steps: Now you try it!
2 4
5 =3 1. Find the least
3 5 1. 3 2
common denominator – =
20 20
2. 12 cannot be
2 5 10 2. 28 17
5 X =5 subtracted from 10, – =
3 5 15 therefore one must be 37 37

borrowed from the

3. 17 3
whole number, – =
25 5
making it 4, and add
4 10 15 25
5 + =4 the borrowed one to
15 15 15 4. 31 5
– =
the fraction. 54 9
3. Add the original
4 3 12 5. 9 1
3 X =3 numerator to the 1 – =
5 3 15 10 5
borrowed numerator
(10 + 15 = 25) 6. 7 3
4. Now the whole
15 – =
25 3 13 18 9
4 – =3
number and the
15 15 15
numerator can be 7. 1 5
25 – 12 =
subtracted. 7 7

8. 1 3
30 – 13 =
2 4
 27

Multiplication of Fractions
Steps:
Multiply
1. Multiply the numerators together:
o 4x1=4

2. Multiply the denominators together:

o 5 x 2 = 10

3. e product by using5( e 1 Tc -0.8002 Tw 1.08s 100 -( )003Dp)6greatest ctors mJEact>BDCoETEMC

 28

Steps: Now You Try!

Multiply 1. Change the mixed numbers into
improper fractions: 1. 3/5 x 2/3 =

2. 7/9 x 1/9 =

3. 6 x 4/5 =

4. 1 2/5 x 5 =

5. 2 1/7 x 1 3/4 =

2. Multiply the numerators and 6. 4 4/5 x 1 4/6 =

denominators together:
o 17 x 47 = 799 7. 3 1/3 x 2 =
o 8 x 6 = 48 (denominator)
o Change the improper fraction 8. 1 8/12 x 4 1/2=
into a mixed number.
 29
Division of Fractions
1/2 ÷ 3/8 Steps:
1. Inverse or flip (or take the reciprocal) of the second fraction.
1/2÷3/8 o 3/8 8/3
2. Rewrite the new problem and multiply:
1/2x8/3=8/6 o 1 x 8 = 8 (numerator)
o 2 x 3 = 6 (denominator)

1 5/6 ÷ ¾ Steps:
1. Change the mixed number into an improper fraction:
1 5/6 ÷ 3/4 o 1 5/6 = ( 1 x 6 )v +5=11/6
2. Rewrite the new problem with the improper fraction.
11/6 ÷ 3/4 3. Inverse or flip the second fraction.
4. Multiply the numerator and the denominators together:
11/6 x 4/3 = 44/18 o 11 x 4 = 44 (numerator)
o 6 x 3 = 18(denominator)
2 8/18 = 2 4/9 5. Change the improper fraction into a mixed number. Reduce the
mixed number.

12 ÷ 2 3/8 Steps:
1. Change the whole number into a fraction and the mixed
number into an improper fraction.
12/1 ÷ 19/8 2. Inverse of flip the second fraction.
3. Multiply the numerators and then denominators together:
12/1 x 8/19 = 96/19 o 12 x 8 = 96
o 1 x 19 = 19
5 1/19 4. Change the improper fraction into a mixed number.

Vocabulary
Numerator: the top number in a fraction.
Denominator: the bottom number in a fraction.
Reciprocals pairs of numbers when multiplied together equal 1.
Factor: a number that divides evenly into another number.
 30

HESI Hints

“Dividing fractions— (flip) or inverse the second and multiply.”

Example:
1 / 2 ÷ 3 / 8 Inverse 3 / 8 8/3

Then Multiply 1/2 x 8/3

3/8 8/3 3/8 x 8/3 = 24/24= 1

These two numbers are reciprocals of each other, because when they are multiplied together, they
equal 1.

Now You Try!

1. 4/5 ÷ 1/7 =

2. 12/15 ÷ 3/5 =

3. 7/8 ÷ 1/6 =

4. 1 ÷ 1/5 =

5. 8 ÷ 1/4 =

6. 2 1/4 ÷ 1/6 =

7. 10 ÷ 3 1/3 =

8. 12 1/3 ÷ 2 =
 31
Changing Fractions to Decimals
Change ¾ to a decimal Steps: Vocabulary:
1. Change the fraction into a Fractions bar: the line in-between
division problem. the numerator and denominator.
2. Add a decimal point after The bar is another symbol for
the 3 and add two zeros. division.
o Remember to raise the Terminating decimal: a decimal
decimal into the that is not continuous.
quotient area.
3. This is terminating decimal;
therefore adding additional
zeros is not necessary.

Change 5/8 to a decimal Steps: HESI Hints:

1. Change the fraction into a o “Top goes in the box, the
division problem. bottom goes out.”
2. Add a decimal point after This is a helpful saying in
the 5 and add two zeros. remembering that the numerator is
o Remember to raise the the dividend and the denominator is
decimal into the the divisor.
quotient area. o If the decimal does not
3. If there is still a remainder, terminate, continue to the
add another zero to the thousandths place and then
dividend and bring it down. round to the hundredths
4. The decimal terminates at place.
the thousandths place. Example:
7.8666 7.87
If the number in the thousandths
place is 5 or greater, round the
number in the hundredths place to
the next higher number.
But, if the number in the
thousandths place is less than 5, do
not round up the number in the
hundredths place.
 32
Change 2/3 to a decimal Steps: Now You Try!
1. Change the fraction into a Change the fraction into a decimal.
division problem.
2. After the 2, add a decimal
point and 4 zeros.
3. The decimal continues 1. 1/5
(does not terminate);
therefore, round to the 2. 2/5
hundredths place:
o 0.666 0.67 3. 3/8
o It can also be written
as 0.6 (the line is 4. 4/5
placed over the number
that repeats) 5. 1/3

6. 1 ½
Change 2 3/5 to a decimal Steps:
1. Change the fraction into a 7. 3/10
division problem.
2. After the 3, add a decimal 8. 2 7/8
and two zeros.
3. Place the whole number in
front of the decimal:
o 2.6
 33
Changing Decimals to Fractions
Change 0.9 to a fraction Steps: Vocabulary:
Knowing place values makes it very Place value: Numbers to the
simple to change decimals to right of the decimal point have
fractions. different terms from the whole
1. The last digit is located in the numbers.
tenths place; therefore the 9

Ten-Thousands
becomes the numerator.

Thousandths
2. 10 becomes the denominator.

Hundredths
Thousands
Hundreds

Tenths
Ones
Tens
9 8 7 6 . 5 4 3 2

Change 0.02 to a fraction Steps: Now You Try!

1. The 2 is located in the
hundredths place.
2. 2 becomes the numerator, 1. 0.08
100 becomes the
denominator. 2. 0.025
3. Reduce the fraction.
3. 0.125
Change 0.25 to a fraction Steps:
1. The 5 (always look at the last 4. 0.17
digit in the decimal) is
located in the hundredths 5. 0.3
place.
2. 25 becomes the numerator 6. 2.75
and 100 becomes the
denominator. 7. 7.07
3. Reduce the fraction.
Change 3.055 into a fraction Steps: 8. 12.0001
1. The rightmost 5 is located in
the thousandths place.
2. 55 becomes the numerator
and 1000 becomes the
denominator. The 3 is still
the whole number.
3. Reduce the fraction.
 34

Math Review

Directions:
1. Take the portion of the test that follows. Label and do all work on
front and back of same page as problem.
2. See pages 42-44 for answer key, to score portion.
3. Provide the following information hereon (page 21) for tutor- and self-
evaluation:

Total number of problems: 8 Ratio/Proportion

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100=
Divide by total number of problems= %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in math.

Areas to work on: , , , .

Next step: Go to Math Review,

Then Practice Tests 1 & 2
 35
Ratio and Proportion
Change the decimal to a ratio Steps:
1. Change the decimal to fraction.
2. Reduce the fraction.
3. The numerator is the first listed number.
4. Then write the colon.
5. Finally, place the denominator after the colon.

Change the fraction to a ratio Steps:

5/6 = 5:6
1. The numerator is the first listed number.
2. Then write the colon
3. Finally, place the denominator after the colon.

Solve the proportion (find the value of x) Steps:

7:10::14:X
1. Rewrite the proportion as a fraction.
(this might help to see the solution).

2. Notice that 7 x 2 = 14; therefore 10 x 2 = 20:

o Multiply 14 x 10 (two diagonal numbers). The
answer is 140.
o 140 ÷ 7 (divide by number without a pair. 14 and 10
are a pair. 7 and x are not pair, so divide by 7)

3. The answer is 20.

X: 63:: 24:72 Steps:

1. Rewrite the proportion as a fraction.
2. Multiply the diagonal numbers together:
24 x 63 = 1,512
3. Divide the answer (1,512) by the Remaining number
(the one with out a pair) 1,512 ÷ 72 =21
4. The answer is 21

Solve the proportion Steps:

240:60::X:12
1. Rewrite the proportion as a fraction.
2. Multiply the diagonal numbers together:
240 x 12 = 2,880
3. Divide the answer (2,880) by the remaining number
(without a pair)
2,880 ÷ 60 = 48
4. The answer to x is 48.
 36
Vocabulary:
Ratio: a relationship between two numbers.
Proportion: two ratios that have equal values.

HESI Hints:
Ratios can be written several ways.
o As a fraction 5/12
o Using a colon 5:12
o In words 5 to 12

Proportion can be written two ways.

o 5 = 25
12 = 60
o 5:12::25:60

(Remember, the numerator is listed first, then the denominator)

Now You Try!

1. 22/91
2. 19/40

Solve for X
3. 7: 5 :: 91: X
4. 7: 9 :: X: 63
5. X: 15 ::120: 225
6. 15: X :: 3: 8
7. 360: 60 :: 6: X
8. X: 81 :: 9: 27
 37

Math Review

Directions:
1. Take the portion of the test that follows. Label and do all work on
front and back of same page as problem.
2. See pages 42-44 for answer key, to score portion.
3. Provide the following information hereon (page 21) for tutor- and self-
evaluation:

Total number of problems: 8 Percentage

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100=
Divide by total number of problems= %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in math.

Areas to work on: , , , .

Next step: Go to Math Review,

Then Practice Tests 1 & 2
 38
Percentages
Change the decimal to a percent Steps: Vocabulary:
0.13 13% 1. Move the decimal point to Percent: per-hundred (part per
the right of the hundredths hundred)
place (two places).
2. Put the percent sign behind
the new number.

Ten-Thousands
Change the decimal to a percent Steps:

Thousandths
Hundredths
0.002 0.2% 1. Move the decimal point to

Thousands
Hundreds
the right of the hundredths

Tenths
place (two places-always!)

Ones
Tens
2. Put the percent sign behind
the new number. Do not
worry. It is still a percent- it
is just a very small percent. 9 8 7 6 . 5 4 3 2

Change the percent to a decimal Steps:

85.4% .854 1. Move the decimal two Now You Try!
spaces away from the Decimal to a percent
percent sign (towards the
left). 1. .98
2. Drop the percent sign; it is
no longer a percent, but a 2. .0068
decimal.
Change the percent to a decimal Steps: 3. .09
1. The decimal point is not
75% .75 visible, but is always
located after the last Percent to a decimal
number.
2. Move the decimal two 4. 58%
spaces away from the
percent sign (towards the 5. 76.3%
left).
3. Drop the percent sign; it is 6. .03%
no longer a percent, but a
decimal.
Changing a fraction to a percent Steps: Fraction to a percent
1. Change the fraction into a
division problem and solve.
5 2. Move the decimal behind 7. 9/10
6 the hundredths place in the
quotient. 8. 4/5
3. Place a percent sign after
the new number.
.833 83.3%
 39
Percentage
(using the percent formula)
What is 7 out of 8 as a percent? Steps:
7 = % 1. Rewrite the problem using the percent formula.
8 = 100 2. Multiply the diagonal numbers together:
o 7 x 100 + 700 1 x 100 = 700
o 700 ÷ 8 = 87.5 % 3. Divide by the remaining (without a pair) number:
%= 87.5 or 87.5 % 700 ÷ 8 = 87.5 %

What is 68% of 45? Steps:

1. Rewrite the problem using the percent formula.
X = 68 2. (of 45) 45 is the whole.
45 = 100 3. Multiply the diagonal numbers together.
o 45 x 68 = 3,060 68 x 45 = 3,060
o 3,060 ÷ 10 = 30.6 4. Divide by the remaining (without pair) number
3,060 ÷ 100 = 30.6
X= 30.6 5. x = 30.6 (this is not a percent- it is the part).

18 is 50% of what number? Steps:

1. Rewrite the problem using the percent formula.
18 = 50 2. We are looking for the whole because “of” is
X = 100 indicating an unknown number.
o 18 X 100 = 1,800 3. Multiply the diagonal numbers together:
o 1,800 ÷ 50 = 36 18 x 100 = 1,800
4. Divide by the remaining number:
X = 36 1,800 ÷ 50 = 36

HESI Hints:
Percent formula
The word “of” usually indicates
Part = % the whole portion of the
Whole = 100 percent formula

Using this formula will help in all percent problems where there is an unknown (solving for x)
Now You Try!

1. What is 15 out of 75 as a percent?

2. What is 2 out of 50 as a percent?
3. What is 20 out of 100 as a percent?
4. What is 28% of 100?
5. What is 95% of 20?
6. What is 15.5% of 600?
7. 2 is 20% of what number?
8. 65 is 25% of what number?
 40

Helpful Information
to Memorize and Understand
Fractions, Decimals, Percents

Fractions Decimals Percent

1
0.50 50%
2
1
0.25 25%
4
3
0.75 75%
4
1
0.20 20%
5
2
0.40 40%
5
3
0.60 60%
5
4
0.80 80%
5
1
0.125 12.5%
8
3
0.375 37.5%
8
5
0.625 62.5%
8
7
0.875 87.5%
8
1
0.33 3 33.3%
3
2
0.66 6 66.6%
3
 41

Helpful Information
to Memorize and Understand
Roman Numerals
I=1 XI = 11 D= 500
II = 2 XX = 20 M = 1,000
III=3 XXX = 30 = 5,000
IV = 4 XL = 40 = 10,000
V=5 L = 50 = 50,000
VI = 6 LX = 60 = 100,000
VII = 7 LXX = 70 = 500,000
VIII = 8 LXXX = 80 = 1,000,000
IX = 9 XC = 90
X = 10 C = 100

Example: 2003 = MMIII

Measurement Conversions
0 degrees Celsius = 32 degrees Fahrenheit (the freezing point of water)
Temperature
100 degrees Celsius = 212 degrees Fahrenheit (the boiling point of water)

Metric Customary
1 kilometer = 1,000 meters 1 mile = 1,760 yards
Length 1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 mile = 5,280 feet
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters 1 yard = 3 feet
1 foot = 12 inches

1 liter = 1,000 milliliters 1 gallon = 4 quarts

1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter 1 gallon = 128 ounces
Volume & 1 quart = 2 pints
Capacity 1 pint = 2 cups
1 cup = 8 ounces
1 ounce = 30 cubic centimeters

Weight & 1 kilogram = 1,000 grams 1 ton = 2000 pounds

Mass 1 gram = 1,000 milligrams 1 pound = 16 ounces
 42

Answer Key:
Mathematics Section

Basic addition and subtraction (enter scores on pg. 10)

1. 1,959 2. 980 3. 1,511 4. 200
5. 432 6. 459 7. 108 8. 12,011

Basic Multiplication (whole numbers) (enter scores on pg.10)

1. 5,922 2. 1,950 3. 7,836 4. 44,330
5. 11,130 6.21,978 7. 189,150 8. 1,557,270

Basic Division (whole numbers) (enter scores on pg. 10)

1. 12 2. 3,206 3. 1,233 4. 25
5. 628 6. 741 7. 214.75 8. 998.14

Addition and Subtraction of Decimals (enter scores on pg. 16)

1. 16.75 2. 66, 838 3. 948.2 4. 25.26
5. 30.05 6. 10.45 7. 29.41 8. 12.57

Basic Multiplication (decimals)(enter scores on pg 16)

1. 0.01269 2. 786.08 3. 16.863 4. 6252.5
5. 0.287804 6. 32.92 7. 3.7236 8. 0.79423

Division of Decimals (enter scores on pg. 16)

1. 120 2. 240 3. 9.375 4. 281
5. 8.23 6. 1,970 7. 0.9 8. 1.2

Addition of Fractions (enter scores on pg. 16)

1. 1/2 2. 17/21 3. 1 3/10 4. 13/14
5. 1 23/35 6. 9 11/24 7. 6 4/9 8. 15 8/12

Subtraction of Fractions (enter scores on pg.21)

1. 1/20 2. 11/37 3. 2/25 4. 1/54
5. 1 7/10 6. 15 1/18 7. 12 3/7 8. 16 3/4

Multiplication of Fractions (enter scores on pg. 21)

1. 2/5 2. 7/81 3. 4 4/5 4. 7
5. 3 3/4 6. 8 7. 6 2/3 8. 7 1/2
 43

Division of fractions (enter scores on pg. 21)

1. 5 3/5 2. 1 1/3 3. 5 1/4 4. 5
5. 32 6. 13 1/2 7. 3 8. 6 1/6

Changing Fractions to Decimals (enter scores on pg. 21)

1. 0.2 2. 0.4 3. 0.375 4. 0.8
5. 0.3 6. 1.5 7. 0.3 8. 2.875

Changing Decimals to Fractions (enter scores on pg 21)

1. 2/25 2. 1/40 3. 1/8 4. 17/1000
5. 3/10 6. 2 3/4 7. 7 7/100 8. 12 1/10000

Ratio and Proportions (enter scores on pg 34)

1. 22:91 2. 19:40 3. x = 65 4. x = 49
5. x = 8 6. x = 40 7. x = 1 8. x = 27

Percentages (enter scores on pg. 37)

1. 98% 2. 0.68% 3. 9% 4. .58
5. 0.763 6..0003 7. 90% 8. 80%

Percentages (using the percent formula) (enter scores on pg. 37)

1. 20% 2. 4% 3. 20% 4. .28
5. 19 6. 93 7. 10 8. 260

See page 9 to enter overall score.

 44

Math Practice
Test 1 Face Sheet

Directions: Students will

1. Take Practice Test 1

2. Correct all problems
3. Fill in information on this face sheet, which precedes entire Practice Test 1
4. Return work to HESI staff, arrange tutoring or conference to give go-ahead on
taking actual HESI test

Important

1) Use the space provided on the paper for scratch paper; all work should be done on
these pages for ease of assessment.
2) Fill in the blanks on the face sheet to assist the HESI staff in assessing your skills and
weaknesses.

Your goal is to achieve 80% minimum on any exercise.

¾ To calculate Total number of correct answers, subtract number of incorrect

answers from total number of problems.
¾ To calculate Percent correct: multiply number correct X 100, divide this number
by total number of problems.

Example: 80 correct out of 100: 80 X 100= 8000 8000 divided by 100 = 80 or 80%

OVERALL MATH PRACTICE TEST 1 SCORE

Total number of problems: 101

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100 =
Divide by total number of problems= %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in math.

Areas to work on: , , , .

 45

MATH PRACTICE
TEST 1

1. Add, subtract, multiply, divide:

Total number of problems: 18

Total number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of problems.
Percent correct

2. Multiply, divide (by and into), add, subtract decimals

Total number of problems: 15

Total number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of problems.
Percent correct

3. Change fractions to decimals; decimals to fractions

Total number of problems: 10

Total number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of problems.
Percent correct

4. Add, subtract, multiply, divide fractions

Total number of problems: 20

Total number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of problems.
Percent correct

5. Percentage

Total number of problems: 18

Total number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of problems.
Percent correct

6. Ratio/Proportion

Total number of problems: 9

Total number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of problems.
Percent correct

7. Conversions

Total number of problems: 5

Total number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of problems.
Percent correct
 46

8. Rounding

Total number of problems: 6

Total number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of problems.
Percent correct

Next step: go to page 44 to enter

overall score for Practice Test1 1; then
go to Practice Test 2.
 47
Step one to Whole Number Skill Practice Test I
These problems will help you find out if you need to work in the whole number section of this book.
Do all the problems you can. Then fill in the chart on page 6 to see which page you should go to next.

1. 86,147 2. 24 + 933 = 3. 573

+ 2,532 1,268
486
+3,691

4. 897 5. 826 6. 40,020

-357 - 259 -29,316

7. 2,306 – 728 = 8. 30,000 – 2,907 = 9. 613

x 132

10. 84 11. 427 12. 489 x 53 =

x56 x 395

13. 65 x 2,507 = 14. 331 ÷ 7 = 15. 3,147 ÷ 4 =

16. 1,029 ÷ 21 = 17. 6,057 ÷ 9 = 18. 2,433 ÷ 56 =

 48

Answer Key

1. 88,679

2. 957

3. 6,018

4. 540

5. 567

6. 10,704

7. 1,578

8. 27,093

9. 80,916

10. 4,704

11. 168,665

12. 25,917

13. 162,955

14. 47 r2

15. 786 r 3

16. 49

17. 673

18. 43 r 25

Enter Score for practice test I on face sheet pages 44 – 46.

 49
Step one to Decimal Skills Practice Test 1 Part 2
Do work on these pages.

1. .26 x 3.9 = 2 12.9 x 5 = 3. .0038 x 62 =

4. .417 x 2.3 = 5. 46.4 ÷ 16 = 6. .222 ÷ .6 =

7. .406 ÷ .07 = 8. 9 ÷ .18 = 9. 148 ÷ 3.7 =

10. .58 + .9 +.737 = 11. .13 + 23.8 + 14 = 12. .68 + 10.24 + 5 =

13. 3.4 - .75 = 14. 8.1 - .238 = 15. 12 - .608 =

 50

Answer Key

1. 1.014

2. 64.5

3. .2356

4. .9591

5. .37

6. 5.8

7. 50

8. 40

9. 2.217

10. 37.93

11. 15.92

12. 2.65

13. 7.862

14. 11.392

Enter score for Practices Test 1 part 2 on face sheets page 44-46.
 51
Step one to Fraction to Decimals Skills Practice Test 1 Part 3

Do all work on these pages. Change each fraction to a decimal.

1. 5/6 =

2. 9/20 =

3. 4/7 =

4. 5/8 =

5. 9/16 =

Change each decimal or mixed decimal to a fraction or mixed number. Reduce each fraction.

1. .08 =

2. .625 =

3. .48 =

4. 3.36 =

5. 2.00004 =
 52

Answer Key

1. .83 1/3

2. .45

3. .57 1/7

4. .62 ½ or .625

5. .56 ¼

1. 2/25

2. 5/8

3. 12/25

4. 3 9/25

5. 2 1/25,000

Enter score for practices test 1 part 3 on face sheets page 44 – 46.
 53
Step One to Fraction Skills Practices Test 1 Part 4
Do all work on these pages.

1. 3/8 + 3/8 = 2. 3 9/16 + 2 11/16= 3. 5/9 + 2/3 =

4. 3/7 + 1/2= 5. 9/10 – 7/10= 6. 5/8 – 1/3 =

7.6 – 2 5/9= 8. 8 1/5 – 2 4/5= 9. 74/9 – 4 5/6=

10. 5/9 x 2/3 = 11. 9/10 x 8/9= 12. 5/9 x 12 =

13. 15 x 4 2/3= 14. 3/5 x 1 1/9= 15. 2 ¼ x 4 2/3=

16. 4/5 ÷ 8/15= 17. 4 1/6 ÷ 5/9 = 18. 5/12 ÷ 10 =

19.6 ÷ 4 ½ = 20. 3 ½ ÷ 2 4/5 =

 54

Answer Key

1. ¾

2. 6 ¼

3. 2/9

4. 13/14

5. 1/5

6. 7/24

7. 3 4/9

8. 5 2/5

9. 2 11/18

10. 10/27

11. 4/5

12. 6 2/3

13. 70

14. 2/3

15. 10 ½

16. 1 ½

17. 7 ½

18. 1/24

19. 1 1/3

20. 1 ¼

Enter score for practice test on cover sheets 44-46.

 55
Step One to Percent Skill Practices Test 1 Part 5
These problems will help you find out if you need to work in the percent section of this book. Do all
the problems you can. When you are finished, look at the chart to see which page you should go to
next.

1. Change each decimal to a percent.

.6 = .06 = .248 = .03 1/3

2. Change each percent to a decimal.

50%= 7%= 5 ¼%= 325%

3. Change each fraction to a percent.

3/10= 1/8= 3/7= 4/25=

4. 15 % of 140 = 5. 90% of 60=

6. 72 is what % of 90? 7. 44 is what % of 132?

8. 90% of what number is 54? 9. 15 % of what number is 39?

 56

Answers to Step One to

Percent Skill Practice
Test 1, Part 5

1. 60% 6% 24.8% 3.3%

2. .5 or .50 .07 .0525 3.25%
3. 30% 12 ½% 42 6/7% 16%
or 12.5% or 42.85%

4. 21
5. 54
6. 80%
7. 33 1/3% or 33.3%
8. 60
9. 260

Enter score for 5 on pages 44-46

 57
Practice Test 1 Part 6
Solve these proportions.

1. 120 = 16 2. 750:250::X:5 3. 2:5::X:10

4.2 X

4. 0.125: 0.5:: X:10

Read the following:

Proportion
Let us consider the ratios 3:5 and 12:20. If we write these ratios in fraction form, we have 3/5 and
12/20. Now if we apply the Principle of Equivalency of Fractions, we have 3 x 20 = 5 x 12. Thus the
fraction 3/5 and 12/20 are equivalent.
Thus, we may write 3:5 = 12:20. This statement is called a proportion.

Definition: A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equivalent.

Example: (a) 1:2= 4:8

(b) 5:6= 15:18

Use the Principle of Proportion to determine which of the following are true proportions.

1. 5:7 = 15:21

2. 6:11 = 12: 24

3. 1.4: 3.5 = 4.6: 11.5

4. 63:81 = 77:99

5. 64: 28 = 96:40
 58
Conversions Practice Test 1 Part 7

Convert the measurements in the following problems.

1. 5 yards = feet

2. 40 ounces = pounds

3. 20 quarts = gallons

4. 2 quarts = ounces

5. 3 pints = quarts
 59

Answer Key

Answers for test 6: (Enter scores for 6 on face sheet page 44-46)

1. .56 1. True

2. 15 2. False

3. 4 3. True

4. 25 4. True

5. False

Answers for test 7: ( Enter the scores for 7 on face sheet pages 44- 46)

1. 15ft

2. 2.5lbs

3. 5 gals

4. 64 oz

5. 1.5 qt
 60
Rounding Dollars and Cents Practices Test 1 Part 8
You round dollars and cents in the same way you round whole numbers. You can round a monetary
amount to the nearest ten cent (dime), nearest dollar, nearest ten dollars, and so on.

Dollar column

Ten Dollar column

Dimes column

Hundred Dollar column

Pennies column

$ 165.37

Example: Round $15.76 to the nearest dime.

Step 1. Underline the digit in the dimes column. $ 15.76

Step 2. Look at the digit to the right of the 7. Since the digit $ 15.86
6 is more than 5, add 1 to the digit 7.

Step 3. Now put zeros in all the places to the right of the 8 $15.80

Answer: $ 15.80

Round each number below as indicated.

1. 76 (tens place)

2. 164 ( hundreds place)

3. 2,590 (thousands place)

4. $0.37 (nearest dime)

5. $3.48 (nearest dollar)

6. $67.09 (nearest ten dollar)

 61

Answer Key

1. 80

2. 200

3. 3,000

4. $0.40

5. $3.00

6. $70.00

Enter score for 8 on face sheet pages 45-47

 62

Math Practice
Test 2 Face Sheet

Directions: Students will

1. Take Practice Test 2

2. Correct all problems
3. Fill in information on this face sheet, which precedes entire Practice Test 2
4. Return work to HESI staff, arrange tutoring or conference to give go-ahead on
taking actual HESI test

Important:

1) Use the space provided on the paper for scratch paper; all work
should be done on these pages for ease of assessment.
2) Fill in the blanks on the face sheet to assist the HESI staff assessing
your skills and weaknesses.

Your goal is to achieve 80% minimum on any exercise.

¾ To calculate Total number of correct answers, subtract number of incorrect
answers from total number of problems.
¾ To calculate Percent correct: multiply number correct X 100, divide this number
by total number of problems.

Example: 80 correct out of 100: 80 X 100 = 8000 8000 divided by 100= 80 or 80%

OVERALL MATH PRACTICE TEST 2 SCORE

Total number of problems: 83

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100=
Divide by total number of problems= %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in math.

Areas to work on: , , , .

 63
MATH PRACTICE TEST 2
Add, subtract, multiply, divide:

Total number of problems 16

Total number of correct answers X100= Divide this number by total number of problems
Percent correct

Change decimals to fractions; change fractions to decimals; Multiply, divide (by and into), add, subtract
decimals

Total number of problems 15

Total number of correct answers X100= Divide this number by total number of problems
Percent correct
Add, subtract, multiply, divide fractions

Total number of problems 16

Total number of correct answers X100= Divide this number by total number of problems
Percent correct
Percentage

Total number of problems 15

Total number of correct answers X100= Divide this number by total number of problems
Percent correct
Ratio/ Percentage

Total number of problems 11

Total number of correct answers X100= Divide this number by total number of problems
Percent correct
Conversion

Total number of problems 5

Total number of correct answers X100= Divide this number by total number of problems
Percent correct
Rounding

Total number of problems 5

Total number of correct answers X100= Divide this number by total number of problems
Percent correct
 64

Next step: Go to page 62 to enter

overall score for Practice Test 2;
then go to Reading Comprehension
sections.
 65
Whole Number review Practice Test 2 Part 9

1. 425 + 34 =

2. 732 + 9,255 =

3. 6,927 + 434 + 56 =

4. 83 – 9 =

5. 800 – 73 =

6. 12,603 – 9258 =

7. 90,000 – 4,782 =

8. 62 x 34 =

9. 536 x 273 =

10. 2,706 x 75 =

11. 39 x 4,086 =

12. 196 ÷ 4 =

13. 779 ÷ 9 =

14. 4,836 ÷ 52 =

15. 7,224 ÷ 9 =

16. 4, 662 ÷ 63 =
 66

Answer Key:
Test 2 Part 9
1. 459

2. 9,987

3. 7,417

4. 74

5. 727

6. 3,345

7. 85,218

8. 2,108

9. 146,328

10. 202,950

11. 159,354

12. 49

13. 86 r5

14. 93

15. 802 r6

16. 74
 67
Decimal Review Practice Test 2 Part 10
Change each decimal or mixed decimal to a fraction or mixed number. Reduce each fraction.

1. .3=

2. 3.75 =

3. .625=

4. 9.32=

5. 1/5=

6. 1/8=

7. 4/25=

8. 3/50=

9. .29 + .8 + .626=

10. .0052 + .84 + .072 =

11. .26 + 14.7 + 13 =

12. 18 + .049 + 2.38 =

13. .8 - .29=

14. 6.2 – .127=

15. .11 – .509 =

16. 8.3 – 2.052 =

17. 4.3 x .38 =

18. 18 x .0074 =

19. 6.5 x .329 =

20. 110.4 ÷23 =

21. .621 ÷ .09=

22. 54 ÷ 27 =

23. 138 ÷ 4.6 =

 68

Answer Key:
Test 2 Part 10

1. 3/10 21. 6.9

2. 3 ¾ 22. 200

3. 5/8 23. 30

4. 9 8/25

5. .2

6. .12 ½ or .125

7. .16

8. .06

9. 1.716

10. .9172

11. 27.96

12. 20.429

13. .51

14. 6.073

15. 10.491

16. 6.248

17. 1.634

18. .1332

19. 2.1385

20. 4.8
 69
Fraction Review Practice Test 2 Part 11

1. 7/10 + 1/10 =

2. 8/15 + 4/5 =

3. 1/2 + 5/9 =

4. 3 2/3 + 4 5/8 + 5 1/4 =

5. 11/16 – 5/16 =

6. 3/5 – 1/6 =

7. 9 – 4 5/12 =

8. 8 2/5 – 2 2/3 =

9. 9 1/4 – 4 7/12 =

10. 3/8 x 5/7 =

11. 5/12 x 4/5 =

12. 8 x 7/10 =

13. 1 5/7 x 4 2/3 =

14. 3/10 ÷ 2/5 =

15. 3 3/4 ÷ 5/6 =

16. 7/8 ÷ 3 =
 70

Answer Key:
Test 2 Part 11
1. 4/5

2. 1 1/3

3. 1 1/18

4. 13 13/24

5. 3/8

6. 13/30

7. 4 7/12

8. 5 11/15

9. 4 2/3

10. 15/56

11. 1/3

12. 5 3/5

13. 8

14. 3/4

15. 4 1/2

16. 7/24
 71
Percent Review Practice Test 2 Part 12
1. Change each decimal to a percent.

.3 = .09= .455=

2. Change each percent to a decimal.

48%= 3%= 7 ½%=

3. Change each fraction to a percent.

9/10= 5/12= 4/5=

SOLVE

4. 16% of 125 =

5. 40% of 75=

6. 4.8% of 800=

7. 45 is what % of 75?

8. 36 is what % of 54?

9. 48% of what number is 60?

 72

Answer Key:
Test 2 part 12

1. 30% 9% 45.5%

2. .48 .03 .07 ½

3. 90% 41 2/3% 80%

4. 20

5. 30

6. 38.4

7. 60%

8. 66 2/3%

9. 125
 73
Ratio and Proportions Practice Test 2 part 13
In each of the following, what number should replace n to make each a true proportion?

1. n : 4 = 12 : 8

2. 5 : 8 = 35: n

3. 17 : n = 6 : 8

4. 7 : n = 11: 18

5. 15: 35 = 4 : n

6. 1/6 = ?/ 18

7. 3/ ? = 6/8

8. 50/ ? = 1/2

9. 8/9 = ? /27
 74

Answer Key:
Test 2 Part 13
1. 6

2. 56

3. 22 2/3

4. 11 5/11

5. 9 1/3

6. 3

7. 4

8. 100

9. 24
 75
Converting Units Practice Test 2 part 14
Change each quantity to the unit indicated. As your first step in each problem identify the correct factor.

1. 3 lbs = oz.
2. 3 qt. = pt.
3. 12pt.= qt.
4. 80 oz. = lb.

Many times, when smaller units are converted to larger units, there is a remainder.
As the example below show, this remainder is simply written as the number of smaller units left over.

Example: Change 7 feet to yards

Step 1. Divide 7 feet by the conversion factor 3

7 ÷ 3 = 2 r1
Step 2. write the remainder as the number if feet left over.

Answer: 7 feet = 2 yards 1 foot

5. 47 oz. = lbs. Oz.

 76

Answer Key:
Test 2 Part 14

1. 48

2. 6

3. 6

4. 5

5. 2lbs. 15 oz
 77
Steps for Rounding Decimal Practices Test 2 Part 15
1. Underline the digit in the place you are rounding to
2. Look at the digit to the right of the underlined digit. If the digit to the right is 5 or more, add 1 to
the underlined digit. If the digit to the right is less than 5, leave the underlined number as is.
3. Discard the digits to the right of the underlined digit.

Example: Round 2. 1749 to the thousandths place.

Step 1. Underline the digit in the thousandths place.

Underline the 4: 2.1749

Step 2. Look at the digit to the right of the 4. The digit is 9. Since 9 is “5 or more,”
add 1 to the underlined digit 4.
Add 1 to 4: 2.1759

Step 3. Discard the digit 9

Answer: 2.175

Round each amount below to the nearest cent. For each amount circle one of the two answer
choices.

1. $.467: $.46 or $.47

2. $.953: $.95 or $.96
3. $6.875: $6>87 or $6.88

Round each decimal fraction below as indicated. The first problem in each row is done for you.

To the nearest tenth.

4. .52

5. .375

To the nearest hundredth.

6. .483

7. .725
 78

Answer Key:
Test 1 Part 15
1. $.47

2. $.95

3. $6.88

4. .5

5. .4

6. .48

7. .73
 79

READING
COMPREHENSION
FACE SHEET
Directions: Students will

1. Read explanations on how to answer reading comprehension questions and

sharpen reading skills.
2. Take the “Sample Reading Test”; fill in information on face sheet.
3. Take the “Reading” test.
4. Correct all problems
5. Fill in information on face sheet, which is in front of both tests.
6. Return work to HESI staff; arrange tutoring or conference to give go- ahead on
taking actual HESI test.

Important:

1) Use the space provided on the paper for scratch paper; all work should be
done on these pages for ease of assessment.
2) Fill in the blanks on the face sheet to assist the HESI staff in assessing
your skills and weaknesses.

Your goal is to achieve 80% minimum on any exercise.

¾ To calculate Total number of correct answers, subtract number of incorrect

answers from total number of problems.
¾ To calculate percent correct: multiply number correct X 100, divide this number
by total number of problems.
Example: 80 correct out of 100: 80 X 100 = 8000 8000 divided by 100= 80 or 80%

OVERALL READING COMPREHENSION TEST SCORE

Total number of problems: 47

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100 =
Divide by total number of problems = %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in reading comprehension.

Areas to work on : , , , .
 80
Reading Comprehension

1. Sample Reading Test

Total Number of questions 8

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total
number of questions
Percent Correct

2. Reading

Total Number of questions 39

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total
number of questions
Percent Correct

Next step: Go to page 79 to enter

overall score for Reading
Comprehension; then go to
Vocabulary section.
 81

HOW TO ANSWER READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS AND SHARPEN

YOUR READING SKILLS (WITHOUT REALLY TRYING)

Read this the night before you take your exam. It will help you get the right answers on
reading comprehension questions.

¾ When you get to the reading comprehension section, take a deep breath and;
o Quickly read through the questions—not the answer choices, just the
questions. You will be able to focus your reading knowing what the
questions are.
o Read the passage, paying attention to details. Be alert for what the author
thinks is important, by noting phrases like Of importance is…., Do not
overlook…., and Note that….
o Read each question carefully to determine what is being asked. Watch for
all-inclusive words like always, never, all, only, every, absolutely,
completely, none, entirely, no. These words will affect your answer.
o Read all answer choices. Eliminate obviously incorrect choices. Do not
jump to choose the first answer that looks correct. Refer to the passage to
get the best answer.
o Avoid spending too much time on any one question. If you’re stuck on a
question, choose from the answers left after eliminating the obviously
incorrect ones and move on.

SHARPEN READING SKILLS

There are seven reading skills tested on the HESI exam; the basic tenet emphasized here
is: Reading proactively to keep focused. The skills and how to improve them are
described below:
1. Identify the main idea – key to understanding what you’re reading and what to
remember.
a. Ask “What is the passage about and what point is the author making
about the topic?”
b. Summarize the paragraph in your head after you read it.
c. Visualize as you read---picture the information being projected on a
big screen TV.
d. Remember that main ideas can be found in the beginning, middle, or
end of a paragraph or passage.
e. Look at details, examples, causes, reasons to find implied, or unstated,
main ideas.
 82

2. Identify supporting details---examples, added information which support main idea.

a. Pick key word from the question and scan the passage for location of the
answer.
b. Identify details by transition words like one, next, another, first, finally.

3. Finding the Meaning of Words in Context--- look for context clues, which are words
or sentences surrounding unknown word (s): the provide information on meaning for
the reader.

Context clues include:

a. Definition: meaning of word put in parentheses, or stated in following

sentence.
b. Synonym: more familiar word given, which means same as unknown word.
c. Antonym: word given with opposite meaning of unknown word; watch for
words that signal an antonym, like although, but, instead.
d. Restatement: unknown word paraphrased, or restated in sentence using more
familiar words.
e. Examples: examples illuminate meaning of unknown word.
f. Explanation: additional information explains unknown word.
g. Word structure: knowledge of meanings of prefixes, suffixes, and roots can
help reader make educated guess about unknown word.

4. Identifying a Writer’s Purpose and Tone --- purpose can be to entertain, inform,
persuade. Tone is author’s attitude or feelings towards topic.
Choice of words is clue to both.

Ask these questions: 1. Who is the intended audience?

2. Why did the author write this?

Persuade: means trying to change thinking, encouraging reader to buy something,

convince someone to vote a certain way. “Connotation” refers to emotions,
feeling reader attaches to words.

Identify words in the passage for negative or positive connotation to determine why the
author wrote the passage, how he/she is trying to manipulate the reader’s feelings. For
example, if the passage is about a beautification project, the author might describe it
using positive connotation (and tone), in words like inspired, visionary, to get the reader
to agree. Or, the writer may describe the project using negative connotation (and
tone)with words like wasteful, foolhardy in opposition.
 83

Inform: passages written to inform are less biased, with fewer words that have positive
or negative connotation. Supportive text is factual and allows reader to form own opinion
of subject matter.

5. Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion --- facts can be proven to be right or
wrong. Ex. The world is round. Opinions are personal statements which cannot be
proven. Ex. “Titanic” was the best movie ever made.

Critical reading means looking at choice of words to determine whether writer is stating
fact or opinion.

Facts: concrete words including measurable data, colors. Ex. Joe weighs 215 pounds.
Sally’s dress is red.

Opinions: evaluative or judgmental words (good, better, best, worst); abstract words
(love, envy, hate); and statements that speculate about future events are considered
opinions.

6. Making Logical Inferences --- inferences are not stated in the reading; they are
educated , logical guesses made by the reader --- “reading between the lines” ---
based on the available facts, information, and reader’s knowledge and experience.
Key to making inferences is to be sure the facts and evidence in the reading supports
the inferences.

7. Summarizing --- summary is shortened version of passage with some supporting

details, that is important information only. Leaves out unnecessary and redundant
information.

This type of question takes the longest for students. Three rules to follow:

a. Summary to include main ideas from beginning, middle, and end of passage
b. Summary presented in chronological (as it happened) order.
c. Summary must have accurate information. False information automatically
rules out choice.
 84

Sample Reading Test

According to news reports, more senior citizens are accruing credit card debt that ever
before. One reason given for the increase is that many seniors simply did not save enough
money for retirement. Another reason given is the high cost of prescription drugs that are
not covered by Medicare. Although the possibility of a prescription drug benefit being
added to Medicare was a big issue in the last presidential campaign, it does not appear
that any legislation will be enacted soon..
Meanwhile, some seniors are spending 50 – 60% of their incomes on prescription
drugs. With utilities, mortgage payments, and groceries, it is easy to see why some
seniors are forced to use their credit cards. According to SRI Consulting Business
Intelligence in Princeton, NJ., a research and consulting firm, the average debt of
households headed y someone over 65 rose from $8,000 in 1992 to $23,000 in 2000. That
is an increase of 188%.
Another reason given for seniors ending up in so much debt is the fact that they don’t
understand how credit cards work and by simply paying off the minimum, most of the
payment goes toward interest. Whatever the reason, many seniors today have to abandon
formerly held conservative attitudes toward debt and join the millions of Americans who
buy on credit.
Congress should enact Medicare legislation that helps make prescriptive drugs more
affordable for seniors. It doesn’t seem fair that those who have worked hard all their lives
should have to stress over finding enough money to pay their bills in their so called
“golden years.” Write your congressional representatives and encourage them to enact the
appropriate legislation.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The high cost of prescription drugs is a difficult burden for seniors to bear.
B. Credit Card debt for seniors rose 188% from 1992 to 2000.
C. Senior citizens today did not save enough money for their retirement years.
D. There are several reasons why many senior citizens today are in credit card debt.

2. Which of the following is not listed as a detail in the passage.

A. Seniors did not save enough for retirement.
B. Many seniors spend money gambling.
C. The cost of prescription drugs is a drain on the seniors’ income.
D. Seniors don’t always understand how credit cards works.

3. What is the meaning of the word “accruing” as used in the first paragraph?
A. Something that increases or accumulates.
B. Something that attaches itself like a parasite.
C. Something that annoys.
D. Something that describes emotion.

4.What is the author’s primary purpose in writing this essay?

 85

A. To inform
B. To persuade
C. To entertain
D. To analyze

5. Identify the overall tone of the essay.

A. Encouraging
B. Optimistic
C. Pessimistic
D. Angry

6.Which of the following statements is an opinion?

A. More seniors are accruing credit card debt than ever before.
B. The high cost of prescription drugs has added to the credit card debt of seniors.
C. Congress should enact Medicare legislation to make prescription drugs more
affordable.
D. Some seniors get into debt because they do not understand how credit cards work.

7. Which statement would not be inferred by the reader?

A. Some seniors are having a difficult time paying their bills.
B. Seniors should not allow their children to use their credit cards.
C. Some seniors did not plan well for their retirement.
D. Some seniors have to use credit cards to pay for their food and other basic
necessities.

8. Choose the best summary of the passage.

A. Prescription costs are keeping seniors in credit card debt. Many seniors were not
financially prepared for retirement. Some seniors do not understand how credit
cards work. There has been a huge increase in credit card debt for households
headed by seniors.
B. More seniors have credit card debt than ever before. Some seniors don’t
understand how credit cards work. The high cost of prescription drugs has caused
many to use their credit cards for basic necessities. Something needs to be done to
help the seniors enjoy their retirement years.
C. The average debt for households headed by seniors has decreased in the last
decade. Many seniors hold conservative attitudes about debt, but they are being
forced to abandon their ideas out of necessity. Congress could help seniors by
enacting legislation that would reduce the cost of prescription drugs.
D. More seniors hold credit card debt that ever before. Reasons for this include the
lack of adequate financial planning for retirement, the high cost of prescription
drugs, and the misunderstanding of how credit cards work. Congress needs to
enact legislation to help today’s seniors with the high cost of prescription drugs.
 86

Answer Key:
Reading Comprehension
Practice Test
1. D (main idea)

2. B (supporting details)

3. A (meaning of word in context)

4. B (author’s purpose)

5. C (author’s tone)

6. C (fact and opinion)

7. B (inferences)

8. D (summary)

Bibliography
1. Johnson, Ben. The Reading Edge 4th Ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001

Enter score on face sheets pages 79—80

 87
Reading Comprehension
Directions: Read each passage carefully. Then mark one answer—the answer you think is best for each item.

Sample:
The next test has short reading passages, each one followed by questions.

A. The reading passages on the next test will be Correct Marking on Separate Answer Sheet
a) all on one page A B C D
b) followed by questions
c) easy to read
d) very long.

Our planet Earth is divided into seven separate a) No two sets of earthquake waves ever
layers. The outer layer is called the “crust” and travel in the same direction.
appears to be approximately twenty miles thick. b) Earthquakes usually travel in the same
Next in line are the four layers of the “mantle.” direction.
These layers vary in thickness from 250 to 1000 c) Earthquake waves travel at different
miles. The remaining two layers are divided into the speeds.
“outer core” and “inner Core.” The thickness of the d) Earthquake waves travel at the same
outer core has been determined to be slightly more speed but in different directions.
than 1200 miles, while that of the inner core is
slightly less than 800 miles. Scientists calculate the 116. You would expect to find the kind of
location and depth of these layers by measuring and information in this passage in
studying the speed and direction of earthquake a) an encyclopedia.
waves. They have also determined that both b) a science book.
temperature and pressure are much greater at the c) neither of these.
core than at the crust. d) Both pf these.

117. In going from the surface to the center of the

113. The thickest portion of the earth is the earth, in which order would you pass
a) crust through the layers?
b) outer core a) crust, outer core, mantle, inner-core
c) mantle b) out core, inner core, crust, mantle
d) inner core c) outer core, crust, inner core, mantle
d) crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
114. How many separate layers does the earth have?
a) two
b) twenty
c) seven
d) four

118. The word vary, as underlined and used in this

115. Which of the following is correct? passage, most nearly means
 88
a) Stabilize Spelunkers have discovered new caves.
b) Increase Some have formed clubs, sharing safety knowledge,
c) Range developing new techniques, and teaching novices.
d) Arbitrate For spelunkers believe that earth’s inner
spaces are as exciting as the universe’s out spaces.
119. Which of the following is correct?
a) Scientists know the exact thickness of 123. The first two paragraphs of this passage
the crust. describe a cave’s
b) Scientists believe they know the a) rocks
thickness of the crust. b) depth
c) The thickness of the crust cannot be c) atmosphere
determined. d) streams
d) Scientists cannot agree as to the
thickness of the crust. 124. The word wavering, as underlined and used in
this passage, most nearly means
120. In comparing the core with the crust, you a) swaying
would find that at the core, b) steady
a) temperature and pressure are less c) strong
b) pressure is greater, temperature is less d) shining
c) temperature is greater, pressure is less
d) temperature and pressure are greater 125. The author of this passage is most likely a
a) spelunker
121. The word slightly, as underlined and used in b) cave scientist
this passage, most nearly means c) medical doctor
a) scarcely d) magazine writer
b) considerably
c) a little 126. The cave the man was exploring was probably
d) at least a) large and dry
b) deep underground
122. The word remaining, as underlined and used in c) near the surface
this passage, most nearly means d) dangerous
a) previous
b) outer 127. According to this passage, what started the bats
c) last to suddenly fly about?
d) prior a) the spelunker
b) the damp and cold air
The man is in utter darkness. Only the wavering c) the flashlight
beam of light from his flashlight pierces the d) the sudden noise
blackness. The air, damp and cold, smells or dank,
unseen, decaying material.
The man stumbles over stones, splashes into
a hidden puddle. He bangs into a cold rocky wall.
The flashlight cocks upward, and suddenly, the air
is filled with the flutter of thousands of wings and
the piping of tiny animal wails. He ducks, startled, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
then grins. He’s found what he’s looking for—bats!
For this man is a “spelunker,” another name
for someone who explores caves for the fun of it.
Spelunkers actually enjoy crawling on their
stomachs in narrow, rocky tunnels far below the
surface of the earth.
 89
128. The man ducked when the bats flew because the debris drops, and, if it is rich in minerals,
he was creates fertile soil when it erodes.
a) angry. It’s too bad human litterbugs aren’t as
b) afraid. useful!
c) surprised.
d) hurt.
133. The richness of the oil in America’s Midwest
129. The word utter, as underlined and used in this can be attributed, in part, to
passage, most nearly means a) heavy annual rainfalls
a) bovine b) scientific analysis
b) unspeakable c) human litterbugs
c) oppressive d) ancient glacial debris
d) great
134. Although the author of this passage describes
130. According to this passage, spelunkers ignore glaciers as litterbugs, his attitude toward
a) safety rules. glaciers is one of
b) light. a) love
c) discomfort. b) gratitude
d) other spelunkers. c) admiration
d) fear
131. A good title for this passage would be
a) “Batty About Bats.” 135. Which of the following is correct?
b) “Spelunkers—Underground Explorers.” a) Glacial ice is full of pop bottles.
c) “Inner Space.” b) Glaciers are harmful.
e) “The life of a Spelunker.” c) Glaciers erode the terrain.
d) Glacial ice may be full of fertile soil.
132. According to this passage, which word would
most nearly describe spelunkers? 136. According to this passage, history’s biggest
a) experimental litterbugs are
b) cautious a) glaciers
c) antisocial b) people
d) adventurous c) rocks
e) bulldozers

137. The words most fertile, as underlined and used

Litterbugs have a bad reputation, but the biggest in this passage, most nearly mean
litterbugs in history have, in fact, been very helpful a) most icy
to mankind. b) flattest
For glaciers, in ancient times and today, are c) most rocky
the greatest creators and distributors of litter. Of d) best growing
course, they don’t drop tin cans, paper cups, and
pop bottles; they dump rocks, boulders, sand, 138. Good soil contains
gravel, and mud all over the landscape, and its this a) rocks
glacial debris that has helped create some of the b) minerals
worlds most fertile farmland, such as that in c) vitamins
America’s Midwest. d) melted ice
Geologists describe glacial ice as true rock,
different only in that it melts more easily than other
rock. Because glacial ice is moving rock, it scrapes,
bangs, and te4ars at the terrain over which it moves,
breaking off chunks of all sizes. When the ice melts,
 90
139. A good title for this passage might be show “Bewitched” was a very popular program
A) “A Lovely Litterbug.” for mare than five years.
B) “ The Destructive Forces of Glaciers.”
C) “Glaciers – Then and Now.” 143. This passage was probably printed in
D) “The History of Glaciers.” A) history book.
B) A magazine.
140. This passage implies that the litter human C) A psychology book.
beings drop is D) An encyclopedia.
A) Useless.
B) Ugly. 144. According to this passage, the mystery of
C) Uninteresting. witchcraft is
D) Unimportant. A) a major problem for psychologists.
B) o very little interest today.
141. The word terrain, as underlined and used in C) still unsolved.
this passage, most nearly means D) a major problem for sincere judges.
A) Rock.
B) Terror. 145.One of today’s reminders of ancient witchcraft
C) View. beliefs is.
D) Land. A) Halloween.
B) April Fools Day
142. It could be said, on the basis of this passage, C) The use of brooms
that glaciers change the D) The death penalty for certain crimes.
A) Earth’s atmosphere.
B) Pollution rate. 146. Which group can we be sure has had members
C) Mineral content of rocks. who believed in witchcraft?
D) Earth’s geography. A) judges
B) TV producers
The superstition of witchcraft, which most people C) Psychologists
laugh at today, is still a matter of mystery and D) Newspaper reporters
speculation.
Hundreds of thousands of people in Europe who 147. This passage calls witchcraft a “Superstition.”
were accused of being witches were executed Which of these would also be a superstition?
during the Middle Ages and even as late as the early A) “Many hands make light work.”
eighteenth century. Their deaths probably resulted B) “Breaking a mirror brings bad luck.”
from hysterical fears. Yet the judges undoubtedly C) “Eating sweets causes pimples.”
were sincere in their desire to eliminate what they D) “Great oaks from little acorns grow.”
thought was a real danger. Some modern
psychologists have theorized that so-called witches 148. According to some psychologists, persons who
actually were dangerous. In essence, they say that a do believe in witchcraft
person who believes in the powers of witchcraft can A) can be harmed by it.
be affected emotionally or physically he may even B) Tend to laugh at it today.
die—because of a “witch’s spell.” C) Are crazy.
When Europeans immigrated to America, they D) Tend to be dangerous.
brought their beliefs with them. There were a
number of witchcraft trials in Massachusetts during
the 1600s; however after the execution of twenty
Salem “witches” in 1692, prosecution for witchcraft
didn’t survive long in the New World.
Most people in the civilized world no longer GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
believe in witchcraft. Nonetheless, the subject is
fascinating for many people. As an example, the TV
 91

149. (OMIT)
150. The word fascinating, as underlined and used in this passage, most nearly means
a) frightening.
b) Enjoyable
c) Frustrating
d) Interesting

151. This passage suggests that what you believe.

a) can hurt you
b) should be based on facts
c) does not affect you
d) changes as you grow older

152. A good title for this passage might be

a) “Witchcraft—Fact of Fiction?”
b) “The End of Witchcraft.”
c) “Witchcraft in the New World.”
d) “The Powers of Witchcraft.”
 92

Answer Key:
Reading Comprehension

113. B 121. C 129. D 137. D 145. A

114. C 122. C 130. C 138. B 146. A
115. C 123. C 131. B 139. A 147. B
116. D 124. A 132. D 140. A 148. A
117. D 125. D 133. D 141. D 149 OMIT
118. C 126. B 134. B 142. D 150. D
119. B 127. C 135. D 143. B 151. A
120. D 128. C 136. A 144. C 152. A
 93

Directions: Students will

VOCABULARY FACE
SHEET

1. Take the Vocabulary tests, which are divided into “everyday” and “medical
terminology.”
2. Correct all questions. Use dictionary to enhance study after correcting test.
3. Fill in information on face sheet, which is in front of all tests.
4. Study lists of medical terminology following quizzes. Use medical dictionary or
regular dictionary to enhance knowledge of medical terminology.
5. Return work to HESI staff, arrange tutoring or conference to give go-ahead on
taking actual HESI test.

Important: Fill in the blanks on the face sheet to assist the HESI staff in assessing
your skills and weaknesses.

Your goal is to achieve 80% minimum on any exercise.

¾ To calculate Total number of correct answers, subtract number of incorrect

answers from total number of problems
¾ To calculate Percent correct: multiply number correct X 100, divide this number
by total number of problems.

Example: 80 correct out of 100: 80 X 100= 8000 8000 divided by 100= 80 or 80%

OVERALL VOCABULARY TEST SCORE

Total number of problem: 1) Everyday 100

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100 =
Divide by total number of problems= %

Total number of problems: 2) Medical Terminology 125

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100 =
Divide by total number of problems= %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in vocabulary.

Areas to work on: , , , .

 94

VOCABULARY

1. Test 5 (everyday)

Total number of Questions 10

Total number of correct answers X 100 = Divide this number by total number of questions
Percent Correct

2. Exams 7, 10-14 (everyday)

Total number of Questions 90

Total number of correct answers X 100 = Divide this number by total number of questions
Percent Correct

3. Spelling (everyday)

Total number of Questions 50

Total number of correct answers X 100 = Divide this number by total number of questions
Percent Correct

4. Multiple Choice Quiz (medical terminology)

5. Chapter One

Total number of Questions 25

Total number of correct answers X 100 = Divide this number by total number of questions
Percent Correct

6. Chapter Two
Total number of Questions 25
Total number of correct answers X 100 = Divide this number by total number of questions
Percent Correct

7. Chapter Three
Total number of Questions 25
Total number of correct answers X 100 = Divide this number by total number of questions
Percent Correct

8. Chapter Four

Total number of Questions 25

Total number of correct answers X 100 = Divide this number by total number of questions
Percent Correct
 95
9. Chapter twenty-One:

Total Number of questions 25

Total Number of Correct answers x 100= Divide this number by total number of questions
Percent Correct

Next step: Go to page 93 to

enter overall scores for
vocabulary section; then go to
grammar section.
 96
VOCABULARY
Test 5

For numbers 21 through 30 select the word that best 26. During the fire drill, the well-trained students
fits into the blank. left the building in a(n) fashion.

21. The managers were by the public A. orderly

response to the company’s successful sales B. rowdyish
campaign. C. amateurish
D. cordial
F. petrified
G. recognized 27. In the long run, the will of the majority must
H. gratified in a democracy.
J. amused
F. vanish
22. The efforts of the rescue team were G. falter
by the lack of equipment. H. prevail
J. recede
A. accelerated
B. hampered 28. The spring weather brought
C. resolved thousands of vacationers to the national parks.
D. facilitated
A. cold
23. Early settlers were by wandering B. variable
bands of cruel outlaws. C. humid
D. balmy
F. harassed
G. protected 29. The children tried to their
H. supervised loving grandparents into taking them to the
J. comforted fairgrounds.

24. The dense hedge of thorns and barbed wire F. enforce

formed a(n) barrier around G. cajole
the ranch house. H. coerce
J. overpower
A. attractive
B. impenetrable 30. Our form of government is a monument that
C. colorful will the memory of our founding
D. fragile generation.

A. perpetuate
25. Only a could be sent to the B. erase
office for a pair of paper stretchers. C. consolidate
D. alter
F. technician
G. researcher
H. consumer
J. novice
 97

Answer Key:
Reading Vocabulary
Test 5
1—10 There is only one synonym of each given word.

11—20 There is only one antonym for each given word.

21. (H) A successful sales campaign leads to gratified managers.

22. (B) Lack of equipment justifies hampered.

23. (F) Bands of cruel outlaws points toward harassed settlers.

24. (B) Dense hedge of thorns and barbed wire would be impenetrable.

25. (J) A pair of paper stretchers would fool only a novice.

26. (A) Well-trained students would leave in an orderly fashion.

27. (H) The key phrase is in a democracy, where the will of the majority must ultimately
prevail.

28. (D) Thousands of vacationers will be lured out doors by balmy weather.

29. (G) The Children would try to persuade their grandparents by being nice, or making
promises; they would cajole them.

30. (A) Our democratic republic will perpetuate the memory of our founding fathers.

Enter score on face sheets pages 93-95

 98
Reading Comprehension: Exam 7
DIRECTIONS: In each of the phrases below, study the 9. pierce the skin
underlined word and decide which of the words or a. penetrated b. hand from c. burn d. stretch
phrases given as choices has most nearly the SAME a b c d
meaning. Blacken the box with the same letter as the
10. a fine opportunity
meaning of the underlined word. a. decision b. education c. truth d. chance

EXAMPLE: a b c d
A cheerful face
a. sad b. bashful c. rough d. happy 11. a notable success
a. outstanding b. notice c. taking notes d. musical
a b c d
a b c d
Box d has been blackened because a cheerful face is a happy face,
rather than a sad, bashful, or rough face. The letter before “happy” 12. for medicinal purposes
is “d”; therefore, box d is blackened. a. final b. digestive c. solving d. curative

1. A massive structure a b c d
a. trifling b. tremendous c. isolated d. lovely
13. a minute detail
a b c d a. hourly b. very small c. timed d. quick

2.drawing nigh a b c d
a. away b. near c. up d. water
14. necessary requirements
a b c d a. essential b. plausible c. partial d. fulfilling

3. a startling observation
a b c d
a. remark b. view c. service d. claim
15. an obedient pupil
a b c d a. rebellious b. happy c. dutiful d. bright

4. punctual arrival a b c d
a. late b. early c. on time d. pointed
16. a rugged pioneer
a b c d a. colonist b. conservative c. radical d. flower

5.quelled the uprising a b c d

a. located b. incited c. approved d. put down
17. a quaint restaurant
a b c d a. dirty b. unpleasant c. a la carte d. old-fashioned

6. radiated light a b c d
a. sent forth b. obscured c. rained d. heated
18. the reformed convict
a b c d a. reasonable b. change for the better c. evil d. guilty

7. replenish the supply a b c d

a. use up b. drain off c. lose d. replace
19. a respected doctor
a b c d a. highly regarded b. experienced c. famous d. engaged in
research
8. of the finest quality a b c d
a. number b. price c. grade d. worthlessness
20. quickened our interest
a b c d a. explained b. modified c. deadened d. aroused
a b c d
 99
Reading Comprehension: Exam 10
Directions: In the exercise below, complete each sentence by selecting the one right answer from the five choices that follow, and then
blackening the box containing the letter of the right answer, as in the example below.

EXAMPLE:
A narrative is a
a. composition b. musicale c. story d. mystery e. vehicle
a b c d e

1. A manual control would be operated

a. automatically b. rapidly c. quietly d. by hand e. electrically
a b c d e

2. An objective report by a committee would be

a. prejudiced b. subjective c. personal d. offensive e. fair
a b c d e
3. A colorful pageant is
a. a public entertainment b. a party c. a disorderly gathering d. client e. platter
a b c d e

4. To preserve our liberties means to our liberties.

a. harm b. safeguard c. change d. enjoy e. desecrate
a b c d e
5. A man prowess is
a. proud b. excessively humble c. extraordinary able d. cowardly e. none of these
a b c d e

6. His pugilistic skill means skill.

a. athletic b. musical c. lack of d. boxing e. none of these
a b c d e
7. A medical quack is a(n)
a. fraud b. expert c. hypnotist d. boxing e. none of these

a b c d e

8. A corrupt regime is
a. unheard of b. expert c. hypnotist d. specialist

a b c d e

9. To resist tyranny is to tyranny.

a. fight against b. submit to c. suffer d. worship e. none of these

a b c d e

10. A robust woodsman is

a. anemic b. sturdy c. pallid d. frail e. none of these
a b c d e
 100
EXAM 11 EXAM 12
DIRECTIONS: Each sentence below contains an underlined word. If the DIRECTIONS: For the underlined word in each phrase at the left, select the
underlined word is used correctly in the sentence, circle the T to the right of the lettered word or phrase that means most nearly the SAME. Print the letter of the
question. If the underlined word is used incorrectly, circle the F to the right of the correct answer in the space at the right.
question.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE: An overcast sky a. brilliant b. cloudy c. windy
An uninhabited country is one which T F d. clear e. starry Answer: b
has a huge population.
1. a noble sacrifice a. impulse b. act of truth
1. A rapier is a short, broad sword. 1. T F c. gaiety d. response e. act of unselfishness. 1.
2. Rebellion is a peaceful change of 2. T F 2. with great tact a. ability to say and so the right thing
government. b. inconvenience c. exertion d. facility at touching
e. piece of information. 2.
3. I can recollect events that happened 3. T F
when I was five years old.
3. his urgent message a. gloomy b. rebellious
4. As security guard, you need a 4. T F c. denial d. delaying e. important 3.
person of reliability.
4. the bright sash a. bloody wound b. ribbon
5. A repentant drunkard feels no remorse 5. T F c. dance step d. battle 4.
for his wasted life.
5. the talented singer a beautiful b. boastful
6. Snakes and lizards are reptiles. 6. T F c. skillful d. scout e. poor 5.
7. X represents an unknown quantity 7. T F 6. her untimely remark a. disgusting b. late
in algebra. c. unorthodox d. ill-timed e. embarrassing 6.
8. A scoundrel resorts to trickery. 8. T F
7. a vague answer a. complete b. stylish c. stupid
9. Restraint is required when criticizing 9. T F d. unclear e. scarlet 7.
our benefactors.
8. the vacant lot a. parking b. stupid c. empty
10. Plaid is a colorless strip of material 10. T F d. whole e. cultivated 8.
used as trimming.
9. the unabridged dictionary a. incomplete
11. By using a ruse, he was able to gain 11. T F b. book of bridges c. Webster’s d. unadulterated
his ends openly and fairly. e. unshortened 9.

12. The light snow scorched her face 12. T F 10. a typical teenager a. rock ‘n’ roll b. mature
gently. c. happy d. delinquent e. average 10.

13. Sculpture is one of the fine arts, the 13. T F 11. the significant event a. unhappy b. wedding
art of building beautiful structures. c. following d. important e. last 11.

14. The knife was placed in a sheath to 14. T F 12. a noble sentiment a. feeling b. sadness c. cry
keep it away from the children. d. lament e. silliness 12.

15. After a day in the desert, our food 15. T F 13. the turmoil in the hills a. quiet b. quiet c. girl
was sodden. d. elephant e. crowd 13.

16. A spendthrift saves money regularly. 16. T F 14.unsound reasoning a. ringing b. untested
c. intelligent d. precocious e. faulty 14.
17. Spontaneous applause came all night 17. T F
from the paid applauders. 15. the moving van a. truck b. furniture c. house
d. man e. wheels 15.
18. The cattle remained clam during the 18. T F
stampede. 16. a vision of success a. story b. break c. dream
d. fulfillment e. example 16.
19. There is no more steadfast friend than 19. T F
a fickle girl. 17. with uncommon fervor a. ordinary b. dreamy
c. noisy d. unrealistic e. more than usual 17.
20. His suave manners were uncouth. 20. T F
 101
18. the important transaction EXAM 14
a. business man b. result c. method of communication
DIRECTIONS: In each line below you will find one italicized
d. piece of business e. proceeding
word followed by five words or phrases lettered a to e. In each
18.
case choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to
the italicized word. Then blacken with your pencil the space
19. the third stanza
with the letter of the word or phrase you have selected.
a. Song b. repetition c. lyric
d. portion of a poem e. scale
EXAMPLE:
19.
Oblique a. blinking b. scarce c. level
d. criss-cross e. diagonal
20. the subsequent events
a.in place of b. followning a b c d e
c. preceding d. important
e. significant 20.
1. stump a. glide b. walk heavily c. imprint d. strut
e. blast loose
EXAM 13 a b c d e
DIRECTIONS: For the underlined word in each phrase at the
left, select the lettered word or phrase that means most nearly 2. sulk a. sink b. come after c. drive a horse carriage
the SAME. Print the letter of the correct answer in the space d. go off alone e. commute
at the right. a b c d e
EXAMPLE: 3. surge a. swell b. take a view of c. influence
An ambitious man d. remove e. excel
a. lazy b. energetic c. purposeful a b c d e
d. cruel e. fine Answer: b

1. The traditional costume: a. young 4. taunt a. placate b. mimic c. tangle d. mock e. tighten
b. peasant c. tattered d. dance
a b c d e
e. handed down through the ages
1.
2. utilize your talents! a. make use of 5. tempo a. storm b. largo c. rhythm d. tendency
b. utilities c. sing d. modernize e. symphony
e. undo a b c d e
2.
3. his vigorous objection: a. unhappy
b. poorly timed c. vintage d. wrong 6. thrive a. dishevel b. push c. bounce d. confess e. flourish
e. tasteful
3.
a b c d e
4. the vulgar remark a. coarse b. poorly timed
c. vintage d. wrong e. tasteful 7. triangular a. mathematical b. perpendicular c. having four
4. angles d. three-sided e. trapezoidal
5. her sullen mood a. happy b. silly
c. brooding d. sunny e. distasteful a b c d e
5.
6. the spacious garden a. empty b. outdoor 8. tumult a. wretchedness b. noise and confusion c. exciting
c. roomy d. lovely e. springy anticipation d. multiplication e. deep and violent anger
6.
7. terminate the business a. start b. remodel a b c d e
c. refinance d. exterminate e. put an end to
7. 9. tyrant a. despot b. ruler c. sovereign d. viceroy e. premier
8. the upright position a. erect b. upside down
c. immovable d. wrong e. sloppy a b c d e
8.
9. veto the bill a. sign b. withdraw c. debate on 10. unique a. 100% b. not basic c. alone of its kind
d. pass e. refuse to sign d.changeable e. extraordinarily large
9. a b c d e
10. variety of acts a. show b. hall c. sequence
d. poor quality
10.
 102

Answer Key:
VOCABULARY

EXAM 7 EXAM 15
1. b 5. d 9. a 13. b 17. d 1. b 3. b 5. d 7. d 9. c
2. b 6. a 10. d 14. a 18. b 2. c 4. e 6. a 8. e 10. b
3. a 7. d 11. a 15. c 19. a
4. c 8. c 12. d 16. a 20. d EXAM 16
1. c 5. d 9. d 13. d 17. c
EXAM 8 2. d 6. a 10. b 14. b 18. a
1. S 5. O 9. U 13. S 17. S 3. d 7. a 11. d 15. c 19. b
2. O 6. U 10. S 14. S 18. U 4. b 8. c 12. a 16. d 20. c
3. O 7. S 11. S 15. S 19. U
4. O 8. S 12. O 16. S 20. U EXAM 17
1. e 5. c 9. b 13. b 17. b
EXAM 9 2. c 6. d 10. e 14. d 18. d
1. O 5. O 9. 13. 17. 3. d 7. a 11. b 15. a 19. c
2. S 6. O 10. 14. 18. 4. b 8. a 12. e 16. d 20. e
3. O 7. S 11. 15. 19.
4. O 8. S 12. 16. 20. EXAM 18
1. d 9. b 17. b 25. c 33. c
EXAM 10 2. d 10. b 18. a 26. d 34. d
1. d 3. a 5. c 7. a 9. a 3. a 11. c 19. d 27. d 35. a
2. e 4. b 6. d 8. e 10. b 4. a 12. d 20. c 28. d 36. a
5. b 13. b 21. d 29. d 37. d
EXAM 11 6. c 14. d 22. d 30. c 38. a
1. F 5. F 9. T 13. F 17. F 7. d 15. a 23. d 31. b 39. c
2. F 6. T 10. F 14. T 18. F 8. d 16. d 24. d 32. b 40. a
3. T 7. T 11. F 15. F 19. F
4. T 8. T 12. F 16. F 20. F EXAM 19
1. b 9. c 17. c 25. b 33. d
EXAM 12 2. c 10. b 18. b 26. a 34. c
1. e 5. c 9. e 13. b 17. e 3. b 11. a 19. b 27. a 35. d
2. a 6. d 10. e 14. e 18. d 4. d 12. c 20. d 28. b 36. b
3. e 7. d 11. d 15. a 19. d 5. a 13. b 21. c 29. a 37. a
4. b 8. c 12. a 16. c 20. b 6. c 14. a 22. a 30. b 38. c
7. b 15. a 23. c 31. a 39. d
EXAM 13 8. d 16. b 24. a 32. b 40. b
1. e 3. a 5. c 7. e 9. e
2. a 4. d 6. c 8. a 10. d EXAM 20
1. d 7. b 13. c 19. b 25. d
EXAM 14 2. d 8. a 14. d 20. d 26. a
1. b 3. a 5. c 7. d 9. a 3. b 9. a 15. b 21. a 27. b
2. d 4. d 6. e 8. b 10. c 4. d 10. c 16. d 22. b 28. c
5. c 11. d 17. a 23. c 29. c
6. b 12. d 18. c 24. c 30. b

Enter score on face sheets pages 93-95

 103
Spelling
Exercise 4
Circle the correct choice

1. He (deserted/ desserted) his unit and (than/ then) fled to Chicago.

2. (Were/ We’re/ Where) can I find a (quite/ quiet) place to study?
3. Of the (to/ too/ two) proposals, the (later/ latter) seems preferable.
4. We found the (consul/ council/ counsel) to be a man of (principal/ principle).
5. (A lot of/ Allot of/ Many) people take up jogging to try to (loose/ lose) weight.
6. (Your/ You’re) supposed to swallow four teaspoons as (your/ you’re) daily (does/ dose).
7. I thought I had mastered the “ I before e” (principal/ principle), but (than/ then) they told me about the
exceptions.
8. (Its/ It’s) (later/ latter) than you think.
9. The thieves came back (later/ latter) and took everything (accept/ except) the radio.
10. It’s no longer (quiet/ quite) so unusual for a (woman/ women) to be elected to public office.

Exercise 5
Circle the correct choice

1. They plan to (a lot allot) $1500 for the redecoration of their (dining/ dinning) room.
2. Let there be (peace/piece) in (are/ our) time.
3. Each year, an increasing number of (woman/ women) (desert/ dessert) their families.
4. (Were/ We’re/ Where) do you think (were/ we’re/ where) going to get the money?
5. I found it impossible to remain (stationary/stationery), so I walked rapidly back and (forth/ fourth).
6. I (hear/ here) (your/ you’re) sorry you (choose/ chose) this (coarse/course).
7. Do you think children (are/our) (conscience/ conscious) of (there/ their/ they’re) parents’ sacrifices for
them?
8. The learning process is greatly (affected/ effected) by student (moral/ morale).
9. He is a person (whose/ who’s) (advice/ advise) I value.
10. Inflation and unemployment are the (principal/ principle) concerns of Americans; world (peace/piece) is
considered almost a (miner/ minor) problem in comparison.
 104

Exercise 6
Circle the correct choice

1. Prolonged unemployment (affects/ effects) one’s (moral/ morale).

2. A (complement/ compliment) is sometime more welcome (than/ then) a kiss.
3. Following your (advise/advice), I applied to the bank for a (personal/ personnel) loan.
4. As a coal (miner/ minor), he (does/dose) run an increased risk of developing lung disease.
5. I suggest that (there/ their/ they’re) behavior can hardly be described as (moral/ morale).
6. If I (hear/ here) one more complaint, (your/ you’re) going to stay at home.
7. (Whose/ Who’s) been using my (personal/ personnel) (stationary/ stationery)?
8. If I had to (chose/ choose) between the two, I’d follow the (later/ latter) (coarse/course) of action.
9. Two helpings of (desert/ dessert) should be (quiet/ quite) sufficient.
10. (To/ Too/ Two) many people don’t look (were/ we’re/ where) they’re going.

Exercise 7
Circle the correct choice

1. I would like to have (desert/ dessert) as the first (coarse/course).

2. (Your You’re) going to have to follow the dictates of your own (conscious/ conscience).
3. Surely (its/ it’s) a question of (principal/ principle).
4. The student asked the guidance counselor to (advice/ advise) her on a (personal/ personnel) matter.
5. The young musician gratefully (accepter/ excepted) our (complements/ compliments).
6. Some (miners. Minors) have little difficulty in convincing a bartender that (their/ there/ they’re) of age.
7. She (choose/ chose) to work in the (dining/ dinning) room of the Holiday Inn.
8. Judging by the pinging sounds I (hear/ here), I’d say (your/ you’re) car needs a tune-up.
9. I’d rather write an essay (than/ then) do an oral report in front of (are/ our) whole class.
10. The salt was (to/ too/ two) (coarse/ course) (to/too/ two) pass through the holes of the shaker.
 105

Exercise 10
Circle the correct choice

1. I made the turn and (than/ then) saw the sign: “No left turn; buses (accepted/ excepted.)”
2. If you let the dog run(loose/ lose), you must (accept/ except) the consequences.
3. (Whose/ Who’s) turn is it to find the (complement/ compliment) of the angle?
4. We were (to/ too/ two) late for dinner but in time for (desert/ dessert).
5. I accept your (advice/ advise) for the sound (council/consul/ counsel) it is.
6. (Their/ There/ They’re) are many children who believe the tooth fairy will come if they (loose/lose) a
tooth.
7. A (stationary/ stationery) store is (were/ we’re/ where) you’ll find carbon paper.
8. The (miner/ minor) skirmish before the game had the (affect/ effect) of making us determined to win.
9. Edmund Burke believed manners were more important ( than/ then) (morales/ morals).
10. State colleges are governed by a (consul/ council/ counsel) (who’s/ whose) function is to (advice/
advise) the Board of Education.
 106

Answer Key:
Spelling

Exercise 4

1. Deserted, then 6. You’re, your, dose

2. Where, quiet 7. Principle, then
3. two, latter 8. It’s, later
4. consul, principle 9. later, except
5. many, lose 10. quiet, woman

Exercise 5

1. allot, dining 6. here, you’re, chose, course

2. peace, our 7. are, conscious, their
3. women, desert 8. affected. Morale
4. Where, we’re 9. whose, advice
5. stationary, forth 10. principal, peace, minor

Exercise 6

1. affects, morale 6. hear, you’re

2. compliment, than 7. who’s, personal, stationery
3. advice, personal 8. choose, latter, course
4. miner, does 9. dessert, quite
5. their, moral 10. Too, where

Exercise 7

1. dessert, course 6. minors, they’re

2. You’re, conscience 7. chose, dining
3. it’s, principle 8. Hear, your
4. advise, personal 9. than, our
5. accepted, compliments 10. too, coarse, to

Enter score on face sheet page 93-95

 107

Answer Key:
Spelling

Exercise 9

1. quite, you’re 6. then, your

2. choose, whose 7. coarse, desert
3. Here, is 8. conscious, effect
4. Many, personnel, morale 9. its, does
5. too, we’re 10. conscious, effects

Exercise 10

1. then excepted 6. there, lose

2. loose, accept 7. stationery, where
3. Whose, complement 8. minor, effect
4. too, dessert 9. than, morals
5. advice, counsel 10. council, whose, advise

Enter score on face sheet pages 93-95

 108
Chapter One

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ Name:

In the box write the letter of the choice that is the definition of the term or best answers the question. There is only one correct answer
for each question.

ο
E) Cutting into a tumor

ο
1. Gastrectomy:
A) Gastric resection
7. Electroencephalogram:
B) Intestinal incision
C) Tumor of the stomach A) Record of electricity in the brain
D) Incision of the stomach B) Record of electricity in the heart
E) Resection of the intestine C) X-ray of the brain

ο
D) Record of sound waves in the brain
E) X-ray of the heart and brain

ο
2. Osteitis:
A) Incision of a bone
8. Diagnosis:
B) Removal of bone
C) Incision of a joint A) Is made after prognosis
D) Inflammation of a joint B) Is a guess as to the patient’s condition
E) Inflammation of a bone C) Is a prediction of the course of treatment

ο
D) Is made on the basis of complete knowledge
about the patient’s condition
3. Cystoscopy: E) Is a treatment of the patient

A)
B)
C)
D)
Study of cells
Visual examination of cells
Removal of a sac of fluid
Removal of the urinary bladder
9. Cancerous tumor:
A) Hematoma
ο
E) Visual examination of the urinary badder B) Adenoma

ο
C) Carcinoma
D) Carcinogenic
4. Hepatoma: E) Neurotomy

A) Incision of the kidney 10. Microscopic examination of

ο
B) Tumor of the liver
C) Blood mass
D) Inflammation of the liver
living tissue:
E) Red blood cells
A) Incision
5. Which of the following is not an B) Pathology

ο
C) Biopsy
D) Autopsy
endocrine gland? E) Resection

A)
B)
C)
D)
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Ovary
Mammary gland
11. pertaining to the brain:
A) Cerebral
ο
E) Pituitary gland B) Cephalic

ο
C) Renal
D) Cardiac
6. Iatrogenic: E) Neural

A)
B)
C)
D)
Pertaining to produced by treatment
Produced by the mind
Cancer producing
Pertaining to producing a tumor
12. Removal of gland
A) Gastrotomy
ο
 109
B) Gastric D) Erythrocyte

ο
C) Hepatic resection
D) Nephric section
E) Adenectomy 19. Abnormal condition of the mind:
A) Physchosis
13. Decrease in numbers of red blood B) Psychosis
C) Psychogenic

ο
D) Encephalopathy
E) Adenoma
cells:
A) Anemia

ο
B) Erythrocytosis
C) Thrombocytosis
D) Leukemia 20. Inflammation of the nose:
E) Leukoctosis
A) Arthrosis
B) Hepatitis

ο
C) Nephritis
D) Dermatosis
14. Pathologist: E) Rhinitis
A) One who examines x-rays

ο
B) One who operates on the urinary tract
C) One who performs autopsies and reads biopsies
D) One who operates on the kidney 21. Study of cells:
E) One who treats diseases with chemicals
A) Pathology

ο
B) Cytology
C) Cystology
15. Pain in a joint: D) Dermatology
A) Ostealgia E) Urology
B) Arthritis

ο
C) Osteoarthritis
D) Arthroalgia
E) Arthralgia 22. Pertaining to through the liver:

16. Increase in numbers of malignant A) Subrenal

B) Transdermal

ο
C) Transhepatic
D) Subhepatic
white blood cells: E) Hepatoma
A) Leukocytosis

ο
B) Leukemia
C) Erythremia
D) Thrombocytosis 23. Abnormal condition of the kidney:
E) Erythrocytosis
A) Neurological

ο
B) Neuralgia
C) Nephrotomy
17. Instrument to view the eye: D) Neural
A) Ophthalmoscopy E) Nephrosis
B) Opthalmoscope

ο
C) Ophthalmology
D) Ophthalmoscope
E) Opthalmoscopy 24. Incision of a bone:

ο
A) Sarcoma
B) Pathogenic
18. A platelet C) Osteotomy
A) Hematoma D) Ostectomy
B) Thrombosis E) Endoscopy
C) Leukocyte
 110

25. High levels of sugar in the blood:

A) Hematoma
ο
B) Hypodermic
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Hyperglycemia
E) Hypogastric
 110

Answer Key:
Chapter One

Multiple Choice Quiz

1) A
2) E
3) E
4) B
5) D
6) A
7) A
8) D
9) C
10) C
11) A
12) E
13) A
14) C
15) E
16) B
17) D
18) D
19) B
20) E
21) B
22) C
23) E
24) C
25) D

Enter score on face sheet pages 93-95

 111
Chapter Two

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ Name:

In the box write the letter of the choice that is the definition of the term or best answers the question. There is only one correct answer for each question.
A) Cytoplasm
1. The process by which food is B) Cell membrane

ο
C) Chromosomes
D) Mitochondria
E) Nucleus
burned to release energy:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Nuclear energy
Anabolism
Phagocytosis
Catabolism
7. Genes are composed of:
A) Chromosomes
ο
E) Protein synthesis B) Ribosomes
C) Hemoglobin
2. Part of the cell where formation of proteins D) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

ο
E) Mitochondria

8. Muscular wall separating the abdominal and thoracic

occurs:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Genes
Chromosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cartilage
cavities:
A) Mediastinum
ο
E) Cell membrane B) Diaphragm
C) Pleura
3. Sum of the chemical processes in a D) Pericardium

ο
E) Peritoneum

9. The space in the chest between the lungs is

cell:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anabolism
Metabolism
Protein synthesis
Catabolism
called the:
A) Peritoneum
ο
E) A and E B) Esophagus
C) Pleural cavity
4. Picture of nuclear structures arranged in D) Mediastinum

ο
E) Retroperitoneal space

ο
numerical order:
A) Biopsy
10. Adipose means pertaining to :
B) X-ray
C) Electroencephalogram A) Cartilage
D) Sonogram B) Bone
E) Karyotype C) Fat
D) Skin
5. Part of a cell where catabolism primarily E) Nervous tissue

occurs:
A) Cell membrane
ο 11. Throat: ο
B) Nucleus A) Trachea
C) Mitochondria B) Coccyz
D) Genes C) Larynz
E) Endoplasmic reticulum D) Esophagus
E) Pharynx

ο
6. Allows materials to pass into and out of the

cell: ο 12. Sarcoma:

A) Part of the backbone
 112
B) Flesh tumor, benign B) Spinal
C) Malignant tumor of flesh tissue C) Pelvic
D) Mass of blood D) Abdominal
E) Skin tumor of epithelial cells E) Thoracic

19. Structure in the trachea:

A) Bronchial tube
ο
ο
B) Pharynx
C) Esophagus
D) Larynx
13. Craniotomy:
E) Tongue
A) Incision of the skull
B) Pertaining to the skull

ο
C) Pertaining to the brain
D) Incision of the chest
E) Pertaining to the head
20. The tailbone is the:

ο
A) Sacrum
B) Cervix
C) Ilium
14. A histologist studies:
D) Coccyx
A) Drugs E) Cranium
B) X-rays

ο
C) Tissues
D) The backbone
E) The spinal cord
21. Supine means:

ο
A) Lying on the back
B) Conducting toward a structure
C) In front of the body
15. An epithelial cell is a(an):
D) Lying on the belly
A) Skin cell E) Pertaining to the side
B) Nerve cell
C) Fat cell 22. The upper lateral regions of the abdomen, beneath the ribs, are

ο
D) Organ
E) Muscle cell
the:

16. The pleural cavity is the :

A) Space within the abdomen
ο A)
B)
C)
D)
Hypogastric region
Inguinal regions
Lumbar regions
Umbilical regions
B) Space within the backbone E) Hypochondriac regions
C) Space surrounding the hip

ο
D) Space between the membranes around the lungs
E) Space within the skull
23. The RUQ contains the :

17.Viscera:
A) Cells in the blood
ο A)
B)
C)
D)
Liver
Appendix
Lung
Spleen
B) Internal organs E) Heart
C) Parts of cells
D) Cavities of the body 24. Pertaining to a plane that divides the body into right

ο
E) Tissues composed of cartilage

18. The pituitary gland is in which

and left portions:

body cavity?
A) Cranial
ο A)
B)
C)
D)
Coronal
Transverse
Frontal
Sagittal
 113
E) Distal

25. A disc is:

A) Part of the hip bone
ο
B) A piece of cartilage between backbones
C) A piece of bony tissue connecting the joints in the back
D) An abnormal structure in the back
E) A pad of fatty tissue between backbones
 113

Answer Key:
Chapter Two

Multiple Choice Quiz

1) D
2) C
3) B
4) E
5) C
6) B
7) D
8) B
9) D
10) C
11) E
12) C
13) A
14) C
15) A
16) D
17) B
18) A
19) D
20) D
21) A
22) E
23) A
24) D
25) B

Enter score on face sheet pages 93-95

 114
Chapter Three

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ Name:

In the box write the letter of the choice that is the definition of the term of best answers the question. There is only one correct answer for each
question.

1. Amniocentesis: ο
ο
A) Incision of the abdomen
B) Paracentesis
C) Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
7. Pain in the ear:
D) Puncture of the chest region
E) Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the sac around the A) Pleurodynia
embryo B) Otitis

ο
C) Otalgia
D) Osteitis
E) Neuralgia
2. Inflammation of lymph tissue in the throat:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Bronchitis
Laryngitis
Pharyngeal
Tonsilitis
8. Continuing over a long period of time:
A) Chronic
ο
E) Tonsillitis B) Acute

ο
C) Chromic
D) Relapse
E) Remission
3. Prolapse:
A)
B)
C)
D)
–pathy
–ptosis
–trophy
–plasty
9. Small artery is a (an):
A) Capillary
ο
E) –plasm B) Arteriole

ο
C) Venule
D) Lymph vessel
E) Blood vessel leading from the heart
4.Blood is held back from an area:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Thrombocyte
Anemia
Ischemia
Hematoma
10. Instrument to visually examine:
A) –scope
ο
E) Hemolysis B) –scopy

ο
C) –opsy
D) –stasis
E) –tomy
5. Death:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Neur/o
Nephr/o
Neutr/o
Nucle/o
11. Hernia of the urinary bladder:
A) Rectocele
ο
E) Necr/o B) Inguinal hernia

ο
C) Hiatal hernia
D) Rectalgia
E) Cystocele
6. Acromegaly:
A) Exocrine disorder of bone enlargement
B) Enlargement of extremities after puberty due to pituitary gland
problem
C) Abnormal growth of bones before puberty
12. Tumor of bone marrow:
A) Myosarcoma
ο
D) Endocrine gland problem in young children B) Malignant myeloma
E) Fear of extremities (heights) C) Oteeogenic sarcoma
D) Adenocarcinoma
E) Metastasis
 115

ο
E) Trachectomy

13. X-ray record of the spinal cord:

A) Electroencephalgram
B) Bone scan
C) Myogram
D) Myelogram
E) Electromyogram

ο
14. Berry-shaped bacteria:
A)
B)
Staphyl/o
Pneum/o
20. Angioplasty means:
A) Pertaining to fat
ο
C) –cele
D) Strept/o B) Fear of extremities
E) –cocci C) Therapy with chemicals
D) Surgical Puncture of a blood vessel
E) Surgical repair of blood vessel

ο
ο
15. Neutrophil:
A) Lymphocyte
B) Polymorphonuclear leukocyte 21. A blood cell that produces antibodies:
C) Monocyte
D) Agranulocyte A) Erythrocyte
E) Platelet B) Platelet
C) Lymphocyte
D) Monocyte

ο
E) Basophil

ο
16. Instrument to record:
A) –gram
B) –scopy 22. Opposite of –malacia is:
C) –scope
D) –graph A) –megaly
E) –graphy B) –sclerosis
C) –emia
D) –plasia

ο
E) –lysis

ο
17. Resembling:
A) –osis
B) –eal 23. Excessive development:
C) lith/o
D) –oid A) Hypoplasia
E) –ic B) Dystrophy
C) Achondroplasia
D) Morphology

ο
E) Hypertrophy

ο
18. An eosinophil is a (an):
A) Erythrocyte
B) Leukocyte 24. Treatment:
C) Agranulocyte
D) Platelet A) –therapy
E) Lymphocyte B) –tomy
C) –ectomy
D) –osis

ο
E) –stasis

19. Removal of the voice box: 25. Surgical creation of a permanent opening to the outside
of the body:
A) Larnygectomy
A) –stomy
B) Pharyngotomy
B) –tomy
C) Pharynostomy
C) –ectomy
D) Laryngectomy
 116
D) Section
E) Resection
 116

Answer Key:
Chapter Two

Multiple Choice Quiz

1) E
2) E
3) B
4) C
5) E
6) B
7) C
8) A
9) B
10) A
11) E
12) B
13) D
14) E
15) B
16) D
17) D
18) B
19) D
20) E
21) C
22) B
23) E
24) A
25) A

Enter score on face sheet pages 93-95

 117
Chapter Four

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ Name:

In the box write the letter of the choice that is the definition of the term or best answers the question. There is only one correct
answer for the each question.

ο
ο
1. Pertaining to between the ribs:
A) Intracostal
7. Before meals:
B) Infracostal
C) Mediastinal A) Prenatal
D) Intercostal B) Anti cibum
C) Postpartum

ο
D) Antenatal
E) Ante cibum

ο
2. Pertaining to the opposite side:
A) Bilateral
8. Antibodies:
B) Contralateral
C) Unilateral A) Bacteria
D) Contraindication B) Protein substances made by leukocytes
E) Ipsilateral C) Phagocytes
D) Produced by erythrocytes to fight disease

ο
E) Antibodies

ο
3. Protrusion of an eyeball:
A) Cystocele
9. Symphysis:
B) Inguinal hernia
C) Exopthalmia A) Bifurcation
D) Ectopic B) Symptoms occur tighter
E) Exophthalmos C) Living organisms grow together for mutual benefit.
D) Bones grow together, as in the pelvis

ο
E) Synthesis of substances

ο
4. A congential anomaly:
A) Cerebral ischemia
10. Ultrasonography:
B) Pseudocyesis
C) Hemiglossectomy A) X-ray recording of sound waves
D) Syndactyly B) Amniocentesis
E) Acromegaly C) Sound waves and echoes are used to create an image
D) Radioactive material is injected and sound waves are

ο
recorded
E) Abdominal x-ray recording
5. Symbiosis:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Parasitism
Symmetrical organs
Biopsy
Group of symptoms
11. Metamorphosis:
A) Paralysis of limbs
ο
E) Neonatal B) Spread of a cancerous growth
C) Precancerous

ο
D) Change in shape of form
E) After death
6. Symptoms precede an illness:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Apnea
Syndrome
Euphoria
Prodome
12.Hyptertrophy:
A) Underdeveloped
ο
E) Prognosis B) Poor development
C) Increase in cell size
 118

ο
D) Increase in cell numbers
E) Newborn
19. Dyspnea:
A) Abnormal formation
B) Difficult breathing

ο
C) Not able to sleep
D) Condition of lack of water
E) Not able to breathe
13. Excessive sugar in the blood:
A) Hypodermic

ο
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Glycosuria
D) Hematuria
E) Hyperglycemia 20. Brady-:
A) Fast

ο
B) Bad
C) Short
D) Slow
14. Retroperitoneal:
E) Large
A) Region of the stomach
B) Within the chest 21. Located on the dorsal side of an endocrine gland

ο
C) Behind the abdomen
D) Within the abdomen
E) Below the pelvis
in the neck:

ο
A) Pituitary gland
B) Parathyroid glands
C) Adrenal glands
15. Antigens:
D) Esophagus
A) Streptococci E) Trachea
B) Antibiotics

ο
C) Antitoxins
D) Produced by antibodies
E) Penicillins
22. Recombinant DNA:

ο
A) Pregnancy that is out of place
B) Artificial kidney machine
C) Backward development
16. Return of disease symptoms:
D) Antibodies are made against normal tissue
A) Prolapse E) Gene from one organism is inserted into another organism
B) Relapse

ο
C) Syndrome
D) Prodrome
E) Remission
23. Tachycardia:

ο
A) Bad, painful swallowing
B) Inability to swallow
C) Near the windpipe
17. Dia-:
D) Rapid breathing
A) Flow E) Rapid heartbeat
B) Down, lack of

ο
C) Complete, through
D) Against
E) Near
24. Epithelium:

ο
A) Surface cells that line internal organs and are found in the
skin
B) Membrane surrounding bone
18. Abductor muscle:
C) Connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
A) Bending forward D) Adipose tissue
B) Located proximally E) Above the stomach
C) Pertains to both sides

ο
D) Carries a limb toward the body
E) Carries a limb away from the body
25. Percutaneous:
A) Within a vein
 119
B) Through a vein
C) Through the skin
D) Surrounding cartilage
E) Surrounding a bone
 119

Answer Key:
Chapter 4

Multiple Choice Quiz

1) E
2) B
3) E
4) D
5) A
6) D
7) E
8) B
9) D
10) C
11) D
12) C
13) E
14) C
15) A
16) B
17) C
18) E
19) B
20) D
21) B
22) E
23) E
24) A
25) C

Enter score on face sheet pages 93-95

 120

Chapter Twenty-One

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ Name:

In the box write the letter of the choice that is the definition of the term or best answers to the question. There is only one correct answer for
each question.

1. Study of the interaction of drugs and subcellular B) Rectal administration

ο
C) Inhalation
D) Topical
E) Oral
entities such as enzymes and DNA is called:
A) Medicinal chemistry 7. Drugs are swallowed and absorbed through the intestinal

ο
B) Pharmacodynamics
C) Chemotheraphy
D) Molecular pharmacology
tract:
E) Pharmacokinetics
A) Parenteral administration
2. Finding proper antidotes to the harmful effects of B) Rectal administration

ο
C) Inhalation
D) Topical
E) Oral
drugs is part of the specialty of:
A) Molecular pharmacology 8. Drugs are injected through a syringe into a muscle, vein,

ο
B) Toxicology
C) Medicinal chemisty
D) Pharmacodynamics
or body cavity:
E) Pharmacokinetics

ο
A) Parenteral administration
B) Rectal administration
C) Inhalation
3. Which of the following is a drug generic name? D) Topical
A) Omnipen E) Oral

ο
B) Ampicillin
C) Aminopenicillanic acid
D) Polycillin
9. Aerosols are administered in this way:
E) Principen
A) Parenteral administration
4. Which agency holds the legal responsibility for deciding B) Rectal administration

ο
C) Inhalation
D) Topical
E) Oral
whether a drug may be distributed and sold?

A)
B)
C)
PDR
United States Pharmacopeia
National Institutes of Health
10. Drugs are applied on the skin:
A) Parenternal administration
ο
D) Hospital Formulary B) Rectal administration
E) FDA C) Inhalation
D) Topical
5. The combination of two drugs can cause an effect that is E) Oral

greater than the sum of the individual effects of each:

A) Iatrogenic
ο 11. What is anaphylaxis?
A) A type of hypersensitivity reaction
ο
B) Additive action B) Factors in the patient’s condition that make the use of a
C) Tolerance drug dangerous
D) Synergism C) A condition produced by the treatment
E) Idiosyncrasy D) Toxic effects that routinely result form the use of a drug

ο
E) An antipruritic and antiseptic drug

6. Suppositories are inserted:

A) Parenteral administration
 121
E) Anticoagulant drug

18. What is the effect of a diuretic? ο

A) Lowers blood pressure by promoting fluid excretion from
the kidney.
B) Widens blood vessels
12. Drugs that block release of a substance that causes C) Stops blood clotting

ο
D) Lowers cholesterol
E) Increases blood pressure by holding water in the body
allergic reactions are called:
A) Anticoagulants 19. Penicillin is an example of which

ο
B) Antidiabetics
C) Anticonvulsants
D) Anthistamines
E) Anesthetics type of drug?
A) Antihistamine

ο
B) Analgesic
C) Antiemetic
D) Antibiotic
13. Morphine:
E) Hypnotic
A) Endocrine

ο
B) Cardiovascular
C) Analgesic
D) Stimulant
E) Anticoagulant 20. A drug that works against fever is:
A) Antipruritic

ο
B) Antipyretic
C) Anesthetic
D) Anticoagulant
14. Beta- Blocker:
E) Hypnotic
A) Endocrine drug
B) Cardiovascular drug 21. Drugs that control anxiety and sever disturbances

ο
C) Analgesic drug
D) Stimulant drug
E) Anticoagulant drug
of behavior:

ο
A) Sedatives
B) Anticonvulsants
C) Analgesics
15. Heparin:
D) Tranquilizers
A) Endocrine drug E) Anesthetics
B) Cardiovascular drug

ο
C) Analgesic drug
D) Stimulant drug
E) Anticoagulant drug
22. Drugs that relax without necessarily producing sleep:

ο
A) Sedatives
B) Anticonvulsants
C) Analgesics
16. Estrogen:
D) Tranquilizers
A) Endocrine drug E) Anesthetics
B) Cardiovascular drug

ο
C) Analgesic drug
D) Stimulant drug
E) Anticoagulant drug
23. Drugs used to relieve pain induce sleep, and suppress cough:

ο
A) Sedatives
B) Anticonvulsants
C) Analgesics
17. Amphetamine and caffeine:
D) Tranquilizers
A) Endocrine drug E) Anesthetics
B) Cardiovascular drug
C) Analgesic drug
D) Stimulant drug
 122

24. Drugs used to treat epilepsy:

A) Sedatives
ο
B) Anticonvulsants
C) Analgesics
D) Tranquilizers
E) Anesthetics

25. Drugs used to treat epilepsy:

A) Sedatives
ο
B) Anticonvulsants
C) Analgesics
D) Tranquilizers
E) Anesthetics
 122

Answer Key:
Chapter 21

Multiple Choice Quiz

1) D
2) B
3) B
4) E
5) D
6) B
7) E
8) A
9) C
10) D
11) A
12) D
13) C
14) B
15) E
16) A
17) D
18) A
19) D
20) B
21) D
22) A
23) C
24) E
25) B

Enter score on face sheet Pages 93-95

 123
Chapter One
Answers to Combining Forms, and Terminology Sections (textbook pages 6-12)

Terminology Meaning

Adenoma Tumor of a gland

Adenitis Inflammation of a gland
Arthritis Inflammation of a joint
Biology Study of life
Biopsy Removal of living tissue and examination under a microscope
Carcinoma Cancerous tumor
Cardiology Study of the heart
Cephalic Pertaining to the head
Cerebral Pertaining to the brain
Incision Process of cutting into. Scissors cut
Excision Process of cutting out
Endocrine glands Glands that secrete hormones within the body
Cystoscopy Process of visual examination of the urinary bladder
Cytology Study of cells
Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin
Hypodermic Pertaining to under the skin
Electrocardiogram Record of the electricity in the heart
Electroencephalogram Record of the electricity of the brain
Enteritis Inflammation of the intestines
Erythrocyte A red blood cell
Gastrectomy Removal of the stomach
Gastrotomy Incision of the stomach
Diagnosis State of complete knowledge; information gathered about a patient’s
illness. (Dis = complete; gnos/o = knowledge; -sis= state of)
Prognosis State of before knowledge; prediction about the outcome of an illness.
An ognostic is a person who professes no (a-) knowledge of God.
Gynecology Study of females and female diseases
Hematology Study of blood
Hematoma Collection (mass) of blood
Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
Iatrogenic Pertaining to being produced by treatment. A rash occurring after
treatment with a drug, such as penicillin, is an iatrogenic condition. A
related term, noscomial, refers to any infection acquired in a hospital
(nos/o means disease and –comial comes from the greek “I take care
of”).
Leukocyte White blood cell
Nephritis Inflammation of the kidney
Nephrology Study of the kidney
Neurology Study of nerves
Oncology Study of tumors
Oncologist Specialist in the study of tumors
ophthalmoscope Instrument for visual examination of the eye. Proper pronunciation
helps in spelling of this term. The initial syllable is pronounced “off’
and is spelled “oph”
 123
Chapter One
Answers to Combining Forms, and Terminology Sections (textbook pages 6-12)

Terminology Meaning

Adenoma Tumor of a gland

Adenitis Inflammation of a gland
Arthritis Inflammation of a joint
Biology Study of life
Biopsy Removal of living tissue and examination under a microscope
Carcinoma Cancerous tumor
Cardiology Study of the heart
Cephalic Pertaining to the head
Cerebral Pertaining to the brain
Incision Process of cutting into. Scissors cut
Excision Process of cutting out
Endocrine glands Glands that secrete hormones within the body
Cystoscopy Process of visual examination of the urinary bladder
Cytology Study of cells
Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin
Hypodermic Pertaining to under the skin
Electrocardiogram Record of the electricity in the heart
Electroencephalogram Record of the electricity of the brain
Enteritis Inflammation of the intestines
Erythrocyte A red blood cell
Gastrectomy Removal of the stomach
Gastrotomy Incision of the stomach
Diagnosis State of complete knowledge; information gathered about a patient’s
illness. (Dis = complete; gnos/o = knowledge; -sis= state of)
Prognosis State of before knowledge; prediction about the outcome of an illness.
An ognostic is a person who professes no (a-) knowledge of God.
Gynecology Study of females and female diseases
Hematology Study of blood
Hematoma Collection (mass) of blood
Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
Iatrogenic Pertaining to being produced by treatment. A rash occurring after
treatment with a drug, such as penicillin, is an iatrogenic condition. A
related term, noscomial, refers to any infection acquired in a hospital
(nos/o means disease and –comial comes from the greek “I take care
of”).
Leukocyte White blood cell
Nephritis Inflammation of the kidney
Nephrology Study of the kidney
Neurology Study of nerves
Oncology Study of tumors
Oncologist Specialist in the study of tumors
ophthalmoscope Instrument for visual examination of the eye. Proper pronunciation
helps in spelling of this term. The initial syllable is pronounced “off’
and is spelled “oph”
 124
Osteitis Inflammation of bone
Osteoarthritis Inflammation of bone and joints (actually degeneration of joint tissue).
Pathology Study of disease
Pathologist One who studies diseases, performs autopsies, and examines biopsy
samples
Pediatric Pertaining to treatment of children
Psychology Study of the mind
Psychiatrist Specialist in the treatment of the mind
Radiology Study of x-rays
Renal Pertaining to the kidney. Ren/o (Latin) is used with –al (Latin), and
nephr/o (Greek) is used with –ic (Greek).
Rhinitis Inflammation of the nose
Sarcoma Tumor flesh tissue (cancerous tumor of connective tissues, such as
bone, muscle, cartilage, fat). Sarcasm is an utterance intended to “cut
into the flesh” and a sarcophagus is a box or container (Egyptian
coffin) intended to “swallow flesh” Phag/o means to eat of swallow.
Resection Process of cutting out; removal
Thrombocyte A clotting cell
Urology Study of the urinary tract
Cardiac Pertaining to the heart
Neural Pertaining to nerves
Arthralgia Pain of a joint
Erythrocyte Red blood cell
Nuphrectomy Removal (resection) of a kidney
Leukemia Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition
Carcinogenic Pertaining to producing cancer. From the Greek “gennao” meaning. “I
produce.”Other words to help remember –genic are gene and Genesis.
Pathogenic Pertaining to producing disease
Iatrogenic Pertaining to producing by treatment (physician).
Electroencephalogram Record of the electricity in the brain.
Gastric Pertaining to the stomach
Neurological Pertaining to the study of nerves
Excision Process of cutting out; removal
Gynecologist Specialist in the study of females and female disorders
Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Endocrinology Study of the endocrine glands
Hepatoma Tumor (malignant) of the liver
Biopsy Process of viewing life; removal of living tissue for microscopic
examination.
Nuphrosis Abnormal condition of the kidney
Leukocytosis Abnormal condition (slight increase) of normal white blood cells.
Enteropathy Disease of the intestines
Adenopathy Disease of glands
Endoscope Instrument to visually examine within (the body).
Endoscopy Process of visually examining within (the body).
Prognosis State of before knowledge; prediction about the outcome of treatment
Osteotomy Incision of a bone
Gastroenterology Process of study of the stomach and intestines
 125
Anemia A decrease in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
Autopsy “self view”—examination of a dead body, understand its function
Diagnosis state of complete knowledge; information gathered about a patient’s
illness
Endocrinologist One who specializes in endocrine glands.
Epigastric Pertaining to above the stomach
Epidermis Outer layer of skin; above the dermis layer
Excision Process of cutting out to resection
Exocrine glands Glands that secrete chemicals to the outside of the body
Hyperglycemia Condition of increased blood sugar
Hypogastric Pertaining to below the stomach
Incision Process of cutting into; section
Pericardium Structure (membrane) surrounding the heart.
Prognosis State of before knowledge - prediction about the outcome of a condition
Resection Removal; excision. From the Latin “resecar” meaning “to cut back,
trim or curtail.” Thus resection is an operation wherein an organ is
“cut back” or removed.
Retrocardiac Pertaining to behind the heart
Subhepatic Pertaining to below the liver
Transhepatic Pertaining to across or through the liver
Chapter Two
Answers to Combining Forms and Terminology Sections (textbook pages 54-57)

Terminology Meaning
Abdominal Pertaining to the abdomen.
Adipose Pertaining to fat.
Anterior Pertaining to the front
Anabolism Process of casting up (Building-up or synthesizing process in a cell)
Cervical Pertaining to the neck
Chondroma Tumor of cartilage
Chondrosarcoma Flesh tumor (malignant) of cartilage
Chromosomes “Color bodies”; contain genetic material and are located in the nucleus
of cell.
Coccygeal Pertaining to the tailbone
Craniotomy Incision of the skull
Cytoplasm Contents (formation) of the cell (apart from the nucleus and cell
membrane.)
Distal Pertaining to far (from the beginning of a structure)
Dorsal Pertaining to the back
Histology Study of tissues
Iliac Pertaining to the ilium
Inguinal Pertaining to the groin
Karyotype Picture (classification) of the nucleus (and its chromosomes)
Lateral Pertaining to the side
Lumbosacral Pertaining to the lumbar and sacral regions
Medical Pertaining to the middle
Nucleic Pertaining to the nucleus
Pelvic Pertaining to the hip bone
Posterior Pertaining to the back, behind
Proximal Pertaining to near the beginning of a structure
Sacral Pertaining to the sacrum (lower back)
Sarcoma Tumor of flesh tissue (malignant)
Spinal Pertaining to the spine, backbone
Epithelial cell Cell covering the surface of the skin and inner lining of body cavities
and tubes.
Thoracic Pertaining to the chest
Thoracotomy Incision of the chest
Tracheal Pertaining to the windpipe
Umbilical Pertaining to the navel
Ventral Pertaining to the belly side of the body
Vertebral Pertaining to the vertebrae
Visceral Pertaining to internal organs
Anabolic Pertaining to casting up; building up substances (proteins) in the cell
Catabolism Process of casting down; breaking down material in the cell to release
energy.
 126
Chapter Two
Answers to Combining Forms and Terminology Sections (textbook pages 54-57)

Terminology Meaning
Abdominal Pertaining to the abdomen.
Adipose Pertaining to fat.
Anterior Pertaining to the front
Anabolism Process of casting up (Building-up or synthesizing process in a cell)
Cervical Pertaining to the neck
Chondroma Tumor of cartilage
Chondrosarcoma Flesh tumor (malignant) of cartilage
Chromosomes “Color bodies”; contain genetic material and are located in the nucleus
of cell.
Coccygeal Pertaining to the tailbone
Craniotomy Incision of the skull
Cytoplasm Contents (formation) of the cell (apart from the nucleus and cell
membrane.)
Distal Pertaining to far (from the beginning of a structure)
Dorsal Pertaining to the back
Histology Study of tissues
Iliac Pertaining to the ilium
Inguinal Pertaining to the groin
Karyotype Picture (classification) of the nucleus (and its chromosomes)
Lateral Pertaining to the side
Lumbosacral Pertaining to the lumbar and sacral regions
Medical Pertaining to the middle
Nucleic Pertaining to the nucleus
Pelvic Pertaining to the hip bone
Posterior Pertaining to the back, behind
Proximal Pertaining to near the beginning of a structure
Sacral Pertaining to the sacrum (lower back)
Sarcoma Tumor of flesh tissue (malignant)
Spinal Pertaining to the spine, backbone
Epithelial cell Cell covering the surface of the skin and inner lining of body cavities
and tubes.
Thoracic Pertaining to the chest
Thoracotomy Incision of the chest
Tracheal Pertaining to the windpipe
Umbilical Pertaining to the navel
Ventral Pertaining to the belly side of the body
Vertebral Pertaining to the vertebrae
Visceral Pertaining to internal organs
Anabolic Pertaining to casting up; building up substances (proteins) in the cell
Catabolism Process of casting down; breaking down material in the cell to release
energy.
 127

Epigastric Pertaining to above the stomach

Hypochondriac regions Pertaining to under the rib cartilage (area of the abdomen).
Intervertebral Pertaining to between the vertebrae
Metabolism State of building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism);
processes in a cell.
 128
Chapter Three
Answers to Combining Forms and Terminology Sections
Terminology Meaning

Arthralgia Pain in a joint

Otalgia Pain in the ear
Neualgia Pain of nerves
Myalgia Pain of muscles
Rectocele Hernia of the rectum
Cystocele Hernia of the urinary bladder
Throacocentesis Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the chest (thoracentesis).
Amniocentiesis Surgical puncture of the amnion
Abdominocentesis Surgical puncture of the abdomen
Streptococcus Berry-shaped bacterium found in twisted chains.
Staphylococci Berry-shaped bacteria in clusters
Erythrocyte Red blood cell
Leukocyte White blood cell
Thrombocyte Clotting cell
Pleurodynia Pain in the chest wall muscles that is aggravated by breathing (Literally:
pain of the pleura).
Laryngectomy Removal of the larynx
Mastectomy Removal of a breast
Anemia Decrease in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
Ischemia To hold back blood from an area of the body
Carcinogenesis Condition of producing cancer
Pathogenesis Condition of producing disease
Angiogenesis Formation of blood vessels
Carcinogenic Pertaining to producing cancer
Osteogenic Pertaining to produced within bone
Electroencephalogram Record of the electricity in the brain
Myelogram Record (x-ray) of the spinal cord
Mammogram Record (x-ray) of the breast
Electroencephalograph Instrument for recording the electricity in the brain
Electroencephalography Process of recording the electricity in the brain
Angiography Process of recording (x-ray) blood vessels
Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils
Phlebitis Inflammation of veins
Ophthalmology Study of the eye
Morphology Study of shape or form
Hemolysis Destruction of blood (breakdown of red blood cells with release of
hemoglobin).
Osteomalacia Softening of bone
Chondromalacia Softening of cartilage
Acromegaly Enlargement of extremities
Splenomegaly Enlargement of the spleen
 129
Myoma Tumor (benign) of muscle
Myosarcoma Tumor (malignant) of muscle (a type of flesh tissue).
Multiple myelcoma Tumor of bone marrow.
Hematoma Collection of blood (bruise).
Biopsy To view life; microscopic examination of living tissue
Necropsy Visual examination of dead bodies; autopsy (most often used for animals).
Necrosis Condition of death (of cells),
Hydronephrosis Abnormal condition of water (found) in the kidney
Leukocytosis Abnormal condition (slight increase in numbers) of normal white blood
cells.
Cardiomyopathy Disease of heart muscle
Erythropenia Deficiency of red blood cells
Leukopenia Deficiency of white blood cells
Thrombocytopenia Deficiency of clotting cells
Acrophobia Fear of heights
Angioplasty Surgical repair of blood vessels
Achondroplasia No (improper) development of cartilage
Agoraphobia Fear of being in open, crowded spaces (marketplace).
Blepharoptosis Prolapse, sagging of an eyelid
Arteriosclerosis Hardening of arteries
Laparoscope Instrument to visually examine the abdomen
Laparoscopy Process of visual examination of the abdomen
Metastasis Beyond control; spreading of a cancerous tumor
Hemostasis Stopping the flow of blood (naturally by clotting or artificially by
compression).
Colostomy New opening of the colon (to the outside of the body).
Tracheostomy New opening of the windpipe ( to the outside of the body).
Hydrotherapy Treatment with water
Chemotherapy Treatment with drugs
Radiotherapy Treatment with x-rays
Laparotomy Incision into the abdomen.
Phlebotomy Incision of a vein
Hypertrophy Excessive development
Atrophy No development; wasting away of tissue
Radiographer One who records x-ray
Leukemia Condition of increase in white cells (malignancy).
Pneumonia Condition (abnormal) of lungs
Nephrologist Specialist in the study of the kidney
Arteriole Small artery
Venule Small vein
Pericardium Structure surrounding the heart
Nephropathy Disease of the kidney
Cardiac Pertaining to the heart
Peritoneal Pertaining to the peritoneum
Inguinal Pertaining to the groin
Pleural Pertaining to the pleura
Tonsillar Pertaining to tonsils
 130
Pulmonary Pertaining to the lungs
Axillary Pertaining to the armpit
Laryngcal Pertaining to the voice box
Chronic Long-term; over a long period of time
Acute Sharp, sudden, severe
Pathological Pertaining to the study of disease
Adenoids Resembling glands (lymphatic tissue in the throat, near the nose).
Adipose Pertaining to fat
Mucous Pertaining to mucus
Mucus The substance secreted from mucous membranes
Necrotic Pertaining to death (of cells).
 131
Chapter Four
Answers to combining forms and terminology sections (textbook pages 107-111)

Terminology Meaning

Apnea Not breathing.

Anoxia Without oxygen (decrease in tissues).
Abnormal Pertaining to away from the norm (rule); not regular
Abductor One who (muscle which) leads away from the body. To abduct means
to carry away by force; kidnap
Adductor One who (muscle which) leads toward the body. To admit means to
send toward or permit entrance.
Adrenal glands Endocrine glands located above (toward) the kidneys.
Anabolism Process of casting (building) up materials (proteins) within cells.
Analysis To separate (apart). Psychoanalysis is a psychiatric treatment that
explores the mind. Urinalysis (urin/o + (an)alysis) is laboratory
examination of urine to aid in diagnosis.
Ante cibum Before meals
Anteflexion Bending forward
Ante partum Before birth
Antisepsis Condition against infection
Antibiotic Pertaining to against life (germ life).
Antigen A substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of antibodies
Antibody Protein substance made in the body to destroy foreign antigens.
Antitoxin A substance (antibody) produced in response to and capable of
neutralizing a toxin (such as those causing diphtheria or tetanus).
Antirenin contains antitoxin specific for an animal or insect venom
Autoimmune Related to making antibodies (immune substances) against one’s own
cells and tissues.
Bifurcation Forking (branching) into two; as the trachea bifurcates into two
individual tubes.
Bilateral Pertaining to two sides
Bradycardia Condition of slow heart beat
Catabolism Process of casting down materials (sugar) to release energy in cells.
Congenital anomaly Irregularity at birth
Connective To tie (bind) together. A conference (fer- means to carry or bring) is
where people gather together or meat.
Contraindication To point out against; as reasons why a drug should not be taken
Contralateral Pertaining to the opposite side.
Dehydration Condition of lack of water
Diameter To measure through; as the diameter of a circle
Diarrhea To flow through; water is not properly absorbed through the walls of the
colon
Dialysis Complete separation; twp types are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Dyspena Difficult breathing
Dysplasia Abnormal (“bad”) development of formation
Ectopic pregnancy Pregnancy out of the normal place (usually in the fallopian tubes).
Endotracheal Pertaining to within the trachea
 132

Endoscope Instrument to view within the body; gastroscope, bronchoschope,

laparoscope.
Endocardium Inner lining (membrane) of the heart.
Epithelium Skin cell; latterly, “upon a nipple.”
Euthyroid Normal tyroid function.
Euphoria Good feeling, “high” A eulogy is a speech saying good things about a
person after his/her death.
Exophthalmos Eyeballs that protrude
Hemiglossectomy Removal of half the tongue
Hyperplasia Condition of increased formation (increase in number of cells).
Hypertrophy Increase in development; increase in size of cells.
Hyperglycemia Increase in blood sugar
Hyperdermic Pertaining to below the skin
hypoglycemia Decrease in blood sugar
Insomniac Pertaining to inability to sleep
Incision Process of cutting into; sectioning
Infracostal Pertaining to below ribs
Intercostals Pertaining to between the ribs
Intravenous Pertaining to within a vein
Macrocephalic Pertaining to enlarged head
Malignant Harmful, bad; cancerous condition
Malaise Feeling of discomfort; “bad feeling”
Metamorphosis Condition of change of shape or form. A worm-like larva undergoes a
change in shape to become a butterfly. This is an example of
metamorphosis.
Metastasis Beyond control; spreading of a cancerous tumor.
Metacarpal bones Five hand bones (beyond the wrist).
Microscope Instrument to view small objects
Neoplasm New growth; new formation (tumor).
Neonatal Pertaining to a newborn (infant).
Pancytopenia Condition of decrease in all cells (blood cells).
Parathyroid glands Endocrine glands located near (on the dorsal side of ) the thyroid gland.
A paramedic works beside and assists a doctor; also called and
emergency medical technician (EMT). A parasite (-site means grain
or food) is called an organism that feeds and lives on or within
another organism. Lice, ticks, and fleas are examples.
Paralysis Abnormal destruction (of nerves) leading to loss of muscle function
Percutaneous Pertaining to through the skin
Pericardium Membrane surrounding the heart
Periosteum Membrane surrounding the bone
Polymorphonuclear Pertaining to a many-shaped nucleus; a type of white blood cell
Polyneuritis Inflammation of many nerves
Post mortem After death
Pastnatal Pertaining to after birth
Precancerous Pertaining to before cancer; a lesion that may become cancerous
Prenatal Pertaining to before birth.
Prodrome Symptoms that appear before the onset of a more server illness
Prolapse Sliding forward or downward
 133

Pseudocyesis State of flase pregnancy

Relapse A sliding back; recurrence of symptoms of disease
Remission To send back; disappearance of symptoms of disease
Recombinant DNA Inserting a gene (region of DNA) from one organism into the DNA of
another organism
Retroperitoneal Pertaining to behind the peritoneum
Retroflexion Bending backward
Subcutaneous Pertaining to under the skin
Suprathoracic Pertaining to above the chest
Suprarenal glands Endocrine glands located above each kidney (adrenal glands).
Syndactyly Condition of webbed (held together) fingers or toes; a congenital anomaly.
Synthesis To put, place together, as in protein synthesis or photosynthesis.
Syndrome A group of symptoms that run (occur) together. In synchrony means
timed (chron/o) together.
Symbiosis Condition or state of “life together”; two organisms living together for
mutual benefit or not (parasitism).
Symmetry State of “measurement together”; equality of parts; mirror images.
Symphysis To grow together; bones that grow together at the joint.
Tachypnea Rapid breathing
Transfusion To pour across, as in transferring blood from one person to another.
Transurethral Pertaining to through the urethra
Ultrasonography Process of recording ultrasound (beyond the normal range) waves.
Unilateral Pertaining to one side.
 134
Chapter Twenty-One
Answers to Combining Forms and Terminology Sections (Textbook pages 824-828)

Terminology Meaning

Aerosol Particles of drug (in solution) suspended in air.

Analgesic Pertaining to without sensitivity to pain.
Bronchodilator Drug that relaxes the smooth muscle lining bronchial tubes and is used
to treat asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
Chemotherapy Treatment using drugs
Idiosyncrasy An unexpected effect of a drug that is peculiar to an individual
Dubcutaneous Pertaining to under the skin
Hypodermic Pertaining to under the skin
Synergism Condition of working together; the drug action in which the
combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater that the sum of
the individual effects of each drug alone.
Anesthesia Condition of being without nervous sensation
Antihistamine An agent that acts against histamine production in the body. Histamine
is released as a result of an allergic reaction
Hypnotic Pertaining to a condition of sleep (a trance-like state)
Iatrogenic Pertaining to and adverse condition that is caused or produced by a
physician or a specific treatment
Sublingual Pertaining to under the tongue
Erythromycin An antibiotic that is produced form a red (erythr/o) mold (myc/o)
Narcotic Pertaining to a substance that produces stupor (has morphine or opium-
like action)
Pharmacology Study of drugs
Antipruritic Pertaining to an agent that acts to relieve itching
Antipyretic Pertaining to an agent that acts to relieve fever
Intrathecal Pertaining to within the sheath of membranes surrounding the spinal
cord
Toxic Pertaining to poison
Toxicology Study of poisons and the harmful effects of drugs
Vasodilator Substance that causes blood vessels to widen
Intracenous Pertaining to within a vein
Vitamin A substance in foods that is essential in small quantities for growth and
good health (life-giving amines).
Anaphlaxis A hypersensitive state of the body to a foreign protein (antigen) or drug
Can produce severe symptoms and shock
Antidote An agent given to counteract unwanted effect of a drug
Antibiotic A substance that acts against microorganisms, such as bacteria
Contraindication Factor in the patient’s condition that prevents the use of a drug or
treatment
Parenteral Pertaining to injection of drugs other that through the intestines
Synergistic Pertaining to synergism (the drug action in which the sum of the effects
of giving two drugs together is greater than that of giving each drug
alone).
 135

GRAMMAR
FACE SHEET

Directions: Students will

1. Take the Grammar tests.

2. Correct all questions. Only the first section has explanations of answers
3. Fill in information on face sheet, which is in front of all tests.
4. Return work to HESI staff, arrange tutoring or conference to give go-ahead on taking actual HESI test.

Important: Fill in the blanks on the face sheet to assist the HESI staff in assessing your skills and
weaknesses.

Your goal is to achieve 80% minimum on any exercise.

¾ To calculate Total number of correct answers, subtract number of incorrect answers from total number
of problems

¾ To calculate Percent correct: multiply number correct X 100, divide this number by total number of
problems.

Example: 80 correct out of 100: 80 x 100= 8000 8000 divided by 100= 80 or 80%

OVERALL GRAMMAR TEST SCORE

Total number of problems: 303

Number correct: Multiply number correct X 100=
Divide by total number of problems= %

Tutor will review for areas to work on in vocabulary.

Areas to work on : , , ,
 136
GRAMMAR

1. Exercise One: Problems with Verbs (Part 1)

Total Number of Questions 15

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct

2. Exercise Two: Problems with Verbs (Part 2)

Total Number of Questions 15

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct

3. Exercise Three: Problems with Verbs (Part 3)

Total Number of Questions 15

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct

4. Exercise Fourteen: Problems with Introductory Verbal Modifiers

Total Number of Questions 25

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct

5. Exercise Fifteen: Problems with Parallel Structure

Total Number of Questions 25

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct

6. Exercise Eighteen: Problems with Structure

Total Number of Questions 25

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions
Percent Correct
 137

7. Lesson 5: Sentence Structure

Total Number of Questions 5

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct

8. Lesson 6: Sentence Structure--- Parallel structure

Total Number of Questions 6

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct
9. PLURALS—Exercises 2, 3, 4, 5

Total Number of Questions 47

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct
10. VERBS—Exercises 12, 13

Total Number of Questions 46

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct

11. VERBS---(Subject- Verb Agreement) Lesson 12, Exercise 19

Total Number of Questions 29

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct

12. Gerunds and Infinitives

Total Number of Questions 50

Total Number of correct answers X 100= Divide this number by total number of
questions

Percent Correct

Next step: Make sure to complete overall score on face sheet. See HESI staff for final assessment of our study
packet and go-ahead to take test.
 138
EXERCISE ONE: PROBLEMS WITH VERBS (PART 1)
Directions: Four words of phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D) , are given beneath each
incomplete sentence. You are to choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and blacken the space that corresponds
to the letter of the answer you have chosen so that the letter inside the oval cannot be seen.

PREVIEW: VERBS 15 Questions, 10 Minutes

In some sentences in Part A of the Structure and Written Expression Section, you will be asked to
identify the correct verb. In fact, most of the sentences in this part are verb problems.
A verb is a word or phrase that expresses action or condition. A verb can be classified as transitive
or intransitive according to whether it requires a complement; it can be classified further according to
the kind of complement it requires, including not only nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs but
also –ing forms or infinitives.

1. Al’s doctor insists for a few days.

(A) that he is resting (C) him to rest
(B) his resting (D) that he rest

2. I don’t like iced tea, and .

(A) she doesn’t too (C) neither does she
(B) either doesn’t she (D) she doesn’t neither

3. We wish that you such a lot of work, because we know that you would have enjoyed the party.
(A) hadn’t had (C) didn’t have had
(B) hadn’t (D) hadn’t have

4. Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend, you like to have dinner with us tonight?
(A) Will (C) do
(B) won’t (D) wouldn’t

5. Please photocopies of documents.

(A) not to submit (C) no submit
(B) do not submit (D) not submit

6. I bacon and eggs every morning.

(A) am used to eat (C) am used to eating
(B) used to eating (D) use to eat

7. The team really looks good tonight because the coach had them every night this week.
(A) practice (C) practiced
(B) to practice (D) the practice

8. Would you mind , please?

(A) to answer the telephone (C) answer the telephone
(B) answering the telephone (D) to the telephone answering
 139
Exercise One: Problems with Verbs (Part 1)

9. You your seats today if you want to go to the game.

(A) had better to reserve (C) had better reserve
(B) had to better reserve (D) had to reserve better

10. If it so late we could have coffee.

(A) Wasn’t (C) weren’t
(B) Isn’t (D) not be

11. Your sister used to visit you quite often, ?

(A) didn’t she (C) wouldn’t she
(B) doesn’t she (D) hadn’t she

12. If Bob with us, he would have had a good time.

(A) would come (C) had come
(B) would have come (D) came

13. Frankly, I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.
(A) do (C) don’t
(B) didn’t do (D) didn’t

14. Since they aren’t answering their telephone, they .

(A) must have left (C) need have left
(B) should have left (D)can have left

15. We were hurrying because we thought that the bell .

(A) had already rang (C) had already rung
(B) had already rang (D) have already ringing
 140
EXERCISE TWO: PROBLEMS WITH VERBS (PART 2)
1. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .
(A) him calling me (C) him to call me
(B) that he would call me (D) that he call me

2. My husband lived at home before we were married, and so .

(A) did I (C) I had
(B) had I (D) I did

3. Does your new secretary shorthand?

(A) know to take (C) know how take
(B) know how to take (D) know how taking

4. Tommy had his big brother his shoes for him.

(A) to tie (C) tied
(B) tie (D) tying

5. I wish that the weather not so warm.

(A) begin (C) were
(B) be (D) is

6. His English teacher recommends that he a regular degree program.

(A) begin (C) will begin
(B) begins (D) is beginning

7. Let’s go out for dinner, ?

(A) will we (C) shall we
(B) don’t we (D) are we

8. I’d the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.

(A) rather not have (C) rather not to have
(B) not rather had (D) rather not having

9. Would you please write on the test books?

(A) don’t (C) not
(B) not to (D) to not

10. The old man asked her to move because he in that chair.
(A) used to sit (C) used to sitting
(B) was used to sit (D) was used to sitting

11. After the way she treated you, if I in your place, I wouldn’t return the call.
(A) be (C) was
(B) am (D) were

12. If I the flu I would have gone with you.

(A) hadn’t (C) didn’t have
(B) hadn’t had (D) wouldn’t have had

13. he’s taken his medicine, ?

(A) hasn’t he (C) doesn’t he
(B) didn’t he (D) isn’t he

14. Your mother and I are looking forward you.

(A) of seeing (C) to see
(B) for seeing (D) to seeing

15. It is imperative that you there in person.

(A) be (C) will
(B) will be (D) are
 141

EXERCISE THREE: PROBLEMS WITH VERBS (PART 3)

1. The Brakes need
(A) adjusted (C) to adjust
(B) to adjustment (D) adjusting

2. I wish that we with my brother when he flies to England next week.

(A) could go (C) will go
(B) had gone (D) are going

3. Are you sure Miss Smith use the new equipment?

(A) knows to (C) knows how to
(B) knows the (D) knows how

4. Mary and John to the parties at the Student Union every Friday.
(A) used to go (C) are used to go
(B) use to go (D) were used to go

5. You me, because I didn’t say that.

(A) must misunderstand (C) must have misunderstood
(B) must be misunderstanding (D) had to misunderstand

6. you rather sit by the window?

(A) Don’t (C) Wouldn’t
(B) Will (D) Won’t

7. His government insisted that he until he finished his degree.

(A) should stay (C) stayed
(B) shall stay (D) stay

8. After he had researched and his paper, he found some additional material that he should have included.
(A) wrote (C) writing
(B) written (D) have written

9. The man who was driving the truck would not admit that he had been at fault, and .
(A) neither the other driver (C) neither had the other driver
(B) neither would the other driver (D) the other driver neither

10. If is rain, we’ll have the party outside.

(A) wouldn’t (C) didn’t
(B) doesn’t (D) won’t

11. Excuse me, but it is time to have you temperature .

(A) taking (C) take
(B) to take (D) taken

12. Almost everyone fails the driver’s test on the first try.
(A) passing (C) to pass
(B) to have passed (D) in passing

13. Mike had hoped his letter.

(A) her to answer (C) that she would answer
(B) that she answer (D) her answering

14. I think that you had better earlier so that you can get to class on time.
(A) to start to get up (C) start getting up
(B) started getting up (D) to get up

15. Today’s weather isn’t as cold as it was yesterday, ?

(A) wasn’t it (C) isn’t it
(B) was it (D) is it
 142
EXERCISE FOURTEEN:
PROBLEMS WITH INTRODUCTORY VERBAL MODIFIERS
REVIEW INTRODUCTORY VERBAL MODIFIERS

In some sentences in Part B, you will be asked to identify errors in introductory verbal modifiers and
the subjects that they modify.
Introductory verbal modifiers are –ing forms, participles, and infinitives. A phrase with an
introductory verbal modifier occurs at the beginning of a sentence and is followed by a comma. The
subject modified by an introductory verbal modifier must follow the comma.
If the correct subject does not follow the comma, then the meaning of the sentence is changed.
Often the changed meaning is not logical.

1. After finishing Roots, the one-hundred-year history of a black American family, the Nobel Prize
(A) (B)
Committee awarded author Alex Haley a special citation for literary excellence.
(C) (D)

2. A competitive sport, gymnasts perform before officials who must use their judgment along with
(A) (B) (C)
their knowledge of the rules to determine the relative skill of each participant.
(D)

3. To remove stains from permanent press clothing, carefully soaking in cold water before washing
(A) (B) (C)
with one’s regular detergent.
(D)

4. Found in Tanzania by Mary Leakey, some archeologists estimated that the three-million-year-old
(A) (B) (C)
fossils were the oldest human remains to be discovered.
(D)

5. After fighting the blaze for three days, the supertanker was hauled toward open seas in an effort to
(A) (B)
save the southern Caribbean form the worst oil spill in history.
(C) (D)

6. According to the conditions of their scholarships, after finishing their degrees, the University will
(A) (B)
employ them for three years.
(C) (D)

7. Originally having been buried in Spain, and later moved to Santo Domingo in the Dominican
(A) (B) (C)
Republic, Columbus’s final resting place is Havana, Cuba.
(D)
 143
8. Written by Neil Simon, New York audiences received the new play enthusiastically at the world
(A) (B) (C)
premiere Saturday evening.
(D)

9. By migrating to a warmer climate every fall, survival is assured for another year.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

10. Saddened by the actor’s sudden death, a memorial fund will be established so that family and
(A) (B) (C)

friends can make donations in his name to The American Cancer Society.
(D)

11. To prevent cavities, dental floss should be used daily after brushing one’s teeth.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

12. While researching the problem of violent crime, the Senate committee’s discovery that handguns
(A)
were used to commit 54 percent of all murders in large cities.
(B) (C) (D)
13. Trying to pay for a purchase with cash, salespersons often ask for credit cards instead.
(A) (B) (C)

14. After reviewing the curriculum, several significant changes were made in traditional business
(A) (B) (C) (D)
programs at Harvard University.

15. Having hit more home runs than any other player in the history of baseball, Hank Aaron’s record
(A) (B) (C) (D)
is famous.

16. Banned in the U.S., the effect of fluorocarbons continues at a level that could eventually damage
(A) (B) (C)
the ozone layer, and bring about such serious results as high risk of skin cancer and global
(D)
climate changes.

17. To avoid jet lag, many doctors recommend that their patients begin adjusting one week before
(A) (B)
departure time by shifting one hour each day toward the new time schedule.
(C) (D)

18. After cooking in the microwave oven for five minutes, one should put most meat dishes on a
(A) (B) (C)
platter to cool.
(D)
 144
19. Traditionally named for women, but recently Bob was chosen as the first make name for a
(A) (B) (C)
hurricane.

20. While testifying, their answers were recorded by the court stenographer.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

21. By reading the instructions carefully, mistakes on the examination can be avoided.
(A) (B) (C)

22. Having been divorced, her credit could not be established in spite of her high income.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

23. Attempting to smuggle drugs into the country, custom officials apprehended them, and took them
(A) (B) (C)
to police headquarters for questioning.
(D)

24. While trying to build a tunnel through the Blue Ridge Mountains, coal was discovered at the
(A) (B) (C) (D)
construction site.

25. Founded in 1919, students and teachers who are interested in spending several months abroad
(A) (B)
may benefit from educational programs administered by the Institute for International Education.
(C) (D)
 145
EXERCISE FIFTEEN:
PROBLEMS WITH PARALLEL STRUCTURE
PREVIEW: PARALLEL STRUCTURE

In some sentences in Part B, you will be asked to identify errors in parallel structure.
Parallel structure is the use of the same grammatical structures for related ideas of equal
importance. Related ideas of equal importance often occur in the form of a list. Sometimes related
ideas of equal importance are connected by conjunctions, such as and, but, and or.

1. The committee decided to cancel its law suit, to approve the contract, and that it would adjourn
(A) (B) (C) (D)
the meeting.

2. Air travel is fast, safe, and it is convenient.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

3. Rock music is not only popular in the United States but also abroad.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

4. Every day the watchman would lock the doors, turning on the spot lights, and walk around the
(A) (B) (C) (D)
building.

5. To control quality and making decisions about production are among the many responsibilities
(A) (B) (C) (D)
of an industrial engineer.

6. I suggest that the instructor react to the situation by changing the textbook instead of to modify
(A) (B) (C)
the objectives of the course.
(D)

7. Dr. Johnson, the first woman elected president of the University, was intelligent, capable, and
(A) (B)
awareness of the problems to be solved.
(C) (D)

8. The insurance program used to include not only employees but their families.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

9. The six main parts of a business letter are the address, the inside address, the salutation, the
(A) (B) (C)
body, the closing, and signing your name.
(D)

10. We solved the problem by using a computer rather than to do it all by hand.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 146
Preview and Practice Exercises for the Structure and Written Expression Section of the TOEFL

11. To read literature and being introduced to a different culture are two excellent reasons for studying a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
foreign language.

12. The proposed increase in the utility rate was neither a fair request and not a practical one.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

13. Tom is the best candidate for the position because he understands the project, knows the University,
(A) (B)
and who works very hard.
(C) (D)

14. Ice skating and to go skiing are popular winter sports in the Northern United States.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

15. The surgeon examined the patient quickly, and then the operation was begun.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

16. Because we were not sure where the house was, and because of the time, we decided to ask for
(A) (B) (C) (D)
directions.

17. To treat minor diarrhea, drink plenty of liquids, especially tea, water, and carbonated beverages, eat
(A) (B)
soup, yogurt, salty crackers, and bananas, and avoiding milk, butter, eggs, and meat for twenty-four
(C) (D)
hours.

18. The new electric typewriters are equipped not only with an element for foreign languages but also a key
(A) (B)
for correcting errors automatically.
(C) (D)

19. The examiner did not know whether to report the student for cheating or warning him first.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

20. Jim had spent his vacation traveling in Arizona visiting some of the Indian reservations, and had
(A) (B) (C) (D)
finished several paintings that he had begun last year.

21. The Smithsonian Institute is famous because is contains such interesting exhibits as the flag that was
(A)
raised over Fort McHenry in 1812, the airplane that the Wright brothers built for their first flight at Kitty
(B) (C)
hawk and there are the gowns worn by every first lady since Martha Washington.
(D)
 146

11. To read literature and being introduced to a different culture are two excellent reasons for studying a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
foreign language.

12. The proposed increase in the utility rate was neither a fair request and not a practical one.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

13. Tom is the best candidate for the position because he understands the project, knows the University,
(A) (B)
and who works very hard.
(C) (D)

14. Ice skating and to go skiing are popular winter sports in the Northern United States.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

15. The surgeon examined the patient quickly, and then the operation was begun.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

16. Because we were not sure where the house was, and because of the time, we decided to ask for
(A) (B) (C) (D)
directions.

17. To treat minor diarrhea, drink plenty of liquids, especially tea, water, and carbonated beverages, eat
(A) (B)
soup, yogurt, salty crackers, and bananas, and avoiding milk, butter, eggs, and meat for twenty-four
(C) (D)
hours.

18. The new electric typewriters are equipped not only with an element for foreign languages but also a key
(A) (B)
for correcting errors automatically.
(C) (D)

19. The examiner did not know whether to report the student for cheating or warning him first.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

20. Jim had spent his vacation traveling in Arizona visiting some of the Indian reservations, and had
(A) (B) (C) (D)
finished several paintings that he had begun last year.

21. The Smithsonian Institute is famous because is contains such interesting exhibits as the flag that was
(A)
raised over Fort McHenry in 1812, the airplane that the Wright brothers built for their first flight at Kitty
(B) (C)
hawk and there are the gowns worn by every first lady since Martha Washington.
(D)

Exercise Fifteen: Problems with Parallel Structure

 147

22. Please send me the smallest, most recently published, and less expensive dictionary that you have
(A) (B) (C) (D)
available.

23. In order to become a law, a bill must be passed not only by the Senate but also the House of
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Representatives.

24. The cloverleaf is a common engineering design for expressways that permits traffic between two
(A) (B)
intersecting highways to move more safely, efficiently, and with ease.
(C) (D)

25. A new product should be judged not by the promises made in commercials and advertisements, but
(A) (B) (C)
also by the results demonstrated in actual use.
(D)
 148
EXERCISE EIGHTEEN: PROBLEMS WITH STRUCTURE
PREVIEW: STRUCTURE

In some sentences in Part B, you will be asked to identify errors in structure.

Remember, structure is the correct use of verbs, pronouns, nouns, modifiers, comparatives,
and connectors.

1. Of the two lectures, the first was by far the best, partly because the person who delivered it
(A) (B) (C)
had such a dynamic style.
(D)

2. That modern science knows to assist women who are unable to give birth to babies by normal
(A) (B) (C)
means is one of the miracles of the twentieth century.
(D)

3. After he had researched his paper and wrote it he found some additional data that he should
(A) (B) (C) (D)
have included.

4. Because of the light, the city seemed differently from the way that I had remembered it.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

5. The Federal Aviation Agency has grounded all DC-10 aircraft so they can be checked for
(A) (B) (C) (D)
possible problems in the design of the under-wing jet systems.

6. The colonel wanted to retreat, but the general insisted that he continue do everything
(A) (B) (C)
necessary in order to win the battle.
(D)

7. There are not many people which adapt to a new culture without feeling some disorientation at
(A) (B) (C) (D)
first.

8. Bob wishes that his wife understands why he has not had time to write her lately.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

9. Because of the accident, the judge forbade Joe and me from driving for six months.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

10. After he had ran the program thought the computer, he noticed that he had forgotten to do the
(A) (B) (C) (D)
last operation.

11. Most small appliances have ninety-days guarantees that entitle the purchaser to free repair or
(A) (B) (C)
replacement if the item breaks before the expiration date.
(D)
 149
12. Although everyone in our group was pleased with his meal, Mrs. Brown insisted on complaining
(A) (B) (C)
that the coffee tasted badly.
(D)

13. Let you and I agree to cancel that last shipment unless the company meets the conditions of our
(A) (B) (C) (D)
original contract.

14. His recommendation that the Air Force investigates the UFO sightings was approved by the
(A) (B) (C)
commission and referred to the appropriate committee.
(D)

15. Although she seems to be very mature, Ann is much younger as the other girls in her class.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

16. Nuclear power plants are still supported by the Society of Professional Engineers in spite the
(A) (B) (C)
unfortunate accident at Three Mile Island.
(D)

17.Miss Smith returned home quite lately that night to find that someone had broken into her garage
(A) (B) (C)
and stolen her car.
(D)

18. If Mary would have been more careful in proofreading her dissertation, she would not have had to
(A) (B) (C)
get it typed again.
(D)

19. The more that she tried to remove the stain, the worst it looked.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

20. The national television networks have been criticized for not showing much good movies during
(A) (B) (C) (D)
prime time.

21. This is the athlete whom everyone says will win the gold medal at the winter Olympic Games.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

22. If you would have checked your answer sheet more carefully, you would have corrected these
(A) (B) (C)
errors yourself.
(D)

23. It was her who suggested that he go to New York in order to get a direct flight.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

24. We veterans often fail taking advantage of the scholarship programs at the university level.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

25. It is necessary that the directors will sign all of the copies, not just the top one.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 150

Explanatory
Answers: Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4 PART TWO: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
Exercise One: Problems With Verbs (Part 1)
1. (D) That is used before the subject he and the verb word rest in the clause after the verb

insists.

2. (C) Neither is used before the auxiliary does followed by the subject she. She doesn’t either

would also be correct.

3. (A) Hadn’t and the participle had are used after the verb wish in the main clause.

4. (D) Wouldn’t is used before the subject you and the verb like in an invitation.

5. (B) Do not is used before the verb word submit to express a negative command.

6. (C) Am is used before the verb phrase used to followed by the –ing for eating to express habit.

7. (A) Had is used before the person them followed by the verb word practice to express an

activity caused by the coach.

8. (B) The –ing form answering is used after the verb phrase not mind.

9. (C)Had better is used before the verb word reserve to express advice.

10. (C) Weren’t is used after if to express a condition contrary to fact.

11. (A) Didn’t she is used to agree with you sister and used to visit in the main clause.

12. (C) Had is used before the participle come in the conditional clause.

13. (B) Would rather is used before the subject you and the past verb didn’t followed by the verb

word do to express preference.

14. (A) Must have is used before the participle left to express a logical conclusion.

15. (C) Had is used before the participle rung to refer to an activity already in the past.

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Explanatory
Answers: Chapter 4
Exercise Two: Problems With Verbs (Part 2)

1. (B) That is used before the subject he followed by would and the verb word call after the verb
phrase had hoped.

2. (A) Did is used before the subject I to agree with lived in the main clause. And I did too would
also be correct.

3. (B) Know how is used before the infinitive to take to express ability or skill. Does your new
secretary know shorthand would also be correct.

4. (B) Had is used before the person his big brother followed by the verb word tie to express an
activity caused by Tommy.

5. (C) Were is used after the verb wish in the main clause.

6. (A) The verb word begin is used in the clause after the verb recommends.

7. (C) Shall we is used to agree with let’s in the main clause.

8. (A) Would [‘d] rather is used before not and the verb word have to express preference.

9. (C) Would you please is used before not followed be the verb word write to express a negative
command.

10. (D) Was is used before the verb phrase used to followed by the –ing form sitting to express a
habit.

11. (D) Were is used after if to express a condition contrary to fact.

12. (B) Hadn’t is used before the participle had in the conditional clause.

13. (A) Hasn’t he is used to agree with he’s [he has] in the main clause.

14. (D) The –ing form seeing is used after the verb phrase looking forward to.

15. (A) The verb word be is used in the clause after the impersonal expression it is imperative.

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Explanatory
Answers: Chapter 4
Exercise Three: Problems With Verbs (Part 3)

1. (D) Need is used before the –ing form adjusting to express necessity for repair. The brakes
need to be adjusted would also be correct.

2. (A) Could is used before the verb word go after the verb wish in the main clause.

3. (C) Knows how is used before the infinitive to use to express ability of skill. Miss Smith knows
the equipment would also be correct.

4. (D) Used to is used before the verb word go to express a habit in the past.

5. (C) Must have is used before the participle understood to express a logical conclusion.

6. (C) Wouldn’t is used before the subject you followed by rather and the verb word sit to express
preference.

7. (D) That is used before the subject he and the verb word stay in the clause after the verb
insisted.

8. (B) The participle written is used after had to refer to an activity in the past.

9. (B) Neither is used before the auxiliary would followed by the subject the other driver. The
other driver wouldn’t either would also be correct.

10. (B) Doesn’t is used in the clause of condition to agree with we’ll [we will] in the clause of result.

11. (D) Have is used before the thing your temperature followed by the participle taken to express
an activity caused by someone else.

12. (C) The infinitive to pass is used after the verb fails.

13. (C) That is used before the subject she followed by would and the verb word answer after the
verb phrase had hoped.

14. (C) The verb word starts is used after the verb phrase had better and the –ing form getting up
is used after the verb start.

15. (D) Is it is used to agree with the subject today’s weather and the verb is in the main clause.

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 153

Explanatory
Answers: Chapter 4
Exercise Fourteen: Problems With Introductory Verbal Modifiers

1. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. After finishing Roots is misplaced because is does not precede the noun it modifies, author
Alex Haley.

2. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. A competitive sport is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it modifies,
gymnastics.

3. (B) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Carefully soaking should be (you) carefully soak to provide a noun for the introductory verbal
phrase to remove stains from permanent press clothing.

4. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Found in Tanzania by Mark Leakey is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it
modifies, the three-million-year-old fossils.

5. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. After fighting the blaze for three days is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it
modifies, the fire fighters.

6. (B) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. After finishing their degrees is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it modified,
the students.

7. (D) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Columbus’s final resting place should be Columbus because the man, not the place, is
modified by the verbal phrase Originally having been buried in Spain.

8. (B) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. New York audiences received the new play should be the new play was received by New
York audiences because the play, not the audiences, is modified by the verbal phrase written by Neil
Simon.

9. (C) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Survival is assured should be animals assure survival because the animals, not the survival,
is modified by the verbal phrase by migrating to a warmer climate every fall.

10. (B) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. A memorial fund will be established should be family and friends will establish a memorial
fund because the family and friends, not the memorial fund, are modified by the verbal phrase
saddened by the actor’s sudden death.

11. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Dental floss should e used should be (you) use dental floss to provide a noun for the
introductory verbal phrase to prevent cavities.
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12. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. The Senate committee’s discovery should be The Senate committee discovered because the
committee, not the discovery, is modified by the verbal phrase while researching the program of violent
crime.

13. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Trying to pay for a purchase with cash is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it
modifies, customers.

14. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. After reviewing the curriculum is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it modifies,
faculty.

15. (D) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Hank Aaron’s record should be Hank Aaron because the man, not the record, is modified by
the verbal phrase having hit more home runs than any other player in the history of baseball.

16. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Banned in the U.S. is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it modifies,
fluorocarbons.

17. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. To avoid jet lag is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it modifies, patients.

18. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. After cooking in the microwave oven for five minutes is misplaced because it does not
precede the noun it modifies, most meat dishes.

19. (B) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Traditionally named for women is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it modifies,
a hurricane.

20. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. While testifying is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it modifies, witnesses.

21. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. By reading the instructions carefully is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it
modified.

22. (B) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Her credit should be the woman because she, not the credit, is modified by the phrase,
having been divorced.

23. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Attempting to smuggle drugs into the country is misplaced because it does not precede the
noun it modifies, criminals.

24. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. While trying to build a tunnel through the Blue Ridge Mountains is misplaced because it does
not precede the noun it modifies.

25. (A) An introductory verbal phrase followed by a comma should immediately precede the noun that it
modifies. Founded in 1919 is misplaced because it does not precede the noun it modifies, the Institute
for International Education.

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 155

Explanatory
Answers: Chapter 4

Exercise Fifteen: Problems With Parallel Structure

1. (D) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. That it would adjourn should be to
adjourn to provide parallelism with the infinitives to cancel and to approve.

2. (D) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. It is should be deleted to provide
parallelism among the adjectives fast, safe, and convenient.

3. (B) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Not only popular should be popular not
only to provide parallelism between the adverbial phrases in the United States and abroad.

4. (B) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Tuning should be turn to provide
parallelism with the verb words lock and walk.

5. (A) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Making should be to make to provide
parallelism with

6. (C) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. To modify should be to make to
provide parallelism with the phrase by changing.

7. (C) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Awareness should be aware to provide
parallelism with the adjectives intelligent and capable.

8. (B) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures, and inclusives should be used in
coordinating pairs. But should be but also to coordinate with not only.

9. (D) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Signing your name should be the
signature to provide parallelism with the nouns the address, the inside address, the salutation, the
body, and the closing.

10. (B) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. To do should be by doing to provide
parallelism with the phrase by using.

11. (A) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Being introduced should be to be
introduced to provide parallelism with the infinitive to read.

12. (C) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. And not should be nor to coordinate
with neither.

13. (C) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Who should be deleted to provide
parallelism among the verbs understands, knows, and works.

14. (A) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Ice skating should be to go ice skating
to provide parallelism with the infinitive to go skiing.

15. (D) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. The operation was begun should be
began the operation to provide parallelism with the past, active verb examined.
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16. (B) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Because of the time should be
because there was little time to provide parallelism with the clause because we were not sure.

17. (C) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Avoiding should be avoid to provide
parallelism with the verb words drink and eat.

18. (B) Ideas after inclusives should be expressed by parallel structures. A key should be with a key to
provide parallelism with the phrase with an element.

19. (C) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Warning should be to warn to provide
parallelism with the infinitive to report.

20. (D) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Had finished should be finishing to
provide parallelism with the –ing forms traveling and visiting.

21. (D) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. There are should be deleted to provide
parallelism among the nouns the flag, the airplane, and the gowns.

22. (D) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. Less should be least to provide
parallelism with the superlative adjectives the smallest and most recently published.

23. (D) Ideas after inclusives should be expressed by parallel structures. The House of Representatives
should be by the House of Representatives to provide parallelism with the phrase by the Sentate.

24. (D) Ideas in a series should be expressed by parallel structures. With ease should be easily to provide
parallelism with the adverbs safely and efficiently.

25. (C) Ideas after exclusives should be expressed by parallel structures and exclusives should be used in
coordinating pairs. But also should be but to coordinate with not.

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 157

Explanatory
Answers: Chapter 4

Exercise Eighteen: Problems With Structure

1. (B) The best should be the better because two, not three lectures, are being compared.

2. (A) Knows to assist should be knows how to assist because knows how is used before the
infinitive to assist.

3. (A) Wrote should be written because a participle, not a past form, is used with had.

4. (B) Differently should be different because an adjective, not an adverb, is used after the verb of
the senses the seem.

5. (C) So should be so that because it introduces a clause of purpose,

6. (C) Do should be doing because an –ing form, not a verb word, is used after the verb continue.

7. (C) Which should be who because it refers to people, not things.

8. (A) Understands should be understood because a past form, not a present form, is used after
the verb wishes.

9. (B) From should be deleted because a preposition is not used after the verb forbid.

10. (A) Ran should be run because a participle, not a past form, is used with had.

11. (B) Ninety-days should be ninety-day because an adjective does not have a plural form.

12. (D) Badly should be bad because an adjective, not an adverb, is used after the verb of the
senses taste.

13. (A) I should be me because an objective pronoun is used after let.

14. (A) Investigates should be investigate because the word recommendation requires a verb
word.

15. (C) As should be than because than is used after the comparative younger.

16. (C) In spite should be in spite of because in spite of introduces a condition with an unexpected
result. Despite would also be correct.

17. (A) Lately should be late because the adverb form of late does not have an –ly ending.

18. (A) Would have been should be had been because had and a participle are used in the
condition and would have and a participle are used in the result.

19. (C) The worst should be the worse because comparative forms are used with the in double
comparisons that express cause and result.
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20. (C) Much should be many because many is used with the count noun movies.

21. (B) Whom should be who because it is the subject of the verb will win.

22. (A) Would have checked should be had checked because had and a participle are used in the
condition and would have and a participle are used in the result.

23. (A) Her should be she because a subject pronoun is used after it was

24. (B) Taking should be to take because an infinitive, not an –ing form, is used after the verb fail.

25. (A) Will sign should be sign because a verb word is used after the impersonal expression is it
necessary.

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 159

Lesson

Sentence Structure
Dangling Modifiers

Dangling modifiers create a sentence that lacks an appropriate subject.

Looking down at the valley, the colors were beautiful.
Dangling modifier

Who is looking at the valley? In this sentence, the phrase Looking

down at the valley, modifies colors. Since colors cannot look at a
valley, the writer must create an appropriate subject.
Looking down at the valley, we saw that the colors were beautiful.
(Corrected Sentence)

To fix a dangling modifier, create a logical subject for the modifier

Walking to the office, the police car pulled over the red truck
Walking to the office, I saw the police car pull over the red truck.
(Corrected by creating a subject)
While I was walking to the office, I saw the police car pull over the
red truck.

5 QUESTIONS
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Dangling Modifiers
Directions: Choose the one best answer to each question. Questions 1 through 6 refer to the
following paragraph.

(1) Comets are icy, celestial bodies that have one or two tails. (2) We can see comets without a
high-power telescope only when they orbit very near the sun. (3) The sun melts the ice,
creating a vapor trail of shining dust particles. (4) We watch their swift, brilliant journeys,
knowing the are very far away. (5) With dazzling tails behind them, we are astonished by their
beauty. (6) Looking up into the night sky, the unusual light show is awesome.

1. Sentence 2: We can see comets without a high-power telescope only when they orbit
very near the sun.

If you rewrote sentence 2 beginning with: Without a high-power telescope, the next words should be:
(1) We can see
(2) We can sea
(3) Comets orbits
(4) When they orbit
(5) Very near the sun

2. Sentence 4: We watch their swift, brilliant journeys, knowing they are very far away.

If you rewrote sentence 4 beginning with: Knowing they are very far away the next words should be:
(1) Comets are
(2) We can see
(3) We had watched
(4) Their swift, brilliant journies
(5) There swift, brilliant journies

3. Sentence 5: With dazzling tails behind them, we are astonished by their beauty.

Which is the best way to write the underlined portion of this sentence? If the original is the best way,
choose option (1).
(1) We are astonished by their beauty.
(2) We are astonished by comets by their beauty.
(3) We are astonishing by their beauty.
(4) Comets are astonished by their beauty.
(5) Comets astonish us by their beauty.
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4. Sentence 6: Looking up into the night sky, the unusual light show is awesome.

Which correction should be made to sentence 6?

(1) Remove the comma after sky
(2) Insert you see after sky,
(3) Insert we all agree that after sky,
(4) Insert a comma after show
(5) No correction is necessary

5. Looking for an adventure, a windjammer cruise can be exciting and fun.

Which is the best way to write the underlined portion of this sentence? If the original is the best way
choose option (1)
(1) Adventure, a windjammer
(2) Adventure; a windjammer
(3) Adventure, we found that a windjammer
(4) Adventure, exciting and fun
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Lesson

Sentence Structure
Parallel Structure
Parallel structure means that equal and related words and phrases must use
the same grammatical form.

¾ Verbs, nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in a series must use the same

grammatical form.
She is happy, charming, and has beauty. (Has beauty is not
parallel with the adjectives happy and charming.)
She is happy, charming, and beautiful. (correct)
The as shows the desk’s size, color, and how much it costs.
(How much it costs is not parallel with the nouns size and
color.)

¾ Phrases in a series must use the same grammatical form.

She makes quilts for relaxation, entertainment, and to earn extra

money.
(To earn extra money is not parallel with the nouns relaxation
and entertainment.)
She makes quilts for relaxation, entertainment, and extra
money. (correct)

6 QUESTIONS
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Parallel Structure
Directions: Choose the one best answer to each question. Questions 1 through 3 refer to the
following paragraph.

(1) The tall Afghan hound are an ancient dog breed. (2) the Afghan, which has a curling tail, is
long-eared, and has long legs. (3) The Afghan also has thick, long flowing hair. (4) Afghans
are aloof, are stubborn, and have a sweet disposition. (5) For such a large and stately dog
the Afghan is surprisingly affectionate. (6) Afghans like to hunt, to run, and being by
themselves outside.

1. Sentence 2: The Afghan, which has a curling tail, is long- eared, and has long legs.

If you rewrote sentence 2 beginning with; With a curling tail, long ears, and the next word should be:

(1) Its long legs,

(2) Has long legs
(3) Legs that are long,
(4) Runs on long legs
(5) Long legs,

2. Sentence 4: Afghans are aloof, are stubborn, and have a sweet disposition.

If you rewrote sentence 4 beginning with Afghans are aloof, stubborn, and the next word or words
should be:

(1) Have a sweet disposition

(2) Sweet
(3) Sweetly
(4) Are sweet dispositioned
(5) With a sweet disposition

3. Sentence 6: Afghan like to hunt, to run, and being by themselves outside.

Which is the best way to write the underlined portion of this sentence? If the original is the best way,
choose option (1).

(1) Being by themselves

(2) To be by themselves
(3) Want to be by themselves
(4) Are glad to be by themselves
(5) Be by themselves
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Questions 4 through 6 refer to the following paragraph.

(1) In October, the states of Vermont and Maine have spectacular colors, crisp weather, and
leaves that fall. (2) Although they are green in the spring, the leaves turn bright red, deep
brown, and yellow that shines in the fall. (3) The lake or ocean water is blue, clear, and it
sparkles. (4) For many years, tourists have travel long distances to see these sights. (5)
Maine and Vermont have become a favorite destination for hikers, bicyclists, and people
who take pictures. (6) Our visitors always enjoy the fresh country air and the beautiful
colors of the New England landscape.

4. Sentence 1: In October, the states of Vermont and Maine have spectacular colors,
crisp weather, and leaves that fall.

Which is the best way to write the underlined portion of this sentence? If the original is the best way
choose option (1)

(1) Leaves that fall

(2) Leaves who fall
(3) Leaves are falling
(4) Falling leaves
(5) Leaves fall

6. Sentence 3: the lake or ocean water is blue, clear, and it sparkles.

Which correction should be made to sentence 3?

(1) Insert a comma after lake

(2) Change is to are
(3) Remove the comma after blue
(4) Change it sparkles to sparkling
(5) Change it sparkles to which sparkles

7. Sentence 5: Maine and Vermont have become a favorite destination for hikers,
bicyclists, and people who take pictures.

Which correction should be made to sentence 5?

(1) Change have to had

(2) Remove the comma after hikers
(3) Insert a comma after people
(4) Replace people who take pictures with photographers
(5) No Corrections necessary
Page 165 Answers

Lesson 5 Dangling Modifiers

1. 1
2. 2
3. 5
4. 3
5. 3

Lesson 6 Parallel Structure

1. 5
2. 2
3. 2
4. 4
6. 4
7. 4

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 165

Quiz Answers
Lessons 5 and 6

Lesson 5 Dangling Modifiers

1. 1
2. 2
3. 5
4. 3
5. 3

Lesson 6 Parallel Structure

1. 5
2. 2
3. 2
4. 4
6. 4
7. 4

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 166

Exercise 2 REGULAR PLURALS

A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea:
Many families buy homes to save money on taxes.

There are rules for forming the plurals of nouns. Here are the three most basic
rules:
1) The plural of most nouns is formed by adding s:
Car, cars; sale, sales; desk, desks
2) The plural of nouns ending with s, sh, ch, x, or z is formed by adding es:
Brush, brushes; box, boxes
3) The plural of nouns that end with y after a consonant is formed by
changing y to i and adding es:
Baby, babies; city, cities

Note: The plural of nouns that end with y after a vowel is formed by
adding s:
Day, days; attorney, attorneys

DIRECTIONS: If there is an incorrect plural form in the group of nouns,

Circle it. The write the correct spelling on the line. If all of the
plurals are correct, write “OK” on the line.

Example: ducks wishes catches crashs crashes

1. eagles thrushes parrots finches

2. delays pennys keys stories
3. watches bracelets necklaces crownes
4. buggies candies bluejays blueberrys
5. riches hopes kisses witchs
6. turkeys studies puppys cavities
7. blazes dashes blotches blanketes
8. secretarys directories mysteries volleys
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Exercise 3 REGULAR PLURALS II

Here are more rules for forming the plurals of nouns.

4) The plural of nouns ending with f or fe is sometimes formed by adding s;
sometimes it is formed by changing the f or fe to v and adding es:
roof, roofs; thief, thieves; knife, knives

5) The plural of most nouns ending in o is formed by adding s Sometimes the

same words can end either in s or es; check your dictionary if you are not
sure. The following words always end in es:
tomato, tomatoes; potato, potatoes; echo, echoes; hero, heroes; torpedo,
torpedoes

6) The plural of hyphenated nouns is formed by adding s to the main noun:

father-in-law, fathers-in-law; looker-on, lookers-on

7) The plural of nouns ending with ful is formed by adding s to the end of the
word:
spoonful, spoonfuls

Directions: If there is an incorrect plural form in the group of nouns, circle it.
Then write the correct spelling on the line. If all of the plurals are
correct, write “OK” on the line.

Example: videos pianoes solos heroes pianos

1. tomatos potatoes tattoos toes

2. sisters-in-law half-brothers attorney’s-at-laws masters-of-ceremonies
3. mouthfuls bagsful handfuls drawerfuls
4. cousins-to-be mothers-in-law great-aunts brother-in-laws
5. echoes shelves autos wives
6. lives bookshelves knifes beliefs
7. altos stereos photoes radios
8. leafs proofs halves calves
9. banjos burros cellos sopranos
10. mosquitoes hoboes videos potatos
11. briefs pufis tarifis safes
12. cupsful armfuls bowlfuls boxfuls
13. memos cameos studioes duos
14. lookers-on runners-on brides-to-be senator-elects
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Exercise 4 IRREGULAR PLURALS

Below are examples of plural nouns with different types of irregular spellings.

8) For some nouns, the plural form is the same as the singular form:
one fish, two fish; one deer, two deer
9) Some nouns can be used only in the plural form:
Binoculars; scissors
10) The plural of some nouns is formed by changing the spelling:
Tooth, teeth; mouse, mice; child, children; person, people
11) The plural of nouns ending with man, woman, or child is formed by using the
plural forms men,
women, or children
12) The plural of some nouns ending in is is formed by changing is to es:
crisis, crises; basis, bases; hypothesis, hypotheses
13) The plural of some nouns ending in um or on is formed by changing the um or
on to a:
datum, data; memorandum, memoranda; criterion, criteria; phenomenon,
phenomena

DIRECTIONS: If there is an incorrect plural form in the group of nouns, circle it. Then write
the correct spelling on the line. If all of the plurals are correct, write “OK” on
the line

Example: teeth scissors memorandes parentheses memoranda

1. mice trout fish sheep

2. children repairmen crisies hypotheses
3. sunglass trousers shorts jeans
4. policemans bases feet washerwomen
5. cattle pants data tooths
6. clothes slacks overalls briefs
7. servicewomans lice eyeglasses moose
8. swordfish deers cows horses
9. godchilds godparents chairwoman chairmen
10. analyses criterias memoranda media
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Exercise 5 PLURALS REVIEW

DIRECTIONS: Write the plural form of each noun.

Example: handful handfuls

1. city 1.
2. church 2.
3. chairwoman 3.
4. crisis 4.
5. monkey 5.
6. brother-in-law 6.
7. baby 7.
8. tooth 8.
9. belief 9.
10. solo 10.
11. check 11.
12. potato 12.
13. wife 13.
14. story 14.
15. light 15.
16. replay 16.
17. spoonful 17.
18. fish 18.
19. bookshelf 19.
20. grandchild 20.
21. vacancy 21.
22. crash 22.
23. annex 23.
24. quiz 24.
25. criterion 25.
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Exercise 12 PAST TENSE IRREGULAR VERBS

As you have seen, the past tense of most verbs is formed in a regular
manner, by adding ed:

Look, looked; pick, picked; rain, rained; jump, jumped

Some verbs, called irregular verbs, form the past tense differently:

Bring, brought; eat, ate; come, came; sing, sang

To be certain of the correct past tense form of any irregular verb, you can
check the dictionary.

DIRECTIONS: Underline the correct past tense verb in each sentence.

Example: No one (weared, wore) a warm jacket.

1. Ryan (throwed, threw) the ball to the plate.

2. I (wrote, writ) a seven-page letter to Carlos.

3. When it got dark, we all (ran, run) home.

4. Gilda (slept, sleeped) until past noon.

5. The mail workers (striked, struck) for higher pay.

6. Yesterday, Diana Nyad (swam, swum) across the bay.

7. Lou (catched, caught) a cold on his camping trip.

8. The bird (flew, flied) over the rainbow.

9. Someone just (stoled, stole) a car from the parking lot.

10. The crowd (been, was) at the race since early afternoon.

11. The announcer (sayed, said) the show would go on.

12. Leonard and Doris (losed, lost) everything in the fire.

13. I really (feeled, felt) awful about their bad luck.

14. Everyone (saw, seen) the fireworks.

15. Ms. Johnson (teached, taught) math for twenty years.

 171

Exercise 13 ALL TENSES

Besides the simple present, past, and future, there are other, more complicated, tenses
a verb can take.

In addition , on verb form—the infinitive—does not reflect different verb

tenses. As its name implies, the infinitive is “timeless”:
We like to go there. We wanted to go there last night. We plan to go there
tomorrow.
DIRECTIONS: Before each sentence below, the base form of the verb is written in
parentheses. Decide on the correct form of the verb needed to fill in the blank
in the sentences. Write the correct verb form in the blank.

Example: (bring) Has Lu brought her boys to the class?

1. (eat) Have you yet?

2. (see) Everyone had the movie.
3. (go) When will you to Washington?
4. (write) Davida decided a letter to her boyfriend
yesterday.
5. (write) Have you down you Social Security number?
6. (get) A minute ago Mark a flashlight so we could see.
7. (feel) I’ve never so sick before.
8. (speak) Has the main character yet?
9. (hurt) Ms. Miller just herself on the rough edges of the
desk.
10. (hear) We haven’t from the unemployment office.
11. (get) Has Khalil been able his raise yet?
12. (break) How could the new car have down already?
13. (sleep) Barry on the sofa in the living room last night.
14. (leave) When my family , I felt very lonely.
15. (freeze) The Popsicles haven’t yet.
16. (do) What are you ?
17. (drink) A baby will usually a bottle a formula every
four hours. (continued)
 172
18. (sweep) Don the floor before his in-laws arrived.
19. (know) If I had how late it was, I’d have stayed at home.
20. (think) Freddi promises she will about our offer.
21. (do) Has Felipe the project?
22. (buy) Although we had just the drapes, they looked so awful
we returned them.
23. (answer) The operator is your call now.
24. (go) When you to school, how large were your classes?
25. (sing) Verna and Mike have in the choir for years.
26. (eat) I the liver sausage pizza, and it was revolting.
27. (sit) I so long that I was stiff.
28. (order) As soon as the waiter comes, we should .
29. (take) The plane will be off on time this morning.
30. (try) We are to save money, but it’s very difficult.
31. (depend) You had better not the teacher for getting good
grades, It’s mostly up to you.
 173

Answer Key

EXERCISE 1 EXERCISE 5 EXERCISE 7

1. 2 5. 1 1. cities 1. Jose’s
2. 2 6. 3 2. churches 2. David’s
3. 3 7. 5 3. chairwomen 3. OK
4. 1 8. 4 4. crises 4. people’s
5. monkeys 5. OK
EXERCISE 2 6. brothers-in-law 6. women’s
1. OK 7. babies 7. Steven’s
2. pennies 8. teeth 8. OK
3. crowns 9. beliefs 9. Sally’s
4. blueberries 10. solos 10. OK
5. witches 11. checks
6. puppies 12. potatoes EXERCISE 8
7. blankets 13. wives 1. fewer 5. OK
8. secretaries 14. stories 2. These 6. advice
15. lights 3. OK 7. many
16. replays 4. less 8. deal
EXERCISE 3 17. spoonfuls
1. tomatoes 18. fish EXERCISE 9
2. attorneys-at-law 19. bookshelves 1. 1 6. 3
3. bagfuls 20. grandchildren 2. 1 7. 1
4. brothers-in-law 21. vacancies 3. 5 8. 1
5. OK 22. crashes 4. 3 9. 2
6. knives 23. annexes 5. 1 10. 4
7. photos 24. quizzes
8. leaves 25. criteria EXERCISE 10
9. OK 1. stirred
10. potatoes EXERCISE 6 2. is
11. OK 1. OK 3. reported
12. cupfuls 2. bus’s 4. slips, will break
13. studios 3. landlord’s 5. will decide
14. senators-elect 4. miners’ 6. left, was
5. weeks’ 7. is
EXCERSIE 4 6. OK 8. give
1. OK 7. protesters’ 9. dimmed, booed
2. crises 8. Jones’s 10. pour, cause
3. sunglasses 9. parents’ 11. saw, hit
4. policemen 10. OK 12. slams, jumps
5. teeth 11. workers’ 13. baked, were
6. OK 12. Gross’s 14. spread
7. servicewomen 13. OK 15. write
8. deer 14. today’s 16. am
9. godchildren 15. Boys’ 17. thinks
10. criteria 18. finish, take
Enter Score on face sheets pages 135-137
 174

EXERCISE 11 EXERCISE 14 EXERCISE 17

1. rained 5. dried 1. 2 9. 1 1. Whom
2. carried 6. OK 2. 1 10. 1 2. Who
3. OK 7. scrubbed 3. 2 11. 4 3. whom
4. employed 8. committed 4. 3 12. 2 4. who
5. 5 13. 5 5. whom
EXERCISE 12 6. 3 14. 2 6. who
1. threw 9. stole 7. 4 15. 2 7. whom
2. wrote 10. was 8. 3 16. 3 8. whomever
3. ran 11. said 9. whoever
4. slept 12. lost EXERCISE 15 10. whoever
5. struck 13. felt 1. Us 11. whomever
6. swam 14. saw 2. Our 12. whoever
7. caught 15. taught 3. your
8. flew 4. mine EXERCISE 18
5. her 1. their 7. its
EXERCISE 13 6. himself 2. his 8. their
1. eaten 7. yourself 3. its 9. their
2. seen 8. me 4. its 10. their
3. go 9. I 5. their 11. their
4. to write 10. you 6. their 12. her
5. written 11. themselves
6. got 12. ours EXERCISE 19
7. felt 13. hers 1. stylish; adverb
8. spoken 14. We 2. flowers; adjective
9. hurt 15. us 3. blanket; adjective
10. heard 16. him 4. cereal; adjective
11. to get 17. themselves 5. scraped; adverb
12. broken 18. theirs 6. peanuts; adjective
13. slept 19. her 7. crept; adverb
14. left 20. He 8. come; adverb
15. frozen 21. him 9. go; adverb
16. doing 22. they 10. movies; adjective
17. drink 11. finished; adverb
18. swept EXERCISE 16 12. water; adjective
19. known 1. I 13. person; adjective
20. think 2. We, they 14. sorry; adverb
21. done 3. they 15. frightened; adverb
22. bought 4. He
23. answering 5. him
24. went 6. them
25. sung 7. her
26. ate 8. he
27. sat 9. They, we
28. order 10. me
29. taking 11. us Enter Score on face sheets pages 135-137
30. trying 12. me
31. depend on
 175

Lesson

12

Usage
Subject-Verb Agreement

¾ The subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. If the

subject is singular, the verb must be singular. Likewise, if the subject
is plural, the verb must be plural.
My computer is not working. (singular subject and verb)
Our computers are not working. (plural subject and verb)

¾ A Compound subject joined by and is plural. It requires a plural verb.

The fax machine and the copier are being repaired.

¾ Singular compound subjects joined by or or nor require a singular

verb.
Either the fax machine or the copier is being repaired.

¾ When a singular and plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb
agrees with the closest subject.
Neither the fax machine nor the copiers are working.
Neither the copiers nor the fax machine is working.
 176
Circled only
Subject-Verb Agreement
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 3. Sentence 4: There have been some
each question. Questions 1 through 5 refer to common danger signs that you are
the following paragraph. about to fall asleep while driving.

(1) Neither drinking nor sleeping mixes Which is the best way to write the
with driving. (2) Some experts view being underlined portion of this sentence? If
sleepy behind the wheel like being intoxicated. the original is the best way, choose
(3) Driving at night or driving when option (1).
you’re tired increase the likelihood of an
accident. (4) There have been some common (1) There have been some common
danger signs that you are about to fall asleep danger signs
while driving. (5) Yawning, nodding, and seeing (2) Their have been some common
double are three signs of fatigue. (6) Drifting off danger signs
the road and then jerking the car back into the (3) There have been some common
lane also means you are in danger. danger signs,
(4) There are some common danger
1. Sentence 2: Some experts view being signs
sleepy being the wheel like being (5) There were some common
intoxicated. danger signs

If you rewrote sentence 2 beginning with 4. Sentence 5: Yawning, nodding, and

For some experts, being sleepy behind seeing double are three signs of fatigue.
the wheel
The next word should be Which correction should be made to
sentence 5?
(1) views
(2) is (1) remove the comma after Yawning
(3) are (2) replace and with or
(4) was (3) change are to is
(5) being (4) change are to will be
(5) no correction is necessary
2. Sentence 3: Driving at night or driving
when you’re tired increase the likelihood 5. Sentence 6: Drifting off the road and
of an accident. then jerking the car back into the lane
also means you are in danger.
Which correction should be made to
sentence 3? Which correction should be made to
sentence 6?
(1) insert a comma after night
(2) replace you’re with your (1) replace road with rode
(3) insert a comma after tired (2) insert a comma after lane
(4) change increase to increases (3) change means to mean
(5) no correction is necessary (4) change are to was
(5) no correction is necessary

A plural verb does not end in –s. If the

Tip subject of a sentence is plural and the
verb ends in –s, you know that the
subject and verb don’t agree. You
must correct the sentence.
 177
For Questions 6 though 10 refer to the following 8. Sentence 4: However the settlers became
paragraph. victims of the struggle between France and
England for control of North America.

(1) In 1755 a group of French settlers were Which correction should be made to sentence
expelled from their adopted homeland. (2) They 4?
settle earlier in what is now the Canadian province
of Nova Scotia. (3) They called the coastal area (1) insert a comma after However
where they lived Acadia. (2) change became to become
(4) However the settlers became victims of the (3) change became to will become
struggle between France and England for control of (4) insert a comma after France
North America. (5) They scattered throughout the (5) insert a comma after England
British colonies form Massachusetts to Louisiana.
(6) The group that settled in Louisiana came to be 9. Sentence 6: The Group that settled in
known as “Cajuns,” a word derived from Louisiana came to be known as “Cajuns,” a
“Acadians.” (7) Henry Wadsworth Longfellows word derived from “Acadians.”
famous narrative poem “Evangeline” is about the
French settlers transplanted to Louisiana. Which is the best way to write the underlined
portion of this sentence? If the original is the
6. Sentence 2: They settle earlier in what is best way, choose option (1).
now the Canadian province of Nova
Scotia. (1) settled in Louisiana came to be known as
“Cajuns,”
Which correction should be made to (2) will settle in Louisiana came to be knows
sentence 2? as “Cajuns,”
(3) settled in Louisiana come to be known as
(1) change settle to had settled “Cajuns,”
(2) change is to was (4) settled, in Louisiana, will come to be
(3) change is to will be known as “Cajuns,”
(4) insert a comma after province (5) settle in Louisiana came to be knows as
(5) no correction is necessary “Cajuns,”

7. Sentence 3: They called the coastal area 10. Sentence 7: Henry Wadsworth Longfellows
where they lives Acadia. famous narrative poem “Evangeline” is about
the French settlers transplanted to Louisiana.
If you rewrote sentence 3 beginning with
Acadia was the name they the next Which correction should be made to sentence
word(s) should be 7?

(1) had called (1) change Longfellows to Longfellow’s

(2) call (2) insert a comma after Longfellows
(3) will call (3) insert a comma after famous
(4) give (4) change is to has been
(5) called (5) change is to will be
 178

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Exercise 19
DIRECTIONS: Block out box A if the sentence is correct. Block out box B if the sentence is incorrect

1. One of the students have my homework. 14. Everyone except the members of the laboratory squad

a b see this as a major problem. a b

2. Are any of you going to see the game today?

a b 15. Milton and Jerome without the aid of anyone of their

3. One-fourth of the crew was injured in that game. friends has solved the problem within the time limits

a b set by the rules. a b

4. One-fourth of the members are ready to vote now. 16. There is only one set of rules that I ever follow.

a b a b

5. Any one of the four is a good as these. 17. Here are the set of records that he bought for me.

a b a b

6. A box of oranges were received at the depot early 18. Each of the boys who sell newspapers has to have an
a b a b
this morning. identification badge.

7. Neither you nor he is responsible for my errors. 19. Why don’t someone fix the switch for the electric
a b
trains? a b

8. Either of the men know the combination to the safe. 20. Why don’t he mind his own business!

a b a b

9. She is one of the girls who is to speak at the rally. 21. Edna accompanied by Margie and her friend has left

a b for the station. a b

10. Every one of the solutions were rejected by the 22. No longer do his incessant cries for assistance bother

judges. a b his calloused guards. a b

11. Either this group or several of those was the object of 23. Neither the time not the energy is his at this moment.

his search. a b a b

12. Pauline together with her four friends wish to see you 24. Each of the contestants have three minutes to work

immediately. a b out the puzzle. a b

13. The carton of old magazines were placed in the 25. Are there anyone of the players ready to join me in a
basement. a b
practice session? b
a
 179

Answer Key

Lesson 1 (pages 4-5) Lesson 6 (pages 19-20) Lesson 11 (pages 34-35)

1. (4) 6. (4) 1. (5) 6. (2) 1. (4) 6. (3)
2. (5) 7. (4) 2. (2) 7. (5) 2. (2) 7. (1)
3. (4) 8. (1) 3. (3) 8. (4) 3. (1) 8. (3)
4. (1) 9. (5) 4. (2) 9. (2) 4. (3) 9. (4)
5. (1) 10.(4) 5. (3) 10.(4) 5. (4) 10.(5)

Lesson 2 (pages 7-8) Lesson 7 (pages 22-23) Lesson 12 (pages 37-38)

1. (1) 6. (2) 1. (5) 6. (3) 1. (2) 6. (1)
2. (4) 7. (3) 2. (1) 7. (3) 2. (4) 7. (5)
3. (5) 8. (1) 3. (1) 8. (3) 3. (4) 8. (1)
4. (2) 9. (3) 4. (4) 9. (3) 4. (5) 9. (1)
5. (1) 10.(4) 5. (5) 10.(2) 5. (3) 10.(1)

Lesson 3 (pages 10-11) Lesson 8 (pages 25-26) Lesson 13 (pages 40-41)

1. (1) 6. (3) 1. (2) 6. (1) 1. (3) 6. (5)
2. (1) 7. (3) 2. (5) 7. (2) 2. (5) 7. (3)
3. (5) 8. (1) 3. (2) 8. (5) 3. (5) 8. (1)
4. (3) 9. (4) 4. (2) 9. (4) 4. (1) 9. (2)
5. (4) 10.(4) 5. (1) 10.(4) 5. (2) 10.(5)

Lesson 4 (pages 13-14) Lesson 9 (pages 28-29) Lesson 14 (pages 43-44)

1. (3) 6. (3) 1. (3) 6. (3) 1. (5) 6. (4)
2. (5) 7. (1) 2. (2) 7. (2) 2. (3) 7. (5)
3. (4) 8. (4) 3. (5) 8. (5) 3. (2) 8. (4)
4. (3) 9. (5) 4. (4) 9. (3) 4. (4) 9. (3)
5. (4) 10.(2) 5. (1) 10.(1) 5. (2) 10.(2)

Lesson 5 (pages 16-17) Lesson 10 (pages 31-32) Lesson 15 (pages 46-47)

1. (2) 6. (2) 1. (4) 6. (4) 1. (1) 6. (3)
2. (4) 7. (3) 2. (5) 7. (4) 2. (4) 7. (1)
3. (3) 8. (1) 3. (4) 8. (1) 3. (5) 8. (4)
4. (5) 9. (4) 4. (1) 9. (5) 4. (1) 9. (4)
5. (5) 10.(5) 5. (1) 10.(4) 5. (5) 10.(2)

Enter Score on face sheets pages 135-137

 180

Answer Key

Exercise 19
1. b
2. b
3. a
4. a
5. a
6. b
7. a
8. b
9. b
10. b
11. b
12. b
13. b
14. b
15. b
16. a
17. b
18. a
19. b
20. b
21. a
22. a
23. a
24. b
25. b

Enter Score on face sheets pages 135-137

 181
Gerunds and Infinitives
Directions: Put G for verbs followed only by gerunds, I for verbs followed only by infinitives.

G or I
1. refuse 46. recall
2. delay 47. hire
3. volunteer 48. appear
4. beg 49. practice
5. appreciate 50. remind
6. mind
7. can’t help
8. persuade
9. keep
10. miss
11. force
12. afford Gerund = verb + ing Ex: delay going
13. challenge V + ing
14. discuss
15. imagine Infinitive = to + verb Ex: decide to go
16. dare To + V
17. arrange
18. allow
19. pretend
20. resent
21. convince
22. tell
23. authorize
24. manage
25. teach
26. mention
27. postpone
28. mean
29. agree
30. cause
31. anticipate
32. struggle
33. warn
34. avoid
35. deny
36. dislike
37. resist
38. demand
39. risk
40. deserve
41. urge
42. suggest
43. quit
44. expect
45. recommend
 182

Quiz Answers
G or I
1. I (refuse to go) 44. I
2. G (delay going) 45. G
3. I 46. G
4. I 47. I
5. G 48. I
6. G 49. G
7. G 50. I
8. I
9. G
10. G
11. I
12. I
13. I
14. G
15. G
16. I
17. I
18. I
19. I
20. G
21. I
22. I
23. I
24. I
25. I
26. G
27. G
28. I
29. I
30. I
31. G
32. I
33. I
34. G
35. G
36. G
37. G
38. I
39. G
40. I
41. I
42. G
43. G