'l'rans'

In: M.K. Horn (Editor),

Resourcesconference'
Fourth crrcum-pacificEnergy and Mineral
Councilfor EnergyandMineralResources'
Circum-Pacific
Singupor";

CHAPTER44

MINE,RALIZ /frION ASSOCIATED

WITFI VOLCANIC'RE,LATED
FIYDROTFIE,RMALSYSTE,MS
IN TFIE,CIRCUM,PACIFICBASIN
JeffreyW. Hedenquist
Resecrch
Geothermol Centcr,D.S'I' R',
TauPo,N ew 7'ealanA
Wairal<ei,

ABSTRACT
lrostedby volcanrcrocksand formedby volcanic-related hydrothermalsystemsare becomtnglncrcas-
Eprtircrmalore deposrts one such type of epithermaldeposrt'
with many t.tt"t dotoutries
rrrglyimponant gold producenrn crrcum-Pacificcountries, analogous to actrvege()'
termedlow sulfidarron,rscharacrerized by reducedr"iirt. I'.,tr,tpe of ieposir formedin an environment
gold precipitates from boiling flurds focusedtnto ,otres
in rhe r"*'t"ritJriii" sysrem,
thcrmal sysrems,and rt rs .r.r* ,..ogrr,r"d that The othet groupo[ gold
permcabtlityE"pl.,r',,g fo, ihi, typ. of d.po.it Jr,ti. gt."ii' "iif"J UVitt"'itJ *"pping o{ alteration
of l.righ
,"r-.i high sulfidation.These types of depositstemarn s()mc-
dcpositsrevrewedh.r" ,.,.hoi.,.r,r.d ty ,elatruely.-uJ.it"rrrr, related to an acrdnrag-
rh.r;; poorlystudredH"*.-"a-i"li*,io.,r,,. th"atthei' formattonis closely
wf.ratenigmatrc,because than is the case for the lou'sulfrdatron typc
maricflurd, wrth mrnerarrzaturn tt,"refore*or" i.r,i*ri.ti *."|i",.a with volcanism ge (partrcularlv
g-logic and ochemrcal
Furtherexploratrorrfor rhissrylecf n.rine ralizatr".*,li;:'Jr:r,"h ff1+I;il'r,.ttg'"tta
volcanic systems'
p^rrg.".,.1 s t u d r e so i r h r s t y p c o f d e p o s r t a n d o f a c t i v e

a.nalogous actrvesys'
INTRODUCTION sulfidationsystems.Along the line of the
o{ low sulfidatton
i""ti "*a io such advaitage in the study
will review iti" ttL*ittty of volcanic fluids'larqely
'l'his
paper proposesa frameworkwhich will hopefullylead deposits,I
interaction with the
tro* .lupunand New Zealand,und th"it
to a better undeistandingof hydrothermal gold mineraliza- be invaluable to eventuallv
with rock matrix. Tnis appioach will
tion hostedby volcanicrocks and intimately associated style ot
based on a rigorous understandingthe controls on the high sulfidation crtte-
volcanism.This approachneeds to be exploration
oi ine chemistryof the hydrothermalore flu- mineralization,and to the developmentof
cfraracterization
paleo- ria.
ias.One group of depositsreviewedhere hasa deduced
similar io geothermal and as such is
ciremistr"y -systems' Background
in the mineral-
;"j;li;"i; well understood.The sulfur present "low
iring ftuiAsis in the reduced state, and these are termed
for volcanic-hostt'c1
for gold A dramatic tncreasein the exploration
sulfrtation" systems;sulfideis the principal ligand particutaitf of gold, has led to a wealth of discov-
enigmatic' though there are o.e aeposits,
transPort.Anbther groupis more ic (Figur" I Ii
tf,ar it is more intimately relared to volcanic eries since the early iSiOr i; the Circum-t'acif or ePr-
iiion! inai.utions formed.in the near-surface'
oxidized'the majority of thesedeposits 'hydrothermal
,utt "i tnun geothermalfluids'Sulfuris relatively "high sulfidation" portion of systems;essential compo-
to as ihh;i,
fiuiA, u." ac]d, and they are referred of these conveciive systems are magmatic.heatt"li^t:
may also be an nents
tvti"*t, under these conditions'chloride volcantstll
gold transport' i n t i m a t e l y a s s o c i a t e dw i t h s u b d u c t i o n - r e l a t e d
importantligand for deposits formed in the Terttary.cx
'ih"r" Most discoveredepithermal
is riuch potentialfor further discoveryof both types new Permo-Devonian discovertes llr Au)-
an inadequate Recent; however,
of defosits in the Circum-Pacific;however' tralia indicat" tt ut prereiuationof the volcanic
host is the only
on mineralization and the
unJ.irtunaing of both the controls n"."rru.y aspect in retaining epithermal Ti""1il1":::1.
qeoloqicenvironment o[ emplacement of the high sulfidation somc wtttr
I will brieflydis- E x a m p l e so f i h e s er e c e n te p i t h e r m a ld i s c o v e r t e s '
iuu"-fiin"t"pers exploration'In this chapter' g o l d g r a d e s o r t o n n a g e s ' , i n c l u d el { i s h i k a r t
airiin.tiu" iharacterisrics of borh low and high sulfi- ;";l;.;1". Kelian
.i,r;ii.';-S"ld
I witl then attempt to identifv the (Japan),Lihir lsland"anJpotg"t" (ap"ua New Cuinea)'
;;ii"; deposits. (lndonesia),Babelthuap(Paiau),Temora (Austra.lia)', g*::
hindeiing the samehigh confidenceof understand- ^uut'Iu
, . ll n d i o ( Ln r l e ) ,
;;;L;;t we have with the low b r o s s a n d M a r t h aH i l l f N e w Z e a l a n d )F
ing of tfre high sulfidationsystemsthat
5r3
514 VOLCANOLOCY

l )
) \ V
r.)
) / 11/
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,/
4-'i/
/,: I
\
,4/
I
Vo \

t '\-\'
\r '.1

r..''-\
L----
"/-
'.j

basin.
mapoftheCircum'Pacilic showing
ocean ridges.
lransl0rns (PC),
Pachuca Guanaiualo(GN). (JC).
Julcanr (CQ),
Colqui ElIndio Colden
{El), Cross
FigureI Tectonic
(teeth plate).
Also ols0me
arelhelocations
shown (CC).
MarthaHill(MH). (MK),
Mt.Kasi Temora[M),Lihrr Wau
{LH). (\\A).
Porqera
andlinesofsubduction onupper
(RM).['lcLaughirn (P0). (KL).
Kelian (BB).
Babelthuap (BA).
Baguio Lepanto (CK)'
(LPiChinkuashih
inthetext.
discussed
deposits
oftheepithermal RoundMountarn
(MC), (CF),
Coldlield Creede(CD),
Delamar(DM). (SM),
Summrtville PuebloVieio
{PV), (NS),
Nansatsu-type (HS).
Hishrkari (SG)
Seigoshi

M o u n t a i n( N e v a d a ) ,a n d M c l a u g h l i n ( C a l i f o r n i a )S o m e o f c a t i o no f t h e c h e m i s t r yo f t h e o r e f l u i dt h r o u g ha l t e r a t l o nm l n -
t h e s ed e p o s i t s( e . g . ,R o u n d M o u n t a i na n d M a r t h a H i l l ) a r e e r a l o g y a n d f l u i d i n c l u s i o ns t u d i e s T h e f l u i d c h e m i s t r y
d e v e l o p m e n t so n h i s t o r i c w o r k i n g s ,w i t h p r e v i o u s s u b e c o - c o n t r o l st h e t y p e a n d q u a n t i t y o { m e t a l sw h i c h a r e t r a n s -
n o m i c m i n e r a l i z a t i o nb e c o m i n g o r e w i t h t h e r i s e i n g o l d p o r t e d ,d e t e r m i n etsh e p r o c e s s ews h i c h w i l l c a t r s em i n e r a l i z a -
p r i c e sD . i s c o v e i i e s u c h a s L i h i r ,K e l i a n( F e r g u s o n1, 9 8 6 )a n d i i o n , a n d a l s o t o a l a r g ee x t e n t c o n t r o l st h e l o c a t i o no f t h e
B a b e l t h u a (pM i l l e ra n d R y t u b a ,1 9 8 6 ) r e f l e ctth e h i g h l e v e l o f m i n e r a l i z a t i o nc; h a r a c t e r i s t i cosf t h e l i o s t r o c k s ,e x c e p t a s
explorationin the southwestPacific. t h e y a f f e c tf l u i df l o w ,a r e s e c o n d a r yt o n . r i n e r a l i z a t t o n '
M a n y d e t a i l e ds t u d i e so n t h e c l . r a r a c t e r i s t iocfs e p i t h e r m a l l n c o n t r a s t t, h e a l t e r a t i o nm i n e r a l o g yo f a n o t h e rg r o u po f
d e p o s i ths a v ea l r e a d yb e e n c o m p l e t e da, n d t h e s ec h a r a c. It9e7r i7s,- v o l c a n i c - h o s t egdo l d( a n dc o p p e r )d e p o s i t sf,o r m e di n t h e e p t -
t i c sh a v eb e e n c o m p i l e db y s e v e r a lr e v i e w e r s( S i l l i t o e . t h e r m a le n v i r o n m e n ti ,n d i c a t e tsh a t t h e f l u i d sr e s p o n s i b lfeo r
l 9 8 l ; B u c h a n a n l,9 8 l ; B e r g e ra n d E i m o n , 1 9 8 3 ;C i l e sa n d m i n e r a l i z a t i o nm a y h a v e b e e n i n t i m a t e l yr e l a t e dt o v o l c a n '
N e l s o n1, 9 8 4 ; H e d e n q u i satn d R e i d ,1 9 8 5 ;H a y b ae t a l , 1 9 8 6 ) i s m ,t h e y * e r " u . r y a c i d ,v a r i a b l ys a l i n ea' n d h a da s i g n i ( i c a n t
T h e r e a r e g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e si n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o s f these p o r t i o n o f t h e s u l f u rp r e s e n ta s s u l f a t e .W h e r e t h e h o s tv o l -
the
d e p o s i t st ;h i s l a r g e t y r e f l e c t st h e v a r i e t y o f p h y s i c a lc o n t r o l s c a n i c sa n d m i n e r a l i z a t i ohna v e b e e n d a t e d ,t h e y a r e o f
o n f l u i df l o w n e a r t h e s u r f a c e( e . g .t.o p o g r a p h yr, o c k p e r m e a - same age within analyticaluncertainty.1'he typg exam.?le-
bility,fractureproperties,etc.) o f t e n u s i d ( B e t h k e i,9 8 4 )i s G o l d f i e l d( N e v a d a )o; t h e r . s r m r l a . r
d e p o s i t si n c l u d eS u m m i t v i l l e( C o l o r a d o )C , h i n k u a s h i h( t a t -
R e s e a r c oh n g e o t h e r m a ls y s t e m sh a sl e d t o a r e c o g n i t i o no l
t h e e q u i v a l e n c eo f t h e l o w s u l f i d a t i o ne p i t h e r m a l e n v i r o n - w a n ) ,L e p a n t o( P h i l i p p i n e sF)r,i e d aR i v e r( P a p u aN e wG u i n e a ) '
m e n tt o t h a t w h i c h c a n b e o b s e r v e di n a c t i v es y s t e m s[ \ V h i t e , a n d M t . K a s i( F i j i )T. h e i rp o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i tpo p o r p h y r yc o p -
1 9 5 5 ,l 9 8 l ; H e n l e ya n d E l l i s ,1 9 8 3 )A p p l i c a t i o no f t h i sa n a l - per mineralizaiion ( p a r t i c u l a r l yo { t h e h i g h g o l dl y p e ) , , a n !
a l t e r a t i o n h a s b e e n n o t e d ( S i l l i t o e1 , 9 8 3 ;S i l l i t o e
o g y h a s p r o v i d e da q u a n t i t a t i v eu n d e r s t a n d i n go f t h e p r o c - associated
ha"'e
e s s e sr e l a t e dt o g o l d t r a n s p o r ta n d d e p o s i t i o ni n e p i t h e r m a l a n d G a p p e ,1 9 8 4 )E l l n d i oa n d L i h i r ,m e n t i o n e de a r l i e r '
o f t h i s g r oup'
s y s t e m s( H e d e n q u i sat n d H e n l e y ,1 9 8 5 a ;t l e n l e y ' 1 9 8 6 ) t, h u s , o * " o i t h e m i n e r a l o g i c acl h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
thoughevidence ( s e eb e l o w ) s u g g e s t t
s h a t t h e s e w e r e o ver-
i m p r o v i n go u r a b i l i t y t o s e a r c hf o r s u c hd e p o s i t sl ' h e r e f o r e .
b y t h e f l u i d sm a i n l y r e s p o n s i b l for gold.mineraltza'
e
t h e t h r e a dw h i c h i s n o w a v a i l a b l et o t i e t o g e t t t e rt t t e a p p a r e n t frinGa (e '
w i d ev a r i e t yo f l o w s u l f i d a t i o nd e p o s i t si sb a s e do n t h e i d e n t irf - i i o n f f r e N a n s a t s u - t y pdee p o s i t so f K y u s h u ,J a p a n 8
 H E D L , N Q U I S T5 I 5

in the Circum-Pacific
s e t a ld e p o s i t sh o s t e db y v o l c a n i c s
e p i t h e r m a lp r e c r o u m
T A B L EI - C a t e g o r i e sa n d e x a m p l e so l t y p i c a l
C o l d . s i l y edr e P o s i t s
v o l c a n t cr o c k s
V e l n ss, t o c k w o r k sa, n d d i s s e m i n a t i o ni n s r n t e r m e d i a t et o s i l i c i c
H i g hs u l I i d a t t o n l n t e r m e d i a t ce h a 4 q l e r i s t i c sa n d / o r o v
L o w s u l ifd a t i o n
E l l n d i o .C h i l e
G o l d fi e l d ,N e v a d a
C o l d e nC r o s sa n d M a r t h aH i l l , N e w Z e a l a n d N a n s a t s u - t y p( lew a t o .A k e s h i ' K a s u g a )J a p a n
N e v a d a S u m m i t v i l l e .C o l o r a d c r
R o u n dM o u n t a r n ' P u e b l oV i e i o .D o m i n i c a nR e P u b l i c
Chinkuashih.laiwan
M c L a u g h l i nC, a l i f o r n i a T e m o r a .A u s t r a l t a
[.epantoP . hiliPPtnes
O a t m a nA, r l z o n a L i h i r a n dP o r g e r aP ' a p u aN e w G u i n e a
M t K a s i F
, ili
B a g u i oD i s t r i c t P
. hiliPPines
A u s t r a l i a F r i e d aR r v er . [ ' a P u aN e w ( ' t l l l ] e a
C o l d e nP l a l c a u .
K u s h i k i n of,i i s h i k a r i ,a n d S e i g o s h rJ' a p a n
i l a b e l t h u a PP. a l a u se' nret aI-r i ch)
tg]):qa
Kelian.lndonesla .s,ly.: s9!! d 9P9!l!!s-(!9I!
W a u .P a p u aN e w C u i n e a t o s i l r c r cv o l c a n i c r o c k s
V a n u a[ - e v u ,F i j r V c i n s s. l o c k w o r k sa n d c l t s s t ' n t i n a t i o n si n i n t e r m e d i a t e
High sulfidation
l . o w s u l fi d a t t o n
Nevada l u l c a n i ,P e r u
V i r q i n r a C i t y . R o g h t ' s l t ' r a. r t d ' l i r n < l p a h R e d M o u n t a i n (. - o l o r ; r t l < t
[ ) c l a m a r .l d a h t t
(-olttradrt
C r e e d e a n d S u n n l ' s r d t.
[]odie. C a l i { o r n r a
Mexico
[ ) a ch u c a . ( i u a t ra l u a tt t . a r r r l I i * ' o l t t t a .
( olqui. Peru

d i s c u s s i o nl n' n a l t l r c
R e p u b l i c )a' s r r s e r tl t n l y f o r t h e p u r p o s eo f a s s i s t i n g
A k e s h rl.r v a t o K, a s u g a )P, u e b l oV i e i o( l ) o r n i n i c a n betrveen
o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i cos{ t h t s i l , " r " * i f f b e a r a n g eo f g e o c h e r r l i c a l a r a c t e r i s t i c s
c h
, r . i t o r - f e m o r a ,a l l h a v e s o m e t t r ee n d m e m b e rs y s t e m s
qroup i s u ' s e dr a t l r t - rl L r o s e l y
F r n a l l yt.h e d e f i n i t i o no f e p r t h e r n i a l "
t r e r es i m p l yt o r e c o g n i z e t l r e e x i s t e n c eo { a n e n v i r o r t t n t ' n t
Classification 1 k m d e e p )w t t e r en r ' r n y
n e a r t h e e i r t h ' s s u r { a c e( u s u a l l y<
p l 9 : - l l l t ,a h y d r o t h e r r n a l
'[his t hse t w o g r o u p so { . d e p o' s i t(sa"sh well P h y s r c aal n d c h e m r c acr t i u " q t t i o t t "
p a p e rc l i s t i n g u i s h e ' l o w - s u il d iqh w i l l b e c o n d i i c r u et o t r . t i n e r adl e p o s i t r o r trn' e
f ation and i v J ' " n - l* f . r i . h
a st h ea c t i u ,s: y s t e r n sb)y t h e t e r m s of boilinqpornt {or
p r e c r o u sm e t a l s , n p u t u t J i t l l e c a u s e
sullidation,'(alsotermed..adularia.sericite..and..acid-sul{ate.
d e l t t h c o n s t r a l l i t sl n n y d r o s t a t i c s y s t e r n st' h . et e m p e r a t u r e s
r . t p " . t i " . f V , b y l - { a y b ae t a l , 1 9 8 6 )w ' rthlow and high refer- c t r a n q e sa r e t a k t t t q
f r i r rt h e m i n e r a l i z a - are < i]00"C where t h e s e e p i r t r e i m a l
t " r i i " , f r . i-"[t-af rt e i v e o x i d a t i o ns t a t eo { s u l u
rc
tron fltrid i s n o i n f e r e n c ei n t h e s e t e r m s a s t o t h e plact'

s u l { u ri n t h e f l u i d ,t h o u g h t h e h i g h s u l { i d a t i o n
u.uu,'i uf total
a n d s u l { a t em i n e r - LOW SULFIDATION SYSTEMS
s v s t e m cs o m l n o n l yh a v e a b u n d a n ts u l f i"dt nea - s s i v e
s u l f i d e " )l n e p i t h e r n l a l d e p o s t t s a' s
. 1 r p t . t . ' t , t i i l l i t o ; ' 1 9 8 3 .u s e st h e t e r m A larqe proportion of the cllscovered
s y s t e m sg e n e r a l l yh a v e a r e s t r i c t e d a r e o f t h e l o u ' s u l fi '
. o , u r u r , ,l o w s u l f i d a t i o n r r , e l la s a m a l o r i t y o l q e o t h e r m a l s y s t e r n s '
d e p o s i t e di n t h e o r e z o n e (Buchanall' e c i e se n t e r i n q t h e
"r""r,u ol t o t a l s u l f i d e t y p e , H ' , , Si s t t r e d o n r i n a n t s u l f u r
s p
h a s .lfu r d w i t h s u l t u r d a t i o n
i g A f t f n u t , t h e l o w s u l ifd a t i o ns y s t e m tlydrothernial systenr
- 2 ( r e ' a s l l t S ) ' w h e r e a s l h e eptthertrlalportlon of the convecting 270"(-' at
r r o . " n t a t a n o x i d a t i o ns t a t e o f o t t e n ' r p e r a t i r r e so f 1 7 0 t o
s y s t e r n hs a sa n o x i c l a t i o n Mrrreraliz,ation..u""i
i"it"t p * t " " t i n t h e h i g h s u l f i d a t i o n
5 0 r r t t o a s n l u c f t a s 1 0 0 0n r d e P t l r ' alld,
s" -t ia, t eu p t o + 4 ( i . e . e , s s e n t i a l layl l S O r ) '[he tf't'e well-studied systt'nts'
t h e c h e m i s t r yo f t h e f l u i d ' a n d par- llrincipaf f f u'tr 'n i s a dilute
\h1..........
* i f f b e a r g u e db e l o w , r e s p o n s i b l e t o r metal transportand depositron'
to.the formalton o l
t i c r r i a r l yt h e s r l l f u rc h e m i s t r y i' s i n t e g r a l ' ' c h l o r i d e ' f l u i d : c h l o r r d er s t h e c l o r n i n a n ta n i o n a n d t s a c c o n t '
i s u s e d i n d i s t i n g u i s h i n tgh e d e p o s t t s ' qasconcejltra
"piii .it"rdeposits, a n d
,."i.0 trt Nu r ' l.o: unastltca'variable
'lhe
g o l d - s i l v erra t i o ,w i d e l y v a r i a b l ei n e p i t h e r r n a d
l e p o s t t s
c a n d o r n i t t a t et h e c h l o r t d et n
o f t h e f l u i d s 's p c - t i t t n s( m a i n l y C O r , w h i c h elc'
t C r . v J . " f, l 9 8 i ) ' a l s or e f l e c t s
the c h e m i s t r y
a l n o u n t ,a n c lH r S ) 'p l u sm i n o r c o n c e n t r a tpi o nosf o t h e r
r a t i o ( H e n l e y 'l 9 U 6 ) a n d rs alst.r which i s r i n c i p a l l yn r etc
.ifif.fiy ttrechloride-sul{ide m e n t st n c l u d l n gm e t i i l ' sT h e r v a t e r '
( I a b l e l ) T h e h o s tr o c k a n d t h e f o r r n< l l 1 9 7 4 ) c' i r c u l a t elst r
u s e dr n c l a s s i f i c a t r o n
d i s s e r n i n a t i o n c
s a
) n b e o r i c ( C r a i g ,l 9 6 l ] ' O i e r l u " t t S i t t ' " ' r n u n ' by a t n a q n r attc
i n . J . p " * i i i e ' v e i n s ,s t o c k r v o r k s ' ( l l e d e n q u i s t ;;;,I o l ! r . u t a s : ) t o l 0 k r n ' b e c o r r i e sh e a t e d
i r i q f , i u ' u o r , u f rbl eu t a r e r e l a t i v e l y u n i r n p o r t a n t J': ':lf;::]n]:::
a n d a s s e c o n o a r yI a c ' bo<Jy. andconuects'to
a r i of i e i a ,1 9 8 5 )e, x c e p to n a l o c a ls c a l e thrrluqh the host r o c k i t a c - q t r r r eIsn a n y i] li:::fii:li:
w h e t h e r o r n o t a n o r e d e p o s i tw i l l l o r n r ' leaving behinri at
shalltlwer
t o r sr n c l e t e r l n l n l n g thrttuqh flurd'rocxinteractton
. o n i i d " t e d i n t h e c l a s s i f r c a t i o snc t r e m e A t r p r i i p y l r t r ca l t e r a tton Atrv
;i "y .;. n n t depthsa characrensiitli;;;t;;"ti
o l
r n a y b e t h e c a r b o n a t e - h o s t e d s y s l e t nt s
.*.:"ptiun to this statement c c l t t t r r b u t l o nu f ' n o g n ' o t ' t i - q a s e s
t t l t h e 'h y d r o t h e r n l a l
( - [ o o k e rI' 9 8 5 ) T h t ' y r c m a i n enigmatrc (Ctqqen'
,"pr".f nt"", cleposits n e u t r a l i z e d b , , , t e o t t tt h e e p r t l l e r n r a l
envrronrnerrt
q e < r c h e m t c aslt u d t t ' s hettttm
t r " . . o u r "o f t h e r e l a t i v e l yf e w r i g c l r o u s- l ' h i s l r . l ! l 8 l l r o l v t ' v e r s
' o l l l e c o n l [ ) ( ) l l e n t ss t t c ha s C ( ) "
i u r t h e r c l a s s i f i c ' r t i o itsl t r a c ) .
e x i s t i n qa. t r cal r c I r o tc o r i s i d e r c c l
516 VOLCANOLOCY

Dilutechloride
warm spnng

"t? Rrver

IC6n6-ensation
lTwo phasefluid
(uoitinsl
|

Volcanics& lino-".,","
volcaniclasticsediments
I to .rrv
converston
I
,-8/ I
Gsothermal ,,1;
I
u 2 o ' c o 2 ' H 2 S,t'laCll
Basernent
r
I Primary

Legend (r)
a,
/ lt
l
I neutralisatton
I of reacttve
I maomattc
f*-l
f

L_l
l
Two phase
liqurd Plus vapor
t\_ |
.o,ioon"ntt

\ \ I
I
(B(\re?)
CO2 rich
steam-heated

[
|
'-l
waters

Actd sulfate
{ steam-heated
,'-=-{o.
l--
lMasma
I deoasStng
LJ waters
n"u'
| "no
Rhyolite intrusives/ source
e xtrustves I
' ascenl
,, , Vapor
\- Liqurdflow
cuntrollinq
0neoltheprincipal.channels
near
the
system' verysnallportionofthlssystern (198i)'
2 Schemattccross ofa meteoricdominated
sectlon hydrothermal lrom anrl
Heniev (1983)'
L'llis Giggenbach
irqure the
Note ;i.il;;1.;i;; ttuiauooitieo
withthe o{
{ormation a low sulfidation deposit
epithermal
iui, orrur:,at.d andHedenquist (1986)
nearthesurlaceA gold
deposit' onlya
willoccupy
if formed'
iormed
lturrts
aiilere,rt

L o s so f C O ' c a u s e s . t h e
s e v e r ec h a n g e st o t h e r e s i d u a l i q u i d
a l l d t h e s u l f u r c a n b e t r a c e d i n p a r t t o a m a g m a t i c s o u r c epll to increaselligure ia), shiftirigthe mineral-fluidstability
Hedenquist' noted to be asso-
imn"gr.rtheir isotopic signaturesireviewed..by toward that of adulana(a rnirreralcommonly
of meials remains a question' though it is p H m a y a l s oc a u s e
l'dg6)]in" source c i a t e dw i t h g o l d i n v e i n s )t,h e i n c r e a s e
in
on understanding the controls on mineraliza- and to a lesser extent the
not a constraint calcite to precipitate f-ut't nf H'S'
rock ultimately deter- gold bisul-
iiun, ut fluid chemistryand not source shift in pH, will utru ,t''Ji iir a drastic decrease in
iluid'
rrrinestne mineralizationpotentialof a . f i d e s o l u b i l i t y*,i t t r . o n . o , n i t a n t g o l d d e p o s i t i o (Hedenquist
n
'l'he
alteratronassemblage resultingfrom the chloride fluid r e d u c e da' n d n e u t r a l
quartzl adularia' K-mica' chlorite' calcite' a n d H e n l e y ,1 9 8 5 a )l " ; ; ; ; ; i t ' * t u t i n i t v ' (Figure3a)'
.u,nt',,unly includes pH fluids,goldchlorrdefuutpf"*ing is insi.gnificant
metal sulfidesalong
"oi,l"t", jyrite, albite,zeolites,and base B e s i d e sc a u s l n gm t n e r a l d e p o s i t i o n b' o i l i n g w i l l a l s or e l e a s e
The chemistrv of the fluid deducedfrom theliquid t o t h es u r f a c e '
;;;;;;;ii;"tir,"tulr. s t e a mt o m i g r a t ei n O e p e n d e n i lfyr o m
,nin"tut assemblage is plotted on an fH2(fo'FpH dia.gram water' the steam will con-
ini, lf the steam encountersg'uund
(Figure3a),theseare slome'of the criticalfactorsin identifying f o r r r r i n gs t e a m - h e a t eadc i ds u l -
complexes' d e n s ea n d t h e H r Sw i t to x i i i z e ' fluid
ihe"stabilityof the various metal Zi' ttris acid sulfate
physical processes affecting fluid fate waters at 100 to Go;C tligtte altera-
most important argillic
The two
by, analogy having will result in a near-surfacez-oie of advanced
chernistryin geothermal systems'.and tion, characterizedrtl t"tft mlngrall
as alunite' kaolinite'
deposits'is boiling s y s t e mi s a c t i v et h e
occurredin the low sulfidationepithermal n a t i v e s u l f u ra n d c r r s t o b a l i t e W h i l e t h e
the surface' As the liquid
and dilutionas the liquid approaches will i<eepthe relatively
it will eventually buoyant upflow of n"uttul pH liquicl
into the epiihermal environment' a c i dw a t e rd o e sp e n e t r a t e
;;.;;;t
pure water' this occursat c o o la c i dw a t e r so n " t t u ' g i n l f t h e
intersectthe boilingpoint curve For the system,it will be unlikely ttl heat to temperaturesabov^e
with 4 wtqo CO, in
"fr",u iOOOm for ii00.C liquid,whereas about 200
"C because-J i''eit unO nlass balanceconstraints'
these systems; Heden-
solution(the maxrmum observed in
Furthermore,unOu",ii*p*tuntfy' tlxidationof H'S can only
m ' A s t h e fI u i d
q " " i " " 4 ' H " " l e y , 1 9 8 5 b )b, o i l i n gb e g i n sa t 2 2 0 0 o c c u ri t t t h e n e a r - s u ar fc ev a d ( ) s e z o n e
the vapor; this causes
iloiir, tn" gasesiractionatestronglyinto
 HEDENQUIST 511

2500C b. nsl At K;r 250"C

log m
m
-2.5 c V r O
S=- 1.5
- t.o Cl= g'2
-2.8 K=-1.O
1 HSO; SO;
HSO; 5u4 Gold as
Goldas log pg/k0
log pg/kg

r\ C
Cv
Hm i]!r
i'\- l,4t(chl) \
Py'[]n
p\
C P \
aC\
I
tn
A cv Tn B
t) ,, O

Po
.5,/
J /
t \
i

Py
Po \ 7

\o. HS-
t L { q p

rKm Km Ad
Ka Km Km Ad r+ -
+ _ ,+____ ]---
^+
t 1 4 5
4 5 6 7 8 9 pH
pH
a n dp t i t a s s i u n l
r.ersus pfldraqranr showrnq therelatrve stabilities o{theminerals b S r n r r l at (rr , i. l ) u lf ( ) n s l r u c l cIdo r l h e h r q h esr u l { u rc.h l o r r r l e .
Fr{ure.}a['11, l i l c t o t a sl u l l u r
l.w suliidalron systems, andthestable sulfur specres The f 0 n c t n l r a l r 0ut l\sl s l l r l lql l t n r ln r g hs u l { i r l a l l et )nnv l r 0 l l l l l e n
crn,nro.lv,niiur,.,n,{,n o l t h e n a t l v es u l l r (
r rS " )i r e i d( S t o { l r e g e n
anddeduced lrom c 0 n c e n t r a l r 0scr 0t n s l r a r n o e id' t h t s t z e
chrnrrslry ul tircmilrralizrnq fluid. observed lromactive systems
i 9 E : r 5
) t o l l r e q e (n11 ) S ir)l e d u c t dl h t c o n d i t t o nrse l a l e dl o a l l e r a t r t tans{ o l l o w s :
d e p o s r l n r r r e r a l o q - v , i s sAh' lol nwdnearst h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , g o l d b i s u l l i d e s o l u b r l i t v kaolinrtchalosA2;
qreatly exceeds goldchloride solubility' withthelormer r x t r e m e b a s J l e a i i r t t t q . t t r rsersl tr dc u aa {R l s ) 'aAl ,u t t t t e ( A l )
tslx)wrrasloquq,/kq'ppb) ( 'h a l c o p v r r(l C e pa) n dl t n n a n l r tIen ) a r es t a b l eB ' a n d
-
tnpH,because ol r l e e n
p r r n e r a l i z l' l
n uqr rrl v h e r t
bcrnq rcsp.rrsrtrle forqoldtransporl Borling wrllcause anincrease j e p 6 s r t r o nw h e r t t: ' n a r q i t e ( [ n ) c o v e i l r t (eC v ) '
l h e e n v l r ( ) n n t e9l l1n t . r t ns t a q t q g l t l
(.(1,krss. ,rncl a qrcat decrease rnqoldsolubrlilv ibelow thatshown) because ofH25
(' m a t ns l a q ec o n d r t i o n( C s )'
lromHedenquist andHenley {1985a) lorthe d r a q e n r{tle) q )a. r r rl lt r r r n r l{tU r la} r es t a b l e l ' n d e rl h e
1xi I'lu'draqram lasbeenmodrlied w r l h r e s p e c l o
t q o l db i s L i
r d
l f e 'limitinq
(Po), hematite (Hm), g o l dc h k r r r dsco l u b r l r lr\sb t c o m t n q s t q n t i t c a n l
tondrliuns shOwn Abbrevralrons rnclude pyrrte (Py), Pvrrhotite
(Ka). (Km)' and adularia (Ad) b l h r p r , r Lf \ : P \ u l l r ( l r . t l r ( t l l \ t ' q ( ' l d d P I N S i l l ( r l l
nraqnelitc 1N'l1).chloritc (chl). kaohnite k'mica

b o i l i n ga n d g a s
I l t l r e s t e a n tc o n d e n s e si n t o g r o u n d w a t e r b e l o w t h e z o n e o f
e n c eq r e a t e rI ) r e s s u r d e r o p s 'w i t h a c ( r e n t u a t e d
loss,.l.hisisthetactorwhicltcausesagoldoredepositt
o x i d a t i o n , t h e l l , S w i l l n o t b e a p p r e c i a b l yo x i d i z e d ' b u t C O , s y s t e ma s - a
w i l l b e a b s o r b c d , f o r m i n g a r n a r g i n a l s t e a m - h e a t e dC O r - r i c h
r e s t r i c t etdo l / 1 0 ( l t < l l i 1 0 0 0< i {t h e a r e a o f t h e
w h o l e ,t h e l a t t e r o t t e n e l l c o l n p a s s i n { t n a t t y k r n ' ( F i g u r e2 )
f l u i c l( F i q L r r e2 ) w i t h a p H s l i g h t l y l e s st h a n t h a t o { t h e d e e p l i q r t l s u l tw h e n t h e r e is a strong
'f E x t e n s i v el a t e r a l f l o w c a t l
r r i d . h i i f l u i d h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d i n a c t i v e s y s t e m s( H e d e n - ( H e n l e y a n d F - l l i sI'9 8 l l ) '
hydraulic q r a d i e r rdl u e t o t o p o l { r a p h y
q u i s t a t ) d S t e w a r t , l 9 t t 5 ) , a n d i t s p r e s e n c eh a s b e e n d e d u c e d within an
r n d m i n e r a l o g i c a le v i d e n c ei n e p i t h e r m a l
o n d t h , , n i a y r e s u l ti n c h s s e m i n a t endr i n e r a l i z a t i t l n
fi o r n f l u i d i n c l u s i o r a
( H a y b a , i 9 8 aquiler
4 ) .l t w i l l h a v e n i l s a l i n i t y t, e m p e r a t u r e so f
deposits :fhe envtron-
m u l t i t u d eo f v a r i a t i o nw i t h i n t h e e p i t h e r m a l
t4b to t80"C, and will be stablewith the moderate tempera- ( l e v e l o p m e not f a n y s i n g l t m
: o d e l 'o r e v e n
) ,i c hw i l l f o r m a m e n tp r c c l u d e tsh e
t u r e c l a y s( i n t e r l a y e idl l i t e - m o n t m o r i l l o n i tweh i nexplo
" h a l o " a r i t u n d t t r e c l e e pu p f l o w T h i s r e l a t i v e l yc o o l f l u i d ' a s e r i e s< l fn l o t l e l sw. t t l c ht ' a n b e u s e da s s r r c c e suslfl y
r a t i o n a s t h e l n t l d i : l sf o r p o r p h y r y c o p p e r d e p o s i t s 'R a t h e r '
a l o n gw i t h c c l o g l r o u n dw a t e r s c, o m m o n l ys e r v e sa sa d i l u t a n t a s o u n d c o n i : e p t u a ul n d e rstand
e x p l o r a t i o tnl t u s tb e b a s e do r r
ofttredeepfluictlfthemineralizingfluidhasarelativelyhigh w h i c h c a r l c o m b i n t .t o f o r m a d e p o s i ti n
ing of all the factcirs
s a l i n i t y ,s u c h a s i n t h e s i l v e r - b a s em e t a l d e p o s i t s( H e n l e y ' e a c hp r o s P e ct to
r n a y l e a dt o o r e d e p o s i t i o n ' t h e e p r t h e r r n ca -l n v r r o r t m e n t . ' l -whiilsl a l l o w
1 9 8 6 )t,h i sd i l u t i o n
b e a s s e s s eocnl l t s o w l l m e r i t s ,a n d n o t o n t h e d e g r e eo f f i t t o
[ ) i f f e r e n c ebse t w e e nd e p o s i t cs a n g e n e r a l l yb e a t t r i b u t e dt o t o c o n s i d e rt n
t h e c u r r e n t l yl a v o r e c ln l o d e l S p e c i { i ca s p e c t s
t l i f l e r e n c e si n f l u i d f l o w , w i t h f o c u s i n gm e c h a n i s m s u c h a s b y Hedenqutst
h y d r o t h e r r n ael r r . r p t i ovne n t s o r f a u l t i n gb e i n g i m p o r t a n ti n t h e e x p l o r a t i t . ror rl t h e s e d e p o s i t s( d i s c u s s e d
a n d H e n l e y ,1 9 8 5 a t)n t : l u c lac t l t r t a i l c d e t e r m t t r atioo nf altera-
t l r e d e v e l o p r n e notf o r e ,a s s p e c iifc f l o w c h a n n e l sw i l l e x p e r i -
t i o r rm i n e r a l o g ya n d f l u i d i n c l u s i o ns t u d i e st o i d e n t i f yp a l e c t
f l o w p a t t e r n sa n d z o n e so f b o i l i n q t, h e l a t t e rc o n d u c i v et o g o l d
deposition.

HIGH SULFIDATION SYSTEMS K-feldsPar

G o l dm i n e r a l i z a t i oi n h i g hs u l f i d a t i o o n r e d e p o s i t iss g e n e r - Alunite
ally associated w i t h e n a r g i t e( o r i t s l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e I
d i m o r p h l u z o n i t e ) ;i n p l a c e s i t i s a s s o c i a t e dw i t h p y r i t e , I
t e n n a n t i t e - t e t r a h e d r ict eo ,v e l l i t ea n d / o r a l u n i t e ;a n d c o m - .t
m o n l y i t i s a s s o c i a t ewdi t h a v u g g ys i l i c aw h i c h i s t h e p r o d u c t o
o f e x t r e m e h y d r o l y t i cb a s e l e a c h i n g( M e y e r a n d H e r n l e y , a K-mica
1 9 6 7 )T. h e o r e z o n e sw , h i c hc o m m o n l ya r e s t r o n g l yl o c a l i z e d N
Y
b y s t r u c t u r afle a t u r e s( S i l l i t o el,9 8 l i ) a n d a r e a s s o c i a t ew dith an
hydrothernral b r e c c i a s h
, a v e a u b i q u i t o u st l t o u g h n a r row
h a l o( g e n e r a l l yl e s st h a n t e n so f m e t e r sa c r o s sw ) hichgrades
f r o m t h e l e a c h e dr e s i d u asl i l i c a( i f i t i s p r e s e n t o ) ulwardto
quartz-alunite q ,u a r t z - k a o l i n i t cel,a y s ( i n t e r s t r a t i f i ei d llite- Kaolinite
montmorillonite), a n d i n t o a d i s t r i c ts c a l ez o n e o [ p r o p ylitic
alteration ( R a n s o m e 1
, 9 0 9 H
; u a n q , 1 9 5 5 ;S t e v e n a n d R attc,
1960H ; a r v e ya n d V i t a l i a r r o1, 9 6 4 ,U r a s h i m aS, a i t c la, n d S a t o ,
1 9 8 1 ;S i l l i t o e1, 9 8 3 S ; t o f { r e g e nl 9, l t 5 ) .L o c a l l yi n r p o r t a r r; rt s
c o n s t i t u e n t so f o r e i n t h e w a l l r o c k a r e k a o l i n i t e ,d i c k i t t ' .
p y r o p h y l l i t ed, i a s p o r eK, - m i c a r, r a t i v es u l fu r ,b a r i t ea n d a n h v -
aH2S04 +
dnte.

s n d r r c r t t t d t l t o t t si
F r q u r eI R e p r e s e n t a t iooint h er e l a t l v es t a b l l i t i eosl m i n e r a l u
Mineralogical and Fluid Inclusion Data
rncreasing p o l a s s i u m
a n dd e c r c a s i npgH . T h e f i e l do f r e s r d u sli l t c aw
a . h e r ck a o l t n , i t
a n ra l l u n r i e a rseo l u b l ed.e p e n dosn t h ea l u m r n u cm0 n c e n t r a l r(oSt t . 1 l r t q t nl 9. 8 i t
l ' h e n r i n e r a l o gw y i l l e v e n t t r a l layl l o ws p e c iifc c o n c l u s i o r t < sr
\ { o d r f i e fdr o mH e m l e ve l a l { 1 9 6 9 )
b e r n a d ea b o u tt h e c h e m i s t r ya n d t e r n p e r a t u r eo f t h e f l u i c l s
r e s p o n s i b l feo r f o r m a t i o no f t h i s t y p e o f d e p o s i t -l l t l w e v e r .
w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o no f t h e r e c e n td e t a i l e ds t u d yb y S t o f r e r q e r t At present, the constratnt on salinities itl llles'' sVstt'ttls
is
( 1 9 8 5o) n t h e S u m m i t v i l l e d e p o s i tt,h e r ea r e n o d a t aa v a i l a b l e p . , n I - , . b " . u u o' "I t h e l a c ko f s u i t a b l em a t e r i a fl c l rfl L r i di n c l u s t o n
o r r t h e e x a c ts p a t i aa l n d t e n l l l o r a lr e l a t i o n s h i pb e t w e t l nt h t r a n a l y s e sA . v a i l a b l ed a t a a r e f r o m s e c o n d a r yi r l c l u s i o n.sr n
g o l d m i n e r a l i z a t i oann d t h e g a n g u er n i r l e r a l o r {i yn h i g h s u l fi - c l u a r t zp h e n o c r y s t sa t S u n r m i t v i l l ea n d o t f r e rd e p r l s i t s( B r u h a
d a t i o nd e p o s i tos f t h e t h i st y p e .T h i s r n e a n st h a t i t i s n o t p o s s i a n d N o ' b l e I, 9 8 3 ) ' t n e r e s u l t si n d i c a t et e m p e r a t u r t :os f 2 0 0 t o
b l e t o f u l l ya n dc o n f i d e n t l d y e t e r m i n et h e c h e m i s t r yo f t h e o r e l ] 0 0 " Ca n d s a l i n i t i e o s f 7 t o 2 1 w t o / oN a C l , c c l n l m <' ll-thr a levvs ee
rag-
f l u i d si n a v a r i e t yo { r e l a t e dd e p o s i t st,h e i r s c l u r c e ( a s )n d t l t t : r n g - l 0 w t 9 o , w i t h d a u g h t e rm i n e r a l sc o t r l n ( ) r l tem-
p r o c e s s ( erse)l a t e dt o m i n e r a l i z a t i o n . p e r a t u r e sw e r e c o n f i r m e d b y S t o f f r e q e n( 1 1 ) 8 5. )l o r
l l o w e v e r ,t h e c h e m i s t r yo f t h e o r e f l u i d c a n b e l i m i t e db y S u m m i t v i l l eo n f i n e q u a r t z c r y s t a l si n t e r g r o w t tw i t h s u l f i d e
c<lnsideration f t h e p h a s er e l a t i o n s h i pbse t w e e nt h e m i t l e r a l s n r i n e r a l i z a t i oinn t h e v u g g y s i l i c az o n e ;h o w e v e r ,S t o f f r e g e n
i n q u e s t i o n( l l e m l e y a n d J o n e s ,1 9 6 4 ;H e m l e y e t a l , 1 9 6 9 , f o u n d 4 t o 6 w t o / oN a C i i n i n c l u s i o n sA. l t h o u q h l l u i d i n c l u -
1 9 8 0K ; n i g h t ,i 9 7 7 ) F . i g u r e4 i s s l i g h t l ym o d i fi e d f r o m l l e m l e y s i o n s ,i n c o n j u n c t i o nw i t h m i n e r a l o g yi,n d i c a t et e n l p e r a t u r e s
e t a l .( 1 9 6 9a) n dd e m o n s t r a t et sh e r e l a t i v es t a b i l i t i eosf a l u ni t e . s i m i l a rt o t h o s ei n t h e l o w s u l f i d a t i o n s y s t e n l st'h e s a h n r t i e(sa t
lnol-
kaolinitea , n d K - m i c a .A t l t l w p H v a l u e s 'c a u s e db y s u l f u r i c l e a s ta t s o m e s t a g ed u r i n g a l t e r a t i o nr)a n g ew i d e l y 'a n d
a c i d ,k a o l i n i t eb e c o m e su n s t a b l ew i t h r e s p e c t o a l u n i t e i; f t t t t r c a t e t h e p r e s e n c eo f a c h f o r i d eb r i n e F l u i d i n c l u s i r l nd a t ao n
K ' c o n c e n t r a t i oinn t h e f l u i di s h i q he n o u g h ,t h e k a o l i n i t es t a - s t a q e o f F ' ll n d i o ( Jan'
q u a r t za i s o c i a t e du ' i t h t h e o v e r p r i n t i n g
b i l i t yb e t w e e na l u n i t ea n d K - m i c ai s e l i m i n a t e d 1 9 8 5 ) o
' n p o s t m i n e r a l i z a t i o q
r r u a r t z at N'lt
, r a sa n c lA r a n e d a .
A t h i q h t e m p e r a t u r e (s- 2 8 0 " C ; H e m l e y e ' t a l , 1 9 8 0 )i n d.eposits (lt,tt':1
Kasi (Turner,1986),and in the Nansatsu-type
e q u i l i b r i u mw i t h q u a r t z p , y r o p h y l l i t er e p l a c e sk a o l i n i t el - l o w - i n t l i c r a n g eo l
a n d U r a s h i m a ,l 9 t t 3 )a l l i n d i c a t et e m p e r a t u r e s
a c i d c o n d i t i o n st h e e x i s t i n gs i l i c ap o l y m o r p hi s s a l i n i t i e a
s r e a l l l e s s t h a n 2 wt0:o
e v e r ,u n d e r 200 to 300'C, but apparent
data
commonly c r i s t o b a l i t o
e r e v e n a m o r p h o u ss i l i c a 'a l l o w i n q N a C I , s i m i l a rt o t h e l o w s u l f i d a t i o ns y s t e m sl f a l l t h e s e
e e x i s t e n c teo t e m p e r a t t r r eass l o w a s t h e y sug-
k a o l i n i t e - p y r o p h y l l ict o a r e f o r r n i n e r a l i z a t i ow n h i c h i s p o s th i g h s u l f i d a t i < l n '
1 6 0 ' C . l f d i a s p o r ei s p r e s e n tw i t h p y r o p h y l l i t e .t h e e x p e r r - q e s tg r e a t l yd e c r e a s i n g s a l i n i t i e (sp o s s i b ldy u e t o t h e i n t r u ston
m e n t a ld a t a i n d i c a t em i n i m u m c o e x i s t e n c et e m p e r a t u r e o st o f a m e t e t o r i c o n v e c t i v ec e l l ? )w i t h t i m e '
280"C ( H e m l e y e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ) A
. l t h o u g h t h e s e m i n e r a l s a re
p r e s e n tt o g e t h e ra t t e m p e r a t u r e sa s l o w a s 2 0 0 ' C i n a c i d
z o n e si n t h e B a c o n - M a n i tgoe o t h e r m asl y s t e n lL, u z o n( R e y e s . ChemistrY of the Fluids
1 9 8 5 )f.l u i ciln c l u s i o d n a t ai n d i c a t et h e y w e r e p r o b a b l yf o r m e d o n -t h e
at somewhat h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e ss,u p p o r t i t t qi n q e n c r a lt l t e S t o f rf e g c r r( 1 9 8 5 )h a s p r o v i d e d a n e x c e l l e t r ts t u d y
a tSum.
e x p e r i m e n t adl a t a . p a r a q e n e t irce l a t r o n s h i pbse t w e e nq o l da n d a l t er a t i < l n
 HEDENQUIST519

m i t v i l l e ,a n d h a st a k e nt h e f i r s ts t e pi n p l a c i n gt h e g e o c h e m i s - Sillitoe and Gappe, 1984; Sillitoe and Ciceron, 1985),may

t r y o f t h e h i g h s u l f i d a t i o ns y s t e m s i n t o a r i g o r o u s have a particularbearing on and relationshipto these high-
understanding. Stoffregenhassuggested, basedon his assess- level gold-ccipper deposits.ln the caseof the Butte porphyry
r n e n to f a l u m i n u mm o b i l i t yt,h a ta p H a sl o w a s l . 7 t o 2 0 m a y d e p o s i (t B r i m h a l l ,1 9 8 0 ;B r i m h a l la n d G h i o r s o ,1 9 8 3 )t,h e c o l -
be necessaryto producethe vuggy silicaalterationtype. The lapseof a meteoric convectivecell on the magmatic system
lack of hematiteand the late occurrenceof nativesulfur alscr resultedin a concentrationof copper protore into veins;this
r e s t r i c t h e c h e m i s t r yo f t h e l e a c h i n gf l u i d ,a s d o e st h e p r e s - collapsewas precededby the developmentof an advanced
e n c eo f p y r i t ea n d a l u n i t ea n d l a c k o f k a o l i n i t eT. h i s i r r f o r m a - arqillicalterationrelated to acid,magmaticfluids.Hence,the
t i o n ,p l o t t e do n a n o t h e rf H r - p Hd i a g r a mu n d e rt h e s a l i n i t ya n d origin of fluids in the high sulfidationsystemhas often been
total sulfur conditionsof interest(Figure3b) helpsto restrict attributedto at leasta partially magmaticsource(for the SO,
t h e c h e m i s t r yo f t h i sa l t e r a t i o n t y p e .D u r i n gr e a c t i o nw i t h t h e and other acid volatiles,and probably for a large portion of
w a l l r o c k ,p H w i l l i n c r e a s er ,e s u l t i n gi n t h e o b s e r v e dz t t n a t i i i n t h e w a t e r a n d o t h e r d i s s o l v e dc o m p o n e n t ss u c h a s N a C l ) .
o f r n i n e r a l o q ay w a yf r o m t h ea c i df l u i d so, u t t h r o u q hk a o l i n i t e L,xaminationof the range in chemistryof volcanicfluidspres-
a n d i l l i t es t a b i l i t yt o t h e p r o p y l i t i ch o s ta l t e r a t i o n . e n t l y d i s c h a r g i n ga, n d t h e w a y i n w h i c h t h e y i n t e r a c tw i t h
S t o f f r e g e (n1 9 8 5 h ) a sr e c o q n i z e tdh a t t h e v u g g ys i l i c aa l t e r - their hr-rst rocks,may provide the criticalconstraintsto realis-
a t i o na t S u m m i t v i l l ed e c r e a s easn d p i n c h e so u t a t d e p t h F r r r - tically model the chemistry of the high sulfidationore fluids.
'l'his
t h e r r n o r e ,t h r o u g h a d e t a i l e dt e x t u r a l a n d q r a d e v € t r s u s will assisttiur understandingof the variationin the chem-
a l t e r a t i o ns t u d y ,S t o f f r e g e n h a ss h o w n t h a t g o l d m i n e r a l i z a - i s t r y o f t h e m a g m a t i co r e f l u i d s ,e . g . ,h o w t h e y i n t e r a c tw i t h
tionisnot restricted t o t h e v u g g ys i l i c az o n ea n d i s u n l i k e l yt t r the envelopingmeteoricwaters,and may suggestcontrolson
b e r e l a t e d t o t h i s a l t e r a t i o n ;r a t h e r , g o l d i s m o r e c l o s e l y ore depositi<a i nn d e v o l u t i o no f t h e s y s t e m .
r e l a t e d t o h i g h - l e v ecl o v e l l i t e e , n a r g i t e ,a n d l u z o n i t e T h i s
h i q h - s u l f usr u l f i d ea s s e m b l a q e r e, q u i r i n ga r e l a t i v e l vl o w p H
i n p l a c e sw h e r e n a t i v es u l f u ri s p r e s e n to, v e r l i e sa n d m a y l l e
s l i r t h t l yl a t e rt h a n a m o r e r e d u c e ds u l f i d ea s s e r n b l a goef c h a l - CHEMISTRY OF VOLCANIC DISCHARGES
c o p y r i t ea n d t e n n a t i t ew, h i c hi s d e v o i do f g o l d .S t o f r e g e nh a s -fhe
p r o p o s e dt h a t t h e e a r l ya c i dl e a c h i n ga t S u m m i t v i l l ea s s i s t e d availabilityof high-qualityand complete analysesof
i n f < i c u s i nsqu b s e q u e nf ltu i df l o w b y g e n e r a t i n {p e r r n e a b i l i t y v o l c a n i cd i s c h a r g e si s s u r p r i s i n g l yl i m i t e d ,t h o u g h t h e d i f f i -
( t l r i n r h a lal n d G h i o r s o 1, 9 8 3 )t;h i si s n o t , h o w e v e ra. p r e r e q u i - c u l t ya n d d a r t g e ra s s o c i a t ewd i t h s a m p l i n gu p t o 1 0 0 0 ' Cr o a r -
s i t ea t S u m m i t v i l l ew , h e r eo r e i s a l s oi n b r e c c i az o l ) e s{, ) r I n rng fumarolevents oL a volcanowhich may be in an eruption
o t h e rs i m i l a rd e p o s i t lsa c k i n qt h e s i l i c ar e s i d u e( S i l l i t o el,9 8 l l ; phasecan be appreciated.However,there is a high standard
S t o f f r e u e nl ,9 t i 5 ) . of data availablefor dischargesfrom Showashinzanfor the
'l'his pastl)0years(MizutaniandSugiura,1982),and for other ande-
d e t a i l e ds t u d yo f S u m r n i t v i l l ew,h i c hs h o u l ds e r v ea sa n
e x a r n p l ef o r f u r t h e rs t u d i e sa, l o n gw i t h t h e p a t c h - vi r t f o r n t a - site to dacite-relatedvolcanic fumarolesin Japan (Sakaiand
tion from similar deposits,suggestsgold transport by rela- M a t s u b a y a1, 9 7 7 U ; e d a ,1 9 8 3 ;K i y o s u ,1 9 8 3 ,1 9 8 5 ;K i y o s ua n d
t i v e l y o x i d i z i n ga n d a c i d f l u i d s ,t h o u g h n o t n e c e s s a r i l tyh e Kurahashi,l9t't3, 1984)and their associatedhot springs.In
n r o s ta c i df l u i di n t h e s y s t e mS. t o f f r e g e (n1 9 8 5 h ) a sc o n c l u d e d a d d i t i o n ,G i g g e n b a c h( 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 2 , 1 9 8 6 )h a s m a i n t a i n e da
t h a t q o l d w a s t r a n s p o r t e da s a b i s u l f i d ec o m p l e x :h o w e v e ' 1 cletaileclsurveillanceof fumarolic compositionsfrom White
u n c l e rh i g h e rs a l i n i t i easn d p o s s i b l yl o w e r p H v a l u t ' sr e t l t t i r e d lsland(New Zealand)since 1970.The variabilityof thesedis-
f r l r o t h e r d e p o s i t sc, h l o r i d ec o m p l e x i n gw i l l c o r n p e t ew i t l l chargeshas provided much insightinto the processesoccur-
b i s u l f i d ec o m p l e x i n gf o r g o l dt r a n s p o r (t F i g u r e3 b ) .t h u sl i m i t - ring at depth in the hydrothermal system related to this
ing any discussion of specificdepositiclnal mechanismstrt this volcano (Giggenbach,in prep.),and servesas the basis for
t i m e . S t o f f r e g e n( 1 9 8 5 )h a se l i m i n a t e dt h e p o s s i b i l i t o y f gold n r a n yo f t h e f o l l o w i n gi d e a s .
depositionthrough reaction with country rocks and a pH A t S h o w a s h i n z a nf o, l l o w i n ga n e r u p t i o no f a d a c i t ec o n ei n
increaseby notingthe lack of reactionwith wallrocksin some 1944,fumaroliccompositionshave changedmarkedly,owing
of the highestgradeore shoots.Someof the possiblecausesof to a qradualdecreasein the primary volcanicgascontentand
depositionincludetemperatureand/or pressuredrop, phase an increasein the meteoric water component(Mizutaniand
s e p a r a t i o no,r m i x i n gw i t h a n o t h e rf l u i d . Sugiura, 1982);temperaturesalso decreasedfrom a maxi-
"C
r n u m o f 1 0 0 0 t o 5 5 0 ' C o v e r a p e r i o do f 3 3 y e a r s .
Japan has many acid sulfate-chloride-dominated geother-
Origin of the Ore Fluids mal systems related tcl active volcanism. Sakai and Matsubaya
( 1 9 7 7 )h a v es h o w n t h a t o n e s o u r c eo f s u l f u ri n s o m eo f t h e s e
T h e o r i g i n o f t h e s u l f u ri n t h e G o l d f i e l dd e p o s i th a s b e e n systemsis sulfatein marine sedimentsor ocean water, and
cleterminedfrom isotopicstudiesto be magmatic,probably that assimilationof ocean water by the Satsuma-lwoiima
c o n t r i b u t e da s S O , ( F i e l d ,1 9 6 6 ;J e n s e n A , s h l e y ,a n d A l b e r s , magma chamber is possible(Ueda,1983).However,in many
l 9 7 l ; B e t h k e ,1 9 8 4 )a; s i m i l a rc o n c l u s i o nm a y b e m a d e f o r systemssulfur and other gasesare contributedby a magma,
Chinkuashih ( F o l i n s b eeet a l . , 1 9 7 2 )a, s w e l l a s f o r s o r n ev e i n regardlessof initial source(Sakaiand Matsubaya,1977;Kiy-
alunite d e p o s i t si n U t a h( C u n n i n g h a m e t a l . , 1 9 8 4 )T. h e p o s s i - osu and Kurahashi,1984).There is commonly evidencefor
ble relationshipof thesedepc,rsits with intrusivesalso related m u c h m e t e o r i cw a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o ni n t h e a c i d f l u i d sw h i c h
t o p o r p h y r y c o p p e r d e p o s i t s( G u s t a f s o na n d H u n t , 1 9 7 5 ; e v e n t u a l l y d i s c h a r g ea s h o t s p r i n g so r l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e
B r i r n h a l ll.9 U 0 )h a sb e e nn o t e da n d c o m m e n t e do n b y s e v e r a l ( - 1 0 0' C ) f u m a r o l e s( K i y o s u ,1 9 8 3 ,1 9 8 5 ) .
w o r k e r s ( e . q . ,S i l l i t o e ,1 9 7 3 , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 3 ;W a l l a c e ,1 9 7 9 ; The 63o5valuesof sulfate(or sulfateminerals)in thesesys-
U r i m h a la l n d G h i o r s o1, 9 8 3 )T. h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i cosf o n e g r o u p t e m sc o m m o n l ya r e e n r i c h e dr e l a t i v et o t h e s u l f i d ea' n d a l o n g
o f p o r p h y r yd e p o s i t st h , o s ew h i c ha r e g o l d - r i c h( S i l l i t o e1, 9 7 9 ; with 6'80 data suggestderivation from the disproportionof
5ZO VOLCANOLOCY

S O 2 ( S a k a ia n d M a t s u b a y a ,1 9 7 7 ; K i y o s u a n d K u r a h a s h i , (Giggenbach, 1982).The 6toSof sulfateand HtS f rom Japanese

1984). volcanic-related hot springscloselyreflectsthe initial SO2/H25
of the magmaticgas (Kiyosuand Kurahashi' 1987);the light
4 S O , + 4 H r O * 3 H r S O o+ H r S (l) HrS and heavy sulfateprovide further evidencefor their ori-
gin from the disproportionation of SOr.
This reaction,taking place at high temperature'resultsin Giggenbach(in prep.) has determined that the chemical
isotopicallyheavysulfateand concomitantlylight sulfide.This compositionof the volcanicgasesfrom White Islandand sev-
reactionis also likely responsiblefor large accumulationsof eral other volcanoes,once they leavetheir magmaticparent,
sulfateduring the Archean, some of it associatedwith gold is controlled by the tendency of the high-temperatureoxi-
mineralization(Hattoriand Cameron, 1986).ln contrast,sul- dized gasesto remain in equilibrium with a cooler, more
fate producedby the surficialoxidationof HrSin the low sulfi- reducinghostrock. During rapid,high{emperatureventingof
dationsystem thesegases,they are largely insulatedfrom the wallrock and
the SO,/H2Sgas buffer and total pressuretends to maintain
HrS + 20, - HrSOo Q\ control of the redox conditions,with the gaseslargely reflect-
ing the oxidationstateof iron in the magma.With decreasing
is distinctin that it will have an isotopicvaluesimilarto the sul- pressureSO, converts to HrS, though the fluid cannot fully
"borrowing" againstthe rock
reducethe SOr,resultingin it if it
fide,sinceisotopicfractionationdoesnot occurat the low tem'
peratures( - 100"C)of oxidationdue to kineticfactors.These can (Giggenbach, personalcommunication,I 986).Therefore,
two typesof sulfateare termed here primary and secondary once the volcanicgasesbegin to mix with a condensedphase
. heir productioncan be distin-
h y p o g e n e ,r e s p e c t i v e l yT such as a chloridebrine, their ascentslows and they interact
guishedfrom that of supergenesulfateoriginatingfrom the more with the rock matrix. This hasthe effectof reducingthe
weatheringoxidationof sulfide gasesbut in turn oxidizing the rock; disequilibriumin the
reductionof SO,to HrScan leadto SO,disproportionatingand
2 F e S ,+ T H , O + 9 0 , - 2 F e r O r ' 3 H , O+ 4 H r S O o ( 3 ) givesthe brine a highly acid nature.With sufficient fluid-rock
interaction,the system may approacha lower temperature
and 6'80 values(Bethke'1984)
from their 63o5 (- 300'C) equilibrium and the fluids enter the reduced,low
sulfidationenvironment.In this situationmuch of the sulfur
has been depositedin the rock (greatly increasingthe C/S
Cyclic Chemistry of Volcanic Discharges ratio),thefluidsare completelyreduced,and they have been
greatly diluted by waters in a meteoric convection cell; the
As discussed previously,there was a dramaticevolutionof magmatic fluids in turn contribute their heat to the system
the gaschemistryof the volcanicdischargesfrom Showashin- (Figure 5).
zan after eruption.ln the caseof White lsland,Giggenbach
(1975,1982)notedthe cyclic behaviorof gaschemistryflable
2) through severalperiods of heating and cooling (ranging DISCUSSION
from -800'C down to - i00"C).Duringsucha periodof
cooling,the gaschemistrychangesfrom that typicalof a mag- Accordingto Giggenbach(personalcommunication,1986)'
matic gasin which the averageoxidationstateof the sulfur is the ascentof volcanicgases,and their transitionf rom an oxi-
- + 3 (i.e. mainlySOr),and HCI, Hn and H, are significant,to dized (high sulfidation)to reducedflow sulfidation)statets a
"battle
one which resemblesmuch more closelythat of a low sulfida- of the buffers,in which eachachievesa partialvictory"
tion geothermaldischarge,in which the reactivegasesSOr, (though at the cold end the rock always wins) The system
HCl, and HF have been absorbedor neutralizedwithin the n"u"i.o-", to equilibrium,but dependingon the degreeand
vent systemOable2; Figure2); HrS and CHogreatly increase duration of fluid-rockinteractionand the length of the reac-
as the oxidized magmatic fluids are reduced through their tion path, the whole hydrothermalcontinuum from volcantc
interactionwith the wallrock hostingthe hydrothermal sys- to geothermal(hightoiow sulfidation)conditionsmay existin
tem. Duringperiodsof heating,HCI and HF,as well as native oni tytt"*. Tne frighsulfidationsystemsare fluid dominated'
sulfur,are revolatilizedand once the vent system has been resuliing in the flu'idremaining icid, oxidizing, and hgt ll
clearedof theseproducts,the end member- + magmaticgas, contrast,the fluids in the low sulfidationsystemsare domr
containinghighCOr,SO2,Hr, and CO (butlower HCI than dur- nated by the rock, resulting in their chemistry becomtng
))'
ing the heatingperiod)-reaches the surface neturalizedand reducingas they cool (compareFiguresZ'
It is the positionin the volcanic hydrothermal system whe.re
During a high{emperaturedischarge,the systembears lit- the
tle relationshipto that envisagedfor the high sulfidation the fluids have condensedand are reacting greatly with
interests us rn
hydrothermal system. However, during waning stages,or rock (resultingin hydrolytic leaching)which
gold deposit' lf the
lateral to the principal dischargevent as the self-adjusting terms of an anllogy to tne frignsulfidition
envelopeof salinewaters surroundingthe vent (Giggenbach' degassing*ug*iit relativelycloseto the surface,and/or tne
1986)begins to interactwith the magmaticgases(Figure5),a tev"etof p"rincipalfluid-rockinteractionis taking place where
situationsuch as that proposedby Stoffregen(1985)for the temperaturesare - 300"C, the acid brine may result in,tn€
wtu'
SummitvilledepositmaY develoP. alterationassociatedwith high sulfidationgold depostts
dischargeof White Island,the continued evolution of this system (increased neutralizatton.at
Duringthe high-temperature in.the
totalsulfur6ro5is relativelyconstant,and is dominatedby SOr. depth, waning of the nragmatic sourc€, an increase
meteoric water compon"ntl' the more reduced conditio^ns
At lower temperatures,subsurfacedepositionof isotopically goru
light elementalsulfur increasesthe 6'"5 of the surface dis- e n v i s a g e db y S t o f f r e g e n( 1 9 8 5 )t o b e a s s o c i a t e dw i t h to
transportmay develoi. However,the exact process leading
charge;the oppositeoccurs when the sulfur is remobilized
 HEDENQUIST5ZI

gas) in New Zealand

wells and from volcanic f umaroles(mmol/mol
TABLE 2-Gas compositionof fluids dischargedfrom geothermal
( D a t af r o m H e n l e ya n d ! . l l i s ,1 9 8 3 ,a n d G i g g e n b a c h1, 9 8 2 )

Gas traction
Temperature in total - l
H2 AI o2 N2 a t-t
"C Coz n' HF NH:
Source discharge
I 5 0 022 < 0 0 1 7 8 14.20 < 0.0
Broadlands 290 0 005 960 l 4 - 2 . 0 < 0 . 1 < 0 . 0 1 2 2 0 0 002
Well 25 na 08 na na I 5 090 na
Wairakei 260 2 . 0x l 0 - a 917 44 - 2.0 na na 0 6 0
' 2 . l 0.60 na
A v e r a g ew e l l -a na 02 na na
waiotapu 22s 6 . 1x 900 56 - 2 0 na na 040
Well 7
3 l - 2 0 < 0 1 < 0 . 0 1 2 2 8 0 002 2 7 9 0 0 1 0
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T R = . u u e r u g eo x i d a t i o n s t a t eo l s u l f u r . 'l'hrs
, T h e K e t e t a h if u m a r o l e , rl n i n " f f u n f .o f M t . N g a u r u h o ea, b o u t 5 k m f r o m t h e h r g h - t e m p e r a t u vr eo-l c a f l r cd i s c h a r g e relatively low temperature
t h e l 5 w s u l f i d a t i o nf u m a r o l e ss h o w n s c l i e m a l r c a l l rn
y [ ] i g u r e 5
r t r s c h a r q ei s s i m i l a l n " n u , r o n . " n i i ; i h ; i " i

q o l d d e p o s i t i o ng, i v e n t h e a p p a r e n ts h i f t t o m o r e o x i d i z i n g d i r e c t l ya s s o c i a t ew d i t h g o l d r n t n e r a l t z a t i o ns 'e p a r a t i n g
i i o n d i t i o n sw h e r eg o l db i s u l f i d ea n d c h l o r i d es o l u b i l i t i edsi f f e r o u t t h e m u l t i p l ee v e n t st h a t a r e c o m m o n l yp r e s e n tt;h i s
rnay be best approachedfrom a combined lithologic-
in roughly oppositemanners,is still not apparent' Further-
g r a d ec v a l u a t i o na, s i n i t i a l l yd e v e l o p e db y B r i m h a l lf o r
niore. theseideasreniainpoorly constrainedwhen appliedto in
other depositswhere there is no apparentpostsilicaleach epi- s t u d y i n gp o r p h y r y c o p p e r r e m o b i l i z a t i o n( o u t l i n e d
sodeto associatewith the gold (e.g.'Nansatsu{ype),the silica S t offr e q e n ,1 9 8 5 )
l e a c hi s a b s e n t( e . g . ,t . e p a n t oG ; o n z a l e s1, 9 5 6 ) t' h e m i n e r a l s 2 , l n c c t n j u n c t i ow n i t h m i n e r a l o g i c aslt u d y ,m u c h i n f o r m a -
t h e i r p a r a g e n e s ea sre unknown t r o nc a n b e q a i n e df r o m f l u i d - i n c l u s i osnt u d i e sp' a r t i c u
associated w i t h c o l d a n d
(rnostdeposits),<-lrthere appearsto be a significantinterlude l a r l v o n p h y i i c a l c h a n g e sr n t h e n a t u r eo f t h e o r e f l u i d '
is
b e t w e e nt h e h i g h s u l f i d a t i o n s y s t e ma n d g o l d m i n e r a l i z a t i o n H o * e v e i , s u i t a b l en l a i e r i a lf o r f l u i d - i n c l u s i osnt u d y
generally l a c k i n g i n t h e s e d e p o s i t s p
' a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t
(c g., at El lndio, a s d i s c u s s e db y W a l t h i e r , S i r v a s , a n d
Ariineda, 1984; anct on Lihir, as reported by Williamson' i s s o c i a t e dr v i t h g o l d B r u h a a n d N o b l e ( 1 9 8 3 )p a r t i a l l y
198.1w ) , i t h m i n e r a l i z a t i o an p p a r e n t l yn o t c o e v a lw i t h e n a r - c i r c u r n v e n t e dt l l i s p r o b l e m b y u s i n g s e c o n d a r yi n c l u -
qitt- s i o n s l n q u a r t z p n e n o c r y s t si n t h e w a l l r o c k S t a b l e -
i s o t o p es i u d i e s ,p a r t i c u l a r l yo f s u l f u r a n d o x y g e n
( B e t h k e 1, 9 8 4 )m a y b e s u i t a b l ef o r d i s t i n g u i s h i ndgi s t i n c t
e v e n t si n t h e e v o l u t i o no f a s y s t e m
regional
SUGGESTIONSFOR FURTHER WORK 3 . l t g o e sw i t h o u t s a y i n gt h a t m i n e t o d i s t r i c ta n d
geolclgic mapping is absolutely ess.ential in recon-
scale 'Iocl map
'l-here
have been many suggestionsas to the origin of high s t r u c t i n qt h e s e t t r n go i m i n e r a l i z - a t i o n o f t e n
pine (ii done at itt; .top' at t h e o u t e r l i m i ts of
s u l fi d a t i o nd e p o s i t sb,e g i n n i n gw i t h R a n s o m e( 1 9 0 9 )S ' o m eo f
b y e x i e n c l i n gt h i s m a p p i n g w ill a
and those eluci- m i n e r a l i z a t i o nO. n l y
these ideas have been incorporated here, w i t h a c t i v e v o l c a n o e s'
f r e g e n( 1 9 8 5 )
a r e t h e best correlation b e a t r l e t o b e r n a d e
d a t e db y t h e e x e m p l a r y s t u d y o f S t o fyo c
4. T h e n e x t s t e p l s t o m a p a c t t v ev o l c a t l o e ss' p e c i f i c a l l
constrainecl by hard evidence and geochemical calculation'
u s i n qo t l t y p e sa n d e x i e n tt ' r a [ l l t : r a t t t l tA l l t h o u g ht h e r ei s
However,it will be sometime beforethe full rangeo{ variation v o l c a n o e s c
' l a s s i cv o l c a n o l o g i s t s
much work done on
e x h i b i t e db y t h e h i g h s u l f i d a t i o nS o l dd e p o s i t si s u n d e r s t o o d a s n o t i n t e g r a tl o t h e i rp r i -
q u i t eo f t e n o v e r l o o ka l t e r a t i o n
tclthe samedegreeas the low sulfidation systems'This is due t h e m a g m a t i cs y s t e m
in part to the lack of detailed parageneticstudiesof these m a r y p l l r p o s eo f u n d e r s t a n d i n g
geologists
deposits,but it also reflectsthe fact that their active analog, a n d i i s e r u p t i v ea c t i v i t y F u r t h e r m o r e '
i n v o l v e di n m a p p i n ga l t e i e d a n d a n c i e n t v o l c a n i ct e r -
the volcanichydrothermalsystem,hasnot beenstudiedin the i n a c t i v e v o l c a n i ca r e a s
detailof geothermalsystems.As such,this paper is also a less- r a n es h o u l db e g i v e ne x p e r i t - n c e
of the topic.Followingare several (and v r c e v e r s a ) .
than-satiifactory discussion on thechar-
f o r l i n e s o f r e s e a r c ht o c l o s e t h i s g a p o f 5 . b e s p i t et h e v a l i a n te ff o r t st l y a fe w w o r k e r s
recommendations
v o l c a n i cs y s t e m sa, n d i n s o acterizationarldnrtlrritorlnq<lfvtllcanicgases'm
u n d e r s t a n d i ntgh e h i g hs u l f i d a t i o n var-
o u r a b i l i t y t o search for volcanic and w o r k i s n e e d e dp, a r t i c r . r l a rol yn t e m p o r a la n d s p a t i a l
doing, to improve f o l l o w i n gt h e
hydrothernral ore deposits' i a t i o n sl.j u r t h e r r n < i r e ,ffo r i sn r u s tb e m a d e
subvolcanic-hosted t o e x t e n d o u r u n der-
pioneerrnQ work by Grggenbach
tn".t" gu1"t relate to the overall volcantc
I T h e r n o s tg l a r i n gs h o r t c o m i n gi s t h e l a c k o f i n f o r m a t i o n standing,iih.l*
Norrman'
o n d e t a i l e dm i n e r a lP a r a g e ef sr o m t h e w h o l e r a n g e h y d r o t h l r m a ls y s t e mi M n t ' t " ' J a k o b s s o na' n d
" fni te"st h e h i g h s u l f i d a t i o nc l a s - tggO)a , n O h o w t h e v o l c a n- iIchai rsl d q e o t h e r n l a e
l nvtron-
of depositw s h i c ha p p e a rt o n r u s tb e d o n e handin
t o d e t e r r n i n et h e m i n e r a l s ni"ni i . i n t i r n a t e l yr e l a t e d
s i f i c a t i o nI .' h i s i n c l u d e s t u d y
522 VOLCANOLOCY

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topographrc sellrng, causing theneutral pHchloride discharge to beqreatly drsplaced
w i t h i n a h i g h s u l f i d a t i o n s y s t e m r e l a t e d t o a c t t v e a n d e s t l e d a c ll theev o l c a n t s m
lromthr reqron oi upflow andfirstboiling. Thepotentral forgoldmtneraltzatton tn
r e g i o no f p o t e n t i agl0 l dm i n e r a l i z a t r or enl a t e dl o l h r ss y s t e mt sr e l a l r v e lhyr q hr n t h e
v o l c a n i cs e q u e n c A e .l s os h o w ni s t h ee n v i r o n m e ndt e r i u c e{do rp o r p h y r y l h r s l o w s u l i r d a t r o n e n v iirsocnl omseenr t o { a n d b e tnheea- l h
l 0) 0 " C a d v a n c e d
arqillic alteratron. rather thanrelated to thesrlicilrcalion rntheoutflow palhAdapted
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I n t e r a c l l 0wnr t hl h t h o s lr o c k Iromsever alsou rces, rncludin g Sillitoe (I 9?5)andHenleyandl-llis(I 983)
w h e r em a g m a t ifcl u i d sh a v eb e e nn e u t r a l i z etdh r O u q h

h a n d w i t h a n u n d e r s t a n d i n go f t h e c h e m i s t r yo f f l u i d s l i n e sfo r e x p l o r a t i o n( H e d e n q u i satn d H e n l e y ,1 9 8 5 b )
r e l a t e dt o b o t h t h e l o w a n d h i g h s u l f i d a t i o d n e p o s i t st < r F u r t h e re x a m i n a t i o no f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e nd i f f e r -
approach t h e s o l u t i o nf r o m b o t h d i r e c t i o n s - t h ei r r i t i a l e n c e si n t h e e p i t h e r m ael n v i r o n m e nw t ith that of the
a n d o n g o i n gs y s t e ma n d t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t p o r p h y r y s y s t e m s ,b e g u n { e o l o g i c a l l yb y S i l l i t o ea n d
6 . O n c e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n go f t h e l a s t p o i n t i s r v e l l u n d e r g e o i ' h e n i i c a lbl yy B r i m h a l l ,i s a l s ow a r r a n t e d l t i s i n t e r -
w a y ,w e c a n m o r e f u l l y e x a m i n e t h e i n l p o r t a n c eo t s p e e s t i n gt o . o n r i d e t t h e i m p o r t a n c eo f a t n a g m a t i c - r e l a t e d
c i f i c m a g n r at y p e s , a s p r o p o s e db v B u r n h a m a n d p r o t o i e t o t t r e f o r m a t i o no f e p i t h e r m a ld e p o s i t so f a l l
O h m o t o( i 9 8 0 ) ,o n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i cosf t h e h y d r o t h e r - i i , p e s :a t p r e s e n tt h i s m u s t r e m a i n n e c e s s a r i l ys p e c u l a -
m a l f l u i d a n d t h u s t h e o r e d e p o s i t .F o r e x a m p l e ,r e l a - t i v e( B r i m h a l l a n G d h i o r s o1, 9 8 3 ) .
t i v e l y o x i d i z e d( " 1 "t y p e ) m a g m a sw e r e p r o p o s e dt o b e A l t h o u g hm u c h i s k n o w n a b o u t s t a b i l i t i e so f . m i n e r a l s
m o r e i n t i m a t e l yr e l a t e d t o t h e f o r m a t i o no f g o l d - r i c h r e l a t e dt o t h e h i g h s u l f i d a t i o ns y s t e m st h r o u g h t h e p t o -
c o p p e rp o r p h y r i e sa, n d t h i s t y p e o f d i s c r i m i n a t o r tyo o l neering w o r k b y t l e m l e y a n d o t h e r s ,t h e r e s t i l l r e m a l n
of
c o u l d h a v eg r e a tp o t e n t i a li n e x p l o r a t i o nH . o w e v e r 'i t i s s e v e r apl r o b l e m so, n e o f w h i c hc o n c e r n st h e m o b i l i t y
a l u m i n u nar n d i r o n s p e c i e si n t h e a c i d f l u i d s ( S t o f f r e g en'
p o s s i b l teh a tt h e l o w s u l fi d a t i o ns y s t e m s b e r e l a t e dt r r
c a n
" f
"S" 1 9 8 5 )O n l y t h r o u g ha q u a n t i t a t i v e u n d e r s t a n d i n - g
t y p e m a g l n a sa s w e l l , w i t h o u t a n i n t e r r n e d i a toex t - metats
:f:
d i z e d , h i g h s u l f i d a t i o nh y d r o t h e r m a ls y s t e ma s s u g - c h e r n i s r roy f t h e f i u i d si e l a t e dt o t h e t r a n s p o r to f to
g e s t e dh e r e f o r
"t"
t y p e m a g m a s . E x a m i n a t i o no f u n d e r t h e a p p r o p r i a t el o n d i t i o n s w i l l w e b e a b l e
t h e p r o c e s s erse s p o n s i b lfeo r m i n e r a l i z . a t ton'
m a g m a t i ca n d o t h e r c o n t r o l so n t h e t o t a lg a sc o l l c e n t r a ' deternrine ot
a n d t h u s u n d e r s t a n dt h e c o n t r o l s o n t h e { o r m a t i o n
t i o n s i n l o w s u l f i d a t i o ns v s t e m sw i l l a l s op r o v i d eg u i d e -
 HEDENQUIST 57J

I o d e g o l d d e p o s i t so f t h e C i r c u m - P a c i f irci m : H o n o l u l u ' H a w a i i '

look for them'
theseore depositsand how to successfully T r a n s a c t i o n so f t h e T h i r d C i r c u m - P a c i f iE c nergy and Minerals
ResourceConference,August 22-28.1982'AAPG, p 273-278'
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS G o n z a l e sA, . , 1 9 5 6 ,G e o l o g yo f t h e L e p a n t oc o p p e r m i n e , M a n a -
k a y o n ,M o u n t a i nP r o v i n c e i' n A . R . K i n k e l 'J r . ,e t a l , e d s , C o p p e r
I would like to thank Dick Henley and Werner Giggenbach d e p o s i t so f t h e P h i l i p p i n e sP: h i l i p p i n e sB u r e a uo f M i n e sS p e c i a l
for nuch usefuldiscussionon many aspectsof this topic and P r o l e c t sS e r i e sP u b l i c a t i o nI 6 , p . I 7 - 5 0 '
S h a r o n T h o r n e f o r t y p i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t .l n p a r t i c u l a r ' G r a v b e a lF' .T . ' l 9 8 l , C h a r a c t e r i s t i cosf d i s s e m i n a t esdi l v e rd e p o s i t s
i n t h e W e s t e r nU n i t e dS t a t e sl,n W R . D i c k i n s o na n d W D P a y n e '
WernerGiggenbachis acknowledgedfor carvinga geochemi-
eds.,Relationso{tectonicstooredepositsinthesouthernCordil-
cal path throueh the forestof hydrothermalsystems,placing
l e r a :A r i z o n aG e o l o g i c aSl o c i e t yD i g e s t v, l 4 ' p 2 7 1 ' 2 8 1 '
candlesat particularlydark cornersto light the way' G u s t a f s o nL,. 8 . , a n d J . P .H u n t , 1 9 7 5 T , h e p o r p h y r y c o p p e rd e p o s i t
a t E l S a l v a d o rC, h i l e :E c o n o m t cG e o l o g yv' 7 0 ' p 8 5 7 - 9 1 2 '
in the
REFERENCES CITED H ; ; ; y , R . D . , a n d C J V i t a l i a n o ,l 9 6 4 ' W a l l r o c ka l t e r a t i o n
G o t d t i e l dd i s t r i c t ,N e v a d a :J o u r n a lo f G e o l o q yv' 7 2 ' p 5 6 4 - 5 7 9
Hattori,K.,andE.M.Cameron,lg86,Arclraenmagmaticsulphate:
B e r q e rB . R , a n d I ' .E i m o n ,l 9 t l 3 , C o n c e p t u aml o d e l so f e p i t h e r m a l
p i e c i t . , um s e t a l d e p o s i t si'n W C . S h a n k s I, I l , e d , C a m e r o nV o l - N a t u r ev, . 3 1 9 ,P . 4 5 - 4 7 .
gradi-
unre o n Unconventional M i n e r a lD e p o s i t sA: I M E S o c i e t y o f M i n - H a y b a ,O . O . , f g S q ,D o c u m e n t a t i o no f t h e r m a l a n d s a l i n i t y
h y d r o l o g i c c o n d i t i o n si n t h e OH
i n q l - n q i n e e r sp , l 9 l - 2 0 5 . e n t s a n d i n t e r p r e t a t r o no f t h e
vein.Creede, C o l o r a d o ( a b s ) : G S A A b s t r a c t s w i t h l ' r o g r a m s 'v '
g " t n t e . i l U . l g g a , C o n t r o l so n b a s ea n d p r e c i o u sm e t a l m i n e r a l -
1 6 ,p . 5 3 4 .
i z a t i o ni n d r : e p e re p i t h e r m a le n v i r o n m e n t sU: S G e o l o g i c aSl u r - 1986T ' hegeo-
vev Open-l"ile R e p o r t8 4 - 8 9 0 ,l 4 p H a y b a ,D . O . , P M . B e t h k e ,P H e a l d ,a n t l N K . F o l e y '
l o g i c a l , m i n e r a l o g i c a la n d q e o c h e n l i c - a l ^ c h a r a c t e r i s toi cf s
t l r i n i l r a l l .G H . , J r . 1 9 t 3 0D , e e p h y p o g e n eo x i d a t i o no f p o r p h y r y
v o i c a n i c - h o s t e ed p i t h e r r n a d
l e p o s i t s r' n B R ' B e r q e r a n d P M
c o p p e rp o t a s s i u n r - s i l i c aptreo t o r e a t B u t t e ,M o n t a n a :A t h e o r e t i - systems:
B e t h k e ,e d s . ,G e o l o g ya n c lg e o c h e m i s t r yo f e p i t h e r m a l
t : a l e v a l u a t i o no f t h e c o p p e r r e m o b i l i z a t i o nh y p o t h e s i s E : co-
R e v i e w s i n E c o n o m i c Geology'
Society o { E c o n o r n i cG e o l o g i s t s '
n o t n i cG e o l r t q yv, 7 5 , p 3 8 4 - 4 0 9 .
j , S .G h i o r s o ,1 9 8 3 O , r i g i na n d o r e - f o r m i n g v. 2, in press.
l l r i r n h a l l (. , . l l . , . l r . ,a n < M Volcantc
( o n s e ( l u e n c e os f t l r e a d v a n c e da r g i l l i ca l t e r a t i o np r o c e s s e si n - H e d e n q u i s tJ,. W . , 1 9 8 6 ,G e o t h e r r n asl y s t e r n isn t h e T a u p o
Z o n e o f N e w Z e a l a n d :T h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a
s n
' c 'rl e l a t i o nt o v o l -
h y p o q e r t t e t t v i r o n r n e n t sb y m a g m a t i c g a s - c o n t a m i n a t i o no f i n I F - M S m i t h ' e r i [ - a t eC e n o z o i c
c a n i s m a n d m i n e r a l i z a t i o n '
n i , l t " u r , . f l u i d s :[ ' . c o n o m i G c e o l o g yv, 7 8 , p 7 3 - 9 0 ' Bulle-
+ v o l c a n i s mi n N e w Z e a l a n d :R o y a lS o c i e t yo f N e w Z e a l a n d
t l r u h a . t ) . J. a n t l I ) C . N o b l e , 1 9 8 3 ,H y p o g e n eq u a r t z - a l u n i t e
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