CHAPTER 4:

1. In Pavlov’s classical conditioning

research, a tone was used as the ______,
and food inserted in the mouth served as
the ______.
a. UCS; CS
b. CS; UCS
c. UCR; CR
d. CR; UCR
2. In classical conditioning, the diminishing
of the CR following removal of the UCS is
called ______.
a. acquisition
b. discrimination
c. extinction
d. generalization
3. In stimulus generalization in classical
conditioning, the strength of the CR
______, as the similarity of the generalization
stimulus to the ______ increases.
a. increases; CS
b. decreases; CS
c. increases; UCS
d. decreases; UCS
Study Guide | 185
4. In reinforcement, the probability of a
behavior ______; in punishment the probability
of a behavior ______.
a. increases; increases
b. increases; decreases
c. decreases; increases
d. decreases; decreases
5. Negative reinforcement occurs when an
______ stimulus is ______.
a. appetitive; presented
b. appetitive; removed
c. aversive; presented
d. aversive; removed
6. Which of the following is the best example
of a primary reinforcer?
a. a cheeseburger
b. a grade of “A” on an exam
c. praise from your teacher
d. winning the lottery
7. The stimulus in whose presence a
response will be reinforced is called the
stimulus ______ in operant conditioning.
a. generalization
b. discriminative
c. acquisition
d. extinction
8. Piecework in a factory is an example of a
______ schedule of reinforcement; a slot
machine is an example of a ______
schedule of reinforcement.
a. variable-ratio; fixed-interval
b. fixed-interval; variable-ratio
c. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
d. variable-ratio; fixed-ratio
9. The Brelands’ difficulties in training animals
were the result of ______.
a. the partial-reinforcement effect
b. instinctual drift
c. a token economy
d. latent learning
10. Tolman’s research with rats in mazes
indicated the occurrence of ______.
a. observational learning
b. latent learning
c. the partial-reinforcement effect
d. instinctual drift
11. Which of the following is an example of a
secondary reinforcer?
a. money
b. a money order
c. a check
d. all of the above
12. The ______ effect is a decrease in an
intrinsically motivated behavior after the
behavior is extrinsically reinforced and
the reinforcement discontinued.
a. overjustification
b. partial reinforcement
c. shaping
d. instinctual drift
13. A steep cumulative record in operant
conditioning indicates ______, and a flat
cumulative record indicates ______.
a. a slow rate of responding; no responding
b. a slow rate of responding; a fast rate
of responding
c. a fast rate of responding; no responding
d. a fast rate of responding; a slow rate
of responding
14. The results of Bandura’s Bobo doll
studies illustrate ______, and Tolman
and Honzik’s studies of latent learning
indicate the importance of ______ in maze
learning by rats.
a. observational learning; the overjustification
effect
b. observational learning; cognitive maps
c. the partial-reinforcement effect; the
overjustification effect
d. the partial-reinforcement effect; cognitive
maps
15. Continuing to take Advil because it alleviates
headaches is an example of ______,
and no longer parking in “No Parking”
zones because you lost money in fines
for doing so is an example of ______.
a. positive punishment; positive
reinforcement
b. positive reinforcement; positive
punishment
c. negative punishment; negative reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement; negative
punishment
CHAPTER 5:
1. Which of the following types of memory
holds sensory input until we can attend
to and recognize it?
a. short-term memory
b. sensory memory
c. semantic memory
d. episodic memory
2. Our short-term memory capacity is ______
6 2 chunks.
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 9
3. Which of the following types of memory
has the shortest duration?
a. sensory memory
b. short-term memory
c. semantic memory
d. episodic memory
Study Guide | 225
4. Procedural memories are ______ memories
and thus are probably processed in the
______ .
a. explicit; hippocampus
b. explicit; cerebellum
c. implicit; hippocampus
d. implicit; cerebellum
5. Which of the following leads to the best
long-term memory?
a. maintenance rehearsal
b. elaborative rehearsal
c. physical processing
d. acoustic processing
6. The primacy and recency effects in free
recall demonstrate that we have the
greatest difficulty recalling the words
______ of a list.
a. at the beginning
b. at the end
c. in the middle
d. at the beginning and end
7. Which of the following is not a
mnemonic aid?
a. method of loci
b. peg-word system
c. temporal integration procedure
d. first-letter technique
8. An essay test measures ______, and a
multiple-choice test measures ______.
a. recall; recall
b. recall; recognition
c. recognition; recall
d. recognition; recognition
9. Which of the following theories of forgetting
argues that the forgotten information
was in long-term memory but is no longer
available?
a. encoding failure theory
b. storage decay theory
c. interference theory
d. cue-dependent theory
10. Piaget’s false memory of a kidnapping
attempt when he was a child was the
result of ______.
a. infantile amnesia
b. source misattribution
c. encoding failure
d. storage decay
11. After learning the phone number for Five
Star Pizza, Bob cannot remember the
phone number he learned last week for
the Donut Connection. After living in
Los Angeles for three years, Jim is unable
to remember his way around his hometown
in which he had lived the previous
10 years prior to moving to Los Angeles.
Bob is experiencing the effects of ______
interference, and Jim is experiencing the
effects of ______ interference.
a. proactive; proactive
b. proactive; retroactive
c. retroactive; proactive
d. retroactive; retroactive
12. Per the levels-of-processing theory, which
of the following questions about the word
“depressed” would best prepare you to
correctly remember tomorrow that you
had seen the word in this practice test
question today?
a. How well does the word describe you?
b. Does the word consist of 10 letters?
c. Is the word typed in capital letters?
d. Does the word rhyme with obsessed?
13. The forgetting curve for long-term memory
in Ebbinghaus’s relearning studies with
nonsense syllables indicates that ______ .
a. the greatest amount of forgetting
occurs rather quickly and then it
levels off
b. little forgetting occurs very quickly and
the greatest amount occurs later after
a lengthy period of memory storage
c. forgetting occurs at a uniform rate
after learning
d. little forgetting ever occurs
226 | Chapter 5 | MEMORy
14. In the Loftus and Palmer experiment,
participants were shown a film of a traffic
accident and then later tested for their
memory of it. The finding that memory
differed based upon the specific words
used in the test questions illustrated
______.
a. state-dependent memory
b. source misattribution
c. the self-reference effect
d. the misinformation effect
15. The results for the experiment in which
word lists were studied either on land or
underwater and then recalled either on
land or underwater provide evidence for
______.
a. source misattribution
b. encoding specificity
c. proactive interference
d. retroactive interference
CHAPTER 6:
1. The tendency to think of only the most
typical uses of objects in a problem setting
is called ______.
a. fixation
b. mental set
c. functional fixedness
d. confirmation bias
2. If you compute the area of a room by
using the formula length 3 width 5 area,
you are using a(n)/the ______.
a. algorithm
b. heuristic
c. conjunction rule
d. anchoring and adjustment heuristic
3. The representativeness heuristic leads us
to ______.
a. judge the probability of an event in
terms of its prominence in memory
b. judge the probability of category membership
by resemblance to the category
c. seek only evidence that confirms our
beliefs
d. maintain our beliefs even though we
have been given evidence that contradicts
them
4. Overestimating the probability of dying
in an airplane crash is likely the result of
using the ______.
a. representativeness heuristic
b. availability heuristic
c. anchoring heuristic
d. conjunction rule
5. In the 2-4-6 task, participants demonstrate
______ in testing their hypotheses.
a. mental set
b. confirmation bias
c. person-who reasoning
d. belief perseverance
6. Mistakenly believing that two events are
related is called ______.
a. functional fixedness
b. illusory correlation
c. the Flynn effect
d. the conjunction fallacy
7. Which of the following statements about
test reliability and validity is false?
a. A test can be reliable and valid.
b. A test can be reliable but not valid.
c. A test can be valid but not reliable.
d. A test can be neither reliable nor valid.
8. The intelligence test scores for ______ are
most strongly correlated.
a. identical twins reared apart
b. fraternal twins reared together
c. siblings reared together
d. unrelated people reared apart
9. Which of the following intelligence theorists
emphasized the g factor?
a. Sternberg
b. Gardner
c. Spearman
d. Thurstone
10. The Flynn effect refers to the observation
that average intelligence test scores in
the United States and other Western
industrialized nations have ______ over
the past century.
a. increased
b. decreased
c. stayed the same
d. first increased but then decreased
11. Which of the following intelligence
theorists proposed three types of
intelligence—analytical, practical, and
creative?
a. Sternberg
b. Gardner
c. Thurstone
d. Spearman
12. The folding problem in which you were
asked to estimate the thickness of a
0.1 millimeter sheet of paper folded in
on itself 100 times illustrates how the
______ can lead to dramatic underestimates
of the correct answer to an
estimation problem.
a. representativeness heuristic
b. availability heuristic
c. anchoring and adjustment heuristic
d. conjunction rule
13. A person who questions the validity
of the research findings that indicate
smoking leads to health problems as a
result of his knowing someone who has
smoked most of their life and has no
health problems is using ______.
a. the representativeness heuristic
b. the availability heuristic
c. person-who reasoning
d. inferential-statistical reasoning
14. A heritability estimate of 100% for intelligence
in a given population means that
the variation in intelligence for this population
is determined ______.
a. solely by genetics
b. solely by environmental experiences
c. 50% by genetics and 50% by environmental
experiences
d. 75% by genetics and 25% by environmental
experiences
15. In the Linda problem, if you judge that it
is more likely that Linda is a bank teller
and active in the feminist movement than
that Linda is a bank teller, you are likely
using the ______ heuristic and committing
the ______ fallacy.
a. availability; gambling
b. availability; conjunction
c. representativeness; gambling
d. representativeness; conjunction
CHAPTER 7:
1. In human conception, another name for
the fertilized egg is .
a. gene
b. zygote
c. chromosome
d. teratogen
2. At about six or seven months of age, an
infant starts rhythmically repeating various
syllables. This is called .
a. baby talk
b. holophrase
c. telegraphic speech
d. babbling
3. According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development, children are in the
stage if they have symbolic ability but
lack conservation.
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operational
d. formal operational
4. According to Piaget, is the interpretation
of new experiences in terms of
present schemas, and is the modification
of present schemas to fit with new
experiences.
a. assimilation; accommodation
b. accommodation; assimilation
c. reversibility; centration
d. centration; reversibility
5. Vygotsky’s term for the difference
between what a child can actually do and
what the child can do with the help of
others is .
a. zone of proximal development
b. erogenous zone
c. scaffolding
d. cohort effect
6. In a ______ study, people of different ages
are studied at one point in time and compared
to one another.
a. cross-sectional
b. longitudinal
c. habituation
d. scaffolding
7. According to Kohlberg, a person who
complies with rules and laws to avoid
punishment is in the ______ level of moral
development.
a. preconventional
b. conventional
c. postconventional
d. authoritarian
8. According to Ainsworth, a child
who shows little distress when the mother
leaves in the strange situation procedure
and neglects her when she returns has
developed a(n) ______ attachment.
a. secure
b. insecure-disorganized
c. insecure-ambivalent
d. insecure-avoidant
9. Which of the following parenting styles is
most positively related to academic success,
happiness, independence, and selfconfidence?
a. authoritative
b. authoritarian
c. permissive
d. indifferent
10. According to Erikson’s psychosocial
theory, ______ is the issue that a person
faces during adolescence.
a. initiative versus guilt
b. industry versus inferiority
c. identity versus role confusion
d. intimacy versus isolation
11. During the ______ stage of prenatal development
(the final stage starting about
two months after conception), the body
structures and organs complete their
growth.
a. embryonic
b. fetal
c. germinal
d. zygote
12. A decrease in the physiological responding
to a stimulus once it becomes familiar
is called ______.
a. assimilation
b. centration
c. habituation
d. conservation
13. Johnny, who is only four years old,
stands in front of you blocking your view
of the television screen, and he does not
realize that he is doing so. He thinks that
his view is the same as yours. Johnny is
displaying ______ and is in Piaget’s ______
stage of cognitive development.
a. egocentrism; concrete
b. egocentrism; preoperational
c. centration; concrete
d. centration; preoperational
14. Michelle, who is 18 months old, has a
pet dog named Sam. After she learns
the name of her dog, she calls all of the
dogs she sees Sam. Michelle is demonstrating
______.
a. babbling
b. holophrase
c. underextension
d. overextension
15. Studies of intelligence in adulthood
reveal that fluid intelligence abilities
______ with age, and crystallized intelligence
abilities ______ with age.
a. increase; increase
b. increase; decrease
c. decrease; increase
d. decrease; decrease