MATH 461 Homework 4

Aiden Cullo

February 9, 2020

Section 13: 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8

1. Let X be a topological space; let A be a subset of X. Suppose that for each x ∈ A there is an open

set U containing x such that U ⊂ A. Show that A is open in X.

1. We can union the open sets that contain each x ∈ A. Each x ∈ A will be in ∪x∈U U and ∪x∈U U

will be a subset of A since each U is a subset of A. Thus, A = ∪x∈U U . Each U is open and the

arbitrary union of open sets is open, thus A is open.

3. Show that the collection Tc given in Example 4 of $12 is a topology on the set X.

1. ∅ ∈ T∞ since X − ∅ = X which is all of X.

2. X ∈ T∞ since X − X = ∅ which is finite, hence countable.

3. X − ∪α U = ∩α (X − U ). The arbitrary intersection of countable sets is countable since it is a

subset of each countable set. The subset of a countable set is countable.

4. X − ∩α∈Z+ U = ∪α∈Z+ (X − U ). Countable union of countable sets is countable.

Is the collection

T∞ = {U |X − U is infinite or empty or all of X}

a topology on X?

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 1. ∅ ∈ T∞ since X − ∅ = X which is all of X.

2. X ∈ T∞ since X − X = ∅ which is empty.

3. X − ∪α U = ∩α (X − U ).

4. X − ∩α∈Z+ U = ∪α∈Z+ (X − U ).

T
4. (a) If {Tα } is a family of topologies on X, show that Tα is a topology on X.

T
1. ∅ and X will be in all Tα so it is in Tα
S T
2. For an arbitrary union αU such that each U ∈ Tα which means that each Tα contains

U . Since each Tα is a topology the arbitrary union of open sets from Tα should be in Tα .
S S T
Thus, αU ∈ Tα for every α and ∴ αU ∈ Tα
T T T T
3. Suppose U ∈ Tα , then U ∈ Tα for every α. Thus, i∈Z+ U ∈ Tα and i∈Z+ U∈ Tα

S
Is Tα a topology on X?

S
1. ∅ and X will be in all Tα so it is in Tα
S S
2. Suppose U ∈ Tα then for some Tα and αU ∈ Tα since Tα is a topology and the arbitrary
S
union of any open set in Tα should also be in Tα . Since this specific Tα will be in Tα ,
S S
αU ∈ Tα
S S
3. Similarly for the finite intersection of open sets in Tα . Suppose U ∈ Tα then U is in at
T T S
least one Tα . Then i∈Z+ U ∈ Tα and i∈Z+ U∈ Tα

(b) Let {Tα } be a family of topologies on X. Show that there is a unique smallest topology on X

containing all the collections Tα , and a unique largest topology contained in all Tα .

1. Smallest: (Existence) Let Ts be the topology generated by the basis of the union of {Tα }.

Hence Tα ⊂ Ts ∀α Suppose ∃Tss that smaller than Ts that contains all Tα . Thus, {Tα } ⊂

Tss ⊂ Ts and ∃U ∈ Ts where U is an open set and U ∈

/ Tss . But if U ∈ Ts then U is a

arbitrary union of open sets of {Tα }, since {Tα } ⊂ Tss , Tss contains all arbitrary unions of

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 open sets in {Tα } and hence one of which will be U . Thus, U ∈ Tss E. Ts is a topology

by 4(a). (Uniqueness) Suppose Ts0 is the smallest topology on X that contains {Tα }. Let

U ∈ Ts0 . Since Ts0 contains {Tα } and the arbitrary unions of elements in {Tα }, U will be in

the arbitrary union of open sets in {Tα }. Hence, U ∈ Ts . Suppose U ∈ Ts , U is an arbitrary

union of open sets in {Tα }. Since Ts0 contains {Tα }, it contains all arbitrary unions of open

sets in {Tα } thus U ∈ Ts0 .

T
2. Largest: (Existence) Let Tl = the topology generated from a basis of Tα . Suppose there

is a topology Tll larger than Tl contained in {Tα }. Then, U ∈ Tll , U 6∈ Tl but if Tll is

contained in all Tα U is in all Tα and would be a basis element of Tl . Tl is a topology by

4(a). E. (Uniqueness) Let Tl00 be the largest topology contained in all Tα . Let U ∈ Tl00 . It
T
follows that U is in all Tα and thus in Tα and U is a basis element of Tl . Hence, U ∈ Tl .

Suppose U ∈ Tl , U is a union of open sets in all Tα which will also be in all Tα since U is

in all Tα , U ∈ Tl00 .

(c) If X = {a, b, c}, let

T1 = {∅, X, {a}, {a, b}} and T1 and T2 , and the largest topology

contained in T1 and T2 .

1. Smallest: {∅, X, {a}, {a, b}, {b, c}}

2. Largest: {∅, X}

5. Show that if A is a basis for a topology on X, then the topology generated by A equals the

intersection of all topologies on X that contain A . Prove the same if A is a subbasis.

1. Let TA be the topology generated by the basis A . Suppose U ∈ TA then U is a union of basis

elements. Now, any T containing A will contain all arbitrary unions of A . Thus, each T will
T
contain all arbitrary unions of A and thus T will also contain all arbitrary unions of A and so

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 T . Since one of the topologies containing A will be the one generated
T T
U∈ T . Suppose U ∈

by it, the intersection of all sets containing A will be equivalent to that topology. If a a finer

topology contained A , only the elements A and the open sets generated from this basis would
T T
be in T . Thus, if U is in T it will surely be in TA .

2. Let TA be the topology generated by the subbasis A and

T
A T be the intersection of all

topologies containing A . Let U ∈ TA then U is a union of finite intersections of elements of A .

Since the collection of all finite intersections of elements of A is a basis for a topology containing

A , all topologies containing A will contain any union of finite intersection of elements of A ,
T
which U is by definition. Now, suppose U ∈ A T then U is in every topology containing

subbasis A , since the basis for any topology containing A can be the collection of unions of

finite subsets of A , U is a union of finite subset of A . Thus, U is in the topology generated by

the subbasis A and U ∈ TA . ∴ TA =

T
A T.

7. Consider the following topologies on R :

T1 = the standard topology

T2 = the topology of RK ,

T3 = the finite complement topology,

T4 = the upper limit topology, having all sets (a, b] as basis,

T5 = the topology having all sets(−∞, a) = {x|x < a} as basis.

Determine, for each of these topologies, which of the others it contains.

1. Given x ∈ (−∞, a) ∈ T5 @ a R \ {A} ∈ T5 where (A is a finite set) s.t. R \ {A} ⊂ (−∞, a)

since the complement of (−∞, a) is infinite while the complement of R \ {A} is finite. Thus,

T5 6⊂ T3 . On the other hand, we can find an open set (−∞, a) ⊂ R \ {A} since every finite set

has a minimum, i.e. we choose a < min(A). Thus, T3 T5 . For any x ∈ (−∞, a), we can

choose a (b, a) ∈ T1 s.t. x ∈ (b, a) ⊂ T3 , but for an arbitrary (a, b) ∈ T1 say (1, 2) we cannot find

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 a (−∞, a) ⊂ (1, 2). Thus, T5 T1 . From the text, T1 T2 and T2 T4 . Given b ∈ (a, b] ∈ T4 ,

@ (a, b)(or (a, b) − K since (a, b) − K ⊂ (a, b) ) s.t. b ∈ (a, b) ⊂ (a, b]. Thus, T4 6⊂ T2 . Given

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(a, b) ∈ T2 @ (a, b] ∈ T4 s.t. (a, b] ⊂ (a, b). Suppose there did, we could find a n < b making

(a, b] not a subset of (a, b)

Finally, T3 T5 T1 T4 , T1 T2 , T4 6⊂ T2 , T2 6⊂ T4

8. (a) Apply Lemma 13.2 to show that the countable collection

B = {(a, b)|a < b, a and b rational

is a basis that generates the standard topology on R .

S
(a) Suppose x ∈ α (aα , bα ) ⊂ R then a ∈ (aα , bα ) for at least one α. Let a = aα and b = bα . By

definition of the interval, x < b and a < x. We can find a rational between any real numbers so

we can find an interval (c, d) ⊂ Q s.t. a < c < x and x < d < b, thus x ∈ (c, d) ⊂ (a, b).

√ √
(b) Suppose we have 2 ∈ [ 2, 2) on the standard topology for R. We cannot find an interval [a, b)
√ √ √
on C s.t. 2 ∈ [a, b) ⊂ [ 2, 2) because 2 is irrational.

Section 16: 4, 5

4. A map f : X → Y is said to be an open map if for every open set U of X, the set f (U ) is open in Y.

Show that π1 : X × Y → X and π2 : X × Y → Y are open maps.

1. w ∈ W where W a member of the product topology on X × Y and is a union of basis elements

S
U × V s.t. U is open on X and V is open on Y . i.e. W = bigcupα Uα × Vα . Since w ∈ α Uα × V α

w is in Uα × Vα for some α hence, π1 (w) = Uα , since every Uα is open in X, π1 (w) is open ∀

members of open sets on X × Y . The same proof can be used to π2 (U × V ) is open if U × V is

open on X × Y .

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5. Section 16 Question 5 Let X be a set with topologies T and T 0 . Let Y be a set with topologies U

and U 0 . Also assume X and Y are non-empty. (a) Let T ⊂ T and U ⊂ U 0 . Show the product

topology on X × Y using the topologies T and U 0 is finer than the product topology on X × Y using

T and U . (b) Is the converse of (a) true? Prove your claim.

(a) If w is an element of the product topology on X × Y then w ∈ U × V where U ⊂ T and V ⊂ U

is open on Y . ∃ a basis on the product topology generated by the basis Z × M when Z ⊂ T 0

and M ⊂ U 0 , namely the same open sets U ⊂ T ⊂ T 0 and V ⊂ U 0 U .

(b) No, there may exist U 0 ⊂ T 0 and V 0 ⊂ U 0 where U 0 6⊂ T and V 0 6⊂ U . Thus on the product

topology generated by the basis of the product of open sets U 0 T 0 could contain a basis element

U 0 × V 0.