Dimensional & Model Analysis

S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)

Previous 20-Years GATE Questions

Buckingham's π -method/theorem
GATE-1. If the number of fundamental dimensions equals 'm', then the repeating
variables shall be equal to: [IES-1999, IES-1998, GATE-2002]
(a) m and none of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable.
(b) m + 1 and one of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable
(c) m + 1 and none of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable.
(d) m and one of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent variable.
GATE-1. Ans. (c)

Reynolds Number (Re)

GATE-2. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow velocity on the nozzle axis is
given by v = u0(1 + 3 × /L)i, where x is the distance along the axis of the
nozzle from its inlet plane and L is the length of the nozzle. The time
required for a fluid particle on the axis to travel from the inlet to the
exit plane of the nozzle is: [GATE-2007]
L L L L
(a) (b) In4 (c) (d)
u0 3u0 4u0 2.5u0
dx
GATE-2. Ans. (b) Velocity, V =
dt
dx ⎛ 3x ⎞ dx
∴ = u0 ⎜1 + ⎟ ⇒ = u0 dt
dt ⎝ L ⎠ ⎛ 3x ⎞
⎜1 + L ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Integrating both side, we get
t L dx
u0 ∫ dt = ∫
0 0 ⎛ 3x ⎞
⎜1 + L ⎟
⎝ ⎠
L
L⎡ ⎛ 3x ⎞ ⎤
u0t = ⎢ In ⎜1 + ⎥
3⎣ ⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎦ 0
L
u0t = In 4
3
L
t = In 4
3u0

GATE-3. The Reynolds number for flow of a certain fluid in a circular tube is
specified as 2500. What will be the Reynolds number when the tube
diameter is increased by 20% and the fluid velocity is decreased by 40%
keeping fluid the same? [GATE-1997]
(a) 1200 (b) 1800 (c) 3600 (d) 200
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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
ρVD
GATE-3. Ans. (b) R e =
μ
ρVD ρ ( 0.6V )(1.2D )
R e2 = = = 0.6 × 1.2 × 2500 = 1800
μ μ

Froude Number (Fr)

GATE-4. The square root of the ratio of inertia force to gravity force is called
[GATE-1994, IAS-2003]
(a) Reynolds number (b) Froude number
(c) Mach number (d) Euler number
GATE-4. Ans. (b)

Mach Number (M)

GATE-5. An aeroplane is cruising at a speed of 800 kmph at altitude, where the
air temperature is 0° C. The flight Mach number at this speed is nearly
[GATE-1999]
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.254 (c) 0.67 (d) 2.04
GATE-5. Ans. (c)

GATE-6. In flow through a pipe, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow
does not depend on [GATE-1996]
(a) Velocity of the fluid (b) Density of the fluid
(c) Diameter of the pipe (d) Length of the pipe
ρVD
GATE-6. Ans. (d) Re =
μ

GATE-7. List-I List-II [GATE-1996]

(A) Fourier number 1. Surface tension
(B) Weber number 2. Forced convection
(C) Grashoff number 3. Natural convection
(D) Schmidt number 4. Radiation
5. Transient heat conduction
6. Mass diffusion
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 6 4 (b) 4 5 2 1
(c) 5 1 3 6 (d) 4 2 3 1
GATE-7. Ans. (c)

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

Dimensions
IES-1. The dimensionless group formed by wavelength λ, density of fluid ρ,
acceleration due to gravity g and surface tension σ, is: [IES-2000]
(a) σ /λ2g ρ (b) σ /λ g2 ρ (c) σ g /λ2 ρ (d) ρ /λgσ
IES-1. Ans. (a)

IES-2. Match List-I (Fluid parameters) with List-II (Basic dimensions) and
select the correct answer: [IES-2002]
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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
List-I List-II
A. Dynamic viscosity 1. M / t2
B. Chezy's roughness coefficient 2. M / L t2
C. Bulk modulus of elasticity 3. M / L t
D. Surface tension (σ) 4. L/t
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 1 2 4 3
IES-2. Ans. (c)

IES-3. In M-L-T system. What is the dimension of specific speed for a

rotodynamic pump? [IES-2006]
−3 3 1 1 −5 3 −3 3 3
(a) L 4 T 2 (b) M 2 L4 T 2
(c) L4 T 2
(d) L4T 2
IES-3. Ans. (c)

IES-4. A dimensionless group formed with the variables ρ (density), ω

(angular velocity), μ (dynamic viscosity) and D (characteristic
diameter) is: [IES-1995]
(a) ρωμ / D 2
(b) ρω D μ
2
(c) ρωμ D 2
(d) ρωμ D
IES-4. Ans. (b) Let φ = ρ a D b µcω
a b c
M O LOT O = ⎡⎣ ML−3 ⎤⎦ ⎣⎡L ⎦⎤ ⎡⎣ ML−1T −1 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣T −1 ⎤⎦
a+c=0 (1)
−3a + b − c = 0 (2)
−c − 1 = 0 (3)
Hence, a = 1, b = 2, and c = −1
ρω D 2
∴φ=
µ
Alternate solution: check the dimensions individually.

IES-5. Which of the following is not a dimensionless group? [IES-1992]

Δp gH ρω D Δp 2
(a) (b) 2 2 (c ) (d )
ρN D
2 2
N D μ ρV 3
Δρ [ ML−1T −2 ]
IES-5. Ans. (d) = = L−1T , hence dimensionless.
ρV 3 −3
[ ML ][ LT ] −1 3

IES-6. What is the correct dimensionless group formed with the variable ρ -
density, N-rotational speed, d-diameter and π coefficient of viscosity?
ρ N d 2
ρ N d
(a ) (b ) [IES-2009]
π π
Nd Nd 2
(c) (d)
ρπ ρπ
IES-6. Ans. (a)

IES-7. Match List-I (Fluid parameters) with List-II (Basic dimensions) and
select the correct answer: [IES-2002]
List-I List-II
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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
A. Dynamic viscosity 1. M/t2
B. Chezy's roughness coefficient 2. M/Lt2
C. Bulk modulus of elasticity 3. M/Lt
D. Surface tension (σ) 4. L / t
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 1 2 4 3
IES-7. Ans. (c)

Rayleigh's Method
IES-8. Given power 'P' of a pump, the head 'H' and the discharge 'Q' and the
specific weight 'w' of the liquid, dimensional analysis would lead to the
result that 'P' is proportional to: [IES-1998]
(a) H1/2 Q2 w (b) H1/2 Q w (c) H Q1/2 w (d) HQ w
IES-8. Ans. (d)

IES-9. Volumetric flow rate Q, acceleration due to gravity g and head H form
a dimensionless group, which is given by: [IES-2002]
gH 5 Q Q Q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 3
Q gH gH g 2H
IES-9. Ans. (b)

Buckingham's π -method/theorem
IES-10. If the number of fundamental dimensions equals 'm', then the repeating
variables shall be equal to: [IES-1999, IES-1998, GATE-2002]
(a) m and none of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable.
(b) m + 1 and one of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable
(c) m + 1 and none of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable.
(d) m and one of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent variable.
IES-10. Ans. (c)

IES-11. The time period of a simple pendulum depends on its effective length I
and the local acceleration due to gravity g. What is the number of
dimensionless parameter involved? [IES-2009]
(a) Two (b) One (c) Three (d) Zero
IES-11. Ans. (b) m = 3 (time period, length and acceleration due to gravity); n = 2 (length
and time). Then the number of dimensionless parameter = m – n.

IES-12. In a fluid machine, the relevant parameters are volume flow rate,
density, viscosity, bulk modulus, pressure difference, power
consumption, rotational speed and characteristic dimension. Using the
Buckingham pi ( π ) theorem, what would be the number of
independent non-dimensional groups? [IES-1993, 2007]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) None of the above
IES-12. Ans. (c) No of variable = 8
No of independent dimension (m) = 3
∴ No of π term = n – m = 8 – 3 = 5
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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
IES-13. The variable controlling the motion of a floating vessel through water
are the drag force F, the speed v, the length l, the density ρ. dynamic
viscosity µ of water and gravitational constant g. If the non-
dimensional groups are Reynolds number (Re), Weber number (We),
Prandtl number (Pr) and Froude number (Fr), the expression for F is
given by: [IES-1997]
F F
(a) 2 2
= f (Re) (b) = f (Re,Pr)
ρv l ρv 2 l 2
F F
(c) 2 2
= f (Re,We ) (d) = f (Re, F r)
ρv l ρv 2 l 2
IES-13. Ans. (d) To solve this problem we have to use Buckingham’s π -Theory.

IES-14. Consider the following statements: [IES-2003]

1. Dimensional analysis is used to determine the number of variables
involved in a certain phenomenon
2. The group of repeating variables in dimensional analysis should
include all the fundamental units.
3. Buckingham's π theorem stipulates the number of dimensionless
groups for a given phenomenon.
4. The coefficient in Chezy's equation has no dimension.
Which of these are correct?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
IES-14. Ans. (d) 1 and 4 are wrong, coefficient in Chezy's equation has dimension [L1/2T-1]

Reynolds Number (Re)

IES-15. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct: [IES-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Reynolds Number 1. Film coefficient, pipe diameter, thermal
conductivity
B. Prandtl Number 2. Flow velocity, acoustic velocity
C. Nusselt Number 3. Heat capacity, dynamic viscosity, thermal
conductivity
D. Mach Number 4. Flow velocity, pipe diameter, kinematic
viscosity

Code: A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 1 3 2 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 2 3 1 4 (d) 2 1 3 4
ρVl μC p hl V
IES-15. Ans. (b) As. Re = Pr = Nu = M=
μ k k Va

Euler Number (Eu)

IES-16. Euler number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to: [IES-1997]
(a) Viscous force (b) Elastic force
(c) Pressure force (d) Gravity force
IES-16. Ans. (c) Euler number

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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
1
⎛ Inertia force ⎞ 2
V
Eu = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ Pressure force ⎠ P
ρ
Weber number
1
⎛ Inertia force ⎞ 2
V
W =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ Surface force ⎠ σ
ρL
Mach number
1
⎛ Inertia force ⎞ 2
V
M =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ Elastic force ⎠ K
ρ

Mach Number (M)

IES-17. Match List-I (Dimensionless number) with List-II (Nature of forces
involved) and select the correct answer using the code given below the
lists: [IES-2008]
List-I List-II
A. Euler number 1. Surface tension
B. Weber number 2. Gravity
C. Mach number 3. Pressure
D. Froude number 4. Elastic
Code: A B C D
(a) 3 1 4 2
(b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 4 1 2 3
(d) 4 2 1 3
IES-17. Ans. (a)
Inertia force
1. Reynolds number
Viscous force
Inertia force
2. Froude’s number
Gravity force
Inertia force
3. Euler’s number
Pressure force
Inertia force
4. Weber’s number
Surface tension
Inertia force
5. Mach’s number
Elasitc force

IES-18. Match List-I (Dimensionless numbers) with List-II (Definition as the

ratio of) and select the correct answer: [IES-2001]
List-I List-II
A. Reynolds number 1. Inertia force and elastic force
B. Froude number 2. Inertia force and surface tension force
C. Weber number 3. Inertia force and gravity force
D. Mach number 4. Inertia force and viscous force
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 4 2 3 1
IES-18. Ans. (b)
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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7

IES-19. Which one of the dimensionless numbers identifies the compressibility

effect of a fluid? [IES-2005]
(a) Euler number (b) Froude number
(c) Mach number (d) Weber number
IES-19. Ans. (c)

IES-20. It is observed in a flow problem that total pressure, inertia and gravity
forces are important. Then, similarly requires that [IES-2006]
(a) Reynolds and Weber numbers be equal
(b) Mach and Froude numbers be equal
(c) Euler and Froude numbers be equal
(d) Reynolds and Mach numbers be equal
IES-20. Ans. (c)

IES-21. Match List-I (Flow/Wave) with List-II (Dimensionless number) and

select the correct answer: [IES-2003]
List-I List-II
A. Capillary waves in channel 1. Reynolds number
B. Testing of aerofoil 2. Froude number
C. Flow around bridge piers 3. Weber number
D. Turbulent flow through pipes 4. Euler number
5. Mach number
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 5 4 3 2 (b) 3 5 4 1
(c) 5 4 2 1 (d) 3 5 2 1
IES-21. Ans. (d)

IES-22. Match List-I (Predominant force) with List-II (Dimensionless numbers)

and select the correct answer [IES-1996]

List-I List-II
A. Compressibility force 1. Euler number
B. Gravity force 2. Prandtl number
C. Surface tension force 3. Mach number
D. Viscous force 4. Reynolds number
5. Weber number
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 2 5 4
(c) 3 1 4 5 (d) 2 3 5 1
IES-22. Ans. (b) When compressibility force is predominant, mach number is used; when
gravity force predominates, Froude number is adopted. Similarly for surface
tension force and viscous force, Weber number and Reynolds number are
considered.

IES-23. Match List-I (Forces) with List-II (Dimensionless groups) and select the
correct answer. [IES-1994]
List-I List-II
A. Viscous force 1. Reynolds number
B. Elastic force 2. Froude number
C. Surface tension 3. Waber number
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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
D. Gravity 4. Mach number
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 4 3 2
IES-23. Ans. (d)

IES-24. List-I gives 4 dimensionless numbers and List-II gives the types of
forces which are one of the constituents describing the numbers. Match
List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists: [IES-1993]
List-I List-II
A. Euler number 1. Pressure force
B. Froude number 2. Gravity force
C. Mach number 3. Viscous force
D. Webber number 4. Surface tension
5. Elastic force
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 3 4 5 (b) 3 2 4 5
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 1 2 5 4
IES-24. Ans. (d) Euler number is concerned with pressure force and this choice is
available for A in code (d) only. If one is confident, then there is no need to look
for items B, C and D. However a cross checks will show that Froude number is
concerned with gravity force, Mach number with elastic force, and Weber
number with surface tension. Hence the answer is (d) only.

IES-25. Match List-I (Type of Model) with List-II (Transference Ratio for
Velocity) and select the correct answer: [IES-2004]

List-I List-II

A. Reynolds model 1.
Kr
ρr

B. Froude model 2.
σr
( ρr lr )
C. Weber model 3.
μr
( ρ r lr )
D. Mach model 4. g r lr
(Where symbols g, μ, ρ, σ and k have their usual meanings and
subscript r refers to the ratio)
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 3 4 2 1
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 2 4 3 1
IES-25. Ans. (b)

Model (or Similarity) Laws

IES-26. Consider the following statements: [IES-2005]
1. For achieving dynamic similarity in model studies on ships, Froude
numbers are equated.
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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
2. Reynolds number should be equated for studies on aerofoil for
dynamic similarity.
3. In model studies on a spillway, the ratio of width to height is
equated for kinematic similarity.
What of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3
IES-26. Ans. (d) Mach number should be equated for studies on aerofoil for dynamic
similarity.

IES-27. Kinematic similarity between model and prototype is the similarity of

[IES-1996]
(a) Shape (b) Discharge (c) Stream line pattern (d) Forces
IES-27. Ans. (c) Kinematic similarity between a model and its prototype is said to exist if
the flow patterns are in geometric i.e. velocity, acceleration etc are similar.
Remember discharge is not related with kinematic similarity.

Reynolds Model Law

IES-28. Assertion (A): Reynolds number must be same for the model and
prototype immersed in subsonic flows. [IES-2003]
Reason (R): Equality of Reynolds number for the model and prototype
satisfies the dynamic similarity criteria.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-28. Ans. (b)

IES-29. A model test is to be conducted in a water tunnel using a 1: 20 model of

a submarine, which is to travel at a speed of 12 km/h deep under sea
surface. The water temperature in the tunnel is maintained, so that is
kinematic viscosity is half that of sea water. At what speed is the model
test to be conducted to produce useful data for the prototype?
[IES-2002]
(a) 12 km/h (b) 240 km/h (c) 24 km/h (d) 120 km/h
IES-29. Ans. (d) Apply Reynolds Model law.

IES-30. A sphere is moving in water with a velocity of 1.6 m/s. Another sphere
of twice the diameter is placed in a wind tunnel and tested with air
which is 750 times less dense and 60 times less viscous than water. The
velocity of air that will give dynamically similar conditions is:
[IES-1999]
(a) 5 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 20 m/s (d) 40 m/s
IES-30. Ans. (b)

IES-31. The model of a propel1er, 3 m in diameter, cruising at 10 m/s in air, is

tested in a wind tunnel on a 1: 10 scale model. If a thrust of 50 N is
measured on the model at 5 m/s wind speed, then the thrust on the
prototype will be: [IES-1995]
(a) 20,000 N (b) 2,000 N (c) 500 N (d) 200 N

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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
2 2
ρ m L2m Vm2 Fm ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
IES-31. Ans. (a) Force ratio = × 2 × 2; = 1× ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟
ρ p Lp Vp Fp ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
50 1 1
or = × ; Fp = 50 × 400 = 20000 N
Fp 100 4

Froude Model Law

IES-32. A 1.0 m log model of a ship is towed at a speed of 81 cm/s in a towing
tank. To what speed of the ship, 64 m long does this correspond to?
[IES-2004]
(a) 7.20 m/s (b) 6.48 m/s (c) 5.76 m/s (d) 3.60 m/s
Vm Vp
IES-32. Ans. (b) Apply Froude Model law (Fr)m = (Fr)p or =
gLm g .L p
Vm Lm 0.81 1
or = ⇒ =
Vp Lp Vp 64

IES-33. A ship model 1/60 scale with negligible friction is tested in a towing
tank at a speed of 0.6 m/s. If a force of 0.5 kg is required to tow the
model, the propulsive force required to tow the prototype ship will be:
[IES-1999]
(a) 5 MN (b) 3 MN (c) 1 MN (d) 0.5 MN
IES-33. Ans. (c)

IES-34. A1:256 scale model of a reservoir is drained in 4 minutes by opening the

sluice gate. The time required to empty the prototype will be: [IES-1999]
(a) 128 min (b) 64 min (c) 32 min (d) 25.4 min
IES-34. Ans. (b)

IES-35. A ship whose full length is 100 m is to travel at 10 m/s. For dynamic
similarity, with what velocity should a 1: 25 model of the ship be
towed? [IES-2004]
(a) 2 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 25 m/s (d) 250 m/s
IES-35. Ans. (a) For ship Froude Model law is used.
Vp Lp Lm 1
∴ = or Vm = VP × = 10 × = 2m / s
Vm Lm LP 25

1
IES-36. A model of a ship is to be tested for estimating the wave drag. If the
25
speed of the ship is 1 m/s, then the speed at which the model must be
tested is: [IES-1992, IAS-2002]
(a) 0.04 m/s (b) 0.2 m/s (c) 5.0 m/s (d) 25.0 m/s
Vm Vp
IES-36. Ans. (b) Apply Froude Model law (Fr)m = (Fr)p or =
gLm g .L p
Vm Lm 1 1 1
or = = = or Vm = = 0.2 m/s.
Vp Lp 25 5 5

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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
IES-37. In a flow condition where both viscous and gravity forces dominate
and both the Froude number and the Reynolds number are the same in
model and prototype; and the ratio of kinematic viscosity of model to
that of the prototype is 0.0894. What is the model scale? [IES-2004]
(a) 1: 3.3 (b) 3.3: 1 (c) 5: 1 (d) 1:5
V L ν
IES-37. Ans. (c) (R e )model = (Re )prototype gives m × m × p = 1 − − − −(i)
Vp Lp ν m
Vm Lm
and (Fr ) mode (Fr )prototype gives = − − − (ii)
Vp Lp
3/ 2
⎛L ⎞ νp Lm
(i) and (ii) gives ⎜ m ⎟ = = 0.0894 or = 0.2
⎜L ⎟ νm Lp
⎝ p⎠
Lm :Lp = 5 : 1

IES-38. A 1:20 model of a spillway dissipates 0.25 hp. The corresponding

prototype horsepower dissipated will be: [IES-1998]
(a) 0.25 (b) 5.00 (c) 447.20 (d) 8944.30
IES-38. Ans. (d) Pr = Lr3.5 = 203.5 Therefore Pp = 0.25 × 203.5 = 8944 hp

IES-39. A ship with hull length of 100 m is to run with a speed of 10 m/s. For
dynamic similarity, the velocity for a 1: 25 model of the ship in a towing
tank should be: [IES-2001]
(a) 2 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 20 m/s (d) 25 m/s
IES-39. Ans. (a) Use Vr = Lr

IES-40. A ship’s model, with scale 1: 100, has a wave resistance of 10 N at its
design speed. What is the corresponding prototype wave resistance in
kN? [IES-2007]
(a) 100 (b) 1000 (c) 10000
(d) Cannot be determined because of insufficient data
IES-40. Ans.(c) We know that Fr = Lr3
3 3
Fp ⎛ Lp ⎞ ⎛L ⎞
or, = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ or Fp=Fm × ⎜⎜ p ⎟⎟ = 10 × (100)3 N =10000 kN
Fm ⎝ Lm ⎠ ⎝ Lm ⎠

IES-41. A model test is to be conducted for an under water structure which

each likely to be exposed for an under water structure, which is likely
to be exposed to strong water currents. The significant forces are
known to the dependent on structure geometry, fluid velocity, fluid
density and viscosity, fluid depth and acceleration due to gravity.
Choose from the codes given below, which of the following numbers
must match for the model with that of the prototype: [IES-2002]
1. Mach number 2. Weber number
3. Froude number 4. Reynolds number.
(a) 3 alone (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 3 and 4
IES-41. Ans. (d)

Types of Models (Undistorted models, distorted models)

IES-42. Consider the following statements: [IES-2003]

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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
1. Complete similarity between model and prototype envisages
geometric and dynamic similarities only.
2. Distorted models are necessary where geometric similarity is not
possible due to practical reasons.
3. In testing of model of a ship, the surface tension forces are generally
neglected.
4. The scale effect takes care of the effect of dissimilarity between
model and prototype.
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
IES-42. Ans. (c) 1 is wrong. Complete similarity between model and prototype envisages
geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities only.
4 is also wrong. The scale effect takes care of the effect of dissimilarity (size
difference) between model and prototype.

Previous 20-Years IAS Questions

Similitude
IAS-1. The drag force D on a certain object in a certain flow is a function of
the coefficient of viscosity μ , the flow speed v and the body dimension
L(for geometrically similar objects); then D is proportional to:[IAS-2001]
μ 2V 2 μL
(a) L μ V (b) 2
(c) μ 2 v 2 L2 (d)
L V
IAS-1. Ans. (a)

IAS-2. For a 1: m scale model of a hydraulic turbine, the specific speed of the
model Nsm is related to the prototype specific speed Nsp as [IAS-1997]
(a) Nsm = Nsp/m (b) Nsm = mNsp (c) Nsm = (Nsp)1/m (d) Nsm = Nsp
IAS-2. Ans. (d)

Froude Number (Fr)

IAS-3. The square root of the ratio of inertia force to gravity force is called
[GATE-1994, IAS-2003]
(a) Reynolds number (b) Froude number
(c) Mach number (d) Euler number
IAS-3. Ans. (b)

Froude Model Law

1
IAS-4. A model of a ship is to be tested for estimating the wave drag. If the
25
speed of the ship is 1 m/s, then the speed at which the model must be
tested is: [IES-1992, IAS-2002]
(a) 0.04 m/s (b) 0.2 m/s (c) 5.0 m/s (d) 25.0 m/s
Vm Vp
IAS-4. Ans. (b) Apply Froude Model law (Fr)m = (Fr)p or =
gLm g .L p

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 Dimensional & Model Analysis
S K Mondal’s Chapter 7
Vm Lm 1 1 1
or = = = or Vm = = 0.2 m/s.
Vp Lp 25 5 5

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