ME-101

Workshop Technology

Lecture 3
Precision Measuring Instruments
1
 UNIT OF LINEAR MEASUREMENT
1) British System:
mile
yard
foot (‘)
inch (“)

2) Metric System:
kilometer
meter
decimeter
centimeter
millimeter

3) S.I. System :
meter

2
 CONVERSIONS
BRITISH SYSTEM:
12 inch = 1 foot
36 inch = 1 yard
3 foot = 1 yard
1760 yard = 1mile

METRIC SYSTEM:
1000micron = 1mm
10mm = 1cm
10cm = 1decimeter
10decm = 1meter
1000meter = 1kilometer

3
 MEASURING INSTRUMENT
Ordinary Measuring Instruments:

Steel rule
Ordinary Depth Gauge
Protractor gauge Precision Measuring Instruments:
Out side caliper
VERNIER CALIPER.
Inside caliper VERNIER DEPTHGAUGE
Odd Leg Caliper VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
Divider OUTSIDE MICRO METER
Jenny Caliper INSIDE MICRO METER
MICRO METER
DEPTH GAUGE
DIAL CALIPER
DIAL INDICATOR

4
 Vernier Calipers

Objectives:
o Measure workpieces to within an accuracy of 1/1000 in. (.001 in.) using a
25-division inch vernier caliper

o Measure workpieces to within an accuracy of 1/1000 in. (.001 in.) using a

50-division inch vernier caliper

o Measure workpieces to within an accuracy of 0.02 mm using a metric

vernier caliper

5
 Vernier Calipers
Vernier Calipers are precision tools used to make accurate measurements to
within .001 in (1/1000 in.) or 0.02 mm, depending on whether they are inch or
metric vernier calipers

MATERIAL: It is made from nickel chromium steel

6
 Different Parts of Vernier Calipers
Vernier Caliper can be used to measure diameter, thickness very
accurately.

7
 Different Parts of Vernier Calipers
A Vernier calipers consists of mainly two parts
Part 1:
 A 2cm wide 15cm long rectangular metal strip

.The left end bottom side of this strip consists of a fixed jaw 1 (A) and at the same
end jaw 2(C) at the top of this strip.
 On the strip a scale (5) is graduated in Inches along the upper edge and another
scale (4) is graduated in Centimeters along the lower edge.
 This is called Main Scale ‘S’.
8
 Different Parts of Vernier Calipers
A Vernier calipers consists of mainly two parts
Part 2:
 A metal frame V called vernier slides over the Main Scale ‘S’.
 At the bottom of this frame V a button 8(P) is attached, which helps to fix this
vernier at any desired place on the main scale.

 This vernier frame consists of jaw1 (B) at the bottom and a jaw 2(D) at the top .
 Two scales are graduated on this frame corresponding to two scales on the Main
Scale ‘S’. The two scales 6 and 7 on the vernier are called Vernier scale.
9
 Different Parts of Vernier Calipers
A Vernier calipers consists of mainly two parts
Part 2:

 Vernier scale consists of equal number of divisions.

 When we move vernier frame over the main scale, a thin strip (3) will be
projected out.
 The projection will be exactly equal to the distance between Jaws 1(AB) i.e the
thickness of the object between jaws.

10
 Measuring Diameter
The lower jaws 1,1(AB) are used to measure the thickness or external diameter of
the tubes, cylinders or spheres.

Use the outside jaws of the caliper

as shown

11
 Measuring Diameter
The upper jaws 2,2 (CD) are used to measure the inner diameters of
hallow bodies like tubes or holes.

Use the inside jaws of the caliper

as shown

12
 Measuring Depth of a Hole

The thin strip (3) is used to measure the depth of

the objects like test tubes.

Use the depth gauge of the caliper as

shown

13
 Principle of Vernier Calipers
N divisions on the vernier scale is equal to (N-1) divisions on the main scale.

Concept Structure

14
 Least Count of Metric Vernier Scale
Minimum length or thickness measurable with the vernier calipers is
called its least count.
Calculating Least Count
Example -1

In the vernier caliper shown in fig the main scale division (9mm) are divided in to
10 equal parts in the vernier scale.
i.e. One Main Scale Division = 1mm
One Vernier Scale Division = 9/10mm
The difference between one MSD
and one VSD = L.C

Least Count is 1 - 9/10 = 1/10mm

L.C = 0.1mm
15
 Least Count of Metric Vernier Scale
Calculating Least Count
Method – 1, Example -2
In this vernier caliper main scale division (49mm) are divided in to 50 equal part in the
vernier scale.

i.e. One Main Scale Division = 1mm = 1MSD

One Vernier Scale Division = 49/50mm = 1VSD
The difference between one MSD and one VSD = L.C
L.C = 1MSD – 1 VSD
S = Value of One Main Scale Division
Least Count is 1 – 49/50 = 1/50mm = S/N N = Number of Equal Divisions on the
L.C = 0.02mm Vernier Scale
16
 Least Count of Metric Vernier Scale
Calculating Least Count

Direct Approach:
If the smallest division on main scale is 1mm (S) and the no. of divisions on
vernier scale is 20 (N) than the least count of vernier caliper will be,

L.C = S/N = 1/20 mm = 0.05mm

17
 Least Count of English Vernier Scale
Calculating Least Count
On the upper (measuring) scale , 1 in. is divided into 10 parts (numbered 1, 2, 3,4,
etc.) and each 1/10th is divided into 4 parts, giving

¼ of 1/10 = 1/40 in. = 25/1000 in. = MSD

On the lower (sliding) scale, 6/10 in. is divided into 25 parts. Each of these will have a
length of

1/25 of 6/10 = 6/250 = 24/1000 in. = VSD

The difference between one MSD and one VSD = L.C

L.C = 1MSD – 1 VSD

L.C = 25/1000 – 24/1000 = 1/1000 in.

18
 How to Take the Reading
 The reading on the main scale just before the zero of the vernier is noted.
This is called Main scale reading (M.S.R)

 The number of division (n) on the vernier which coincides perfectly with any one of
the main scale divisions is noted. This is called vernier coincidence (V.C)

 The vernier coincidence (V.C=n) is multiplied by least count to get the fraction of a
main scale division i.e., V.C x L.C

 This is added to the main scale reading (M.S.R) to total reading,

Total Reading = M.S.R + (V.C x L.C)

19
 How to Take the Reading
EXAMPLE OF READING
Main scale reading = 35mm = M.S.R
The vernier division coinciding with the main scale is the 20th division
Fraction Value = V.C x L.C = 20 x 0.02 = 0.20mm

Total reading = M.S.R+(V.C x L.C) = 35mm+0.20= 35.20mm

35.20 mm

20