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RICE FARMING METHODS, TOOLS, AND INDIGENOUS

PRACTICES AND BELIEFS OF ITAWES FARMERS OF
TUGUEGARAO CITY

Article · January 2015

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RICE FARMING METHODS, TOOLS, AND INDIGENOUS PRACTICES AND

BELIEFS OF ITAWES FARMERS OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
Rhoda Mae E. Ramos, Tiburcio C. Gallibu
and Darin Jan C. Tindowen, MA
School of Education, Arts and Sciences

ABSTRACT

Agriculture is very essential in sustaining and building a country, as it

provides food and livelihood to the people and to the economic growth of a
country. Most of the developing countries, like the Philippines have a high
percentage of population and majority are living in rural areas and their
primary livelihood is rice farming. This study aimed to determine the different
farming methods, tools, practices and indigenous beliefs of the Itawes farmers
of Tuguegarao City. Using purposive sampling through site selection and
networking approach, 40 rice farmers were selected from the chosen
barangays as the participants of this study. Interview, observation and
documentation were used to gather the needed data.

The result showed that the Itawes rice farmers of Tuguegarao are
engaged in traditional ways of farming. They still use traditional tools and
equipment in planting and harvesting grains. The rice farmers are practicing
their traditional animistic beliefs for good luck and thanksgiving for their good
harvest. Also, participants are hesitant to adopt the use of the modernized
machines in rice farming due to lack of financial capabilities and low skills in
terms of technological competence.

Keywords: Rice Farming, Traditional Methods, Traditional Tools, Traditional

and Indigenous Beliefs, Itawes Farmers, Tuguegarao City
______________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

Most of the developing countries have a high percentage of population

and majority are living in rural areas and their primary livelihood is farming.
Most of the world’s people who live in rural areas are poor and contrariwise.
Merriam- Webster (2003), defined farming as a practice of agriculture or

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aquaculture, activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock.

According to World Bank statistics, agriculture in the Philippines employs 47%
of the Filipino workforce as of 2013. Gollin (2010) states that agriculture has a
large contribution in the economic activity of a country especially in a
developing countries, with some 25% of the GDP in the poor countries are
coming from the sector of agriculture. The sheer size of the agricultural sector
implies that changes affecting agriculture have large aggregate effects. For
countries with large population and have less access to international markets,
the improvement and development of agriculture is very essential for
economic growth. Growth led by agriculture will depend on the relative
feasibility and cost of importing food. In a comprehensive review, the
productivity and economic growth of agriculture notes that the correlation
between agricultural productivity and economic growth is well documented;,
however, because of econometric identification, less is clear about the causal
relationship between the two. Further notes that despite this, agriculture
remains important for economic growth in many developing countries. Further,
agriculture has the export generating capacity, particularly for economies that
are in their early stages of development and heavily reliant on primary
resources (Dethier and Effenberger, 2011; Johnston and Mellor, 1961; Lewis,
1954). It is also argued that the relationship between agriculture and overall
economic growth is dependent on the degree of openness, productivity in
agriculture sector versus non-agriculture, and the pace and effectiveness of
industrialization strategy (Gollin, 2010 and Dercon, 2009).

The Philippines has been one of the countries distributing rice in other
countries. Dawe (2006) stressed that the geography of the Philippines is the
reason why it became a net importer of rice. The Philippines which has little
arable land suitable for growing rice and lacks those large river deltas, are
present in traditional exporting countries. The Department of Agriculture
(2014) declared that the Cagayan Valley region persist to be the top rice
producer in the Philippines and Cagayan province as second in rice
production. Alviar (2014) said that the Cagayan Valley was able to harvest
22.98 percent of the total rice production and of that 2.08 million metric tons
rice production as of 2013, the province of Cagayan contributed much to the
rice production with 724,622 metric tons.

Tuguegarao City which is located in Cagayan Valley is now a

component city that once became a first class municipality. Tuguegarao City is
considered as a commercial city because it is considered as the center of

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trade and industry. Tugegarao City, Cagayan is a big city in terms of area
with 14, 480 hectares and its socio-economic rate is very high. However of the
growing and rapid improvement of the industries and infrastructure of this city
still many people living here considered farming as their primary source of
income with the use of traditional techniques, methods and beliefs in farming.

In this modern world, the government focuses more on infrastructures

and technologies instead of developing agriculture. The Government keeps on
proposing new technologies to use in farming but still not all farmers can
afford to buy or generate new technologies for faming especially farmers from
the rural area due to lack of capital and financial capabilities. As a result, they
rely on traditional ways of farming. Hence, this study was conducted to
determine the different rice farming methods, tools and indigenous beliefs
used by the Itawes farmers of Tuguegarao City.

METHODS

This study employed qualitative type of research. Ethnographic

method was used to determine the different traditional methods, tools and
beliefs of Itawes rice farmers of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. The participants
of this research were 40 Itawes rice farmers of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. In
order to identify and gather the participant-farmers, purposive sampling was
used through site selection approach and networking utilizing the following set
of criteria: (1) must be a resident of Tuguegarao City (2) must be a rice farmer
either land owner or a tenant (3) and his ethnicity is Itawes.

This study was conducted in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. Tuguegarao

City is composed of 49 Barangays which are mostly classified as urban
because it has mixed residential, commercial and agricultural sites. And most
of the rural barangays have a large agricultural land. The participants of this
study are from the four (4) chosen barangays which are Libag Sur, Libag
Norte, Gosi Sur, and Dadda because of its large territories allotted for rice
farming.

Interviews, observations, and documentation through the use of

camera and field diary were utilized to determine the different rice farming
methods, practices, indigenous beliefs and rice farming tools and equipment

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of the Itawes farmers of Tuguegarao City. Under interview, in order for the
participants to understand the question clearly and have a good flow of
conversation the researchers used local language such as Itawes and
Tagalog since most of the participants are using these languages.
.

RESULTS

A. Profile of the Participants

Table 1. Profile of the Participants

PROFILE VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Sex
Male 27 67.50
Female 13 32.50
Total 40 100.00
Age Bracket
20yrs. old and below 3 7.50
21yrs.old – 30 yrs. Old 6 15.00
31yrs. old – 40 yrs. Old 7 17.50
41 yrs. old – 50 yrs. Old 9 22.50
51 yrs. old – 60 yrs. Old 7 17.50
61yrs. old – 70 yrs. Old 8 20.00
Mean Age 44
Civil Status
Single 8 20.00
Married 29 72.50
Widow 4 10.00
Total 40 100.00
Educational Attainment
No Formal Education 8 20.00
Elem. Undergraduate 16 40.00
Elem. Graduate 4 10.00
High school Undergraduate 5 12.50
High school Graduate 3 7.50
College Undergraduate 2 5.00
College Graduate 2 5.00
Total 40 100.00

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Years of Farming
10 – 20 years 10 25.00
21 – 30 years 8 20.00
31 – 40 years 13 32.50
41 – 50 years 9 22.50
Mean Years of Farming 31
Rice Farming Status
Owned 21 52.50
Tenant 19 47.50
Total 40 100.00

Table 1 shows the profile of the participants when grouped according to

sex, age, civil status educational attainment, years of farming and rice farming
status. In terms of sex, most of the Itawes rice farmers of Tuguegarao City are
male, meanwhile in terms of age, majority of the rice farmers belong to the 41
to 50 year old cluster of an average mean age of 44. In terms of civil status, it
showed that most of the rice farmers are married. It can also be gleaned in the
table that almost half of the participants of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan are
elementary undergraduate. In addition, most of the participants indulged in
rice farming for 31 to 40 years with an average mean year of 31. The results
further revealed that there is almost equal number of both farm owners and
tenants in terms of their farming status.

B. Rice Farming Methods Used by Itawes Tuguegarao Farmers

Table 2. Rice Farming Methods

PLANTING
Methods Frequency Percentage
Transplanting 29 72.50
Direct Seeding 11 27.50
Total 40 100.00
HARVESTING
Hitting- Rice 9 22.50
Thresher 31 77.50
Total 40 100.00

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Table 2 presents the different methods in planting and harvesting rice

used by Itawes farmers of Tuguegarao City. In planting, the methods used by
the participants are transplanting and direct seedling. In harvesting, thresher
and hitting rice are the methods being employed by the Itawes farmers of
Tuguegarao City

C. Traditional Rice Farming Tools Used by Itawes Farmers of

Tuguegarao City.

Table 3. Rice Farming Tools

Tools Frequency Percentage Rank

Gapas 40 100.00 1

Kareta 38 95.00 2

Suyud 32 80.00 4

Thresher 28 70.00 5

Bilaw 27 67.50 6

Saki 36 65.00 3

Aradu 24 60.00 7

Padanum/Bomba 21 52.50 8

Chakut 19 47.50 9

Kalekay 16 40.00 10

Hand Tractor 14 35.00 11

Daleday 13 32.50 12

Kuliglig 10 25.00 13

Backpack Sprayer 5 12.50 14

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Descriptions of the Different Tools Utilized by Itawes Farmers of

Tuguegarao City

“Gapas” – term used by the Itawes

that refers to an agricultural hand-
held tool with a variously curved blade
used for cutting grass or harvesting
grain crops.

“Hand Tractor” - it is used to pull a harrow

and plow in preparing a large area of land.

“Thresher”- a machine used for

separating grain crops into grain or
seeds and straw.

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“Backpack Sprayer”- a spraying

apparatus consisting of a knapsack tank
together with pressurizing device, and
sprayer nozzle, used chiefly in fire
control and in spraying fungicides or
insecticides.

“Kuliglig” - term used by the Itawes which

refers to an improvised hand tractor vehicle
composed of two- wheeled tractor on front
and two- wheeled trailer at the end that was
used in daily transportation and carrier of
some farmers.

“Aradu” - term used by the Itawes

which refers to a traditional plow
with the use of carabao to pull
through the rice paddy.

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“Padanum/Bomba” - term used by the

Itawes which refers to a machine used
to increase the pressure of water to
move it on another place to supply
water in the rice field.

“Bilaw” – term used by the Itawes for

native flat tray to separate the heavier seeds
from the empty or lighter ones and from dust
panicles and straw which may contain or
attract insects.

“Daleday” – term used by the Itawes

known as ulnas.This is an all- purpose
utility sled of wood and bamboo that is
hitched by nuang (carabao).

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Suyud” – term used by the Itawes for

a big rake to get the grasses and
to push the excess of mud into another
place to finish the plaining of the rice
field.

“Kareta” - term used by the Itawes that

refers to traditional carabao driven rice
field carriage.

“Kalekay”- term used by the “Saki” – term used by the

Itawes that refers to a rake Itawes for a trey to load the
used for drawing together the rice grain after drying it under
rice grain that was being the sun.
dried.

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D. Traditional Beliefs and Practices with regard to Rice Farming

in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

a. Offering of Head, Organs, and Feet of Native Chicken ( Manut )

They use native chicken as one of the offering before planting to honor the
gods or spirits and after harvesting for their thanksgiving. Some of the Itawes
rice field farmers offer only the blood but others offer either of the head,
organs or feet of the chicken. While some combine the sauteed head, feet,
organs and blood for tunnag (offering). The organs of the chicken symbolize
the good production of grains.

Procedure:
1. Cut the neck of the chicken to get the blood and put it in a
container.
2. Put the chicken in a boiling water to easily remove the feather.
3. Separate the organs, feet and head of the chicken from the
body.
4. Saute the organs, feet, head and the blood of the chicken.
5. The sauted parts and blood of the chicken will put together.
6. It will be put in any corner of the rice field.

b. Offering a small cup of Gin (Binarayan)

Most of the Itawes rice farmers used gin as an offering because

of its affordability in Philippine market and it hooked the taste

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preference of the farmers. They put it on a plastic cup to offer before

planting and after harvesting. This is to rid the unwanted spirits or
entities and welcome the desirable spirits. Some of the rice farmers
also do this to bring good luck and thanksgiving.

Procedure:

1. Put a small amount of liquor

(Ginebra San Miguel Gin
known also as bilog) in a
plastic cup or any container.

2. Place it together with the

other tunnag (offer) like the
sautéed organs and other
body parts of the chicken
and the rice.

c. Offering a scoop of Harvested Rice (Baggat)

They put it in a small container to offer before planting and

harvesting for fertility and hope. The rice is from their harvest in order
for them to have a good harvest in the next cropping season.

Procedure:
1. Choose the best rice to offer in order to
have a good quality of rice in the next
harvesting.
2. Put a small account of rice in a container
and put together with the other offering.

d. Offering of Homemade Coconut

Oil (Denu)

This procedure was used by one of the participants in making a

homemade coconut oil. Coconut oil was believed by the farmers as a
lubricant to prevent bad lucks and the coming of pest in rice field.

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Procedure:
1. Shave off as much of the
outer shell of the coconut.
2. Cut the coconut in half with
a knife. Drain the coconut
milk into jar.
3. Scoop out the meat of the
coconut with chinsel and
place the meat into a bowl.
4. Add 3 cups of warm water in
every 2 cups of coconut
meat.
5. Separate the liquid from the
coconut meat.
6. Boil slowly the liquid until it becomes oil.
7. Put small amount of oil in a container and put it together
with the other offerings.

e. Offering of Rice Cake (Dekat)

Almost all of the rice farmers used the pinassug or Biko rice
cake as their offer. Other cooks the sticky rice without any other
ingredients. This is offered by the farmers in order to have good
fortune to stick and to have a good harvest.

Procedure:
1. Prepare at least 2 cups of
sticky rice or glutinous rice.
2. Separate the liquid from
the coconut meat.
3. Put water into the sticky
rice and cook it in a low
fire.
4. Melt the sugar (brown
sugar) in the liquid of
coconut.
5. Mixed the cooked sticky
rice with the liquid of
coconut with melted sugar.

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f. Burning the Rice Residue (Massidug)

The burning of the rice residue is

made if the harvest is not good. It is
believed to burn and to rid the bad luck
for rice planting. Also, Itawes farmers
believed that the burning of the rice
residue will bring a good production of
crops in the next harvesting.

DISCUSSION

The aim of this study was to determine the different rice farming
methods, tools and indigenous beliefs of the Itawes rice farmers of
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. It was revealed that in terms of sex, the male rice
field farmers dominate than female rice field farmers in Tuguegarao City,
Cagayan. This shows that male farmers are acting as the farm managers. It
was also shown that most of the Itawes farmers belong to the cluster of 41 to
50 years old. Pangilinan (2014) stressed that the average age of the farmers
in the Philippines is 57.This is only few years away from the mandatory
retirement age of 60 and 65. This is also attributed to some factors in
experience and readiness of rice farming. On the other hand, in terms of the
civil status of the participants, it was revealed that almost all are already
married. It was also revealed that almost all of the participants are elementary
undergraduate. The average level of educational attainment of the rice
farmers is in grade 5 only. The result of the interview revealed that before
farners have not realized how important education is in their life especially
during their childhood days. One interviewee said that, “awan kakwartu mi
antare sayang laman pang gatang langin kang makan” (we have no money
and I’m just wasting my money so I rather just buy foods). Saliot (2014)
stipulated the limited education make less receptive to new farming
technologies that can boost yields in the face of growing losses from volatile
weather. It was also revealed that most of the participants indulged in rice

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farming for 31 to 40 years. This shows that expertise can be attributed, in part,
to greater experience in rice farming and they lived on the land they presently
cultivate. The result further revealed that there is almost equal number of both
farm owners and tenants in terms of rice farming status.

The study also revealed that there were two rice farming methods
which were used by the Itawes farmers in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. After
preparing the rice field, almost all the participants were using transplanting
method in planting. In harvesting, thresher was primary used by the
participants to separate grain crops from grain. In transplanting, seedlings are
already prepared and ready for transplanting in the field. Transplanting is done
in one of the two methods: Random method, in which seedlings are
transplanted without a definite distance or space between plants. Straight- row
method, on the other hand follows a uniform spacing and distance between
plants. Direct seeding is the other method of growing rice which focuses on
direct seeding rice with dry land preparation. In harvesting, thresher is the
most common method used by the participants in separating grain crops from
grain or seeds and straw. “Palpag” (hitting-rice) was also used by the
participants when There is no thresher available. This method is to hit
harvested rice into a hard material in order to separate the grains from the
plant, in a paddy field.

On one hand, the study also revealed the traditional tools and
equipment used by the Itawes rice farmers of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. The
traditional tools and equipment being utilized are Gapas which refers to an
agricultural hand- held tool with a variously curved blade used for cutting
grass or harvesting grain crops; hand tractor used to pull a harrow and plow in
preparing a large area of land; Thresher is a machine used for separating
grain crops from grain or seeds and straw; Backpack Sprayer a spraying
apparatus consisting of a knapsack tank together with pressurizing device,
and sprayer nozzle, used chiefly in fire control and in spraying fungicides or
insecticides; Kuliglig which refers to an improvised hand tractor vehicle
composed of two- wheeled tractor in front and two- wheeled trailer at the end
that was used for daily transportation and carrier of some farmers; Kareta
which refers to a traditional carabao driven rice field carriage; Aradu which
refers to a traditional plow with the use of carabao to pull through the rice
paddy: Padanum/Bomba which refers to a machine used to increase the
pressure of water to move it on another place to supply water in the rice
field; Bilaw Itawes term for native flat tray,to separate the heavier seeds from

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the empty or lighter ones and from dust panicles and straw which may contain
or attract insects; Daleday known as ulnas this is an all- purpose utility sled of
wood and bamboo that was hitch by nuang (carabao); Suyud a big rake that is
use to get the grasses and to push the excess of mud into another place to
finish the planning of the rice field; Saki is a trey use to load the rice grain after
drying it under the sun; Kalekay rake, used for drawing together the rice grains
that was being dried. These are the traditional tools and equipment used by
the Itawes farmers for preparing the rice field, planting to harvesting grains.
Sekgowa (2012) states, most of the people living in rural areas are poor and
only through farming where they could get their needs to support their
families. Marginalized or poor people who cannot afford to buy new farming
tools and equipment are stick on their traditional ways of farming. Conrad
(2013) and Saliot (2014) farmers are still using the traditional ways of farming
due to lack of financial capabilities and knowledge to use the new farming
technologies or the modern ways of farming.

In view of the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to rice

farming in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, the findings revealed that all of the
participants use “manut” (chicken) for their thanksgiving. They use native
chicken as one of their offerings before planting to honor the gods or spirits
and after harvesting for their thanksgiving. Some of the Itawes rice farmers
offer only the blood of the chicken while others offer the head and the feet of
the chicken. The organs of the chicken are to produce a good grain.
“Binarayan” – term used by the itawes which refers to liquor especially gin.
This gin was used for offering because of its affordability in Phillipine market.
They put it on a plastic cup to offer before planting and after harvesting. This
is to rid the unwanted spirits or entities and welcome the desirable spirits.
Some of the Itawes rice farmers also do this to bring good luck and
thanksgiving. “Baggat”- term used by the itawes which refers to rice. They put
in a small container to offer before planting and harvesting for fertility and
hope. The rice that is to offer is from their harvest in order to produce again a
good harvest. “Denu” – term used by the itawes which refers to oil. This is a
homemade coconut oil. Coconut oil was believed by the farmers as a lubricant
to prevent bad lucks and the coming of pest in rice field. “Dekat” – term used
by the itawes which refers to glutinous rice or sticky rice. Almost all of the
Itawes rice farmers use the pinassug or Biko rice cake. Others cook the sticky
rice without any other ingredients. This is offered by the farmers in order to
have good fortune to stick and to have a good harvest. “Massidug”- term used
by the Itawes which refers to burning of rice residue. This belief is made if the

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harvest is not good in order to burn and rid off the bad luck for rice planting.
Also the farmers believed that it will bring good production for the next
harvest. There is a scientific reason why farmers burn the rice residue is to
remove or incorporate into the soil, to make it as a fertilizer and to prepare the
fields for the next rice crop.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study revealed that the Itawes rice farmers still
practice the traditional ways of rice farming. Still Itawes rice farmers are using
the traditional tools and equipment in planting and harvesting grains. The
participants practice their traditional animistic beliefs for good luck and
thanksgiving. Participants are hesitant to adopt the use of the modernized
machines in rice farming due to lack of financial capabilities and low skills in
terms of technological competence.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The Itawes rice farmers of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan must establish

an organization or cooperative system that would make documentations and
records of the methods, practices and beliefs of Tuguegarao City rice farmers.

Future researchers can further investigate on the effects of the

traditional methods, techniques and beliefs used by the Itawes farmers of
Tuguegarao City on their socio-economic life.

Future researchers can also investigate on the difference between the

use of traditional and modern ways of farming in terms of their production and
income.

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