Plant Organology Notes

9-13​ SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE PLANT CELL

-EU: in greek means true
-Karion: in greek means
-Plasmodesmata: special feature found in the cell wall that allows the cells to connect and
communicate.
1. The presence of plastids
2. The presence of a well developed central vacuole in fully differentiated cells.
3. The extracellular system of plant cells is cellulose based cell wall.
4. The mitotic apparatus of plant cells does not include the centriole. However, MTOC
(microtubule organizing center) is present.
5. Plant cells are interconnected with plasma membrane bridges (plasmodesmata)
6. Contain intrusion bodies
9-20
-Plastids: there is not only the chloroplasts but there many types of plastids, thylakoids are the
only thing that contain chlorophyll.
-chloroplasts have a double membrane, because it came from bacteria that lived in the plant
and later on became a part of the system.

-
-When the cell ate the prokaryotic cell it formed a body that had an outer eukaryotic membrane
and an inner prokaryotic membrane

-mitochondria and chloroplasts

-both have a double membrane
-both are producing ATP
-both contain DNA
-Vacuole system:
-regulation of water regime
-surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast, contain water channels
-site of important biochemical process
-secondary metabolites
-regulate PH in the cell
-Cell wall
-it is a very strong structure giving the cell its shape
-contains cellouse, most abundant macromolecule.
-protoplasts, protoplast fusion is used to make hybrid plants
 -When there is an absence of a cell wall the cell automatically takes the shape of a
sphere
-whithout a cell wall, a cell can not divide
-different staining dyes allow you to see different components of the cell wall
-Plasmodesmata:
-allow the transfer of macromolecules from one cell to another
-totipotency of the plant cell:
-any differentiated living plant cell can be converted into an undifferentiated (callus)
Cell which is later capable of plant regeneration
-The microtubular cytoskeleton of a plant cell

9-27

Plastids
-They have their own bacteria type DNA
-
-
-Etioplasts​ are chloroplasts that have not been exposed to light. They are usually found in
flowering plants (Angiosperms) grown in the dark.

-Amyloplasts​ are a type of plastid, double-enveloped organelles in plant cells that are involved
in various biological pathways.
9
-A ​meristem ​is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells, found in zones of the
plant where growth can take place.

-Leucoplasts​ are a category of plastid and as such are organelles found in plant cells. They are
non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast. Lacking photosynthetic
pigments, leucoplasts are not green and are located in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants,
such as roots, bulbs and seeds. Stores food

-Proteinoplasts​ are specialized organelles found only in plant cells. Proteinoplasts belong to a
broad category of organelles known as plastids. Because they lack pigment, proteinoplasts are
more specifically a kind of leucoplast.

-Amyloplasts​ are a type of plastid, double-enveloped organelles in plant cells that are involved
in various biological pathways. Amyloplasts are specifically a type of leucoplast,

-Elaioplasts​ are a type of leucoplast that is specialized for the storage of lipids in plants.
Elaioplasts​ house oil body deposits as rounded plastoglobuli, which are essentially fat droplets.

-If starch accumulates in a large concentration then it will begin to crystalize which is how plants
can store starch,
-Synthesized in the plastids of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells, ​starch​ is an
insoluble polyglucan produced by ​starch​ synthase (SS) using ADP-glucose (ADPG) as the
sugar donor molecule. ... These two molecules are assembled together to form a
semi-crystalline ​starch​ granule.

-A ​thylakoid​ is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They

are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid
membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks
referred to as grana.

-Grana​ (plural of 'granum') are stacks of structures called thylakoids, which are little
disks of membrane on which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take
place. Stacked into ​grana​, the shape of the thylakoids allow for optimum surface area,
maximizing the amount of photosynthesis that can happen.

-These plant organelles contain ​prolamellar bodies​, which are membrane

aggregations of semi-crystalline lattices of branched tubules that carry the precursor
pigment for chlorophyll. The ​prolamellar bodies​ are often (and presumed always)
arranged in geometric patterns.
-Plastoglobuli​ (PGs) are plastid lipoprotein particles surrounded by a membrane lipid
monolayer.

-​Cytokinins​ (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote
cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell
growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and
leaf senescence.

-Starch- glucose monomers, a 1-4 glycosidic (amylose) and a 1-6 (amylopectin)

glycosidic bonds
-Glycogen​ is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of
energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. The polysaccharide structure represents
the main storage form of glucose in the body

-Cellulose​ is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants,
many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form
biofilms. ​Cellulose​ is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.

-Starch​ or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units

joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants as
energy storage.

-Phycobilisomes​ are aggregates of light-harvesting proteins attached to the stroma

side of the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and red algae.

-Prochloron​ (from the Greek pro (before) and the Greek chloros (green) ) is a
unicellular oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote commonly found as an extracellular
symbiont on coral reefs, particularly in didemnid ascidians (sea squirts)

-A stromule​ is a microscopic structure found in plant cells. Stromules are highly

dynamic structures extending from the surface of all plastid types, including proplastids,
chloroplasts, etioplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts
Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory​, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of
eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms,
10-4

-Plastids take proteins from the ER, plastids cannot survive on its own because it does
not produce all the protein needed to live.
-The division of proteins in plastids inside the cell is not directly correlated to the cells
division.
-the plastids are not capable of surviving without the host cell but are capable of dividing
without correlation with the host cell.

-euglenophyta: ancient eukaryotes that is animal and plant like, does not contain a cell
wall, but does contain plastids like a plant cell, also has a flagella
-storage polysaccharide: paramylon
-chloroplasts: triple membrane envelope, no grain stacks
-chlorophyll a,b

Green algae (chlorophyta)

-probably the ancestors of true plants
-very diverse
-contains grana in the thylakoids
-storage polysaccharide : starch
-chloroplasts : double membrane, grana starch in part of species, but not all
-contain chlorophyll a, b
- some do not contain grana

Brown algae
-storage material: laminarin (polysaccharide), mannitol, triglycerides
-chloroplast: four membrane envelopes
-chlorophyll: a,c
-
Red algae
-storage [polysaccharide: floridea starch
-chloroplasts: no grana, double membrane envelope
-chlorophyll a,d
-phycobilin pigments (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin)
Function of chloroplast/plastid system
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2

CELL WALLLLL

-Made of cellulose: a polymer, that is the most frequent macromolecule on the planet
-cellobiose > cellulose > micelle > microfibril
-contains proteins: 3 main types - extensions, expansin,

18.10.2019

Proteins in wall
-
-Cis face ​-recieves from ER
- everything except cellulose is made here (complex materials)
- Exocytosis:​ ​In ​exocytosis​, membrane-bound vesicles containing cellular molecules
are transported to the cell membrane.
- Endocytosis:​ opposite

Formation of new cell wall is golgi vesicles moving down microtubules to gather in the
center and then bind to form new cell plate (cell wall) not a cell wall till it contains more
cellulose and pectin
-The cell plate mostly contains ​Callose​, and ​Hemicell
-Isotropic growth​- grows uniformly in any direction
-who is regulating the microfibers? - ​Centrosomal ALIX ​regulates​ mitotic spindle
orientation​ by modulating astral ​microtubule​ dynamics
-The orientation of the cellulose microfibrils determines cell shape

Phenolic subunit:
Lignin:​ is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the
support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in
the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and
do not rot easily.
Plasmodesmata-
- Present in the primary cell walls.
- Plasma bridges crossing the cell walls which connects the cells together
- If there is secondary cell thickening, causes destruction of the plasmodesmata
and therefore weakens the connections between cells.
Types of Functions of Plant Vacuoles
1. Vegetatvie - Regulation of water regime
2. Storage - Of nutrients or secondary metabolites
3. Lytic

All of them are surrounded by the tonoplast

Cell sap - aqueous solution

Plasmolysis - shrinking of the protoplasm due to water loss in a hyperosmotic

environment - separates plasma membrane from tonoplast.
Vacuole biogenesis

-Vacuoles are redistributed during mitosis.

-Role of vacuoles in the development of salt resistance