ISSN: 0889-3144

Rapra Review Reports Polymers in Asphalt

H.L. Robinson

Volume 15, Number 11, 2004

Expert overviews covering the

science and technology of rubber
and plastics
 RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS
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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han afÀliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-
based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from
B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding
temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations
of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed
during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that
variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very Abstract
much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during
isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated
that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and
cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition
or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined
from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log
dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over
the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897

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 RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS VOLUME 16
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 Previous Titles Still Available
Volume 1 Petrochemicals Inc.
Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey,
Report 1 Conductive Polymers, W.J. Feast Hotpoint Ltd.
Report 2 Medical, Surgical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health and
Polymers, D.F. Williams Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra
Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Technology Ltd.
Farnborough.
Report 4 Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton. Volume 4
Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland and
M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology. Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright,
University of Surrey.
Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.
Report 38 Epoxy Resins, K.A. Hodd
Report 10 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding,
P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,
D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.
Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers,
R. Spratling, British Telecom. Report 40 Internal Mixing of Rubber, J.C. Lupton
Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry, Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.
R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries. Report 42 Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer
AG.
Volume 2 Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources,
Report 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics, J.M. Methven, UMIST.
A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology. Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics,
Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure J. Green, FMC Corp.
Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G.
Ltd. Brain, Tooltex.
Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson,
G. Woods, Consultant. J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.
Report 16 Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton. Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, Leicester
Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd. Polytechnic.
Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Report 48 Plastics in Building, C.M.A. Johansson
Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for
Plastics in Agriculture.
Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging,
Volume 5
R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd. Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T.
Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.
Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II,
H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd. A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.
Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein,
Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd. Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.
Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge,
Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd. University of Manchester.
Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building
R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division. Research Establishment.
Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,
Volume 3 Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,
Technology Associates. E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for
Industriforskning, Norway.
Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil
Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey. Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,
J. Maxwell, Consultant.
Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans,
Consultant. Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.
Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra
Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd. Technology Ltd.
Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,
Monitoring Consultancy. A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.
Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra
National NDT Centre, Harwell. Technology Ltd.
Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan,
Dow Corning Ltd. Volume 6
Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications,
D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell,
3M Belgium SA. Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.
T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd. Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of
Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.
Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart
University. Chemical Company.
Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, Report 90 Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.
International Automotive Design.
Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton,
Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing University of Surrey.
and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer
Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology. Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer ProÀles,
Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.
V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy. Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood
Report 68 Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Technologies Inc.
Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis,
Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.
Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.
Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten &
Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, Masch Manufacturing Co.
M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England
Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,
and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research
St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.
and Development Center.
Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s
University of Belfast. Volume 9
Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory
Ltd. and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire
Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Volume 7 Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &

S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,
Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes,
P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.
and Technology, University of Bradford.
Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and
Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson. Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure
Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead de Chimie, Mulhouse.
Consulting Ltd. Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller
Company.
Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials,
R.C.P. Cubbon. Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra Technology
Ltd.
Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves,
Goodyear Technical Center. Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, Report 104 Plastics ProÀle Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram
J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd. Technology Ltd.
Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development,
Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory
B.G. Crowther.
and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems,
Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Report 106 Properties and Applications of Elastomeric
Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster. PolysulÀdes, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.
Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis,
Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University. The Open University.

Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes,
Applications, J.A. Brydson. M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization,

Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, Volume 10
National Research Council Canada.
Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,
Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic
J.A. Lindsay.
Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra
Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd. Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers,
R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet,
Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, Rapra Technology Ltd.
P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.
Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,
The Open University.
Volume 8 Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications,
J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.
Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université
Pierre et Marie Curie. Report 113 Rubber-ModiÀed Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula,
University of Texas at Austin.
Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics,
D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd. Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene,
V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra
Technology Ltd. Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky,
University of Hamburg.
Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications,
Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders,
A.S. Wilson.
Y. Wang, Tunghai University.
Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M.
Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Volume 13
Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.
Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and
J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd. J.C. Love, The University of Warwick.

Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love and
Shipley Ronal. V. Goodship, The University of Warwick.
Report 147 Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown.
Report 148 Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, Chemical
Volume 11 Recycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO.

Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, Report 149 Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology
I.B. Page, BIP Ltd. Ltd.

Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Report 150 Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham,
Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company. Materials Research Centre, University of Bath.

Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council Report 151 Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and
Applications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research &
Canada.
Development.
Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe,
Report 152 Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers,
University of Exeter.
A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University of
Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, Kassel.
H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated. Report 153 Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross,
University of Durham.
Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,
University of Nottingham. Report 154 Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M. Halliwell,
BRE.
Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and Report 155 Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and
F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant. Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG.
Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Report 156 Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact
Lucent Technologies. of Polymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, Polymeron
Consultancy Network.
Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright.

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack, Volume 14

D.C. Wright.
Report 157 Developments in Colorants for Plastics,
Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation, Ian N. Christensen.
D.C. Wright. Report 158 Geosynthetics, David I. Cook.
Report 132 Stabilisers for PolyoleÀns, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, Report 159 Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and
Clariant Huningue SA. N. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Report 160 Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex,
Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion
Polymers Institute.
Volume 12 Report 161 Emissions from Plastics, C. Henneuse-Boxus and
Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection T. Pacary, Certech.
Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc. Report 162 Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and
Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers,
J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University. Report 163 Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Masami
Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute.
Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.
Report 164 Cure Monitoring for Composites and Adhesives, David
Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services. R. Mulligan, NPL.
Report 165 Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles,
Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH. Roy W. Buckley.
Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, Report 166 Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers,
Khon Kaen University. K.E. Kear
Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and Report 167 PolyoleÀn Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials,
Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. University of Birmingham.
Report 168 Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current
Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, Developments, J. Innes and A. Innes, Flame Retardants
M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre. Associates Inc.
Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon,
Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan
University. Volume 15
Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh, Report 169 Engineering and Structural Adhesives, David J. Dunn,
Huntsman Polyurethanes. FLD Enterprises Inc.
Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to PolyoleÀns, D.M. Brewis and Report 170 Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture,
I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Roger P. Brown.
Loughborough University. Report 171 PVC Compounds and Processing, Stuart Patrick.
Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV. Report 172 Troubleshooting Injection Moulding, Vanessa Goodship,
Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Report 173 Regulation of Food Packaging in Europe and the USA,
Derek J. Knight and Lesley A. Creighton, Safepharm
Laboratories Ltd.
Report 174 Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug
Delivery, David Jones, Queen's University, Belfast.
Report 175 Tyre Recycling, Valerie L. Shulman, European Tyre
Recycling Association (ETRA).
Report 176 Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids,
V. Goodship and E.O. Ogur.
Report 177 Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives &
Processes, G. Polaski, J. Means, B. Stull, P. Warren, K.
Allen, D. Mowrey and B. Carney.
Report 178 Mixing of Vulcanisable Rubbers and Thermoplastic
Elastomers, P.R. Wood.
Polymers in Asphalt

H.L. Robinson
(Tarmac Ltd., UK)

ISBN 1-85957-507-2
 Polymers in Asphalt

Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................3
2 The Asphalt Industry ...................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Industry Overview ............................................................................................................................4
2.2 Recent Market Trends ......................................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Growth in TrafÀc..................................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Trends in Market Demand for Asphalt and Bitumen ...........................................................6
2.2.3 Surface Maintenance Treatments .........................................................................................6
2.3 Regulations .......................................................................................................................................7
2.3.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................7
2.3.2 New Product Approvals Scheme .........................................................................................7
2.4 Distinct Technologies ......................................................................................................................7
2.4.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................7
2.4.2 Asphalt Material Description ...............................................................................................8
2.4.3 Typical Asphalt Road Structure ...........................................................................................8
2.4.4 Asphalt Production and Laying ...........................................................................................9
2.4.5 Analytical Pavement Design ................................................................................................9
2.5 Environment/Sustainability Issues .................................................................................................10
2.5.1 Legislative Drivers .............................................................................................................10
2.5.2 Availability of Secondary Aggregates................................................................................11
2.5.3 Sustainability Issues Affecting Asphalt..............................................................................12
3 Key Bitumen Properties ...........................................................................................................................14
3.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................14
3.2 Bitumen Characteristics .................................................................................................................15
3.2.1 Background ........................................................................................................................15
3.2.2 Bitumen Chemistry ............................................................................................................15
3.2.3 Bitumen Ageing .................................................................................................................15
3.3 Standard Bitumen SpeciÀcation Tests ............................................................................................15
3.4 Polymer-ModiÀed Binders .............................................................................................................17
3.4.1 Background ........................................................................................................................17
3.4.2 Reducing Permanent Deformation (Rutting) .....................................................................17
3.4.3 Improving Asphalt Cohesive Strength ...............................................................................18
3.4.4 Reduced Temperature Susceptibility (Thermal Cracking).................................................18
3.4.5 Modifying Bitumen Rheology ...........................................................................................18
4 Key Asphalt Properties ..............................................................................................................................20
4.1 Temperature Susceptibility .............................................................................................................20
4.2 Factors InÁuencing Asphalt Stiffness ............................................................................................21
4.3 Standards for Asphalt Mixtures and Flexible Pavement Design ....................................................21
4.4 Measuring Mechanical Properties ..................................................................................................21
4.4.1 Elastic Stiffness ..................................................................................................................21
4.4.2 Deformation Resistance .....................................................................................................22
4.4.3 Fatigue Cracking ................................................................................................................22
4.4.4 Adhesion between Aggregates and Binders .......................................................................23

1
 Polymers in Asphalt

5 Polymers Used in Asphalt ........................................................................................................................23

5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................23
5.2 Different Polymer Types ................................................................................................................24
5.2.1 Elastomers ..........................................................................................................................24
5.2.2 Plastomers .........................................................................................................................26
5.2.3 Natural Rubber ...................................................................................................................29
6 Polymer-ModiÀed Asphalt Applications ...................................................................................................29
7 Polymer Used as Aggregate ......................................................................................................................30
8 Legislation .................................................................................................................................................31
8.1 The Construction Products Directive (CPD) ..................................................................................31
8.2 European Product Standards ..........................................................................................................32
8.3 European Technical Approvals .......................................................................................................32
Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................................33
Abbreviations and Acronyms............................................................................................................................34
References .........................................................................................................................................................35
Further Reading from the Rapra Abstracts Database ........................................................................................36
Subject Index ..................................................................................................................................................105
Company Index ...............................................................................................................................................115

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reÁect those
of Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or
liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any
utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

2
 Polymers in Asphalt

1 Introduction generally publish their Àndings, which tend to focus on

in-service performance.
It will not have escaped the attention of the road user that
most of the roads in the UK are surfaced with asphalt This review represents the views of the author and is
as opposed to its main competitor, concrete, which is a not intended to be a literary review, nor is it particularly
good endorsement of the material’s durability and user- aimed at practising asphalt engineers but rather at
friendly nature. In 2003 the market demand for asphalt parties interested in polymers and their applications.
in the UK was approximately 28 million tonnes used The author has also taken into account commercial
mainly in the road maintenance and new build market. sensitivities when preparing the narrative and therefore
There are other uses for asphalt such as Áooring and only discusses general issues and limits technical details
rooÀng. These volumes, however, are relatively small to broad generic descriptions.
compared to the road market and these applications will
not therefore be covered in any great detail in this review.
Bituminous materials have a long history of use dating
back thousands of years. Asphalt, however, has only 2 The Asphalt Industry
been around a relatively short time making its debut in
the UK around the early 1900s. Edgar Purnell Hooley
Despite making signiÀcant progress over the years so
obtained the Àrst British patent for Tarmacadam in 1902
that asphalt performance has become well controlled
(a.1) and the following year formed the TarMacadam
and fairly predictable, there is always room for
Syndicate Ltd., in Denby, Derbyshire. It was, however,
further improvement. A key development over the
several years later before it became widely used, aligned past 20 years or so in the UK has been the utilisation
with the growth in trafÀc volumes. Before the advent of of polymer-modified bitumens (PMB) to further
bituminous-bound road building materials, roads were improve asphalt performance. This has manifested
constructed of unbound aggregate mixtures that relied itself either by enabling asphalt to have improved
on good aggregate interlock for stability. durability or alternatively by enabling asphalt layer
thicknesses, in particular the main surface course layer,
Asphalt has been used for building roads over the past to be signiÀcantly reduced. Such reduction can offer
hundred years and during that time the industry has material savings that appeals to clients concerned with
evolved into a sophisticated sector which is heavily lowering costs, but who are also tasked with meeting
regulated by national and European standards and sustainability targets, e.g., local authorities.
governed by speciÀcations developed largely by the
Highways Agency, usually following consultation with The utilisation of polymer-modiÀed binders in the UK
industry. The material supply side of the industry also has grown sharply over the past ten years from humble
has its own trade associations, most notably the Quarry beginnings in the late 1970s when there was no means
Products Association (QPA) (a.2) representing the of specifying their use. Back then the asphalt industry’s
asphalt suppliers and the ReÀned Bitumen Association liability was largely limited to supplying materials in
(RBA) (a.3) representing bitumen companies. Both accordance with speciÀcations that called up standard
organisations work closely together as the Asphalt recipe-based materials.
Industry Alliance (AIA) (a.4) to promote asphalt.
The UK aggregates and asphalt industry is fairly
This review will explore the type of polymers used capital-intensive in terms of manufacturing plant and
in asphalt, why they are used, where they are used traditionally conservative in nature. Likewise the
in terms of applications and the beneÀts they offer to client side of the industry has traditionally taken a
industry and the road user. In particular, the reader will conservative view towards adopting new technology
understand how polymers can be used to enhance the because of the need to protect public safety. However,
functionality of asphalt, i.e., to overcome deterioration in recent years there has been a growing acceptance that
mechanisms by enhancing asphalt stiffness or Áexibility, new technologies can offer the tax payer better value for
or by making it more resistant to deformation (rutting) money. This change has resulted in growing industry
caused by trafÀc. acceptance for new materials such as the adoption of
polymers in asphalt, even though it has taken some
Much of the research and development conducted considerable time, well over 20 years, from when the
by the material supply side of the asphalt industry is Àrst road trials containing polymers were laid down
commercially sensitive, whereas the highway authorities for monitoring.

3
 Polymers in Asphalt

2.1 Industry Overview pavement structure. The ‘base’ layer sits on top of a
granular unbound layer called a sub-base, which in turn
The asphalt industry has a relatively low demand for is laid on top of the sub-grade (soil).
polymers. The use of polymers in asphalt is still an
emerging market in the UK, with approximately 3% of
all the asphalt produced now containing a polymer of 2.2 Recent Market Trends
some sort, with nearly all of this present in the asphalt
surface course layer. Despite a number of large privately Ànanced initiatives
(PFI), particularly in the mid to late 1990s, the main
The asphalt market represents over £1,000 million in markets for asphalt continue to be the publicly-funded
terms of total product value. However, the total amount highway works controlled either by the Highways
of polymers used in asphalt in the UK is estimated to Agency or local authorities. However, the private sector,
have a value in the range of £2.5-4 million per year. i.e., commercial, industrial and housing, provides good
The conservative and regulatory nature of the highways opportunities for new materials where the client is often
industry has traditionally presented many barriers which interested in asphalt with a particular functionality,
have restricted acceptance for new materials, including such as coloured surface Ànish, fuel resistance or a free
polymer-modiÀed asphalts. However, this situation is draining but durable pavement to control Áood water.
now changing with the recognition that polymers can
make a constructive contribution towards improving
asphalt performance in terms of durability and, in 2.2.1 Growth in TrafÀc
some cases, cost reduction. Polymers are also making
a signiÀcant contribution in terms of sustainability by A critical driver for improving asphalt performance
enabling the design of asphalts that reduce the level of has been the growth in trafÀc using Great Britain roads
trafÀc noise, and by allowing thinner asphalt roads to over the past decade as shown in Figure 1. This data
be constructed, thereby requiring less material. shows how road trafÀc has grown over the ten-year
period 1992-2002, increasing by approximately 18%
An asphalt road usually comprises four distinct layers over that term. It is interesting to note that much of the
starting with the ‘surface course’ laid on top of a road network in place today was not designed to carry
‘binder course’ which in turn is laid on top of a ‘base’ the increased trafÀc volumes we are now seeing. As a
layer. These bound layer thicknesses usually increase result many roads will require increased maintenance,
the further down they are positioned within the road and in some cases complete reconstruction well before

Road TrafÀc: All motor vehicles: 1992-2002

500
Billion vehicle kilometres

480
460
440
420
400
380
360
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Figure 1
The total activity of trafÀc on the road network in Great Britain is measured in vehicle kilometres. The trafÀc
for each year relates to the public road network in place in that year. Thus growth over time is the product of any
change in the network (kilometres) and the change in trafÀc Áow (vehicles)

4
 Polymers in Asphalt

their expected design life is reached. It is recognised It is commercial goods carrying vehicles that cause
that there is a huge backlog of maintenance work needed the most damage as opposed to cars because of their
to repair and maintain UK roads, which have suffered heavier axle loading imparting heavier stresses on
from under-investment over recent decades. the road surface. The introduction of ‘super single
tyres’ from the Continent with higher tyre pressure is
Using polymer-modiÀed binders in asphalt to improve another factor increasing the applied stress on asphalt
performance is one strategy that is available to the design roads that can lead to premature pavement failure, e.g.,
engineer or speciÀer to mitigate the damaging effect of rutting and cracking. The increase in commercial freight
increasing trafÀc stresses as shown in Figure 2 to ensure trafÀc has increased on UK roads since 1992 as shown
asphalt roads do indeed meet their planned design life. in Figure 3.

Figure 2
A section of heavily used motorway where a polymer-modiÀed asphalt could be used in the surface course to cope
with high trafÀc levels

Freight transport by road: goods lifted by goods vehicles

over 3.5 tonnes: 1992-2002
1650
1600
Million tonnes

1550
1500
1450
1400
1350
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Figure 3
Freight activity is measured in terms of the weight of goods (tonnes) handled, taking no account of the distance
they are carried; this is termed ‘goods lifted’

5
 Polymers in Asphalt

2.2.2 Trends in Market Demand for Asphalt and 2.2.3 Surface Maintenance Treatments
Bitumen
Polymers are also used in the manufacture of water-
The trend in asphalt market demand in Great Britain based bitumen emulsions for road maintenance
over the past ten years is shown in Figure 4. The surfacing techniques, namely surface dressing and
fluctuation year on year reflects changing market microasphalt. The main market for polymer-modiÀed
conditions influenced largely by client spending bitumen emulsions is surface dressing whereby the
patterns. The growth in bitumen demand during the emulsion is sprayed onto the existing road surface by a
past 80+ years is shown in Figure 5. mobile spray tanker, after which single-sized aggregates

40
35
30
25
Million tonnes

20
15
10
5
0
Act Act Act Act Act Act Act Act Act Act
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Figure 4
Trends in market demand for asphalt in Great Britain over the past ten years

Bitumen consumption
3
Production per annum,
x 1,000,000 tonnes

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20

Figure 5
Trends in market demand for bitumen in Great Britain between 1920 and 2000

6
 Polymers in Asphalt

or ‘chippings’ are applied to ‘dress’ the carriageway. The A key driver for change is recognition by client bodies
bitumen emulsion essentially acts as the glue to bond that the traditional prescriptive approach, whereby the
the chippings onto the road surface. After the dressed client stipulates which asphalt mixtures should be used
surfacing has received a few days trafÀc the chippings and accepting the lowest price tender, does not always
interlock and form a strong mosaic-like surface Ànish. represent best value. This has resulted in a signiÀcant
Although asphalt thin surfacing (ATS) systems have shift towards end product performance speciÀcations,
reduced the surface dressing market over the past ten effectively passing performance liability and risk
years, mainly on the grounds of reduced trafÀc noise, it down the supply chain to suppliers. This means the
is still a signiÀcant market for polymers and is estimated asphalt suppliers and contractors take responsibility
to represent a polymer value in the region of £3 million for designing their materials to comply with speciÀc
per year, i.e., at a similar level to asphalt. performance requirements. Where the required
performance levels cannot be met with conventional
Microasphalt is a different maintenance technique paving-grade bitumens, then it may be necessary to use
involving the manufacture on site of cold-mix asphalt- polymer-modiÀed binders.
like material using graded aggregates mixed with an
emulsion that is then applied onto the road surface This approach has encouraged innovation within
through a paving machine and laid typically 10 mm the industry, particularly by the bitumen and asphalt
thick. suppliers who have invested significantly in the
research and development of new binders and asphalt
Such treatments are usually applied when the existing materials.
road surface is showing signs of distress or the surfacing
has fallen below the required level of skid resistance.
They are usually chosen by the highway authority 2.3.2 New Product Approvals Scheme
because they offer a lower-cost short-term solution
compared to laying a new hot-mix asphalt surface This new approach aimed at encouraging innovation
course. The durability of these surface maintenance is founded on allowing the use of proprietary products
treatments is, however, inferior to conventional hot- that have British Board of Agrément and Highways
mix asphalt surface courses. So, over the longer term, Authorities Product Approval Scheme certiÀcation
using such treatments may prove more costly as a result (BBA HAPAS) which was set up by the Highways
of more frequent maintenance being required. Surface Agency, the County Surveyors Society (CSS) and
treatments can extend the life of a road pavement if the BBA (a.5). It was established to provide a means
used in a timely manner before the road condition of gaining national approval for innovative products,
deteriorates to a critical condition, which may then materials and systems related to highway use, thereby
require full reconstruction. removing the need for local highways authorities to
undertake such assessments themselves. The scheme
includes ongoing surveillance to give assurance that
products do provide the speciÀed level of performance
2.3 Regulations
in service. This is necessary because binder and asphalt
performance tests are only predictive and cannot
absolutely guarantee performance.
2.3.1 Background
This scheme has become the main vehicle for gaining
Various EU legislation and regulations have an impact approval for the use of new proprietary asphalt materials
on the asphalt industry, such as the Public Procurement and in particular those containing polymers. Further
Directives and others on liability, health and safety. The information is given in Section 8.3.
main one of note is the Construction Products Directive.
This will be covered in Section 8.1.

2.4 Distinct Technologies

Traditionally the asphalt industry has been averse to risk
and conservative, due in part to heavy regulation in the
form of product standards and speciÀcations. However,
over the past ten years this climate has started to change, 2.4.1 Background
to the extent that the asphalt industry is now actively
engaged in developing new innovative products, many The asphalt industry has a long history dating back
of which are based on polymers. to the early 1900s. There have, however, been many

7
 Polymers in Asphalt

signiÀcant changes and improvements over the past 2.4.2 Asphalt Material Description
century. These have resulted in improved quality
control for materials, more efÀcient plant and improved In simple terms asphalt is a mixture of graded aggregates
procedures for protecting worker safety, health and with Àller (Ànely graded material with a particle size
the environment (SHE). Site practices with regard to predominantly less than 63 +m) and bitumen. The latter
SHE have improved considerably in recent years to the acts as the binder and typically contributes between
beneÀt of company employees who work in quarries, 4% and 6% of the total mixture by mass. The nature of
on asphalt production plants and those involved with the aggregate and bitumen properties and the mixture
laying the material (contracting). proportions greatly influence the resultant asphalt
properties, although controlling the installation (degree
The asphalt industry today is dominated by a few of compaction) is also critically important to ensure
major players who between them supply over 80% of the Ànished ‘mat’ has the desired density and air void
the market. The core technology on offer from these content. There is little point in carefully designing
companies is fairly standard, however, companies asphalt in the laboratory with a view to it lasting several
try and differentiate themselves through improved decades on a road receiving heavy trafÀc, if it is then
customer focus/service and by offering ‘special branded poorly compacted during installation because it will fail
products’, i.e., low-volume specialist products aimed at prematurely due to air and water ingress, causing the
high-value niche markets. bitumen to become hard and brittle due to oxidation.

Road schemes are designed by client based and/or

externally appointed designers, who will specify 2.4.3 Typical Asphalt Road Structure
levels of asphalt performance based on the speciÀc site
requirements taking account of trafÀc levels, sub-grade Asphalt pavements, certainly on motorways and
condition and the expected pavement design life. In major trunk roads, are designed to achieve a speciÀed
terms of the construction supply chain on major works, design life by taking account of the prevailing trafÀc
asphalt laying contractors are in the main appointed conditions and the condition of the sub-grade on which
as sub-contractors to larger construction companies. the pavement will sit and function. In simple terms, the
Large asphalt companies such as Tarmac (a.6), have weaker the sub-grade or soil, the thicker or stronger
their own in-house contracting business to offer an the pavement needs to be. Usually asphalt pavements
integrated service. consist of three distinct, bound layers sitting on top of

Figure 6
Cross-section of a Áexible pavement showing three bound asphalt layers and one unbound granular sub-base layer

8
 Polymers in Asphalt

one unbound layer (sub-base) (Figure 6). The top layer time. Following mixing, the asphalt is transported in
of the road or pavement is called the surface course covered delivery vehicles from the asphalt plant to
and is typically laid 25-40 mm thick. It is in this layer the construction site where it is put through a paving
that polymer-modiÀed binders are currently used to machine (Figure 8). The asphalt layer is partially
counter the stresses incurred through direct contact compacted when it passes through the screed at the
with vehicle tyres. However, the surface course is back of the paver, however, full compaction is achieved
generally regarded as being a non-load-bearing layer by employing a heavy mobile compaction plant that
as it translates the trafÀc load downwards into the travels back and forth, up and down the asphalt layer
pavement. The next layer down is called the binder (mat) several times until full compaction is achieved.
course layer, which is laid typically 60 mm thick. This is determined by measuring the asphalt density
The main structural-load-bearing layer is termed the in situ using a nuclear density gauge (a piece of
base layer. It lies beneath the binder course layer and equipment used on construction sites to measure in situ
is typically laid 100-200 mm thick depending on the asphalt density in a non-destructive way as opposed to
design requirements. The unbound granular sub-base removing cores and then having to measure density
layer is free draining, consists of graded aggregates and on the cores), and comparing the data with the density
is usually laid at least 150 mm thick. Its main function information obtained on the same asphalt mixture after
is to provide a platform for construction trafÀc during being fully compacted under laboratory conditions. The
the road building operation. However, new pavement percentage refusal density (PRD) achieved on site must
design guidance (a.7) now recognises that sub-bases comply with the contract speciÀcation.
stabilised with slow cementing pozzolanic binders,
such as lime, cement and slag, can make a signiÀcant
contribution towards pavement performance. 2.4.5 Analytical Pavement Design

Another signiÀcant change occurred in the asphalt

2.4.4 Asphalt Production and Laying industry with the development of new asphalt testing
equipment for measuring key mechanical properties
Asphalt is produced in a specially designed plant such as ‘elastic stiffness’ and ‘deformation resistance’.
(Figure 7), which enables hot, dried graded aggregates Being able to measure these properties with some
to be mixed with Àller and hot molten bitumen under precision has facilitated the move away from empirical
controlled conditions of mix temperature and mixing design procedures (a.8) towards analytical pavement

Figure 7
An example of an asphalt production plant

9
 Polymers in Asphalt

Figure 8
Asphalt being laid through a paving machine

design and the development of end performance-based how all sides of the asphalt industry can work together
speciÀcations, where the use of polymers features successfully with a common aim to improve the
signiÀcantly. performance of asphalt roads, thereby offering better
value for money to the road user. The NAT can be a
The road designer can now specify asphalt in terms useful tool for comparing the performance of different
of critical performance metrics. Having the ability to types of polymer-modiÀed binders for use in asphalt to
test and measure the key performance properties has determine which ones offer the best value for money
also enabled the beneÀts of using polymers in asphalt by balancing performance against cost.
to be recognised. The asphalt engineer is now able to
determine the ideal mixture of constituents necessary
to deliver a required level of performance. Whereas
2.5 Environment/Sustainability Issues
using polymer-modiÀed binders increases the asphalt
material cost per tonne, PMB can help to reduce the
overall asphalt cost per m2 by enabling the asphalt
to be laid in thinner layers without compromising 2.5.1 Legislative Drivers
durability and performance. Polymer-modiÀed asphalts
are usually speciÀed when standard bitumen grades or Over recent years EU legislation has had a profound
other more economic additives such as cellulose Àbres effect on the construction industry, and in particular
are perceived to be unable to deliver the required level the aggregates and asphalt sector. The industry is being
of performance. Interestingly Àbres, which contain encouraged, through Àscal instruments, such as landÀll
polymers, are not regarded as ‘polymers’ in the asphalt tax and the aggregates levy, to reduce waste generation,
industry because they do not alter or modify bitumen reduce disposal through re-use/recycling, reduce the
rheology in the same way as thermoplastic or elastic use of primary materials, thereby protecting our Ànite
polymers; rather they are used to prevent binder mineral reserves, and reduce material movements,
drainage at elevated temperatures in high stone content i.e., to use in situ materials where possible, facilitated
mixtures by effectively ‘holding’ the bitumen on the by the use of ground stabilisation techniques using
aggregate skeleton. hydraulic binders, such as lime, Portland Cement,
ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) and
New laboratory testing equipment such as the pulverised fuel ash (PFA). The latest revision of Mineral
Nottingham Asphalt Tester (NAT) (a.9) is now used Planning Guidance (MPG6) further encourages the
on a routine basis by the asphalt industry for assessing utilisation of secondary aggregates, setting new targets
the mechanical properties of asphalt designs related to aimed at increasing the market share that currently
contract end performance speciÀcations (Figure 9). sits at 24%. Some 50 million tonnes of recycled and
The development of the NAT is a good example of secondary aggregates were used in the UK in 2001 with

10
 Polymers in Asphalt

Figure 9
The Nottingham Asphalt Tester used for measuring asphalt structural properties

over 400 companies now involved in processing and include construction and demolition waste, mixed
supplying recycled or secondary aggregates. Recyclate highway arisings, road planings (these are produced
streams Áow from both the private and public sectors, when removing an old worn out asphalt road surface
i.e., roads, buildings and bridges all produce arisings - it is basically planed up then crushed into aggregates),
from construction and demolition waste which can and crushed glass.
be a valuable source of secondary aggregates. Other
examples of EU and national policy affecting the
growth in market share for secondary aggregates include 2.5.2 Availability of Secondary Aggregates
the EU Waste Framework Directive, the EU LandÀll
Directive and the National Waste Strategy, all aimed at The current and future availability of secondary,
reducing the amount of material going to landÀll and manufactured and recycled aggregates in the UK, given
encouraging recycling and favourable planning policy in Table 1 highlights the main sources. The materials that
towards recycling operations. offer signiÀcant growth potential are notably construction
and demolition waste, incinerator bottom ash (IBA), and
The local authority Agenda 21 initiative is one china clay sand and slate waste. All of the other sources
example of government policy affecting sustainable listed are either fully utilised, are declining industries
development, where local authorities are set targets or have insurmountable distribution difÀculties. IBA is
by central government to develop local strategies perhaps a less well-known source and is worthy of note.
aimed at protecting the environment and contributing It is the main by-product of the incineration of municipal
towards a more sustainable society. Companies are waste in Energy from Waste (EfW) plants. Typically
also increasingly becoming good corporate citizens 25% of the input to an EfW plant becomes IBA. The
by implementing policies aimed at minimising unprocessed IBA contains small proportions of both
environmental impact. The quarrying industry in ferrous and non-ferrous metals as well as unburnt waste.
particular has over recent years taken great strides It is forecast that by the year 2020 there will be some
towards environmental protection. 50 Mt per year of domestic waste produced in the UK
which will be unable to be landÀlled due to prevailing
Certain industries (in particular steel making, electricity legislation. This means that a signiÀcant portion of this
generation, foundries, slate, china clay and incineration will be incinerated which, if current forecasts prove
of domestic waste) produce viable sources of secondary correct, could result in around 6 Mt per year of IBA
aggregates. Other major sources of secondary aggregates aggregate (IBAA) being produced.

11
 Polymers in Asphalt

Table 1 Current and forecast availability for a range of secondary aggregate sources in the UK
Material Annual Utilisation, % Growth Potential Stockpiled, Mt
Arisings, Mt
Construction and 94 50 Yes LandÀlled
Demolition Waste
Asphalt Planings 2 100 No -
Blast Furnace Slag 3 100 Yes but only as cement >3
replacement
Steel Slag 1 50 Yes as roadstone aggregate >4
Spent Oil Shale 0 1 Yes as Àll and sub-base >100
Incinerator Bottom Ash 0.7 50 Up to 6 Mt by 2020
Glass 2.2 33 Limited as aggregate
Furnace Bottom Ash 0.75 100 No
Pulverised Fuel Ash 5.5 50 Yes >50
Foundry Sand 1.3 0.3 No - declining industry
China Clay 25.5 <10 Yes – shipped to market ~500 in Cornwall
Slate Waste >2 low Yes ~450
Spent Rail Ballast 1-2 high No

2.5.3 Sustainability Issues Affecting Asphalt road), thereby minimising the need to use primary
aggregates, are also growing in acceptance. All of these
EU legislation related to environmental protection initiatives contribute towards helping to conserve Ànite
has started to impact on the asphalt industry in recent mineral reserves and to protect the environment.
years. Directives aimed at reducing the amount of
waste generated, increasing re-use and recycling, and A signiÀcant environmental beneÀt derived from the
protecting worker safety are now all impacting on development of proprietary thin asphalt surfacings is
product standards, speciÀcations and industry guidance, that they reduce noise levels generated by trafÀc. This
driving asphalt companies to react accordingly by has been measured for a number of different products
adopting new practices and developing new materials. on the market and they have been found to offer noise
Basically these directives are driving the development reductions in the range 4-8 dB. This represents a
of a more sustainable construction industry. signiÀcant equivalent reduction in trafÀc volume, with
Àgures of around 50% claimed by some suppliers.
The asphalt industry has made a considerable contribution Many of these proprietary asphalt products make use
towards the local authority Agenda 21 initiative by of performance-enhancing polymer-modiÀed bitumens,
using increasing amounts of recycled aggregates (see whilst others use cellulose Àbres.
Figure 10) in asphalt products and also by developing
tougher, more robust asphalt materials that can be laid In keeping with meeting customer demands for
in thinner layers (thin asphalt surfacings), thereby using environmentally friendly ‘green’ products, the asphalt
less material, and which result in quieter surfaces, i.e., industry, particularly within the EU, has also been investing
result in reduced trafÀc noise. Modern asphalts designed in the development of ‘low energy’ asphalts. These
using analytical testing techniques should result in longer materials essentially require less energy to manufacture
lasting roads requiring less frequent maintenance, i.e., compared to conventional hot-mix asphalt materials.
the development of more durable asphalt materials will
make a signiÀcant contribution towards the development Low energy asphalts, are produced using one of two
of a sustainable highways sector. distinct technologies:

New recycling techniques based on using the existing (1) ‘Cold-Mix’ technology using foamed or emulsiÀed
road as a linear quarry (digging up and reusing an old bitumens, and

12
 Polymers in Asphalt

(2) ‘Warm-Mix’ technology using combinations of research that has validated its performance (a.10). Of
foamed, emulsiÀed or powdered binders. these emerging low energy technologies, only emulsion
asphalts currently make use of polymers to enhance
These technologies have actually been around for many performance. Apart from offering low energy materials,
years, particularly within mainland Europe and further these technologies also make a signiÀcant contribution
overseas. Foamix technology, for example, has been towards maximising the use of recycled aggregates.
used in Canada for several decades and emulsion-based
cold mix asphalts (see Figures 11 and 12) have become More recently, the development of full-depth porous
established in places such as France and Scandinavia. pavements (drainage pavements) has emerged, driven
The use of such materials in the UK is still relatively by changing land use from rural to urban with increasing
low. However, Foamix asphalt is now gaining in Áood risk. Developing a site, with hard paved areas
popularity with clients on the back of industry-led and roofs, prevents the natural dissipation of rainwater

325,000
Secondary
300,000
Primary
275,000
250,000
Tonnes x 1000

200,000
175,000
150,000
125,000
100,000
75,000
50,000
25,000
Act Act Act Act Act Act Act Act Act Proj
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Figure 10
Market demand for primary and secondary aggregates between 1994 and 2003

Figure 11
Cold lay asphalt being used to repair a road

13
 Polymers in Asphalt

Figure 12
A polymer-modiÀed bitumen emulsion being poured to demonstrate Áow characteristics at room temperature

and increases both rate and volume of runoff water. 3 Key Bitumen Properties
The adverse effects of inappropriate development
are cumulative and can lead to signiÀcant problems
in the longer term. The Department for Transport,
Local Government and the Regions (DTLR) Planning 3.1 Background
Permission Guidance Note 25 suggests that sustainable
urban drainage systems (SUDS), which mimic the Bitumen has been in use as an essential construction material
natural processes of recycling rainwater back to the air for thousands of years due to its binding and waterprooÀng
and ground, should be implemented. The Environment nature. Above 100 ÝC, bitumen is a highly viscous liquid.
Agency is empowered by the government to advise It hardens at lower temperatures, tending to become hard
planning authorities on development and Áood risk and ultimately brittle at sub-zero temperatures.
matters, to use their powers to guide developments
away from areas that may be affected by Áooding, In most highway applications, paving grade bitumens
and to restrict development that would increase the do a perfectly good job in meeting the demands of the
risk of Áooding. Polymer-modiÀed binders are used UK’s busy road network, though there will be situations
particularly in the surface course layer to enhance long- where the use of polymers is preferred. This may be
term durability. required, for example, to improve asphalt’s resistance to
permanent deformation at elevated service temperatures,
Further information on these environmentally-friendly to improve the asphalt’s ductility to reduce the risk of
asphalt technologies may be obtained from: thermal cracking at low temperatures, to improve
binder aggregate adhesion to reduce risk of aggregate
• Tarmac (a.6), for foamed bitumen technology and stripping, or to lay asphalt surface courses in very thin
drainage pavements layers (<25 mm) whilst maintaining texture retention,
durability and delivering higher levels of trafÀc noise
• Nynas Bitumen (a.11), for cold-mix emulsion reduction. Today, more than 5 million tonnes of PMB
technology is used by the global roads’ industry per year.

• Shell Bitumen (a.12), for warm asphalt mix Since polymers used to modify asphalt behaviour are
technology effectively modifying the bitumen component in the

14
 Polymers in Asphalt

mixture, it is appropriate for bitumen to be discussed asphalt mixture, the binder Àlm thickness, the air void
brieÁy with some discussion of how polymers actually content of the asphalt and the bitumen composition.
modify bitumen properties. Air voids are particularly important; if air is unable to
penetrate dense asphalt mixtures easily, then the rate
of oxidation will be much slower compared to an open
graded (a lower density more porous material – basically
3.2 Bitumen Characteristics
less dense due to the aggregate grading) material.
Polymers can assist with helping to reduce ageing
affects by enabling softer bitumen grades to be used
3.2.1 Background without compromising resistance to high temperature
rutting. Polymers are also claimed to improve binder
Bitumen is derived from crude oil by subjecting it aggregate adhesion, which will reduce binder stripping
to a controlled distillation process that removes the caused by water ingress, hence maintaining the asphalt
light fractions (distillates), leaving bitumen as a heavy mixture integrity and structural strength (stiffness).
residue. Bitumen is a viscoelastic material and is There are a number of test methods for characterising
particularly temperature sensitive. It is also prone to the resistance to ageing, most notably the rolling
permanent deformation under an applied load, with the thin Àlm oven test (RTFOT), which is speciÀed for
rate of deformation dependent on the bitumen grade, standard bitumen grades to simulate the oxidation that
asphalt composition, ambient temperature, level of takes place during asphalt mixing, transportation and
stress and load time. laying. Another ageing test is the high pressure ageing
test (HiPAT), which uses lower test temperatures but
higher pressures. Over recent years new tests for asphalt
3.2.2 Bitumen Chemistry mixtures have been developed to take account of the
binder aggregate interaction, and to understand the
The source and type of crude oil inÁuences the bitumen extent to which this inÁuences ageing.
chemical composition, which in turn inÁuences its
physical properties. Bitumen consists of complex
hydrocarbons containing calcium, iron, manganese, 3.3 Standard Bitumen SpeciÀcation Tests
nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and vanadium. Bitumen
structure varies for each crude oil and is impossible Bitumen gives a complex response to applied stress,
to map accurately. Bitumen chemistry is determined dependent on loading time and temperature. There
approximately using a saturates-aromatics-resins- are many empirical tests available for characterising
asphaltenes (SARA) analysis to compare composition the behaviour of bitumen, which are controlled by
with rheology. There are approximately 1,500 sources different Standards bodies, e.g., BSI, the Energy
of crude oil worldwide, mainly in the USA, Mexico, Institute and ASTM, with some differences between
South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East and the the various versions. However bitumen paving grades
old Soviet states, although relatively few are suitable used for asphalt roads are usually classiÀed in terms of
for bitumen production. penetration value (pen) measured at 25 ÝC reported in
dmm (Figure 14) and the softening point reported in ÝC
(Figure 13). These values are then used to designate the
3.2.3 Bitumen Ageing bitumen grade. There are other empirical speciÀcation
tests available, but these are the main ones used as
Bitumen ages (oxidises) in the presence of air, a proxy (approximation) for assessing the bitumen’s
particularly when reduced to a thin film on an resistance to permanent deformation.
aggregate particle during asphalt production, storage
and transportation when it is maintained at elevated Tests are also available for measuring the dynamic
temperatures. Oxidation leads to bitumen hardening and viscosity of the bitumen at temperatures in the range
ultimately embrittlement. This results in asphalt failure 100-190 ÝC, which is particularly important for assessing
in the form of adhesion failure with aggregate loss pumpability and aggregate coating (Figure 15). This
(fretting in the surface course) and cracking. Asphalt test involves heating bitumen in a sample chamber
hardening in the base layers is thought to be helpful under controlled conditions and introducing a rotating
as it improves stiffness which contributes to improved spindle and measuring the torque resistance, which is
performance. The rate of age hardening depends on a converted and displayed automatically as a viscosity
number of factors, most notably the composition of the readout usually in centipoise (cP).

15
 Polymers in Asphalt

Figure 13 Figure 14
Ring and ball apparatus used in the bitumen Bitumen penetration test apparatus
softening point test

Figure 15
A BrookÀeld viscometer used for measuring bitumen dynamic viscosity

16
 Polymers in Asphalt

Other tests are available for measuring bitumen • improve asphalt cohesive strength, and
viscosity at lower temperatures. These may be important
for assessing the risk of embrittlement, particularly if the • reduce risk of low-temperature thermal cracking
bitumen is used in cold climates. The other main tests by reducing the temperature susceptibility of the
used in UK bitumen speciÀcations include resistance bitumen.
to hardening (ageing), the Áash point (required for safe
handling), and solubility (used to assess purity). This section will touch upon these issues and also refer
to how polymers affect bitumen rheology.
For further information on bitumen tests, contact the
ReÀned Bitumen Association (a.3).
3.4.2 Reducing Permanent Deformation (Rutting)

3.4 Polymer-ModiÀed Binders The improvement in the deformation resistance of the

asphalt when using an elastomeric polymer-modiÀed
binder is illustrated in Figure 16. This shows how
3.4.1 Background the binder when subjected to an applied load (stress)
exhibits initial deformation (strain), then as the load
Polymers in the main are used to modify bitumen is eventually removed the binder demonstrates some
properties in some way to effect a perceived elastic recovery. However, overall, the binder suffers
improvement in asphalt performance. Improvements a degree of permanent deformation which would
in the mechanical or structural properties of asphalt ultimately result in rutting under continued traffic
by using polymer-modiÀed binders can sometimes be loading. Polymers are mainly used to improve the
difÀcult to measure. For example, elastomeric polymers binder’s elastic component, thereby delaying the onset
(see Section 5.2.1) can often result in a decrease in of permanent deformation (Figure 17) by enhancing
stiffness, although some improvement in deformation the binder’s ability to recover after each load cycle
resistance and cohesive strength can be obtained. is removed. This is certainly the case for elastomeric
Polymers are usually used to: polymers, whilst plastomeric polymers work in a
different way by stiffening the bitumen rather than
• reduce rutting, i.e., permanent deformation, making it more elastic.

Figure 16
Bitumen permanent deformation model

17
 Polymers in Asphalt

Figure 17
An example of an asphalt road surfacing showing signs of permanent deformation (rutting)

3.4.3 Improving Asphalt Cohesive Strength and reducing the brittle point. This means compared to
standard bitumen grades, modiÀed binders Áows less
Certain polymers can signiÀcantly improve bitumen at higher temperatures (increased viscosity) and are
cohesive strength as measured by the Vialit Pendulum less brittle (more elastic) at lower temperatures. Thus
test (a.13). This can be a useful test for ranking different the asphalt remains rut resistant at elevated surface
polymer-modiÀed binders for use in ATS systems. temperatures during summer months and is less prone
to thermal cracking at sub-zero temperatures during
A test for assessing the cohesive strength of asphalt has the winter. Elastomers are also claimed to improve
been developed by the Transport Research Laboratory the ‘fatigue resistance’ of asphalt properties which is
(TRL). Called the scufÀng test, it subjects asphalt test an indication of improved durability, i.e., less prone to
specimens to repeated tyre loads applied at an angle fatigue-induced cracking under repeated dynamic load.
over a small test area for a pre-determined period
and at a speciÀed test temperature. The rut depth is Using plastomers such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) to
measured at the end of the test to provide a qualitative modify asphalt behaviour typically results in enhanced
measure of comparable performance between different elastic stiffness and improved deformation resistance
binder grades using the same asphalt mixture or at elevated temperatures. However, plastomeric
between different asphalt mixtures. Asphalts containing modiÀers are known to have inferior low-temperature
polymer-modiÀed binders are known to demonstrate properties compared to elastomeric modiÀers, i.e.,
improved performance, i.e., reduced rate of rutting, they make the binder stiffer and more prone to low-
in this test compared to standard asphalts. This is a temperature thermal cracking. This is not thought to
useful test for differentiating between different types be a signiÀcant issue for use in the UK but it could be
of polymer-modiÀed asphalts. in colder climates.

3.4.4 Reduced Temperature Susceptibility 3.4.5 Modifying Bitumen Rheology

(Thermal Cracking)
Bitumen is viscoelastic in nature. Viscous materials
Elastomers are well known for reducing the temperature (liquids) flow under an applied stress and remain
susceptibility of bitumen by elevating the softening point deformed when the stress is removed, whereas elastic

18
 Polymers in Asphalt

materials deform under applied load but tend to recover can be characterised using a master curve. A dynamic
to their original state when the stress is removed. shear rheometer (DSR) is used for producing master
Paving grade bitumens behave as viscous Áuids at high curves.
service temperatures (typically >60 °C) and as elastic
materials at low ambient temperatures (typically <5 °C) A standard testing frequency of 0.4 Hz is referred to in
although this behaviour is also dependent on the loading Clause 928 of the SpeciÀcation For Highway Works
frequency, i.e., it is related to speed and axle loads of (a.14), representing slow moving trafÀc and the standard
passing vehicles. master curve is based on a plot showing complex stiffness
modulus versus frequency at 25 °C. Trying to link
Over recent years the bitumen industry has been striving bitumen viscoelastic behaviour to asphalt performance,
to develop more sophisticated tests for quantifying and in particular asphalt failure mechanisms, is the
the viscoelastic behaviour of bitumens, and the use of subject of ongoing industry research.
dynamic shear testing has emerged as an apparently
convenient method for doing this. A thin Àlm of bitumen The role of polymers is essentially to make bitumen
or binder under test is subjected to an alternating shear more elastic, to reduce the risk of permanent deformation
stress whilst measuring the resultant alternating shear caused by viscous Áow under applied loading. For
strain. The stress-strain ratio is termed the complex unmodiÀed bitumens the phase angle increases with
stiffness modulus (G*). The difference between the increasing temperature, however, by introducing
shear stress and shear strain is known as the phase angle appropriate polymers the elastic recoverable component
(b) and is shown in Figure 18. is reinforced and the phase angle is reduced accordingly.
Of the types of polymers in every day use it is the
Whereas elastic materials exhibit a zero phase angle, elastomeric polymers such as styrene-butadiene-styrene
viscous materials (Áuids) show a 90° phase angle, and (SBS) which have the greatest impact on the phase
viscoelastic materials are characterised by values in angle recovery.
between. For paving grade bitumens the phase angle
is also inÁuenced by load time (frequency) and test Testing equipment for characterising bitumen rheology,
temperature, i.e., the lower the temperature the more such as the DSR (Figure 19), has been around for
elastic behaviour is exhibited, whilst at higher test many years and has been the subject of considerable
temperatures, for example above 70 °C, bitumen development at industry level over the past ten years,
demonstrates viscous behaviour. Similar measurements resulting in its inclusion in the Specification for
can be observed when comparing long load times Highway Works (Manual of Contract Documents for
at low temperatures with short load times at higher Highway Works; MCHW 1). Being able to precisely
temperatures. Bitumen’s viscoelastic behaviour when measure bitumen rheology is seen as a key stepping
measured over a range of temperatures and frequencies stone towards the development of performance-based

Figure 18
Diagrammatic representation of bitumen phase angle (b) under applied alternating shear stress

19
 Polymers in Asphalt

Figure 19
Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) used for characterising bitumen rheology

bitumen speciÀcations in the future, moving away from under the prevailing climatic conditions. Basically
the current empirical-based approach. slow-moving heavy goods vehicles with high axle
loads will impart signiÀcantly higher load stresses on
Another way of representing the extent to which asphalt than a fast moving car. For example, the slow
polymers modify bitumen rheology is to plot the lane of motorways will receive much higher stress
complex stiffness modulus (G*) against the phase angle levels than the outside lane so for this reason is more
(b) – termed a Black Diagram. Figure 20 shows how a prone to rutting, particularly during the warmer summer
particular polymer-modiÀed binder (PMB2), appears to months.
be signiÀcantly more elastic by having a smaller phase
angle compared to PMB1 and an unmodiÀed bitumen. Because bitumen properties are temperature susceptible
The difference in rheology between PMB1 and PMB2 is due to it’s viscoelastic nature, this means that asphalt
entirely due to the different polymer types used. It also behaves in a similar manner. In simple terms asphalt
demonstrates that polymer modiÀcation is not always will soften during periods of warm/hot weather and
beneÀcial, as PMB1 appears to perform in a manner not become harder or stiffer during cold winter months.
too dissimilar to the unmodiÀed bitumen. This means that the asphalt engineer has to take this
into account when designing asphalt so that it doesn’t
rut under trafÀc loading during summer months or
crack during colder periods and, importantly, to ensure
the asphalt road achieves its design life. Polymers help
4 Key Asphalt Properties to reduce the temperature susceptibility of bitumen by
elevating the softening point and lowering the brittle
point, thereby reducing the risk of asphalt rutting and
4.1 Temperature Susceptibility cracking. Polymers also reinforce the binder, making
it tougher with enhanced cohesive strength.
The mechanical properties of asphalt need to be
designed to cope with the nature and speed of site trafÀc

20
 Polymers in Asphalt

1.00E+09

1.00E+08

1.00E+07
G*/Pa

1.00E+06

1.00E+05 PMB1
PMB2
30/45
1.00E+04

1.00E+03
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Phase angle/°

Figure 20
A Black diagram showing bitumen complex stiffness modulus (G*) plotted against the phase angle (b) for
three different binders
Courtesy of Nynas Bitumen

4.2 Factors InÁuencing Asphalt Stiffness Appropriate test methods to be used when designing
asphalt are covered by BS 598 (a.17).
Probably the most important mechanical property
for asphalt is elastic stiffness. There are a number of The SpeciÀcation For Highway Works (MCHW 1) 900
variables which inÁuence asphalt stiffness, however, series and Volume 7 Design Manual for Roads and
the bitumen grade and content and aggregate type are Bridges (a.18) provide essential guidance on materials
especially signiÀcant assuming adequate compaction is and pavement design respectively for the highway
achieved. The thermal history of the material will also engineer.
inÁuence the asphalt stiffness, particularly as measured
on cores removed from the road surface. Because of the
number of variables and the complexities involved, it is 4.4 Measuring Mechanical Properties
not uncommon for widely varying stiffness values to be
measured on cores extracted from the same site. This is
Since the arrival of the NAT, asphalt engineers have
why it is important to adopt a statistical analysis on core
been able to use this equipment to measure three main
test data when determining asphalt stiffness in situ.
properties: elastic stiffness, deformation resistance and
resistance to fatigue cracking.

4.3 Standards for Asphalt Mixtures and Flexible

Pavement Design 4.4.1 Elastic Stiffness

There are two essential British Standards that advise Measuring the elastic stiffness of asphalt mixtures
the asphalt engineer on how to select the most is important because it provides an indication of the
appropriate constituent materials for use in asphalt: BS pavement’s performance under applied trafÀc load. In
4987 covering macadams (a.15) and BS 594 for hot simple terms, the stiffer the asphalt the more resistant it
rolled asphalt (HRA) (a.16). Macadams derive their will be to deforming or cracking under dynamic trafÀc
stability mainly from coarse aggregate interlock with load. However, if the asphalt becomes too stiff it may
less dependency on the binder grade, whereas HRA become brittle and prone to thermal or fatigue cracking.
mixtures derive their stability from the bitumen/Àller In terms of asphalt pavement design, it is the ‘base’
mastic matrix and the use of harder grade bitumens. layer which provides the main load-spreading function.

21
 Polymers in Asphalt

TrafÀc load is translated through the thin surface course tests cylindrical specimens in the repeated load axle
layer downwards into the binder course and base layers test (RLAT) mode. The wheel tracker uses compacted
below. The surface course stiffness is less signiÀcant in asphalt slabs that are loaded with a tyre wheel as it
terms of contributing towards the overall load-spreading passes over the test area for a predetermined period
ability of the pavement. at a set temperature, usually 45 °C or 60 °C. The
rut depth and rut rate are reported in mm and mm/h,
The NAT is used for measuring the indirect tensile respectively.
stiffness modulus (ITSM) of asphalt, reported in MPa.
Measuring stiffness in isolation is, however, no guarantee
of pavement durability which can be inÁuenced by other 4.4.3 Fatigue Cracking
factors. Polymer-modiÀed binders do not necessarily
enhance asphalt stiffness, although certain plastomeric Whereas stiffness and deformation resistance are often
polymer types will do this. Elastomeric PMB on the speciÀed, fatigue resistance is rarely speciÀed and is
whole tend to result in reduced asphalt stiffness but mainly an area of ongoing research. Fatigue cracking
improved cohesive strength, although certain PMB in asphalt is related to binder hardening or ageing that
based on elastomeric polymers can be designed to is affected by a number of factors. Bitumen starts to
increase asphalt stiffness. harden due to oxidation during asphalt production.
The rate of hardening is dependent on the mixing
A recent development is the measurement of retained temperature, the residence time in the asphalt plant
stiffness (a.19), by re-testing the asphalt after soaking during mixing, time spent in the delivery vehicle prior
in water and repeated over three test cycles. This is to compaction, and the binder Àlm thickness coating
thought to provide a further indication of the material’s the aggregate. The type and source of crude oil from
likely durability and is especially useful when vetting which the bitumen is derived is also thought to inÁuence
new mixture constituents. the manner in which bitumen ages. Bitumen hardening
(also known as curing) is thought to have a beneÀcial
affect by enhancing asphalt stiffness, although over
4.4.2 Deformation Resistance time the bitumen will eventually age to a point where it
becomes brittle leading to adhesion failure and cracking.
Resistance to permanent deformation can be measured Some polymers are claimed to effectively slow down
on the NAT machine or alternatively by using wheel the bitumen ageing process and thus improve asphalt’s
tracking equipment (Figure 21). The NAT machine resistance to fatigue cracking.

Figure 21
Wheel tracking machine used for assessing asphalt resistance to permanent deformation (rutting)

22
 Polymers in Asphalt

4.4.4 Adhesion between Aggregates and Binders 5 Polymers Used in Asphalt

PMB are usually associated with improved aggregate
adhesion, and there are a number of tests available for 5.1 Overview
assessing this improvement, the most common being
the total water immersion test (TWIT) that involves a The various proprietary polymer-modified binders
visual assessment of bitumen-coated aggregates before used in the UK asphalt industry are based mainly on
and after soaking in water over a pre-determined period. thermoplastic elastomers or thermoplastic plastomers
Poor adhesion can lead to aggregate stripping in service (Figures 22 and 23), although there is also some
linked to water ingress. The degree of compatibility experience in using thermosetting binders based on epoxy
between aggregate mineralogy and bitumen chemistry resins. The essential differences between elastomeric
is thought to inÁuence adhesion. and plastomeric polymers are however, becoming less

Figure 22
Examples of different polymers used in asphalt - SBS/EVA

Figure 23
Examples of different polymers used in asphalt - latex/wax

23
 Polymers in Asphalt

obvious with continuous research in this area, particularly used elastomers include synthetic thermoplastic
with the growth in co-polymer technologies. This section rubber polymers, such as SBS (Figure 24), styrene
will brieÁy review the relative characteristics and beneÀts butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene ethylene butadiene
of these two main polymer types. styrene (SEBS) and polybutadiene rubber (PB).
Typical elastomeric polymer properties are listed in
Other bitumen modiÀers, such as natural rubber latex, Table 2. However, in practice, SBS-type polymers
pulverised crumb rubber and waste plastic, have been have emerged time and again as offering the optimum
trialled. Certain chemical modiÀers, e.g., sulfur and combination of performance, reliability, ease of use
organometallic compounds, have also been trialed and and economy.
claimed to have a Ànite stiffening effect on bitumen.
However, all of these have proven to be less successful Styrenic block copolymers are based on styrene,
in use due to inferior performance, cost and health and butadiene and isoprene feedstocks. The styrene is
safety grounds. A more practical reason restricting polymerised in a precisely controlled reaction with
the use of different polymer-modiÀed binders is the either butadiene or isoprene. Both linear copolymers and
need for dedicated storage tanks, which is costly and radial (or branched) copolymers can be produced, with
potentially problematic for asphalt producers. Asphalt the latter usually having superior structural properties
plants often have restricted areas for accommodating in terms of bitumen modiÀcation. It is the polystyrene
additional PMB tanks, and Áuctuating market demand (PS) component that imparts strength and elevates
for polymer-modiÀed asphalt means PMB can be left the bitumen softening point, whilst the butadiene
in hot storage for lengthy periods, sometimes resulting component is responsible for making the binder more
in remedial action being necessary to rectify the binder elastic. The polymer constituents will disassociate at
(take remedial action to return the binder’s properties elevated temperatures, then recombine to form a three-
back to being within speciÀcation). This is less common dimensional polymer matrix throughout the bitumen as
these days, however, due to improvements made by the the binder cools. The polymer constituents ultimately
bitumen supply industry in providing guidance on how inÁuence the properties of the end product. For example,
to safely manage bitumen in storage. SBS is suitable for footwear and the modiÀcation of
bitumen/asphalt.

5.2 Different Polymer Types A great deal of information has been published on
the use of polymer-modiÀed bitumens over the past
30 years and an excellent source of reference is the
5.2.1 Elastomers Shell Bitumen Handbook (a.20). The Kraton Chemicals
website (a.21) also provides a good reference source,
Elastomers are the most commonly used polymers in although there are a number of polymer suppliers able
UK asphalt highway products. The most frequently to provide similar information.

Polystyrene Polybutadiene Polystyrene

Figure 24
Diagrammatic representation of the physical structure of SBS polymers

Table 2 Typical elastomeric polymer physical properties

Property Radial SBS 30% SEBS SBR SIS
bound styrene
Tensile strength, MPa 18 35 0.5 15
Elongation at break, % at 25 °C 800 500 900 1200
SpeciÀc gravity, g/cm3 0.94 - - 0.93
Hardness Shore A 81 - - 45

24
 Polymers in Asphalt

5.2.1.1 Elastomeric ModiÀcation of Bitumen type and content, the degree of polymer dispersion, the
compatibility between the polymer and the bitumen,
Elastomeric polymers such as SBS modify bitumen and the thermal history. It is important not to overheat
rheology by enhancing the elastic component in the polymers such as SBS in bitumen for prolonged
bitumen and effectively reducing the viscous component periods as it can lead to polymer degradation,
(see Section 3.4.2 and Figure 16). This results in improved which then adversely impacts on binder and asphalt
elastic recovery after removing an applied stress, thus performance.
reducing the risk of permanent deformation. This also
results in the temperature susceptibility of the PMB The polymer/bitumen compatibility is especially
being reduced so the asphalt has reduced risk of rutting, important as it affects the long-term storage behaviour.
particularly at elevated surface temperatures, and is less Incompatibility leads to polymer phase separation,
prone to thermal cracking at low ambient temperatures. resulting in a polymer-rich upper layer in the storage
tank. The resultant binder is unusable and remedial
costs high, so bitumen companies go to great lengths
5.2.1.2 Manufacture of Elastomeric PMB to ensure this does not happen.

It is particularly important when manufacturing Compatibility is usually assessed in the laboratory by

elastomeric PMB to ensure that the polymer is well pouring the PMB into a vertical container, then storing
dispersed throughout the bitumen, i.e., to achieve it in an oven at elevated temperature typically for
complete dissolution. This is usually achieved by seven days before sampling the container from the top
using a purpose-built blending plant able to pump and bottom and measuring any difference in softening
large volumes of PMB through a high shear mixer at point between the layers. The PMB is deemed to be
elevated temperatures. The system conÀguration and compatible if the difference is less than 5 °C.
the sequential process steps need to be designed and
controlled to ensure the desired product is produced. Bitumen companies employ stringent quality control
procedures to ensure PMB are manufactured correctly
The shearing action of the mixer effectively mills and comply with the quality supply speciÀcation agreed
the SBS pellets into micron sized particles, thereby with the asphalt manufacturer. Table 3 shows typical
increasing the polymer surface area and facilitating properties of a 160/220 grade bitumen after modiÀcation
intimate contact between bitumen and polymer. The with different polymer types. A simple test for checking
polymer absorbs some of the maltene/resin fraction polymer dispersion is the ring and ball softening point
present in the bitumen, resulting in rubber swelling. test because poor dispersion will result in a lower than
The end result is a homogenous interconnecting matrix expected softening point. Another way of assessing
of SBS polymer dispersed throughout the bitumen that polymer dispersion is to look at a thin binder Àlm
signiÀcantly alters the binder’s rheology. under a microscope. The appearance of an SBS type
polymer is shown in Figures 25 and 26 during and
The extent to which the polymer modiÀes the bitumen after mixing, respectively, using a high shear mixer at
rheology is dependent on a number of factors: polymer elevated temperatures, e.g., 180 °C.

Table 3 Typical properties of 160/220 grade bitumen modiÀed by elastomers

Polymer type Pen at 25 °C, Ring and Ball Elastic Recovery Fraass Breaking
dmm Softening Point, ÝC at 5 ÝC, % Point, ÝC, maximum
160/220 grade 160 - 220 35 - 43 N/d -15
bitumen control
SBS (5%) 70 - 110 75 - 95 >50 -20
SEBS (3%) 60 - 100 65 - 85 >50 -18
SBR (5%) 100 - 130 56 >70 -15
PB (1.5%) 106 48 >80 -30
Fraass breaking point: This is the temperature at which a thin Àlm of bitumen cracks when subjected to an
applied strain
N/d: not determined

25
 Polymers in Asphalt

Figure 25
Microscopic view of SBS fully dispersed in bitumen
Courtesy of Nynas Bitumen

Figure 26
Microscopic view of SBS during dispersion
Courtesy of Nynas Bitumen

5.2.1.3 Availability of Elastomers Some elastomers are sold in different morphologies,

e.g., in powder form to facilitate dispersion into the
Elastomeric polymers are widely available from a bitumen when a high shear mixer is not available. These
number of major suppliers such as Kraton Chemicals tend to have lower molecular weight and as such offer
and AtoFinaElf. They are usually made available in a slightly reduced level of modiÀcation.
the form of porous pellets supplied in small bags, big
bags or boxes for ease of handling. Porous pellets have
good solid Áow characteristics for handling and high 5.2.2 Plastomers
bulk density for storage, and are well suited for systems
equipped with high shear mixers. Plastomers are the second most popular polymer
type used in UK asphalt highway products. The most

26
 Polymers in Asphalt

commonly used plastomer is EVA. There are a number signiÀcantly stiffens the binder, increasing the binder
of grades available, varying in terms of vinyl acetate viscosity. It is therefore important that the asphalt is
content and molecular weight, which is usually deÀned fully compacted before this polymer phase change
in terms of a melt Áow index. Table 4 shows typical occurs, otherwise the asphalt could stiffen too quickly
plastomeric polymer physical properties. The type of resulting in inadequate compaction which may result
EVA used inÁuences the degree of bitumen modiÀcation in premature failure. This problem can be exacerbated
obtained, and this is usually reÁected in the modiÀed when laying asphalt in thin layers during cold winter
binder’s penetration value, softening point to a lesser months since the cooling rates tend to be faster, limiting
extent, dynamic viscosity and asphalt stiffness. the working window.

Other types of plastomers, including ethylene methyl A great deal of information has been published on the
acrylate, polypropylene (PP), PS and polyethylene (PE), use of EVA for modifying bitumen, particularly by
have also been evaluated for use in asphalt although polymer supply companies (a.22, a.23, a.24, a.25).
have proven to be less successful. They appear to make
the bitumen too stiff and brittle, increasing the risk of
premature asphalt failure. Some of these polymers are 5.2.2.1 Plastomeric ModiÀcation of Bitumen
derived from sources of waste plastic, although reÀned
to provide a consistent product. Whereas elastomers work by making the binder
more elastic with reduced stiffness and improved
EVA is thermoplastic in nature, and apart from being ductility, plastomers effectively make bitumen stiffer.
used in asphalt is also used in hot melt glues. One of the They reduce the binder’s temperature susceptibility,
most common grades of EVA used to modify bitumen particularly at high service temperatures, which is
for use in asphalt is grade 18/150. This classiÀcation important to reduce risk of rutting during hot summer
indicates a melt Áow index of 150 and a vinyl acetate months. However, plastomers are less effective at
content of 18%. Typically 5% EVA by mass of the reducing the risk of low-temperature thermal cracking
bitumen content is used in asphalt mixtures. compared to elastomers.

EVA was one of the Àrst polymers to be used successfully

in asphalt applications in the UK and became accepted 5.2.2.2 Manufacture of Plastomeric PMB
by the Highways Agency and many local authorities
for use in HRA during the 1980s. It essentially stiffens As with elastomeric-modiÀed bitumens, it is particularly
the binder and thereby makes the asphalt more resistant important when manufacturing plastomeric PMB that
to trafÀc loading and rutting, particularly at higher the polymer is well dispersed throughout the bitumen.
road temperatures during hot summers when asphalt This is usually achieved by using a purpose-built plant
surfaces are at higher risk of softening and rutting able to blend the plastomer into bitumen at elevated
under trafÀc. temperatures, typically 170 °C. Plastomers generally
melt into bitumen fairly easily at such temperatures
One of the attractive features of using EVA is that it so there is no need to use a high shear mixer. The
effectively acts as a diluent at elevated mix temperatures, extent to which plastomers modify bitumen rheology
i.e., typically above 100 ° C. The polymer effectively is dependent on a number of factors: polymer type
melts and dissociates into the bitumen, thereby reducing and content, the degree of polymer dispersion, the
the bitumen viscosity. As the temperature cools below compatibility between the polymer and the bitumen, and
90 °C, the EVA tends to associate (recrystallise) and the thermal history. Plastomeric-modiÀed binders tend

Table 4 Typical plastomeric polymer physical properties

Property EVA 18/150 grade EVA 30/45 grade LDPE HDPE
Melt Áow index, g/10 min 135-175 38-48 155 16-20
Density - - 0.91 0.94
Softening point, °C 95 107 - -
Tensile strength, MPa 5 10.5 - -
Elongation at break, % at 25 °C 500 800 - -

27
 Polymers in Asphalt

to phase separate in storage due to differences in density 5.2.2.3 Availability of Plastomers

and chemical incompatibility between the polymer
and bitumen, so it is important that the PMB is stirred Plastomeric-type polymers are widely available from
or at least circulated in the storage tank to maintain a major polymer suppliers such as AtoFinaElf (a.23).
degree of homogeneity. The same quality control tests They are usually made available in the form of pellets
are employed for EVA modiÀcation of bitumen as are supplied in small bags, big bags or boxes for ease of
used for SBS. Again microscopic analysis can be used handling. Pellets have good solids Áow characteristics
for assessing polymer dispersion (Figures 27 and 28). for handling and high bulk density for storage, and are
Typical properties of a 70/100 grade bitumen modiÀed well suited for being screw fed or blown into bitumen
by different plastomers is shown in Table 5. mixing vessels.

Figure 27
Microscopic view of EVA during dispersion in bitumen
Courtesy of Nynas Bitumen

Figure 28
Microscopic view of EVA fully dispersed in bitumen
Courtesy of Nynas Bitumen

28
 Polymers in Asphalt

Table 5 Typical properties of 70/100 grade bitumen modiÀed by plastomer

Polymer Type Penetration at Ring and Ball Elongation at Fraass Breaking
25 °C, dmm Softening Point, °C Break, % at 5 °C Point, °C maximum
70/100 grade bitumen 70 - 100 43 – 51 20 -10
control
EVA 18/150 (5%) 38 - 48 58 – 68 50 -18
EVA 30/45 (5%) 55 57 50 -18
LDPE (4%) 47 53 82 -3

5.2.3 Natural Rubber Before ATS were introduced into the UK, the premier
asphalt surfacing material was HRA. Whereas ATS rely
Natural rubber latex has been used in asphalt surfacing on having a high stone content bound together with
for over 30 years and is perceived to improve asphalt a rich bitumen/Àller mastic matrix, HRA works in a
performance, although polymer dispersion throughout the different way by having a relatively low stone content,
asphalt mixture is usually less than homogenous. Synthetic relying on a stiff mastic made of bitumen and Àller in
polymer latexes have also been trialled in asphalt with combination with a high stability sand to provide the
varying degrees of success. On the whole, latexes (aqueous necessary stiffness and resistance to rutting by trafÀc.
polymer dispersions ) added directly into the asphalt mixer Polymers have been used, and are still occasionally
do not modify asphalt properties to the same degree as used, in HRA mixtures in accordance with clause 943
plastomers or elastomers that have been pre-blended into of the speciÀcation for highway works (Performance
hot bitumen. The attraction in using latex is ease of use, as Related Design Mix). This was introduced after the
it can be added directly into the asphalt plant with no need hot summers of the mid-1990s caused a number of
for PMB storage tanks. Rubber latex is a natural polymer rutting problems across the road network. Hence
and behaves in a similar manner to that expected from they tend to be used on very heavily trafficked
synthetic thermoplastic polymers. roads when conventional paving grade bitumens are
considered unable to cope. The polymers used tend to
Information on the use of latex rubber in asphalt can be be elastomeric (SBS usually) or plastomeric (EVA),
found in reports produced by the TRL (a.26, a.27). however, a key requirement is resistance to rutting at
high temperatures i.e., 60 °C.

PMB are also used in a range of proprietary asphalts

6 Polymer-ModiÀed Asphalt Applications with special designed functionality, e.g., fuel resisting
or coloured surfacings. Fuel resisting asphalt surfaces
Polymer-modiÀed binders are mainly used in proprietary historically were manufactured using tar-based binders.
ATS systems which are typically laid 25 mm thick. However, these are no longer used on health and safety
These materials deliver high levels of trafÀc noise grounds as they are deemed to contain carcinogens.
reduction whilst retaining high surface texture under Figure 29 shows a proprietary fuel resisting asphalt
heavy trafÀc loading for maintained skidding resistance. based on a polymer modiÀed bitumen not tar.
They also offer less disruption to the road user during
installation, and when speciÀed as an asphalt overlay Polymers are also used in asphalt ‘bond coats’, which
there is less need to adjust kerb levels. Also bridge are spray-applied bitumen emulsion products used to
height clearances are protected. promote formation of a good bond between asphalt
layers (Figure 30).
Polymers reinforce bitumen by improving cohesive
strength, making it more resilient and tougher. Thin Polymers are also used in bitumen emulsions for cold-
asphalt surfacings are relatively new to the UK mix asphalt manufacture. These materials are still under
following their introduction in the early to mid-1990s. development in the UK, with research driven by the
However, today, all of the major asphalt suppliers are perceived energy savings and reduced carbon dioxide
able to supply such materials in accordance with clause emissions associated with cold-mix asphalt production.
942 for thin surface course systems in the speciÀcation Microasphalts and surface dressing maintenance
for highway works (a.14). techniques also make use of polymer-modiÀed emulsion
binders as discussed in Section 2.2.3.

29
 Polymers in Asphalt

Figure 29
Tarmac's Mastershield - a proprietary fuel resisting asphalt surface course

Figure 30
Bitumen emulsion bond coat being applied by spray tanker

7 Polymer Used as Aggregate plastic and rubber and giving due consideration to the
aforementioned factors. A full report on this work can be
It is widely acknowledged that using recycled downloaded from www.trl.co.uk. This work is ongoing,
aggregates in construction products will contribute to however, laboratory- and pilot-scale Àeld trials have
more sustainable construction. However, there needs indicated the potential for using manufactured plastic
to be good technical performance, an economic supply aggregates based on mixtures of waste plastic in asphalt.
of sufÀcient quantity, methods of quality assurance Figure 31 shows mixed waste plastic after processing
and speciÀcation, and a market for products of a value into aggregate particle sizes.
appropriate to the costs of producing the processed
materials. Approximately 0.2 million tonnes of plastic are recycled
each year, and single-polymer recycled plastic can cost
Recent work by an industry and research consortium up to several hundred pounds per tonne. Industrial
led by Tarmac, with funding from WRAP and the waste plastic arisings are difficult to separate and
Department for Trade and Industry (DTI), has aimed to process, and these are potential sources of plastic
develop potential asphalt products incorporating waste ‘aggregates’, including mixed plastics and shredder

30
 Polymers in Asphalt

Figure 31
Mixed waste plastic after processing into aggregate particle sizes

wastes. There are signiÀcant volumes of plastic waste 8 Legislation

being generated from household and agricultural waste,
e.g., plastic bottles, containers and packaging, and it is
feasible for some of this material to be incorporated
8.1 The Construction Products Directive (CPD)
into asphalt as an aggregate replacement. The type of
plastics/polymers most suited for use in asphalt are
oleÀns such as low and high density polyethylenes The main function of the CPD is to regulate and ensure
(LDPE and HDPE). Although the infrastructure the safety of the construction industry operating within
does not currently exist to provide these materials in the EU. The essential performance criteria outlined
bulk, changes in waste management regulation mean within the CPD are:
that these waste streams are likely to become more
reÀned in future to enable applications in downstream • Mechanical resistance and stability,
markets such as asphalt to avoid landÀll disposal costs.
SpeciÀcation of such materials will be problematic, and • Safety in case of Àre,
another signiÀcant disincentive to using aggregates
generated from waste exists in the current interpretation • Hygiene, health and the environment,
of waste licensing regulations. This requires that
these alternative aggregates be subject to waste • Safety in use,
regulation until they are incorporated into a product.
However, at the time of writing this interpretation of • Protection against noise, and
the waste licensing regulations is under review by the
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs • Energy economy and heat retention.
(DEFRA) and the Environment Agency. The European
Aggregates Standards include manufactured and It is important to understand that the performance
recycled materials, and this may provide opportunities requirements relate to the total construction and not
for using manufactured aggregates based on plastic in just the individual component parts, i.e., in the context
asphalt mixtures when the new European standards for of this review the total construction is the asphalt road.
asphalt are implemented. In support of the CPD requirements, the development
of a series of European asphalt product standards is in
progress and at the time of writing these are expected
to be published in 2006. Product standards which
deÀne the performance characteristics of asphalt’s main

31
 Polymers in Asphalt

constituents, namely aggregates and bitumen, have, been published. A new series of European Standards
however, already been published. These are BS EN for Aggregates came into effect in the UK in January
13043 (a.28) and BS EN 12591 (a.29), respectively. 2004. The relevant aggregates standard for use in
Table 6 lists the paving grade bitumens contained within asphalt is BS EN 13043:2002 (a.28). Other aggregate
the scope of EN 12591. standards apply for use in concrete and mortar i.e.,
BS EN 12620:2002 (a.30) and BS EN 13139:2002
The CPD permits three routes to compliance: (a.31), respectively. These replaced the previous British
Standards applicable to aggregates for use in asphalt,
• Manufacture in accordance with European Product concrete and mortar. As a consequence there are a
Standards (Euronorms, i.e., EN) number of key changes affecting terminology, product
descriptions, test methods, factory production control
• Obtain a European Technical Approval (ETA), or and CE marking. Further information is available on
the internet (a.2).
• Manufacture in accordance with a recognised
national standard. A new European Standard for bitumen, BS EN 12591:
2000 (a.29) was introduced into UK in January
2002. This replaced the existing BS 3690 Part 1 for
For anything speciÀcally required by the Construction
paving grade bitumens (a.32). However, it does not
Products Directive (CE marking or ETA), EU member
cover oxidised and hard grades, which continue to be
states have the responsibility for designating and
regulated by BS 3690 (a.32). These tend to be used
notifying bodies to operate the attestation procedures
mainly in industrial applications such as rooÀng and
required under Article 18 of the CPD. Article 18 is a
Áooring, respectively. Further information on bitumen
requirement for both issuing an ETA and for CE marking
standards is available on the internet (a.3).
to an EN. Member states may consider for designation
and notification only those product certification
bodies, factory production control certiÀcation bodies, The Energy Institute (a.33) publishes the standards for
inspection bodies and testing laboratories that come bitumen test methods associated with the speciÀcation
under their jurisdiction and which therefore are EN 12591 (a.29).
established in their territory. The UK government’s DTI
does this with the assistance of the United Kingdom Unlike standard bitumen paving grades, polymer-
Accreditation Service (UKAS). modified binders are not currently covered by
European or national speciÀcations. They are treated
as proprietary products with individual manufacturers
providing quality and performance data to suit speciÀc
8.2 European Product Standards applications. A provisional European Standard
(prEN14023 for polymer-modiÀed binders) is however,
As mentioned in Section 8.1 at the time of writing being progressed (a.34).
European product standards for asphalt have not yet

8.3 European Technical Approvals

Table 6 Paving grade bitumens in BS EN 12591
(a.29) If a product is not covered by a national or European
Grade Pen Range at Softening Point, standard, an alternative route to gaining market
25 °C, dmm °C acceptance for its use across the EU is to obtain a
20/30 20-30 55-63 European Technical Approval (ETA). An ETA can only
be issued by bodies appointed by EU member states
30/45 30-45 52-60 to the European Organisation for Technical Approvals
35/50 35-50 50-58 (EOTA).
40/60 40-60 48-56
The BBA is the UK member of the European Union of
50/70 50-70 46-54
Agrément (UEAtc), represents the UK in the EOTA and
70/100 70-100 43-51 is the body responsible in the UK for the issue of ETA,
100/150 100-150 39-47 enabling products to achieve the commercially vital CE
160/220 160-220 35-43 mark. The BBA is a national authority in its own right,
whose Agrément certiÀcates ‘provide authoritative and
250/330 250-330 30-38 independent information on the performance of building

32
 Polymers in Asphalt

products’. The BBA holds UKAS accreditation for for an asphalt surfacing related to site conditions. This
testing, calibration, product conformity certiÀcation and decision can now be based on an analytical approach
management systems certiÀcation, ISO 9000 (a.35). to understanding the behaviour of asphalt under trafÀc
stresses as opposed to the previous empirical approach
For products not covered by the CPD, e.g., national of using ‘tried and trusted’ recipe mixtures. This new
standards, the UKAS is the sole national accreditation approach should represent better value for money to the
body recognised by government to assess, against tax payer by having roads which last longer, require less
internationally agreed standards, organisations that maintenance and are less disruptive to the road user.
provide certiÀcation, testing, inspection and calibration It also encourages industry to invest in research and
services. Accredited bodies are able to certify, test development by providing a relatively quick route for
and inspect company systems and products. UKAS- suppliers to gain product approvals.
accredited certiÀcation bodies and registered companies
can be found in the UK Register of Quality Assessed A HAPAS scheme similar to that developed for ATS
Companies. UKAS accreditation reduces the need for is currently under development for the assessment
suppliers to be assessed by their customers. For further and certification of polymer-modified bitumens.
information on UKAS, visit www.ukas.com. HAPAS certiÀcates provide an independent expert
opinion on the performance of highway related
As discussed brieÁy in Section 2.3.2, in the absence products, enabling highway engineers to conÀdently
of published European Standards for asphalt products, specify certiÀcated products knowing they have been
the HAPAS has been established to enable innovative thoroughly evaluated.
asphalt products, including those containing polymers,
to effectively obtain national approval. The HAPAS In conclusion, this review has hopefully demonstrated
scheme is administered on behalf of the highways the purpose and value in employing polymers in asphalt
authorities by the BBA. A HAPAS certiÀcate does not only to improve performance and durability but
not yet hold the same status as an ETA, however, this also to play an important role in making asphalt more
may change in the future as and when EOTA develop sustainable and environmentally friendly. The fact we
guidelines for obtaining an ETA applicable to ATS. are now seeing roads being built much faster, using
However, when the series of European standards for less material and lasting longer is testimony to how
asphalt are published, these will effectively supercede far the asphalt industry has progressed over the past
the ETA. hundred years. It is anticipated that in future the role
of polymers will become increasingly important in
Under HAPAS, a new asphalt material can expect to helping to drive forward continuous improvement in
receive BBA certiÀcation typically within three to Àve the asphalt sector.
years after making an application, depending on how
much information is available for auditing by the BBA.
This may sound like a long time, but in the absence
of such a scheme it really does represent a signiÀcant
improvement, and this has led to a measurable increase Acknowledgements
in the use of proprietary polymer-modiÀed binders in
asphalt over the past few years. Many thanks to Dennis Day of Nynas Bitumen UK for
proof reading parts 3.4.5 and 5 and for providing the
The HAPAS scheme has been a key development microscopic Figures and some of the tabulated data in
because it enables a level of performance to be speciÀed Section 5.2 and the Black diagram in Section 3.4.5.

33
 Polymers in Asphalt

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AIA Asphalt Industry Alliance PFI Private Finance Initiative
ASTM American Society for Testing and PMB Polymer modiÀed bitumen(s)
Materials
PP Polypropylene
ATS Asphalt thin surfacing
PRD Percentage refusal density
BBA British Board of Agrément
PS Polystyrene
BSI British Standards Institute
QPA Quarry Products Association
CPD Construction Products Directive
RBA ReÀned Bitumen Association
CSS County Surveyors Society
RLAT Repeated load axial test
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and
RTFOT Rolling thin Àlm oven test
Rural Affairs
SARA Saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltenes
DSR Dynamic shear rheometer
SBR Styrene-butadiene rubber
DTI Department for Trade and Industry
SBS Styrene-butadiene-styrene
DTLR Department for Transport, Local
Government and the Regions SEBS Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene
EfW Energy From Waste SHE Safety, Health & Environment
EN European Norm(s) SIS Styrene-isoprene-styrene
EOTA European Organisation for Technical SUDS Sustainable urban drainage systems
Approvals
TRL Transport Research Laboratory
ETA European Technical Approval(s)
TWIT Total water immersion test
EU European Union
UEAtc The European Union of Agrément
EVA Ethylene-vinyl-acetate
UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service
FBA Furnace bottom ash
WRAP Waste and Resource Action Programme
GGBS Ground granulated blast furnace slag
HAPAS Highway Authorities Product Approval
scheme
HDPE High density polyethylene
HiPAT High pressure ageing test
HRA Hot rolled asphalt
IBA Incinerator bottom ash
IBAA Incinerator bottom ash aggregate
ITSM Indirect tensile stiffness modulus
LDPE Low density polyethylene
MCHW Manual of Contract Documents For
Highway Works
MPG Mineral Planning Guidance
NAT Nottingham Asphalt Tester
PB Polybutadiene
PE Polyethylene
PFA Pulverised fuel ash

34
 Polymers in Asphalt

References a.16 BS 594, Hot Rolled Asphalt for Roads and Other
Paved Areas - Part 1: SpeciÀcation for Constituent
a.1 E.P. Hooley, inventor; GB 7796, 1902. Materials and Asphalt Mixtures, 2003.

a.2 Quarry Products Association, www.qpa.org. a.17 BS 598, Sampling and Examination of Bituminous
Mixtures for Roads and Other Paved Areas.
a.3 ReÀned Bitumen Association, www.bitumenuk.
com. a.18 Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume
7a: Pavement Design and Maintenance, The
a.4 Asphalt Industry Alliance (AIA), www. Stationary OfÀce, London, UK, 2005.
asphaltindustryalliance.com.
a.19 BS DD 213, Indirect method for Determination
a.5 The British Board of Agrémont – HAPAS, of the Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus of
http://www.bbacerts.co.uk/hapas.html. Bituminous Mixtures, 1993.
a.6 Tarmac Ltd, www.tarmac.co.uk. a.20 J. Read and D. Whiteoak, The Shell Bitumen
Handbook, Fifth Edition, Thomas Telford
a.7 M. Nunn, Development of a More Versatile
Publishing, Tonbridge, UK, 2003.
Approach to Flexible and Flexible Composite
Pavement Design, Report No.TRL615, TRL, a.21 Kraton Polymers, http://www.kraton.com/
Wokingham, UK, 2004. kraton/generic/default.asp?ID=41
a.8 W.D. Powell, J.F. Potter, H.C. Mayhew a.22 ExxonMobil Chemicals, w w w.
and M.E. Nunn, The Structural Design of exxonmobilchemical.com
Bituminous Roads, Laboratory Report No.1132,
TRL, Wokingham, UK, 1984. a.23 To t a l P e t ro c h e m i c a l s , h t t p : / / w w w.
petrochemicals.atoÀna.com
a.9 S.F. Brown, J.M. Gibb, J.M. Read, T.V. Scholz
and K.E. Cooper, Design and Testing of a.24 J.C. Nicholls, EVATECH H Polymer-modiÀed
Bituminous Mixtures (Bitutest), Report of the Bitumen, Project Report No.109, TRL,
DOT/EPSRC LINK Programme on Transport Wokingham, UK.
Infrastructure and Operations, University of
Nottingham, Department of Civil Engineering, a.25 J. Carswell, The Effect of EVA Modified
UK, 1995. Bitumens on Hot Rolled Asphalts Containing
Different Fine Aggregates, Research Report
a.10 D. Merrill, M. Nunn and I. Carswell, A No.122, TRL, Wokingham, UK, 1987.
Guide to the Use and SpeciÀcation of Cold
Recycled Materials for the Maintenance of a.26 W.S. Szatkowski, Resistance to Cracking of
Road Pavements, Report No.TRL611, TRL, Rubberised Asphalt: Full Scale Experiment on
Wokingham, UK, 2004. Trunk Road A6 in Leicestershire, Report LR
308, TRL, Wokingham, UK, 1970.
a.11 Nynas Bitumen, www.nynas.com.
a.27 M.E. Daines, Trials of Porous Asphalt and
a.12 Shell Bitumen, www.shell.co.uk. Rolled Asphalt on the A38 at Burton, Research
Report 323, TRL, Wokingham, UK, 1992.
a.13 Manual of Contract Documents For Highway
Works, Volume 1: SpeciÀcation For Highway a.28 BS EN 13043, Aggregates for Bituminous
Works, The Stationary OfÀce, London, UK, Mixtures and Surface Treatments for Roads,
2005, Clause 939 Determination of Cohesion AirÀelds, and other TrafÀcked Areas, 2004.
of Bitumen and Bituminous Binders.
a.29 BS EN 12591, Bitumen and Bituminous Binders
a.14 Manual of Contract Documents For Highway – SpeciÀcations for Paving Grade Bitumens,
Works, Volume 1: SpeciÀcation For Highway 2000.
Works, published by The Stationary OfÀce,
London, UK, 2005. a.30 BS EN 12620, Aggregates for Concrete, 2004.

a.15 BS 4987-1, Coated Macadam (Asphalt a.31 BS EN 13139, Aggregates for Mortar, 2004.
Concrete) for Roads and other Paved Areas-
Part 1: SpeciÀcation for Constituent Materials a.32 BS3690, Bitumens for Building and Civil
and for Mixtures, 2003. Engineering, 1990.

35
 Polymers in Asphalt

a.33 The Energy Institute, www.energyinst.org.uk. W. Shifeng; Z. Yujun, W. Dizhen and L. Dongshan, Ageing
Behaviour of SBS ModiÀed Asphalts, China Synthetic
a.34 prEN14023, Polymer ModiÀed Binders. Rubber Industry, 2003, 26, 5, 301, {Item 29}
a.35 ISO 9000, Quality Management Systems -
Fundamentals and Vocabulary, 2000. Ford Returns to the Roads, High Performance Plastics,
2003, July, 8, {Item 34}

P. Frantzis, Development of Crumb Rubber Reinforced

Bituminous Binder Under Laboratory Conditions, Journal
of Materials Science, 38, 7, 1397 {Item 36}
Further Reading from the Rapra
Abstracts Database J.G. Southwick and W. Vonk, For Rigidity Plus
Elasticity: Styrenic Block Copolymers, Chemical
Tyres 2004, Warmer Bulletin, 2004, 95, Supplement, Engineering, 2002, 109, 11, 50, {Item 41}
1 {Item 9}
A.H. Fawcett and T. McNally, Blends of Bitumen
Roads from Recycled Plastics, Plastics and Rubber with Polymers Having a Styrene Component, Polymer
Asia, 2004, 19, 124, 14 {Item 8} Engineering and Science, 41, 7, 2001, 1251 {Item 70}

GD Airey, Styrene Butadiene Styrene Polymer Technological Progress for ModiÀed Bitumens, Italian
ModiÀcation of Road Bitumens, Journal of Materials Technology, 1999, 3, 170 {Item 142}
Science, 2004, 39, 3, 951 {Item 5}
Styrene Copolymers for Motorway Surfaces, High
D.J. Carlson, Asphalt-Rubber sets the Bar for ModiÀed Performance Plastics, 1999, November, 9 {Item 143}
Binders, Rubber India, 2003, 55, 11, 13 {Item 3}
Polymer For Bitumen Modification, Exxon Chemical
U. Sandberg, The Road to Quieter Tyres, Tire Technology Europe Inc., Brussels, Belgium, 1996 {Item 150}
International, Annual Review 2003, 126 {Item 24}
Modified Bitumen, Macplas International, 1998,
P. Gardner Rubberised Asphalt on Test in California, November, 83 {Item 168}
Tyres and Accessories, 2003, 10, 76 {Item 25}

Y. Becker, A.J. Muller and Y. Rodriguez, Use of

Rheological Compatibility Criteria to Study SBS
ModiÀed Asphalts, Journal of Applied Polymer Science,
2003, 90, 7, 1772 {Item 26}

36
 References and Abstracts

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database

Item 1 speciÀcations that require a very Àne gradation of rubber.

Polymer Degradation and Stability The rubber content of these materials ranges from a low of
86, No.2, 2004, p.275-82 3 or 4% to a high of 10%. It is claimed that a minimum of
EFFECT OF THE THERMAL DEGRADATION OF 15% of ground rubber is necessary to achieve the required
SBS COPOLYMERS DURING THE AGEING OF resistance to reÁective cracking.
MODIFIED ASPHALTS USA
Cortizo M S; Larsen D O; Bianchetto H; Alessandrini J Accession no.903412
L
Buenos Aires,INIFTA; La Plata,Universidad Nacional;
CONICET; CIC Item 4
Urethanes Technology
The thermooxidative degradation of styrene-butadiene- 20, No.6, Dec.2003-Jan.2004, p.12
styrene block copolymers having different structures and BRIDGE TO THE FUTURE
molec.wts. in the presence of asphalt was investigated Reed D
under different ageing conditions using size exclusion
chromatography and IR spectroscopy. The physicochemical PU elastomer materials from Elastogran GMBH (a
properties of the polymer modiÀed asphalts before and after subsidiary of BASF AG) are at the heart of the “sandwich
ageing were determined and changes in these properties plate system” (SPS) which was invented by a Canadian
explained on the basis of the structural modiÀcations engineer and developed with input from the German
arising as a result of thermal degradation. 20 refs. company. The system, which uses an elastomer layer
ARGENTINA
bonding two sheets of steel, has been used in marine
applications, and has now for the Àrst time been applied
Accession no.928757 to a civil engineering application: a bridge in Canada. This
article provides full details.
Item 2 ELASTOGRAN GMBH; BASF AG; INTELLIGENT
Reuse/Recycle ENGINEERING LTD.; CANAM MANAC GROUP;
34, No.11, Nov.2004, p.83 THYSSENKRUPP
ROAD PAVING WITH WASTE PLASTIC ASIA; AUSTRIA; CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; MEXICO;
It is brieÁy reported that a sixteen year old girl from British NORTH AMERICA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Columbia has received a gold medal and a 2,000 US Accession no.904536
dollars scholarship at the 2002 Canada-wide Science Fair
for PolyAggreRoad, a proprietary road paving material
Item 5
she developed that uses 6% recycled plastic pellets from
Journal of Materials Science
plastic bottles, 6% asphalt and 88% aggregate.
39, No.3, 1st Feb.2004, p.951-9
Ingenia Polymers STYRENE BUTADIENE STYRENE POLYMER
CANADA
MODIFICATION OF ROAD BITUMENS
Accession no.926662 Airey G D
Nottingham,University
Item 3 Details are given of the polymer modiÀcation of road
Rubber India bitumens using SBR. Six polymer modiÀed bitumens
55, No.11, Nov.2003, p.13-6 were produced by mixing bitumen from two crude oil
ASPHALT-RUBBER SETS THE BAR FOR sources with an SBR copolymer at three polymer contents.
MODIFIED BINDERS Rheological characteristics were analysed by means of
Carlson D J dynamic mechanical analysis using a dynamic shear
Asphalt-Rubber was Àrst deÀned in 1988 by ASTM as “a rheometer. 35 refs.
blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tyre rubber and certain EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
additives in which the rubber component is at least 15% by
weight of the total blend and has reacted in the hot asphalt Accession no.906900
sufÀciently to cause swelling of the rubber particles”. Once
the appeal and success of the asphalt material started to
spread, it caught the attention of oil companies as a means
of making healthy proÀts on modiÀed asphalt binders. The
problem is that the majority, if not all the new “rubberised”
asphalt binders are blended at the oil terminals and have

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 37

 References and Abstracts

Item 6 College of Engineering, Madurai, India. The college has

Journal of Materials Science conducted extensive research by modifying bitumen
39, No.2, 15th Jan.2004, p.539-46 with about 10% of recycled plastics, and found that when
STUDY OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF used in the construction of roads, it enhances the process
PURE AND POLYMER-MODIFIED BRAZILIAN signiÀcantly. Further, the college has developed a special
ASPHALT BINDERS method of incorporating the recycled plastics into the
Da Silva L S; De Camargo Forte M M; De Alencastro aggregate more uniformly.
Vignol L; Cardozo N S M Thiagarajar,College of Engineering
Rio Grande do Sul,Universidade Federal INDIA

A set of polymer-modiÀed asphalt binders(PMB) was Accession no.909733

prepared using two Brazilian asphalts and four commercial
polymers, i.e. SEBS, maleic anhydride-functionalised
Item 9
PE, and linear and star-shaped SBS. Both pure binders
Warmer Bulletin
and PMB were analysed by classical and dynamic
No.95, Suppl., May 2004, p.1-4
rotational rheology tests. The rheological analysis results
TYRES
were also compared with storage stability data and data
on the morphology of PMB. The Àtting capability of Every day in Britain over 100,000 worn tyres are removed
the Christensen-Anderson and Christensen-Anderson- from cars, vans and trucks, accounting for an annual
Marasteanu rheological models was analysed for the two total of 40 million tyres (440,000 tonnes). Some value
pure asphalt binders. Both models exhibited lack of Àtness is recovered from around 70% of these tyres, with the
in the regions of lowest and highest frequencies. When rest going to landÀll. In Europe, the LandÀll Directive
using elastomeric modiÀers, it was possible to demonstrate will ban the disposal of shredded tyres in landÀlls from
the existence and interrelation between the width of July 2006. Whole tyres have been banned from landÀlls
the phase angle master curve plateau and the thermal since 2003. Tyres left above ground in open dumps hold
susceptibility and stability of PMB. This interrelation was stagnant water, which provides a breeding ground for
supported by PMB storage stability data and microscopy mosquitoes or vermin. Open dumping and stockpiling of
analysis. 21 refs. tyres also has the potential for accidental Àres or arson
BRAZIL resulting in polluting emissions to the atmosphere and
Accession no.908086 watercourses. Recovery alternatives include pyrolysis,
gasiÀcation, tyre derived fuel, reuse and recycling, rubber
reclaim, retreading, rubberised asphalt and artiÀcial reefs
Item 7 and breakwaters.
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
Residua
32, No.1, Jan.2004, p.1-6 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
POROSITY OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MADE EUROPE
WITH WASTE SHREDDED-TIRE RUBBER- Accession no.910892
MODIFIED BINDERS
Celik O N
Selcuk,University Item 10
Iranian Polymer Journal
A novel technique, which is based on the Leeds vacuum
13, No.2, March-April 2004, p.101-12
porosity meter, for measuring the porosity of asphalt
RUBBER-POLYETHYLENE MODIFIED
concrete is described and applied to an investigation of the
BITUMENS
porosity of asphalt concrete containing shredded rubber in
YouseÀ A A
different amounts and of various particle sizes. 4 refs.
Iran,Polymer & Petrochemical Institute
TURKEY
Accession no.909300 The effects of the addition of blends of different
polyethylenes (LDPE, LLDPE or HDPE) and rubbers
(polybutadiene, styrene butadiene random copolymer,
Item 8 natural rubber or styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block
Plastics and Rubber Asia copolymer) on the properties of bitumen were investigated
19, No.124, March 2004, p.14 using optical microscopy, penetration test, softening
ROADS FROM RECYCLED PLASTICS point temperature, and breaking point test. The results
Plastic bags and other forms of packaging are known are discussed in terms of semi-empirical formulae for
to cause litter problems all over the world, it is brieÁy determining bitumen performance. 24 refs.
reported. In a bid to Ànd a solution to this problem, a unique IRAN
use of recycled plastics has been initiated by Thiagarajar Accession no.911587

38 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 11 Item 14
Macplas International Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
May 2004, p.51 16, No.5, Dec.2003-Jan.2004, p.303-11
ADHESION ROAD Persian
BITUMEN MODIFICATION VIA PS/PB BLEND
“Adhesive Road” road-on-a-roll consists of a rolled-up pre-
Barzegari M R; YouseÀ A A; Zeynali M E
fabricated asphalt layer with an adhesive base layer, and is
Iran,Polymer & Petrochemical Institute
used in a pioneering concept in asphalt road construction.
Brief details are given of the product, which was developed A thermoplastic elastomer was prepared by mixing PS
by a consortium in the Netherlands, and which uses “Kraton” and polybutadiene and incorporated into bitumen. the
styrene block copolymers from Kraton Polymers. mechanism of stabilisation and mechanical properties
KRATON POLYMERS of the mixtures were investigated by means of optical
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; microscopy, the Frass test, softening point measurement
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE and penetration index. Compatibilised blends of PS,
Accession no.914722 polybutadiene and SBR were also prepared and mixed
with bitumen and their properties compared with those
Item 12 of the uncompatibilised blends. 16 refs.
China Synthetic Rubber Industry IRAN
27, No.1, 1004, p.39-42 Accession no.916711
Chinese
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SBS
Item 15
MODIFIED ASPHALT
International Journal of Polymeric Materials
Zuguang L; Shifeng W; Dizhen W
53, No.8, Aug.2004, p.671-84
South China,University of Technology; Shanghai,Jiao
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SBS-
Tong University
ASPHALT COMPOSITES AT HIGH DEGREE OF
The results are reported of an investigation into the MODIFICATION
compatibility between styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock Blanco R; Rodriguez R; Castano V M
copolymer (SBS) and asphalt and the effect of mass Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa;
fraction of SBS on the structure and properties of the UNAM
modiÀed asphalt. Various investigative techniques were
The rheological properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene/
employed, including DMTA and structural analysis.
asphalt compositions were investigated both experimentally
Increasing SBS mass fraction is shown to give rise to an
and theoretically. The effects of styrene-butadiene-styrene
increase in softening point and ductility and a decrease in
concentration, frequency and temperature on the rheological
penetration and stability. 4 refs.
properties were evaluated and the experimental data Àtted
CHINA
with a percolation model. A WLF equation was modiÀed
Accession no.916701 to take composition into account and supported by a free
volume theory, which enabled master curves to be generated
Item 13 with shifts in temperature and concentration. 8 refs.
Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology MEXICO
16, No.5, Dec.2003-Jan.2004, p.293-301 Accession no.919393
Persian
STUDY OF VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF Item 16
BITUMEN-POLYETHYLENE BLENDS Indian Rubber Journal
Ershad Langroudi A; YouseÀ A A 82, July-Aug.2004, p.46-8
Iran,Polymer & Petrochemical Institute NATURAL RUBBER MODIFIED BITUMEN FOR
The results are reported of an investigation into the HIGH PERFORMANCE ROADS
viscoelastic properties, morphological properties and Gopalakrishnan K S
rheological properties of bitumen, recycled PE and recycled India,Rubber Board
PE-modiÀed bitumen carried out using various techniques Several studies suggest that the useful service life of
and mathematical models, including the Christenson-Lo bituminous roads in India is only 2-4 years. Various
model. The data obtained indicate that the viscoelastic experiments and studies have been conducted regarding the
behaviour of the recycled PE-modiÀed bitumen is dependent use of additives to bitumen, to improve the properties and
upon the relative amount and distribution of the polymer in increase the life of the road surfaces. Of these, the use of
the matrix and changes in the mechanical properties of the rubber in different grades and forms is of signiÀcance, as
bitumen upon mixing. 29 refs. it provides better performance than conventional bitumen
IRAN and this has led to the basis of rubberisation of roads. The
Accession no.916710 development of natural rubber modiÀed bitumen is outlined.

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 39

 References and Abstracts

The Indian Road Congress has produced guidelines for Item 19

the use of rubber and polymer modiÀed bitumen. The China Synthetic Rubber Industry
selection criteria for different grades of modiÀed bitumen 27, No.4, 2004, p.221-4
are given. Chinese
INDIA MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF
Accession no.919812 RUBBER AND ASPHALT
Gui’an W; Yong Z; Yinxi Z
Item 17 Fujian,Normal University; Shanghai,Jiao Tong
ANTEC 2003. Proceedings of the 61st SPE Annual University
Conference held Nashville, Tn., 4th-8th May 2003. The reaction between asphalt and rubber was investigated
BrookÀeld, Ct., SPE, 2003, Volume 1-Processing through toluene extraction of rubber vulcanisate/
Session M13-Recycling, p.2835-9, CD-ROM, 012 accelerator/asphalt blends and the structures of the blends
USE OF RECYCLED POLYMER MODIFIED were analysed by IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
ASPHALT BINDER IN ASPHALT CONCRETE Rubber/asphalt blend preparation by reactive blending
PAVEMENTS was simulated and the Àndings compared with those for
Negulescu I I; Daranga C; Zhong Wu; Daly W H; vulcanised rubber/accelerator blends. 6 refs.
Mohammad L M; Abadie C CHINA
Louisiana,State University; Louisiana,Transportation Accession no.923467
Research Center
(SPE)
Item 20
The possibility of recycling polymer-modiÀed asphalt European Polymer Journal
by blending with new material and using for new road 40, No.10, Oct.2004, p.2365-72
construction was investigated. A standard composition RHEOLOGY AND STABILITY OF BITUMEN/EVA
were separated into its constituents and effect of ageing BLENDS
studied using infrared spectroscopy and chromatography. Gonzalez O; Munoz M E; Santamaria A;
The standard material was subjected to accelerated ageing Garcia-Morales M; Navarro F J; Partal P
to the equivalent of 5-8 years service, and the aged material San Sebastian,Universidad del Pais Vasco;
characterised by chemical and rheology studies. Blends of Huelva,Universidad
fresh material with naturally-aged material and also with
that obtained by accelerated ageing were also evaluated. The effects of blending small proportions of virgin
It was concluded that the polymer additive experienced or recycled poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)(EVA)
long-term degradation, becoming brittle and stiff, such copolymers of similar compositions, characterised by
that it no longer contributed to the binder properties. FTIR, DSC, TGA and dynamic viscoelastic measurements
SigniÀcant changes in material properties were observed on the rheological properties of a 60/70 penetration grade
on the introduction of aged material. 4 refs. bitumen were investigated. The stability of the blends is
USA discussed in terms of phase separation on storage at high
Accession no.920545 temperatures. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Item 18
Accession no.924898
Muanyag es Gumi
41, No.6, 2004, p.213-4
Hungarian Item 21
CRUMB RUBBER MODIFIED BITUMENS Materiale Plastice
Thury P; Biro S; Bartha L 40, No.4, 2003, p.206-8
Veszpremi Egyetem Rumanian
STUDIES REGARDING THE ADDITIVITY OF
Several processes developed for production of bitumens
ASPHALTS WITH PET WASTES
modiÀed by crumb rubber are described and the modiÀed
Brebeanu G; Stanica-Ezeanu D; Bombos D
wet process developed at the University of Veszprem,
Ploiesti,Universitatea Petrol-Gaze;
Hungary, is discussed. Using this wet process, a chemically-
Bucharest,Polytechnical University
stabilised rubber bitumen(CSRB) is produced, which
exhibits good properties from the practical viewpoint and The depolymerisation of PETP Áakes to the monomer
eliminates the main disadvantages of the classical rubber and higher oligomers (dimers and trimers) is discussed as
bitumen. The ageing, low temperature behaviour and shear a promising route to recycling of PETP. The monomers
stress properties of CSRB are discussed and its potential obtained can be used as building blocks to synthesise other
use as a binder in road construction is considered. 8 refs. polymers with higher economic values, such as unsaturated
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY polyesters and polyols. A study was conducted with the
Accession no.922010 aim of developing secondary end-use applications of

40 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

waste PETP. A method was developed for improving the Item 24

quality of asphalt using different mixtures of oligomers Tire Technology International
obtained from waste PETP by chemical depolymerisation. Annual Review 2003, p.126-33
17 refs. THE ROAD TO QUIETER TYRES
EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA Sandberg U
Accession no.902193 Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute
The problem of tyre/road noise is discussed and
developments in low-noise tyres and in improved road
Item 22
surfaces are reviewed. Data are given on the distribution
IRC 2002. Proceedings of a Conference held Prague,
of noise levels for about one hundred summer and winter
1st-4th July 2002.
tyres and photographs are presented of the state of wear
Prague,Rubber Divisions of the Czech and Slovak
for two new, half worn and fully worn tyres, of an early
Societies of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Paper 51, pp.6,
version of a composite wheel and of a poroelastic road
CD-ROM, 012
surface. Prospects for further developments are examined.
RHEOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL
9 refs.
PROPERTIES OF RUBBERIZED ASPHALTS
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
Chang Y-W; Chung J-H; Suh Y; Nah C; Chung K-H EUROPE
Hanyang,University; Chonbuk,National University;
Suwon,University Accession no.900567
(Rubber Divisions of the Czech and Slovak Societies of
Industrial Chemistry) Item 25
Tyres and Accessories
Blends of asphalt were prepared containing 15 wt% No.10, Oct.2003, p.76
ground scrap tyres and 0-3.5 phr transoctylene rubber RUBBERISED ASPHALT ON TEST IN
(TOR). The TOR was added to enhance particle dispersion CALIFORNIA
and to increase interfacial interactions. The addition of Gardner P
TOR increased the softening temperature and reduced
the needle penetration values, indicating improved This article is based on a piece that appeared in the
deformation resistance at high temperature when used for “Sacramento Bee” and discusses a state-funded project
road surfacing applications. The changes were attributed to taking place in California, USA, where rubberised asphalt
crosslinking of TOR by free sulphur during mixing at high made with scrap tyres is being laid on a number of city
temperature. The tensile strength and elongation increased streets. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of
with increasing TOR content. The rate at which viscosity rubberised asphalt are also discussed.
increased with mixing time increased with increasing TOR CALIFORNIA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION;
content. This could present processing problems, and it CALIFORNIA,INTEGRATED WASTE
was concluded that an optimum addition of TOR was MANAGEMENT BOARD
required to provide enhanced properties in service whilst EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
still providing acceptable processability. 6 refs.
KOREA Accession no.899513
Accession no.901566
Item 26
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Item 23 90, No.7, 14th Nov.2003, p1772-82
Scrap Tire News USE OF RHEOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY
17, No.11, Nov.2003, p.7 CRITERIA TO STUDY SBS MODIFIED
NEW RESEARCH STUDIES DIFFERENT ASPHALTS
METHOD FOR ASPHALT RUBBER Becker Y; Muller A J; Rodriguez Y
We are given very brief information in this short article PDVSA-Intevep; Simon Bolivar,Universidad
about a new research project in the USA that utilises Stability tests, using fluorescence spectroscopy and
a different method of adding crumb rubber to hot mix softening point, and rheological evaluation were carried
asphalt. It involves the use of the polymeric additive out on blends of asphalt and various block copolymers
“Vestenamer” which forms a chemical bond between the including styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), styrene-
rubber and the asphalt binder. ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) and maleic anhydride
CLEMSON,UNIVERSITY; ASPHALT RUBBER grafted SEBS (SEBSgMAH), and comparisons were
TECHNOLOGY SERVICE made with unmodiÀed asphalt. SEBS, and even better
NORTH AMERICA; USA SEBSgMAH modiÀcation showed increased compatibility
Accession no.901518 compared to SBS, but rheological information did not give

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 41

 References and Abstracts

adequate information on the complex systems to allow Item 29

predictions on compatibility to be made. 46 refs. China Synthetic Rubber Industry
VENEZUELA 26, No.5, 2003, p.301-4
Accession no.898852 Chinese
AGING BEHAVIOR OF SBS MODIFIED
ASPHALTS
Item 27 Shifeng W; Yujun Z; Dizhen W; Dongshan L
Polymers and Polymer Composites Shanghai,Jiao Tong University
11, No.6, 2003, p.477-85
SBS/CARBON BLACK COMPOUNDS GIVE The oven ageing behaviour of SBS modiÀed asphalt in
ASPHALTS WITH IMPROVED HIGH- the form of thin Àlms was studied by IR spectroscopy,
TEMPERATURE STORAGE STABILITY GPC and dynamic mechanical analysis. It was found
Wang S; Zhang Y; Zhang Y that carbonyl and sulphoxide groups increased, asphalt
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University molec.wt. and softening point increased and penetration
and ductility at low temperatures decreased after ageing.
In order to produce modified asphalts with high 6 refs.
temperature storage stability, carbon black was added CHINA
to styrene-butadiene-styrene tri-block copolymers. The
effect of carbon black on the high temperature storage Accession no.898100
properties, dynamic rheology, mechanical properties
(softening point, viscosity, etc.) and the morphologies of Item 30
the modiÀed asphalts were studied. It was found that the Asian Plastics News
ratio of SBS to carbon black in the compound had a great Oct.2003, p.4
effect on the high-temperature storage behaviour, and that WALKING ON PLASTICS?
the modiÀed compounds were stable when the ratio was
Kochi ReÀneries has been requested by the Indian Kerala
around 2. The introduction of carbon black was shown
state government to investigate the technical feasibility of
to have almost no effect on the dynamic rheology or the
using organic polymers as additives in bitumen mixes for
mechanical properties of the modiÀed. The improvement
roads and pavements. Experiments have been conducted
in high-temperature storage stability is attributed to a
on disposable plastics cups.
decrease in density difference and an improvement in the
compatibility between SBS and the asphalt. 16 refs. KOCHI REFINERIES; INDIA,GOVERNMENT
INDIA
CHINA
Accession no.897291
Accession no.898815

Item 31
Item 28
International Polymer Science and Technology
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
30, No.6, 2003, p.T/61-4
90, No.5, 31st Oct.2003, p.1347-56
CHANGE IN THE THERMAL, ADHESION, AND
MASTIC OF POLYMER-MODIFIED BITUMEN
MOLECULAR WEIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
AND POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) WASTES
OF ASPHALT-RESINOUS OLIGOMERS DURING
Singh B; Gupta M; Tarannum H
PRODUCTION
India,Central Building Research Institute
Gladkikh I F; Kraikin V A; Sigaeva N N; Ionova I A;
The use of micronised poly(vinyl chloride) pipe waste, Zaikov G E; Monakov Y B
activated by treatment with hydrogen peroxide, as Russian Academy of Sciences
a soft filler in the preparation of mastic based on a
This work reports on a study of the changes in molecular
styrene-butadiene-styrene modiÀed bitumen mixed with
weight and in the molecular weight-dependent
isocyanate production waste as binder, is described. The
physicochemical characteristics of asphalt-resinous
rheology of the modiÀed binder was examined under
oligomers (ASMOL). ASMOL is produced by the
frequency multiplexing, and the physico-mechanical
condensation of petroleum tars and bitumens with
(DMA, SEM, hardness number) and waterproofing
vat residues formed by rectification regeneration of
properties of the mastic are discussed in terms of existing
dimethylformamide (isoprene production waste) and
standard speciÀcations. 23 refs.
containing oligoisoprene fraction). The product is used
INDIA
as a weatherprooÀng agent, and as a protective coating.
Accession no.898484 The softening point and adhesion to steel are investigated
as MW dependent characteristics, occurring during
production. On the basis of the results of the work,
it is concluded that chemical interaction of the initial

42 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

components of ASMOL, occurs at the stage of their Item 34

mixing and homogenisation. It is advised that the H2SO4 High Performance Plastics
content be monitored, since unreacted sulphuric acid can July 2003, p.8
lead to a reduction in the heat resistance and adhesion FORD RETURNS TO THE ROAD
characteristics of ASMOL. 5 refs. (Article translated from
At Ford Motor Co.’s plant at Dagenham in the UK,
Plasticheskie Massy, No.8, 2002, pp.36-8).
researchers are considering ways of incorporating waste
RUSSIA
plastics from cars into road surfaces, by combining
Accession no.896790 quarry waste with the plastics. Ford is working with UK
companies Plasmega and Aggregate Industries on this
Item 32 project. Brief details are presented.
China Synthetic Rubber Industry FORD MOTOR CO.; PLASMEGA LTD.;
26, No.4, 2003, p.238-40 AGGREGATE INDUSTRIES PLC
Chinese EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF LDPE/
SBS BLENDS MODIFIED ASPHALT Accession no.891898
Gao Guangtao; Zhu Yutang; Zhang Yong; Zhang Yinxi;
Wang Lizhi; Qin Lancheng Item 35
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University; Jiangyin Zhongyou Elastomery
Xingneng Asphalt Co. 7, No.1, 2003, p.12-6
The dynamic mechanical properties of asphalt modiÀed Polish
with LDPE/SBS blend asphalt were studied using a strain- EVALUATION OF INTERACTION OF ASPHALT
controlled rheometer. The effect of the reactive agent and AND RUBBER
the content of reactive agent and the LDPE/SBS blends Stepkowski R; Parasiewicz W
on the performance of the asphalt at high temperature was Stomil
studied. The addition of the reactive agent to the asphalt Rubberised asphalt is a very promising application of
modiÀed with LDPE/SBS blends was shown to improve rubber powder obtained by grinding waste tyres and
the complex modulus of the original asphalt at high other rubber products. The properties of such material are
temperature and to decrease the tan delta. With increasing strongly inÁuenced by interaction of asphalt and rubber.
content of the LDPE/SBS blends, the performance of Investigations of swelling of special samples of vulcanisates
the asphalt at high temperature increased, while the in asphalt and non-oxidised residue of distillation of crude
thermosensitivity decreased. The addition of the reactive oil show that at 180 deg.C two competitive processes
agent also improved the performance of the asphalt at high are running: penetration of melted asphalt into rubber
temperature. 7 refs. vulcanisates and further crosslinking of polymer in rubber.
CHINA It is concluded that rubber-asphalt interaction is mainly
Accession no.895390 physical by nature and rubber granulate after swelling is
more susceptible to scission forces. 9 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Item 33
FAPU Accession no.889424
No.18, May-June 2003, p.6
German Item 36
NEW TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT HIGH- Journal of Materials Science
RESISTANCE FOAM UNDER MASTIC ASPHALT 38, No.7, 1st April 2003, p.1397-401
Floor structures with mastic asphalt can be laid down DEVELOPMENT OF CRUMB RUBBER
immediately with pure GA 030 new Áoor insulating boards REINFORCED BITUMINOUS BINDER UNDER
that can sustain temperatures up to 250C for short spells LABORATORY CONDITIONS
and up to 200C for long periods. This article looks at the Frantzis P
high resistance of polyurethane foam, its heat conducting Liverpool,University
properties and optimum heat insulation for structures with Details are given of the use of crumb rubber produced from
mastic/melted asphalt. waste tyres for reinforcing bitumen. The development of a
PUREN-SCHAUMSTOFF GMBH rubber reinforced bituminous binder used as an all-weather
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; wearing course in Áexible roads is discussed. Fatigue
WESTERN EUROPE
behaviour was investigated. 27 refs.
Accession no.892435 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.886799

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 43

 References and Abstracts

Item 37 in the construction industry. 13 refs.

Scrap Tire News EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
17, No.2, Feb.2003, p.6/7 Accession no.878361
INNOVATIVE PROJECT RECYCLES TIRES,
IMPROVES ROAD SURFACE
Item 40
A pilot project has been completed on Nebraska’s Interstate Popular Plastics and Packaging
80 highway, which demonstrates an innovative use for 47, No.12, Dec.2002, p.58
scrap tyres. Over 47,000 of them have been blended into PLASTIC-TAR ROADS: SALEM TOWN SHOWS
an asphalt mix in the resurfacing of a seven mile stretch THE WAY TO HANDLE PLASTIC WASTE
- which now provides a quieter, smoother ride for vehicles.
Details are given here. Salem, an industrial town in Tamil Nadu, is the Àrst to lay
a plastic-tar road in India. The technology, developed at
NEBRASKA,DEPT.OF ENVIRONMENTAL
Thyagarajar College of Engineering, combines bitumen
QUALITY; NEBRASKA,DEPT.OF ROADS;
and gravel with Áakes or granules made from domestic
DOBSON BROS.CONSTRUCTION CO.
USA
plastic waste such as carrier bags and cups. Domestic waste
comprising PE, PP and PS can be converted into Áakes or
Accession no.883289 granules for mixing with the aggregate. Alternatively, the
plastic can be mixed with heated tar and later mixed with
Item 38 the gravel. PE can be used up to 5% and PS 20%.
China Synthetic Rubber Industry THIAGARAJAR,COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
26, No.2, 2003, p.98-100 INDIA
Chinese Accession no.874778
REACTIVE PROCESS OF LDPE/SBS BLEND
MODIFIED ASPHALT
Item 41
Guangtao G; Yutang Z; Yong Z; Yinxi Z; Lizhi W;
Chemical Engineering
Lancheng Q
109, No.11, Oct.2002, p.50-3
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University; Jiangyin Zhongyou
FOR RIGIDITY PLUS ELASTICITY: STYRENIC
Xingneng Asphalt Co.
BLOCK COPOLYMERS
An investigation was carried out into the preparation of Southwick J G; Vonk W
asphalt-modiÀed LDPE/SBS blends in the presence of Kraton Polymers Inc.
crosslinking agent using a strain-controlled rheometer. It
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) consist of either
was found that the reaction between SBS and crosslinking
block copolymers or blends of polymers that form a
agent occurred at temperatures over 120C and that the
soft elastomeric phase and a hard rigid phase. As this
reaction rate increased with increasing temperature and
comparatively new family of polymeric products is versatile
level of crosslinking agent. Torque decreased after an
and is Ànding diverse markets, engineers can beneÀt from
initial increase and the temperature was over 230C as a
an awareness and under-standing of them. Of particular
result of polymer degradation. 3 refs.
interest are TPEs in which the rigid phase consists of PS.
CHINA
The chemical and physical behaviour of TPEs can better
Accession no.883070 be understood by putting them in context. Traditional
elastomers are composed of amorphous, Áexible chains
of high molecular weight polymer that are to some extent
Item 39
chemically crosslinked. According to the classic theory of
Polimery
rubber elasticity, the polymer coils function as ‘entropy-
47, No.4, 2002, p.269-72
driven springs’. In an unstressed condition, the elastomeric
Polish
coils are in a state of maximum entropy - non-oriented,
APPLICATION OF WASTE POLYCARBONATE-
entangled conformations. As the elastomer is stretched,
FURFUROL THERMOLYZATES TO
the material cannot viscously Áow, due to crosslinking,
MODIFICATION OF PETROLEUM BITUMENS
and the coils become extended to lower and lower states
Osowiecka B; Zielinski J; Polaczek J; Machowska Z
of entropy. Removal of the stress allows the material to
Warsaw,Polytechnic; Instytut Chemii Przemyslowej
spontaneously revert to the state of maximum entropy as
Thermolysis of waste polycarbonate/furfurol extract dictated by thermodynamics. The degree of Áexibility in
mixes was carried out at 270C for 3.5 hours and the the particular polymer molecules governs the ‘snap-back’
thermomechanical properties, rheological properties, continue characteristics of the polymer. Styrenic block
hardness and impact strength of the resulting thermolysates copolymers (SBCs) can be efÀciently manufactured via
investigated. Thermolysates containing PS/asphalt heated anionic polymerisation. They offer properties useful in
to 170C resulted in compositions, which were considered adhesives, asphalt modiÀcation, extruded and moulded
suitable as potential binders for sealant/isolation materials goods, and footwear. The most commercially successful

44 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

SBCs have either polybutadiene or polyisoprene as the an unmodified PG 64-28, an SBS polymer-modified
elastomer soft phase; these copolymers are referred to binder of the same grade and an SBS polymer-modiÀed
as SBS and SIS, respectively. Their basic polymerisation PG 76-28. The low temperature and fatigue rheological
process is described, as is their molecular architectures properties were measured by a bending beam rheometer
and applications. 6 refs. and a dynamic shear rheometer, respectively. The results
USA obtained indicated that, with a few exceptions, the
Accession no.871958 rheological properties measured after ageing with the
RTFO followed by PAV were signiÀcantly different from
those obtained after PAV ageing only. 8 refs.
Item 42 USA
Popular Plastics and Packaging
Accession no.870721
47, No.11, Nov.2002, p.44
PLASTIC SOLUTION FOR ROADS
Item 45
A combination of hot bitumen and molten plastic waste
Rubber Asia
could well turn out to be the perfect solution for battered
16, No.5, Sept.-Oct.2002, p.38
roads and disposing of plastic waste, it is brieÁy reported.
THE ROAD LESS TRAVELLED
Chennai has agreed to test out the formula. Plastic waste
like cups and carrier bags are heated only up to 170C to The incorporation of natural rubber in bituminous mixes
form a molten paste which is then mixed with hot bitumen used to resurface roads is brieÁy discussed. The cost of
before it is laid. Plastic increases the road’s load bearing such incorporation is considered in relation to the extended
capacity, makes it more heat resistant and prevents rain service life of the road surface. Hot and cold processes
water from seeping down. for addition of the NR are described. The development
CHENNAI CORP. by Revertex (Malaysia) of a charge-reversed NR cationic
INDIA latex called 1497C is mentioned.
Accession no.871694 REVERTEX (MALAYSIA)SDN.BHD.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.869130
Item 43
Rubber and Plastics News
32, No.8, 18th Nov.2002, p.26 Item 46
RUBBER ON THE ROAD Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
Konkoly J 15, No.2, June-July 2002, p.103-20
Persian
The blending of shredded scrap tyres into an asphalt paving
IMPROVING BITUMEN PROPERTIES BY
mix on a 7.3-mile stretch of Interstate 80 in Nebraska
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
already is a success when it comes to producing a smooth
Sadradini M R; YouseÀ A A; Kavussi A
road surface. Time and weather will determine whether the
Tarbiat Modarres,University; Iran,Polymer Institute
pilot project also meets the goal of creating a longer lasting
roadway. Tests on the project, which used 47,000 scrap tyres, Details are given of the effects of different polymers,
indicate that the rubber-asphalt mix could last 15 to 20 years, crumb rubber modiÀer and HVS oil on bitumen properties.
double the average life of conventional asphalt. Improvements in elastic and deformation recovery and
USA low temperature brittleness by the incorporation of PE and
Accession no.871629 crumb rubber modiÀer are discussed. 24 refs.
IRAN
Accession no.868404
Item 44
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
30, No.2, March 2002, p.171-6 Item 47
INFLUENCE OF LABORATORY AGING Polymers and Polymer Composites
METHOD ON THE RHEOLOGICAL 10, No.6, 2002, p.433-40
PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT BINDERS ENHANCED PERFORMANCE OF LDPE/SBS
Abbas A; Baek Cheol Choi; Masad E; Papagiannakis T BLEND MODIFIED ASPHALT THROUGH
Washington State,University DYNAMIC VULCANIZATION
Gao G; Zhang Y; Zhang Y; Sun K
Results are reported of an examination of whether the
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University
Superpave prescribed sequence of asphalt binder ageing
procedures, i.e. the rolling thin Àlm oven(RTFO), followed A blend of LDPE and SBS was used to modify an asphalt,
by the pressure ageing vessel(PAV), is necessary or and a storage-stable modiÀed asphalt was prepared by
whether similar binder rheological properties are obtained dynamic vulcanisation. The vulcanisation characteristics
using the PAV procedure only. Three binders were tested, of the modified asphalt were studied using a strain-

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 45

 References and Abstracts

controlled rheometer. The vulcanisation of the SBS in Item 50

the blend-modiÀed asphalt resulted in a marked increase Rubber and Plastics News 2
in the torque. The physical properties of the LDPE/SBS 23, No.17, 27th May 2002, p.3
blend-modiÀed asphalt containing even a small amount PAVING MILESTONE
of sulphur were shown to be improved, together with its
An 18-mile section of Interstate 880 from Oakland to
storage stability. The rheological properties of the blend-
Fremont, California, is being repaved with 270,000 tonnes
modiÀed asphalt before and after the addition of sulphur
of asphalt rubber, keeping more than 400,000 scrap tyres
were characterised using a dynamic shear rheometer and
out of area landÀlls. Jeffrey Reed, president of the Rubber
a rotational viscometer. 18 refs.
Pavements Association, and RPA Deputy Director Douglas
CHINA
Carlson presented an outstanding achievement award to
Accession no.864340 Bart Desai, deputy district director of maintenance for the
California Department of Transportation, for the project,
Item 48 the largest single use of asphalt rubber in the USA. This
China Synthetic Rubber Industry abstract includes all the information contained in the
25, No.4, 2002, p.253 original article.
A NEW APPROACH TO HIGH TEMPERATURE US,RUBBER PAVEMENTS ASSOCIATION
STORAGE STABILITY OF SBS MODIFIED USA
ASPHALT Accession no.859985
Shifeng W; Yutang Z; Yong Z; Yinxi Z
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University
Item 51
The effect of carbon black on the softening point, Tire Business
viscosity, ductility and high temperature storage stability 20, No.2, 29th April 2002, p.13
of SBS modiÀed asphalt was investigated. The carbon SELLING ASPHALT RUBBER
black was premixed with SBS and added to the asphalt Moore M
under high-speed shearing. The properties of the carbon
black modiÀed asphalt are compared with those of the The Asphalt Rubber Technology Service (ARTS) at
unmodiÀed asphalt. Clemson University in the USA is striving to prove the
CHINA value of asphalt rubber, and to surmount the entrenched
prejudices of conventional asphalt manufacturers and
Accession no.862302
state road ofÀcials. This article examines the beneÀts of
rubberised asphalt in detail.
Item 49 CLEMSON,UNIVERSITY; ASPHALT RUBBER
Polymer TECHNOLOGY SERVICE; SOUTH CAROLINA
43, No.17, 2002, p.4667-71 DEPT.OF HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
MISCIBILITY STUDIES ON BLENDS OF CONTROL; FORD MOTOR CO.; US,GOVERNMENT
KRATON BLOCK COPOLYMER AND ASPHALT CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Varma R; Takeichi H; Hall J E; Ozawa Y F; Kyu T Accession no.859055
Akron,University; Bridgestone/Firestone Research Inc.
The miscibility of blends of styrene-butadiene-styrene
Item 52
(SBS) block copolymer and asphalt was investigated
Polymer Testing
using cloud point measurements, from which phase
21, No.6, 2002, p.633-40
diagrams were constructed. Upper critical solution
IMPROVED PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE-
temperature behaviour was observed, with a maximum
MODIFIED ASPHALT THROUGH DYNAMIC
at approximately 200 C, for blends containing about 20%
VULCANISATION
SBS. Changes in the glass transition temperature of the
Jin H; Gao G; Zhang Y; Zhang Ysun K; Fan Y
butadiene segment of the SBS, for blends containing up
Shanghai,Jiaotong University
to 60 vol% asphalt, were attributed to partial miscibility.
No miscibility was observed between the PS segment and Storage-stable PS-modiÀed asphalt is prepared in the
asphalt. Phase decomposition kinetics were determined presence of linear styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock
for blends containing 6% SBS, using time-resolved light copolymer (SBS) through dynamic vulcanisation. The
scattering. 18 refs. vulcanisation characteristics of the blends are studied using
USA a strain-controlled rheometer. At temperatures from 140
Accession no.862127 to 180 deg.C, the rate of the blends increases signiÀcantly
with increasing temperature. A suitable processing
temperature is between 170 and 180 deg.C for the sake
of good mechanical and thermal stability properties. The
physical properties, including softening point penetration,

46 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

and ductility at low temperature of the modiÀed asphalt asphalt by dynamic vulcanisation was identiÀed by a plot
through dynamic vulcanisation, are compared to that of of the electric current versus time. The addition of sulphur
modiÀed asphalt without sulphur. The storage stability to the SBS-modiÀed asphalts resulted in the formation of
of the PS-modiÀed asphalt is effectively improved in the chemically-vulcanised network structures in the modiÀed
presence of SBS through dynamic vulcanisation. The binders. The physical properties of the SBS-modiÀed
morphology and rheological properties of the modiÀed asphalt containing sulphur were compared with those of
asphalt are also investigated using an optical microscope the modiÀed binders without sulphur. 19 refs.
and a dynamic shear rheometer, respectively. The CHINA
morphology is compared between the pure PS-modiÀed Accession no.854773
asphalt, the PS/SBS/sulphur-modiÀed asphalt, and the
PS/SBS/sulphur-modiÀed asphalt, which indicates that
the compatibility and storage stability of the PS-modiÀed Item 55
asphalt are improved signiÀcantly in the presence of SBS Rubber India
through dynamic vulcanisation. 15 refs. 54, No.2, Feb.2002, p.62-3
CHINA
RUBBERISATION OF ROADS
Accession no.858800 Rubberisation of roads in the country can effect a
substantial saving in cost, as well as creating additional
demand for NR, thus ensuring a remunerative price for
Item 53
farmers. Experts participating at a seminar on Road
Scrap Tire News
Rubberisation with Natural Rubber ModiÀed Bitumen,
16, No.6, June 2002, p.16-7
jointly organised by the Institution of Engineers India’s
RUBBER CONCRETE: A PRELIMINARY
(IEI) local centre and the Indian Rubber Board, said that
ENGINEERING AND BUSINESS PROSPECTIVE
it was highly cost-effective besides extending signiÀcant
Zhu H
socioeconomic beneÀts. Expressing the hope that some
Arizona,State University
positive decisions on rubberisation of the roads might
Rubberised concrete is compared to traditional Portland emanate soon from the Surface Transport Ministry, Mr.
cement concrete in terms of performance, costs, durability, S. M. Desalphine, Chairman, Rubber Board, said that
and advantages to the motorist. Stiffness is reduced discussions were going on regarding this issue at various
with the presence of crumb rubber and failure strain and levels at the Centre. Details are given.
toughness are increased, together with a slowing down INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS INDIA;
of the cracking process. Weight reduction to the level of INDIA,RUBBER BOARD
9% has been achieved, but compressive strength is lower. INDIA
It is argued that the advantages far outweigh the loss in Accession no.851907
compressive strength for rubber concrete. Examples are
given of warm climate testing and cold climate testing.
USA
Item 56
Polymers and Polymer Composites
Accession no.857878 10, No.3, 2002, p.229-37
IMPROVED STORAGE STABILITY OF LDPE/
Item 54 SBS BLENDS MODIFIED ASPHALTS
Polymer Engineering and Science Gao G; Zhang Y; Zhang Y; Sun K; Fan Y
42, No.5, May 2002, p.1070-81 Shanghai,Jiao Tong University
IMPROVED PROPERTIES OF SBS-MODIFIED
Phase separation has been a major obstacle to the
ASPHALT WITH DYNAMIC VULCANIZATION
widespread use of polymer-modified asphalt in road
Guian Wen; Yong Zhang; Yinxi Zhang; Kang Sun;
surfacing, and to provide a solution to the problem of
Yongzhong Fan
storage-stable polymer modiÀed asphalts, blends of SBS
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University
and LDPE are mixed under high shear stress, and added
Storage-stable SBS triblock copolymer-modified with sulphur to the asphalt under high speed mixing.
asphalt was prepared by dynamic vulcanisation. The Compared to the asphalts modiÀed by LDPE and SBS
vulcanisation characteristics of the asphalt/SBS/sulphur added directly, the blend modified asphalts showed
blend were studied using a strain-controlled rheometer. The better storage stability in the presence of sulphur at high
vulcanisation of SBS in the asphalt resulted in a marked temperature, with no visible phase separation or evidence
increase in the torque of the blend. The vulcanisation of a of coalescence. The rheological properties of the asphalts
polybutadiene(BR)/sulphur blend was also shown through were also improved by the addition of polymers in all
a curemeter to be signiÀcantly inÁuenced by the addition cases. 18 refs.
of asphalt. The existence of asphalt could accelerate the CHINA
vulcanisation of BR/sulphur blend and reduce its reversion. Accession no.850545
The preparation process of storage-stable SBS-modiÀed

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 47

 References and Abstracts

Item 57 on the J-integral concept and the results were compared

China Rubber Industry with that of crumb rubber asphalt(CRA) and control
49, No.4, 2002, p.210-4 asphalt pavement. Four semi-circular core specimens were
Chinese cut from each gyratory compacted cylinder for the fracture
MODIFICATION OF ASPHALT WITH resistance tests. Notches with different depth to radius
CROSSLINKED SBR ratios were introduced at the middle of the Áat surface of
Wang S-F; Wang D-Z; Zhong H-Q each specimen. Three point bend loading was used to allow
South China,University of Technology; Jinan,University the separation of the two surfaces due to tensile stresses
at the crack tip. It was found that the CMCRA pavement
The effects of the amount and crosslinking of SBR on the
had the highest residual strength at all notch depths tested.
structure and properties of SBR-modiÀed asphalt were
The fracture resistance of the CMCRA pavement, based
investigated. It was found that the viscosity, softening
on Jc, was found to be about twice that of the CRA and
point and elastic recovery of the modiÀed asphalt at
control pavements. The CRA pavement was found to have
elevated temperature increased with increasing SBR
a slightly higher fracture resistance than that of the control
content and that the softening point, elastic recovery and
pavement. SEM examination of the fracture surface of
visco-toughness of the modiÀed asphalt increased when
each mixture revealed the microstructural origin of the
SBR was crosslinked. SBR did not aggregate in asphalt
improved fracture resistance of the CMCRA pavement in
when crosslinked and the viscosity of the modiÀed asphalt
comparison with the control pavement. 28 refs.
increased with crosslinking of the SBR. 5 refs.
EGYPT; USA
CHINA
Accession no.847574
Accession no.850409

Item 60
Item 58 Polymer Testing
Rubber Asia 21, No.3, 2002, p.295-302
16, No.2, March/April 2002, p.60-2 RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF
ROAD RUBBERISATION, CAN IT BOOST STORAGE-STABLE SBS-MODIFIED ASPHALTS
OFFTAKE OF NATURAL RUBBER? Wen G; Zhang Y; Zhang Y; Sun K; Fan Y
Natural rubber is the best medium for road rubberisation, Shanghai,Jiao Tong University
but the more credible of calculations suggest that this The storage stability of styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock
application cannot mean any substantial offtake of rubber. copolymer (SBS) modified asphalt can be improved
Of the estimated 25 lakh km of roads in India, only 48% is significantly with the addition of elemental sulphur.
surfaced. Of these, only 45% are surfaced with bitumen, The dynamic mechanical properties of SBS-modiÀed
the effective service life of which is only 2 to 4 years. asphalts before adding sulphur are characterised using
At present, Kochi ReÀneries has a capacity to produce dynamic shear rheometry. The addition of sulphur to SBS-
15,000 t/y of NR-modiÀed bitumen (NRMB). The Kerala modiÀed asphalt results in the formation of a chemically
Public Works Minister has stated that the state would vulcanised SBS network structure in the modiÀed binders,
need 65,000 tonnes of NRMB every year to rubberise all and the high-temperature performance of the binders is
the roads. However, as the rubber content in NRMB is improved and their temperature susceptibility reduced
just 2% of the total volume, the total rubber required for to an extent. The SBS content has a great effect on the
road rubberisation in Kerala comes to only about 1,300 rheological properties of the asphalts. The rheological
tonnes. properties of SBS modiÀed asphalts depend strongly
INDIA on the sulphur level. Increasing sulphur levels lead to
Accession no.849585 increasing crosslink density in the modiÀed binders, and
consequently the rheological properties of SBS-modiÀed
asphalt is improved. A comparison is made among the
Item 59 properties of the asphalts modiÀed by three different SBS
Journal of Materials Science structures. The SBS structure affects the compatibility
37, No.3, 1st Feb.2002, p.557-66 and storage stability of SBS-modiÀed asphalts, which are
FRACTURE RESISTANCE improved by the addition of sulphur. As determined by a
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICALLY rotational viscometer, the increase in asphalt viscosity is
MODIFIED CRUMB RUBBER ASPHALT not directly proportional to the SBS content before and
PAVEMENT after adding sulphur. The morphology of SBS-modiÀed
Mull M A; Stuart K; Yehia A asphalts, characterised by optical microscopy, shows that
Technology Resources Inc.; US,Federal Highway the compatibility and storage stability of SBS modiÀed
Administration; Egypt,National Research Centre asphalt are improved by the addition of sulphur. 15 refs.
The fracture resistance of chemically modiÀed crumb CHINA
rubber asphalt(CMCRA) pavement was evaluated based Accession no.844970

48 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 61 the blends. 17 refs.

Rubber and Plastics News CHINA
31, No.6, 15th Oct.2001, p.29 Accession no.833244
RUBBERISED CEMENT REDUCES CRACKING,
WEIGHT
Moore M Item 64
Analytica Chimica Acta
Han Zhu, a researcher and assistant professor at Arizona 444, No.2, 18th Oct. 2001, p.241-50
State University, has experimented with crumb rubber as DIRECT AND CONTINUOUS
an additive to Portland concrete cement. Besides guarding METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDY
against cracking, crumb rubber in concrete can reduce THE AGEING OF FOSSIL ORGANIC MATERIAL
thermal expansion and contraction, drying shrinkage, ride BY INFRARED MICROSPECTROMETRY
noise, freeze-thaw damage, brittleness and weight. If 20 IMAGING. APPLICATION TO POLYMER
pounds of crumb rubber per cubic yard of fresh PCC were MODIFIED BITUMEN
added, all 5 million tyres scrapped annually in Arizona Lamontagne J; Durrieu F; Planche J-P; Mouillet V;
could be consumed, it is claimed. Kister J
ARIZONA,STATE UNIVERSITY CNRS
USA
Details are given of the development of a new simulation
Accession no.837855 method for studying the ageing of polymer modiÀed
bitumens. An ageing cell was Àtted to an FTIR microscope
Item 62 to continually and directly study the oxidation of polymer
Kottayam, Rubber Research Institute of India, 2001, modiÀed bitumens by FTIR microscopy imaging. The
pp.52, 30cm, 62(12) method was applied to an SBR modiÀed bitumen. 31
RUBBERIZED BITUMEN AND ITS refs.
APPLICATIONS AN ANNOTATED EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
BIBLIOGRAPHY WESTERN EUROPE
Latha N; Korah A C; Jose M Accession no.832954
India,Rubber Research Institute
A report is presented containing the abstracts and Item 65
bibliographic data of 81 published articles on the subject of Elastomery
rubberised bitumen and its applications in road surfacing, 5, No.4, 2001, p.8-16
construction, and related areas. The dates of the articles Polish
range from 1931 to 2000. The entries include journal APPLICATIONS OF WASTE TYRE RUBBER
articles, reports and conference presentations. GRANULATE TO MODIFICATION OF
AUSTRALIA; CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ASPHALTS USED IN ROAD BUILDING
EUROPEAN UNION; INDIA; MALAYSIA; NEW ZEALAND; UK; Radziszewski P; Kalabinska M; Pilat J
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Warsaw,Polytechnic; Bialystok,Technical University
Accession no.836083
The ecological use of crumb rubber from used car tyres to
bitumen modiÀcation, which is utilised for road pavement
Item 63 construction, is examined. An overview is presented
Journal of Applied Polymer Science of the state-of-the-art of the asphalt-rubber production
82, No.4, 24th Oct. 2001, p.989-96 technology, and factors inÁuencing bitumen properties
VULCANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF are discussed. Laboratory test methods of modified
ASPHALT/SBS BLENDS IN THE PRESENCE OF binder characterisation are described, together with
SULFUR required values for the USA and the Republic of South
Guian Wen; Yong Zhang; Yinxi Zhang; Kang Sun; Africa guidelines, countries leading in the technology of
Zhiyong Chen bitumen modiÀcation with crumb rubber addition. Basing
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University on chosen research results there is proven favourable
The vulcanisation of asphalt/SBS blends in the presence of viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt rubber compared with
sulphur was followed with a strain-controlled rheometer. non-modiÀed bitumen. 5 refs.
The blends cured at temperatures greater than 140C. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
The cure rate increased significantly with increasing Accession no.831212
temperature from 150 to 180C and the apparent activation
energy of vulcanisation was 45.2 kJ/mol. A suitable
processing temperature for good mechanical properties
and thermal stability was 170-180C. The structure of
SBS and the sulphur level affected the vulcanisation of

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 49

 References and Abstracts

Item 66 the temperature of asphaltic material decreases signiÀcantly.

Scrap Tire News The amounts of SBS and stabiliser have great effect on the
15, No.10, Oct.2001, p.1/3 dynamic mechanical properties of SBS-modiÀed asphalt.
LITTLE TIKES INTRODUCES SAFETY The complex modulus of modiÀed binders increases with
SURFACING increase in amounts of SBS and stabiliser, and tan delta
trend to be low and unchanged at high temperature. By
This month, Little Tikes Commercial Play Systems is
comparing the PS content of SBS, 30% and 40% (mass),
unveiling its “Little Tikes Surfacing Just Pour N Play”
there is little effect on properties of SBS modiÀed asphalt
pre-packaged pour-in-place surfacing product made from
within the given PS contents. 4 refs.
recycled tyre rubber. The technology utilises recycled tyre
CHINA
rubber combined with pre-mixed PU to produce a soft,
pliable, energy-absorbing rubber surface for playgrounds Accession no.828995
and other recreational surfaces. The base course or shock
pad is primarily intended for an underlay or base course Item 69
over compacted gravel, concrete or asphalt. It uses a large RUBBER IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGE
crumb rubber particle and is primarily black in colour. The - PROGRESS IN RECYCLING. Proceedings of a one-
wear course uses a 100% recycled SBR with a 1-3mm day seminar held Shawbury, 18th November 1996.
particle size and is manufacturing using coloured urethane Shawbury, 1996, paper 4. pp.3. 012
and colour-pigmented crumb rubber. USE OF RECYCLED RUBBER AS AN IMPACT
LITTLE TIKES CO. ABSORBING MEDIUM IN ASPHALT
USA Spendlove P
Accession no.829820 Sports Advancement & Research Co.Ltd.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Item 67 Details are given of Sartek, (Sports Aggregate Rubber

China Synthetic Rubber Industry Technology), and its use in synthetic sports surfaces. Sartek
24, No.3, 2001, p.176 is an impact absorbing asphalt which is homogeneous
STORAGE STABLE SBS/PE BLEND MODIFIED in nature and contains a continuous elastic phase. By
ASPHALTS replacing a percentage of the aggregate with a large granule
Gao Guangtao; Zhang Yong; Zhang Yinxi rubber and using an elastic bitumen as a binder, a shock
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University absorbing product is obtained. When subjected to stress,
deformation of the rubber occurs, and release of stress
The modiÀcation of asphalt by such polymers as SBS allows the rubber to return to its natural state. In either
triblock copolymer, PE for reduced road deterioration (e. tension or compression, the rubber pushes or pulls the
g. rutting, cracking) has been developed for many years. elastic bitumen to which it is linked, thereby obtaining the
However, due to the difference in solubility parameters properties claimed. Though not conÀned exclusively to the
between the base asphalt and the polymers, the storage use of scrap truck tyres, calculations given are based on
stability of the polymer modiÀed asphalts (PMAs) at high their use. The binder is a styrene-butadiene-styrene block
temperature is usually poor, which leads to separation of copolymer bitumen, added at around 8% by weight to the
polymeric and bituminous phase and inconsistent binder mix. Further applications in addition to sports surfaces are
quality. An attempt is made to prepare a storage stable being investigated.
PMA. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
CHINA EUROPE
Accession no.829116 Accession no.827848

Item 68 Item 70
China Synthetic Rubber Industry Polymer Engineering and Science
24, No.5, 2001, p.274-7 41, No.7, July 2001, p.1251-64
Chinese BLENDS OF BITUMEN WITH POLYMERS
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HAVING A STYRENE COMPONENT
STORAGE STABLE SBS MODIFIED ASPHALTS Fawcett A H; McNally T
Gui’an W; Yong Z; Xinzhong C; Yinxi Z; Kang S; Belfast,Queen’s University
Zhiyong C The properties of a 100 penetration grade bitumen were
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University signiÀcantly modiÀed by addition of 10 to 40 pph of a
Dynamic mechanical properties of storage stable SBS homopolystyrene and graft, block and random copolymers
modiÀed-asphalts are studied. With the addition of stabiliser, of styrene with butadiene and acrylonitrile. At low
due to the formation of elastic network formation in temps., some blends showed similar stiffness to or even
modiÀed binders, the elasticity of SBS asphalt increases and lower stiffness than the bitumen, but generally the blends

50 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

were more than one order of magnitude stiffer, even A method of manufacturing and applying a novel pavement
when a rubber was added. Contrasting behaviour was and patch material for roadways, driveways, walkways,
exhibited by a PS and a high-impact PS, about 3 to 4% of patch for potholes and like surfaces, including the steps
grafted rubber on the latter being sufÀcient to cause the of reducing recycled asphalt roof waste to granules,
enhancement, even at the 10 pph level, by two different adding aggregate and other solid recyclable materials to
random styrene-butadiene copolymers, and also by blends the granules, adding rejuvenating oil, adding emulsiÀer,
consisting of different amounts of SBS block copolymer. adding asphalt concrete oil, adding anti-strip additives,
Some polymers apparently triggered a Hartley inversion adding liquid silicone, mixing the composition, heating the
of the micellar structure of the asphaltene micelles. High composition, applying the composition to the roadway or
low temp. stiffness correlated roughly with a lower Tg, as the like and compacting a new paving material.
measured by the peak maximum in the loss modulus plots USA
of the DMTA and by the steps in the DSC curves at temps. Accession no.822085
below 0C. Tan delta maxima and DSC traces detected the
Tg in the continuous phase and in the dispersed phases, but
none of these amorphous polymers formed a crystalline Item 73
phase, though the DSC traces of the PS and the SBS Patent Number: US 6184294 B1 20010206
blends suggested that the polymer-rich phases underwent BLENDS OF .ALPHA.-OLEFIN/VINYLIDENE
an ageing/ordering process on cooling. 41 refs. AROMATIC MONOMER OR HINDERED
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
ALIPHATIC VINYLIDENE MONOMER
EUROPE Park C P; Thoen J; Broos R; Guest M J; Cheung Y W;
Accession no.827268 Chaudhary B I; Gathers J J; Hood L S
Dow Chemical Co.

Item 71 A fabricated article other than a film comprising a

Polymer Journal (Japan) thermoplastic blend prepared from polymeric materials
33, No.3, 2001, p.209-13 consisting of; (A) from 1 to 99 weight percent of at least
COMPATIBILIZER ROLE OF STYRENE- one interpolymer made from monomer components
BUTADIENE-STYRENE TRIBLOCK comprising (1) from 0.5 to 65 mole percent of (a) at
COPOLYMER IN ASPHALT least one aromatic vinylidene monomer, or (b) at least
Kamiya S; Tasaka S; Zhang X; Dong D; Inagaki N one hindered aliphatic or cycloaliphatic vinylidene
Shizuoka,University monomer, or (c) a combination of at least one aromatic
vinylidene monomer and at least one hindered aliphatic
Mixtures of triblock copolymer poly(styrene-butadiene- or cycloaliphatic vinylidene monomer, and (2) from 99.5
styrene) (SBS) and asphalt were used to prepare polymer to 35 mole percent of at least one aliphatic alpha-oleÀn
modiÀed asphalt (PMA). Differential scanning calorimetry, having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms; and (B) from 99 to
needle penetration and softening point methods and tensile 1 weight percent of at least one polymer made from
strength measurements were used to characterise physical monomer components comprising at least one alpha-oleÀn
and mechanical properties. When the fraction of asphalt having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. These articles possess
varied from 0-97 %, the glass transition temperatures improved properties when compared to the properties of
of both blocks of SBS changed, indicating that the articles derived from the individual polymers comprising
system is at least partially miscible. The soluble fraction the blend. These articles are useful in the preparation of
extracted from the asphalt by n-heptane, maltene, was injection moulded parts, bitumen and asphalt modiÀcation,
found to interact preferentially with the polybutadiene hot melt and pressure sensitive adhesive systems.
unit of SBS, whereas the insoluble fraction, asphaltene, USA
interacted predominantly with the polystyrene unit. The
Accession no.817459
fraction dependence of viscosity, penetration and tensile
strength of the mixtures showed the threshold at low SBS
concentration to increase markedly. The small amount of Item 74
SBS in PMA seem to act as compatibiliser and emulsify Patent Number: US 6180697 B1 20010130
the two components of asphalt to make a mechanically METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF STABLE
stable network. 20 refs. BITUMEN POLYMER COMPOSITIONS
JAPAN Kelly K P; Butler J R
Accession no.826617 Fina Technology Inc.
This involves heating an asphalt cut in a stirred tank to a
Item 72 temperature sufÀcient to allow the stirring of the asphalt in
Patent Number: US 6186700 B1 20010213 the tank. A thermoplastic elastomer or rubber is added to
PAVEMENT METHOD AND COMPOSITION the asphalt while continuing to stir the asphalt. The mixture
WITH REDUCED ASPHALT ROOFING WASTE is stirred at a speed and for a period of time sufÀcient to
Omann J S increase the distribution of the elastomer into the asphalt.

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 51

 References and Abstracts

The stirring speed is reduced and the temperature is Item 77

increased to add an oil dispersion of crosslinking agents Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
to the tank. Stirring is continued for a period of time 286, No.2, 28th Feb.2001, p.126-37
sufÀcient to improve the distribution of the crosslinking STUDIES ON BLENDS OF ACETATE AND
agent dispersion in the asphalt. ACRYLIC FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS WITH
USA BITUMEN
Accession no.816374 Fawcett A H; McNally T
Belfast,Queen’s University
Item 75 Five commercial polar polymers were blended with
Rheologica Acta bitumen and examined by Áuorescence optical microscopy,
40, No.2, March 2001, p.135-41 DSC and DMTA in order to reveal developments in the
RHEOLOGY AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF performance of the resulting colloidal composites. The
ASPHALT BINDERS polymers were ethylene-acrylic acid, ethylene-vinyl
Martinez-Boza F; Partal P; Navarro F J; Gallegos C acetate (9 and 28% vinyl acetate content) and ethylene-
Huelva,Universidad methacrylic acid copolymers and PMMA. In each case, the
The viscous and linear viscoelastic properties of different low-temp. stiffness of the bitumen was enhanced by two
asphalt binders are analysed. Thus, an unmodiÀed bitumen, orders of magnitude, but the addition of an ionomer was
a polymer-modiÀed (SBS) bitumen, a commercial synthetic more effective at low concentration, indicating a speciÀc
binder and two model synthetic binders with different self-organisation of the asphaltenes. 30 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
SBS concentrations are studied. The mechanical spectra
EUROPE
of these binders are quite different, mainly inÁuenced
by SBS concentration. Thus, up to three regions may Accession no.810581
be observed for a synthetic binder with high polymer
concentration. The temperature dependence of the zero Item 78
shear-rate-limiting viscosity is described by an Arrhenius- Journal of Materials Science
like equation in a temperature range that depends on binder 36, No.2, 15th Jan.2001, p.451-60
composition. These results are discussed taking into account LOW TEMPERATURE FRACTURE
the development of a polymer-rich phase in SBS modiÀed PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-MODIFIED
bitumen and model synthetic binders. 25 refs. ASPHALTS RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; MORPHOLOGY
WESTERN EUROPE
Champion L; Gerard J F; Planche J P; Martin D;
Accession no.811159 Anderson D
Institute Nationale des Sciences Appliquees; Elf-
Item 76 Solaize,Centre de Recherche; Pennsylvania,State
Colloid and Polymer Science University
279, No.3, March 2001, p.232-9
A methodology for studying the relationships between
CHEMICAL DESTABILIZATION OF CRUDE
fracture behaviour and morphology of polymer-modiÀed
OIL BASED EMULSIONS AND ASPHALTENE
asphalts used as binders is developed by using the linear
STABILIZED EMULSIONS
elastic fracture mechanics (LEFIVI) method and confocal
Djuve J; Yang X; Fjellanger I J; Sjoblom J; Pelizzetti E
laser scanning and environmental and cryo-scanning
Bergen,University; Statoil AS; Torino,Universita
electron microscopies. Different types of polymers are
A comparison of low and high molec.wt. demulsiÀers was used as modiÀers: copolymers from ethylene and methyl
conducted and their effect on both crude oil and asphaltene- acrylate (EMA), butyl acrylate (EBA) or vinyl acetate
based water-in-oil emulsions was studied. The high molec. (EVA); diblock or star-shape triblock styrene-butadiene
wt. compounds included complex block polymers, phenolic copolymers (SB or SBS). The 4 to 6 wt.% blends display
resin alkoxylates, polyester and polyol diepoxide reaction a heterogeneous structure with a polymer-rich dispersed
product. Physical characteristics were examined for crudes phase based on the initial polymer swollen by the aromatic
and for the chemicals. These parameters were then correlated fractions of the asphalt. The fracture toughness of the
with the demulsiÀer performance. Results indicated that a blends is higher than for the neat asphalt even if Klc of
signiÀcant lowering of interfacial tension was required, but blends remains low compared to usual polymer blends
not sufÀcient for an efÀcient demulsiÀcation. Addition of the due to the brittleness of the asphalt matrix. The fracture
chemicals directly to the oil phase prior to emulsiÀcation, behaviour, which is strongly dependent on the nature of
i.e. as inhibitors, increased the performance of the chemicals the polymer, is discussed from the toughening mechanisms
signiÀcantly. 16 refs. given for the Àlled polymers and the polymer blends. The
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; EBA, SB and SBS-based blends compared to the EMA
NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE and EVA-based ones display a higher Klc due to the
Accession no.810656 elastomeric behaviour of the polymer phase, leading to a

52 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

more efÀcient energy dissipation during crack propagation. use is optimised because polymer matrix development
The sample prepared with 4% crosslinked SIB (Styrelf) (digestion/swelling) can be completed before crosslinking
and the corresponding physical blend (non-crosslinked) occurs. The method is safer because formation of explosive
display the better fracture properties. 36 refs. clouds of sulphur dust is avoided.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; USA
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.809064
Accession no.810182

Item 82
Item 79
Patent Number: US 6136899 A1 20001024
Kobunshi Ronbunshu
SBR FOR ASPHALT CEMENT MODIFICATION
58, No.2, 2001, p.66-72
Lewandowski L H; Klemmensen D F
Japanese
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
PHYSICAL GEL OF SEMI-CRYSTALLINE It has been determined that a speciÀc type of emulsion SBR
HYDROGENATED STYRENE-BUTADIENE can be used to modify asphalt cement to greatly enhance
RUBBER AND STRAIGHT ASPHALT - the resistance to shoving, rutting and low temperature
POTENTIALITY AS VIBRATION DAMPERS cracking of asphalt concretes made therewith. It has further
Mashita N; Fukahori Y been determined that this emulsion SBR is compatible
Bridgestone Corp. with virtually all types of asphalt and that modiÀed asphalt
cements made therewith have extremely high levels of
The results of the study revealed that the gels exhibited
force ductility, tenacity and toughness. The SBR used to
a rubber-like stress-strain relationship attributed to the
modify asphalt cement in the practice of this invention is
polymer network phase and large tan deltas at small and
a blend of (i) a high molecular weight styrene-butadiene
large deformations due to the asphalt phase. The semi-
rubber having a weight average molecular weight of at least
crystalline network structure of the polymer controlled
about 300,000 and (ii) a low molecular weight styrene-
Áow and asphalt bleeding and the bicontinuous phase
butadiene rubber having a weight average molecular
structure exhibited large damping. 10 refs.
weight of less than about 280,000; wherein the ratio of the
JAPAN
high molecular weight styrene-butadiene rubber to the low
Accession no.809562 molecular weight styrene-butadiene rubber is within the
range of about 80:20 to about 25:75; and wherein the bound
Item 80 styrene content of the high molecular weight styrene-
Patent Number: US 6156828 A1 20001205 butadiene rubber differs from the bound styrene content
RUBBER BASE ASPHALT EMULSION METHOD of the low molecular weight styrene-butadiene rubber by
Wickett S R at least 5 percentage points. These SBR compositions are
comprised of repeat units which are derived from styrene
A gel-like emulsion containing natural rubber and crumb and 1,3-butadiene, wherein the styrene-butadiene rubber
rubber from used vehicle tyres may be added to an composition has a number average molecular weight as
asphalt paving emulsion at ambient temperature for chip determined by Àeld Áow fractionation which is within the
coating, slurry sealing, microsurfacing, soil stabilisation range of about 50,000 to 150,000 and wherein the styrene-
or pavement recycling. butadiene rubber has a light scattering to refractive index
USA ratio which is within the range of 1.8 to 3.9.
Accession no.809278 USA
Accession no.808974
Item 81
Patent Number: US 6133351 A1 20001017 2000 Item 83
SULFUR-IN-OIL IN ASPHALT AND POLYMER Patent Number: US 6136898 A1 20001024
COMPOSITION AND PROCESS UNBLOWN ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE
Hayner R E COPOLYMER TREATED ASPHALT AND ITS
Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC METHOD OF PREPARATION
Loza R; Dammann L G; Hayner R E; Doolin P K
A sulphur in oil in asphalt and polymer blend is disclosed.
Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC; Ashland Inc.
An asphalt and polymer blend is Àrst prepared and then
a slurry of solid sulphur in liquid oil added. Addition of A method is provided for improving high temperature
a slurry of solid sulphur in oil or oil containing sulphur performance grade properties of unblown asphalt by i)
compounds, permits rapid and effective uniform dispersion heating an asphalt cement to 200 deg F to 500 deg F
of the sulphur component in the asphalt/polymer blend. (93 deg C to 260 degree C), ii) adding 0.1 wt.% to 10
Uneven mixing, which can occur when sulphur is separately wt.% ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer based on weight
added as a solid to the asphalt blend, is avoided. Polymer of said asphalt cement to the heated asphalt cement, iii)

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 53

 References and Abstracts

adding 0.05 wt % to 1.0 wt.% phosphorus-containing Item 86

acid, e.g. polyphosphoric acid, based on weight of said Patent Number: US 6130276 A1 20001010
asphalt cement and iv) mixing the resulting blend, thereby METHOD OF REDUCING FUMES FROM A
providing an unblown asphalt composition of greater VESSEL OF MOLTEN ASPHALT
useful temperature index (UTI). The invention further Vermilion D R; Franzen M R; Janicki R T; Trumbore D C;
relates to asphalt compositions thus made and paving Keating J W; Marzari J A
compositions containing these asphalt compositions. Owens Corning Fiberglas Technology Inc.
USA
From 0.2 to 6 weight percent of a polymer is added to
Accession no.808973 the asphalt to reduce the visual opacity of the fumes by
at least 25% over the same asphalt without the polymer.
Item 84 In another embodiment, the total emissions of benzene
Journal of Applied Polymer Science soluble suspended particulates is reduced by at least 15%
79, No.6, 7th Feb.2001, p.1034-41 over the same asphalt without the polymer. Preferably,
RAPID FTIR METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION the added polymer has a melt Áow index of from 15 to 95
OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE TYPE grams/10 minutes. The added polymer reduces the visual
COPOLYMERS IN BITUMEN opacity of the fumes by forming a skim on the upper
Masson J F; Pelletier L; Collins P surface of the molten asphalt.
National Research Council of Canada USA

A method for determining the polymer content of polymer Accession no.806338

modiÀed bitumen (PMB), where the polymer is either
styrene-butadiene (SB) or styrene-butadiene-styrene block Item 87
copolymer (SBS), is proposed using fourier transform Patent Number: EP 1063263 A2 20001227
infer red analysis of the styrene and butadiene peaks. METHOD OF PREPARING HEATING TYPE
The method was tested on 24 different blends of bitumen PAVING MATERIAL AND COMPOSITION USED
and SB copolymers, using two different bitumens and THEREFOR
five different copolymers at different weight percent Ando S; Goto T; Hagiwara S; Miyauchi H
concentrations. The method was shown to be better than Toho Chemical Industry Co.Ltd.
plus/minus 0.4 percent accurate on the polymer content
Disclosed is a composition, which is a blend of a
expected, and it is proposed that this method could
condensate obtained by reacting polyalkylenepolyamine
therefore be used to quantify unknown blends of PMB
with a fatty acid and a modiÀed polyoleÀn resin having
where the polymer is either SB or SBS, or could be used
carboxyl groups in a speciÀed proportion. It is added to
to study the effects of weathering or other ageing processes
bitumen in an amount of 0.05 to 5.0 wt.% to provide a
on the polymer content of PMB. Degradation pathways
paving material with superior peel resistance between the
are proposed in an appendix. 22 refs
bitumen and aggregate.
CANADA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN;
Accession no.808778 WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.806222
Item 85
China Synthetic Rubber Industry Item 88
24, No.2, 2001, p.113 Patent Number: EP 1072646 A1 20010131
IMPROVED DISPERSION AND STORAGE ASPHALT MODIFIER
STABILITY OF POLYSTYRENE MODIFIED Maeda M; Izumoto R
BITUMEN Bridgestone Corp.
Hailong J; Gui’an W; Yong Z; Yinxi Z
Shanghai,Jiao Tong University This includes 3 to 80 parts by weight of carbon black
with a particle size of 75 micrometers or less and 10 to
Problems relating to the incorporation of polystyrene into 100 parts by weight of an oil, per 100 parts by weight of
bitumen for the polymer modiÀcation of the latter are thermoplastic elastomer. It is made by kneading carbon
brieÁy discussed, and the used is proposed of a reactive black and an oil with a thermoplastic elastomer at 80 to
agent such as sulphur for the blending of styrene-butadiene 200C. The kneading time is from 1 to 30 minutes, the
triblock copolymer (SBS) together with polystyrene to shear rate during kneading is from 50 to 800 (sec-1) and
improve the dispersion of the polystyrene phase in bitumen the shear energy acting per cu.cm. of carbon black during
to acquire a stable polystyrene-modiÀed bitumen.. kneading is from 200 to 3000 (J/cu.cm.).
CHINA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN;
Accession no.808757 WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.805866

54 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 89 polymers show improved storage stability against phase

Patent Number: US 6117926 A1 20000912 separation.
ACID-REACTED POLYMER-MODIFIED USA
ASPHALT COMPOSITIONS AND PREPARATION Accession no.802950
THEREOF
Engber S L; Reinke G H
Mathy Construction Co. Item 92
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
An acid-reacted polymer-modiÀed asphalt composition Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.
including (i) 80 weight percent asphalt, (ii) 0.2 to 15 Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.13-4
weight percent polymer containing available epoxy RECYCLING OF POLYMER MODIFIED
groups, and (iii) an acid effective for promoting chemical ASPHALT PAVEMENT
bonding between the asphalt and the polymer, wherein Daly W H; Negulescu I I; Mohammad L N; Yeh P H
the composition exhibits substantially improved Dynamic Louisiana,State University
Shear Rheometer stiffness values, without an appreciable (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
loss in the G” viscous component of the complex modulus,
low temperature creep stiffness and “m” values of the The objective is to evaluate the fundamental properties
composition. of recycled asphalt pavements containing polymer
USA
modiÀed asphalt cement (PMAC). To achieve this goal,
the composition and engineering (rheological) properties
Accession no.804597 of an industrial PMAC and of blends containing PMAC
and different amounts of aged PMAC are evaluated using
Item 90 analytical methods and Superpave binder tests. The results
Composites Part B: Engineering give a practical guide to design hot asphalt mixtures that
32B, No.1, 2001, p.57-66 utilise the optimum amount of polymer modiÀed recycled
INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR USING asphalt pavements. 3 refs.
POLYMER COMPOSITES IN AIRPORT USA
PAVEMENT REHABILITATION Accession no.802795
Ramsamooj D V
California,State University
Item 93
A new design of a GRP composite overlay with a granite Patent Number: US 6114418 A1 20000905
riding surface to eliminate reÁective cracking on jointed NONIONIC EMULSIFIER FOR ASPHALT
rigid airport pavements is presented, together with an Isobe K; Tamaki R
analytical solution for the stresses and deÁection in the Kao Corp.
overlay. The stresses and deÁection were obtained from
fracture mechanics using the relationship between the An oil-in-water asphalt emulsion having excellent stability
deÁection and the stress intensity factor for a crack or in a stationary state is disclosed. Asphalt is emulsiÀed in
joint. The thermal, bending and shear stresses together water by mixing the asphalt and water with an emulsiÀer
with the number of cycles of repeated loading for the comprising a non-ionic compound of given formula.
occurrence of the Àrst sign of reÁective cracking are JAPAN; USA
presented. 16 refs. Accession no.801675
USA
Accession no.804087 Item 94
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling
Item 91 41, No.12, Dec. 2000, p.46-7
Patent Number: US 6127461 A1 20001003 WASTE TIRES CUT COSTS OF BUILDING NEW
CO-AGGLOMERATION OF RANDOM VINYL HIGHWAYS
SUBSTITUTED AROMATIC/CONJUGATED Amirkhanian S
DIOLEFIN POLYMER WITH SULFUR TO The South Carolina Department of Health and
IMPROVE HOMOGENEITY OF POLYMER/ Environmental Control has awarded the city of Clemson
ASPHALT ADMIXTURES in conjunction with Clemson University, a 6 million US
Takamura K; Velasco P; Blanpain P; Cheng J; dollar grant to establish a program, the Asphalt Rubber
Plaumann H; Liu R; Millican W; Baughman B Technology Service (ARTS). The program involves the
BASF Corp. implementation of a 2 US dollar feed paid on each new
The coagglomerate is storage stable and easily blended tyre sold in South Carolina, 44 cents of which is placed in
with asphalt under a variety of mixing conditions. Polymer/ this Trust Fund. The newly developed ARTS will provide
asphalt blends prepared with the sulphur coagglomerated technical assistance in the promotion, design and testing

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 55

 References and Abstracts

of rubberised asphalt and other crumb rubber in civil BITUMEN-POLYMER COMPOSITIONS

infrastructure applications for public works agencies in CONTAINING A CROSSLINKED ELASTOMER
local governments across the state. To date, S.C. DOT AND A FUNCTIONALISED OLEFINIC
has constructed Àve rubberised projects around the state, POLYMER
summaries of three of which are included. Planche J-P; Lacour C
SOUTH CAROLINA DEPT.OF HEALTH (Elf Aquitaine Production)
& ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL; Bitumen-polymer compositions having improved
CLEMSON,UNIVERSITY mechanical properties are produced by stirring together,
USA
at 100-230C, a bitumen or bitumen mixture, a sulphur-
Accession no.801410 curable elastomer and a polymeric additive consisting
of at least one functionalised oleÀn copolymer and a
sulphur-donating coupling agent. The bitumen-polymer
Item 95
compositions may be used directly or in dilute form
Patent Number: US 6113978 A1 20000905
to make bituminous binders for road surfaces, coated
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO PROTECT
materials and sealing coatings.
ASPHALTIC MATERIALS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Ornstein I N; Christ G C WESTERN EUROPE
Asphaltic materials are provided with increased resistance Accession no.800938
to damage from water, oil and weather by treatment with an
aqueous composition containing (A) from about 0.1 to 4%
Item 98
by weight, on a 100% solids basis, of an aqueous solution
Patent Number: US 6107374 A1 20000822
or self-dispersed emulsion or dispersion of a copolymer,
ASPHALT MODIFIED WITH OLEFIN/
which is the reaction product of monomers containing
VINYLIDENE AROMATIC MONOMER
Áuorinated groups, cationic groups and non-ionic groups,
INTERPOLYMERS
optionally (B) an effective amount of a penetration
Stevens J C; Timmers F J; Gatzke A L; Bredeweg C J;
assistant, and (C) water to make up 100%.
McKay K W; Gros W A; Diehl C F
USA
Dow Chemical Co.
Accession no.801258
Bitumens can be blended with interpolymers prepared
from at least one oleÀn and at least one vinyl or vinylidene
Item 96 aromatic monomer and, optionally, at least one diene.
Patent Number: US 6011095 A 20000104 When the interpolymers prepared from monomers
METHOD FOR PREPARING BITUMEN/ containing a diene are blended with a bitumen, the blends
POLYMER COMPOSITIONS AND USE are crosslinkable.
THEREOF USA
Planche J P; Turello P; Lacour C Accession no.800030
Elf Antar France
Bitumen/polymer compositions are produced by contacting Item 99
one bitumen or a mixture of bitumens with at least one Patent Number: US 6107373 A1 20000822
oleÀnic polymer bearing epoxy or COOH groupings, then CONSUMABLE ASPHALT CONTAINERS AND
by incorporating in the product, an acid additive while METHOD OF REDUCING FUMES FROM A
the whole mixture is agitated at a range between 100C KETTLE OF MOLTEN ASPHALT
and 230C for a least 10 minutes. The product, which Janicki R T; Vermilion D R; Gallagher K P; Ponn F H;
is subjected to treatment by the acid additive may still Franzen M R; Marzari J A; Keating J W; Trumbore D C;
contain one or several additional polymers, for instance Harris S G; Mirra E
of the elastomer type crosslinkable with sulphur, and even Owens-Corning Fiberglas Technology Inc.
be subjected to sulphur crosslinking before treatment.
The bitumen/polymer compositions are useful directly or A consumable container is moulded from a composition
after dilution, to form binders for carrying our surfacing comprising 40 to 90 wt.% of an asphalt and 10 to 60 wt.%
operations. of a polymer material, which can include a Àrst polymer,
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; such as PP, which imparts heat resistance, and a second
WESTERN EUROPE polymer, such as EVA, which imparts toughness and
Accession no.800939 impact resistance. This moulded asphalt/polymer material
preferably has an unnotched Izod impact strength of at least
2 joules. The container can be melted along with rooÀng
Item 97 asphalt held in the container without adversely affecting
Patent Number: US 6011094 A 20000104 the properties of the asphalt and without requiring undue
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF mixing. The composition also can be used to reduce fumes

56 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

normally emitted from a kettle of molten asphalt, e.g. as Item 102

measured by a reduction of the visual opacity of the fumes Patent Number: US 6103783 A1 20000815
by at least 25%, a reduction of hydrocarbon emissions ELASTIC WATER-PERMEABLE CONCRETE
of the fumes by at least 20% or a reduction of the total COMPOSITION, FORMULATION METHOD
suspended particulates emissions of the fumes by at least THEREFOR, ELASTIC WATER-PERMEABLE
15%. The container may be used, e.g. to hold rooÀng or CONCRETE STRUCTURE FORMED OF
paving asphalt or a recyclable petroleum-derived material, THE COMPOSITION, AND METHOD FOR
such as used motor oil. The container composition may CONSTRUCTING THE STRUCTURE
include one or more ingredients to improve the quality of Hong Y-K
paving-grade asphalt
An elastic water-permeable polymeric concrete composition
USA
is disclosed, together with a formulation method therefor,
Accession no.800029 an elastic water-permeable polymeric concrete structure
using the composition and a method for constructing
Item 100 the structure. The polymeric concrete composition is
China Synthetic Rubber Industry formulated by integrating a rubber powder ground from
23,No.3,2000,p.196-9 waste tyres or waste rubber and an aggregate using a
Chinese polymeric binder, and if required, by adding a pigment
MODIFICATION OF ASPHALT WITH and aromatic capsules capable of providing remedial
RUBBERS FOR PAVEMENT AND THEIR and psychological effects. The polymeric concrete
MICROSTRUCTURE structure manufactured using such a polymeric concrete
Lin Xianfu; Wu Qi; Lu Deshui; Chen Zhichun composition has appropriate elasticity, water permeability,
Hangzhou,Zhejiang University strength and a pleasant aroma. Thus, the polymeric
concrete composition is useful for paving a footpath, a
Asphalt modified with three kinds of rubbers, such roadway, a bikeway, a railway crossing, a parking lot,
as reclaim rubber, synthetic or natural rubbers, block a stadium, a racing track, a landing strip, etc., and as a
copolymers (SBS), and its use as a pavement material are material for civil engineering and constructions such as
reviewed. Rubber modiÀcation can signiÀcantly improve blocks, tile sound-absorbing plates, soundprooÀng plates,
the performance of asphalt for pavements. Four kinds of soundprooÀng walls and retaining walls.
modiÀcation mechanisms are presented and compared. KOREA; USA
18 refs.
Accession no.797905
CHINA
Accession no.799136
Item 103
Patent Number: US 6106604 A1 20000822
Item 101 BITUMEN EMULSION, PROCESS OF
Patent Number: US 6100317 A1 20000808 PRODUCING A BITUMEN EMULSION AND
STABILIZED BITUMEN COMPOSITIONS PROCESS OF PRODUCING A BITUMINOUS
Liang Z-Z; Woodhams R T; Smith J W EMULSION FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OR
Polyphalt LLC MAINTENANCE OF PAVEMENTS
Two or more different polymeric materials are stably Durand G; Poirier J-E; Chappat M
incorporated into bitumen by effecting steric stabilisation Colas
of a polyoleÀn, such as polyethylene, and by dispersing A bitumen emulsion is disclosed, including a bituminous
the other polymer, such as a styrene-butadiene-styrene phase having one of pure bitumen, Áuxed bitumen, and
copolymer, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or an modiÀed bitumen. The bitumen emulsion also includes an
EPDM copolymer in the stabilised polyethylene-bitumen aqueous phase including water and an emulsifying agent.
composition. The ability to incorporate different polymeric The bitumen emulsion further includes a breaking agent
materials in bitumen permits desirable modifications encapsulated in capsules allowing control of breaking of
to the properties of the composition to be effected. In the bitumen emulsion, the control involving rupture of
addition, different properties can be attained by modifying the capsules from a mechanical effect by a mechanical
processing parameters. action produced on the bitumen emulsion. Processes
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; for producing a bitumen emulsion and processes for
WESTERN EUROPE
controlling the breaking of a bituminous emulsion are
Accession no.797953 disclosed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.795624

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 57

 References and Abstracts

Item 104 Item 107

China Synthetic Rubber Industry Journal of Elastomers and Plastics
23, No.6, 2000, p.374 32, No.4, Oct.2000, p.283-301
EFFECT OF DISPERSION AGENTS ON MICROMECHANICAL MODELING OF
PROPERTIES OF SBS MODIFIED ASPHALT POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT AT LOW
Shifeng W; Dizhen W TEMPERATURES
South China,University of Technology Li G; Pang S-S; Zhao Y
The effect is examined of dispersing agents on the Louisiana,State University; Michigan,Technological
properties of SBS used as a modiÀer for asphalt. The two University
dispersing agents tested are a terpene hydrocarbon and Polymer modiÀed asphalt was treated as a two-phase
an aromatic petroleum resin. It is found that both have composite material with polymer particles dispersed in an
a positive inÁuence on the dispersibility of SBS without asphalt matrix. A three-phase sphere model was extended
lowering its softness point as is the case when oils are used to a two-layer built-in model to evaluate parameters
to accelerate the dispersibility of SBS. 2 refs. affecting the low temperature cracking resistance of a
CHINA polymer modiÀed asphalt mixture. 20 refs.
Accession no.794763 USA
Accession no.793719
Item 105
China Synthetic Rubber Industry Item 108
23, No.6, 2000, p.341-3 Polymer Testing
Chinese 20, No.1, 2001, p.77-86
INDUSTRIAL TRIAL OF SBR LATEX FOR PAVING MODIFICATION OF ROAD BITUMENS WITH
Jihong Z; Jiming X THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS
Qilu Petrochemical Co.Ltd. Xiaohu Lu; Isacsson U
SBR latex for paving with a 45% solids content was Sweden,Institute of Technology
prepared by the vacuum concentration process using
Polymer-modiÀed bitumens were prepared by blending
a viscosity depressant and outside circulation heating.
bitumens with different thermoplastics polymers (styrene-
The industrial trial determined the optimum conditions
butadiene-styrene(SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-
for temperature, vacuum and dehydrating amounts. The
styrene(SEBS), EVA and ethylene-butyl acrylate(EBA)
effects of the additions of an alkaline agent and viscosity
copolymers). The basic properties, e.g. morphology,
depressant were examined.
rheology and ageing, of the modiÀed binders were studied
CHINA
using fluorescence microscopy, dynamic mechanical
Accession no.794755 analysis, creep testing and GPC. The results obtained
indicated that the morphology and rheological properties of
Item 106 the modiÀed binders were inÁuenced by characteristics and
Patent Number: US 6093494 A1 20000725 content of the polymer and nature of the bitumen. When
ANTISTRIP LATEX FOR AGGREGATE a continuous polymer phase was formed at a sufÀciently
TREATMENT high polymer content, the rheological properties of the
Schulz G O; Bethel A L binders were signiÀcantly improved. At a given polymer
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. content, the modiÀed binders containing SBS and SEBS
Disclosed is a process for coating aggregate, which is differed widely from those containing EVA and EBA in
particularly useful in making asphalt concrete to provide their rheological behaviour. The ageing properties of the
the aggregate with a high level of resistance to stripping binders were also strongly dependent on types of polymer.
by water. The process involves (1) mixing the aggregate In most cases, the rheological changes during ageing
with latex to form a latex/aggregate mixture, the latex were related to oxidation of bitumen and/or degradation
being composed of water, an emulsiÀer, a polymer and of polymer. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
a water-soluble divalent metal salt, (2) heating the latex/
EUROPE
aggregate mixture to a temperature, which is within the
range of about 66 to 232C, (3) maintaining the latex/ Accession no.792600
aggregate mixture at an elevated temperature for a time,
which is sufÀcient to reduce the moisture content of the Item 109
latex/aggregate mixture below about 0.7 wt.% and to allow Patent Number: US 6065903 A1 20000523
the polymer in the latex to crosslink on the surface of the ENHANCING LOAD BEARING
aggregate to produce the coated aggregate. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPACTED SOIL
USA Doyle M P
Accession no.794637 Vinzoyl Technical Services LLC

58 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Methods are disclosed for preparation of chemically- corresponding blend to which no dioxime is added. The
stabilised emulsions of tall oil in water. Temperature and invention further relates to asphalt compositions thus
pH are controlled during preparation of the emulsions so made and paving compositions containing these asphalt
as to prevent saponiÀcation and neutralisation of acids in compositions.
the tall oil component. The Ànal emulsions have pHs in USA
the range of from about 3.0 to 5.0 and remain phase stable Accession no.784441
for extended periods of time. Methods are disclosed for
using the emulsions for soil treatment to improve soil
stabilisation and load bearing capacity for roadbed use, Item 112
for treatment of reclaimed asphalt pavement for reuse as Patent Number: US 5998514 A 19991207
a stabilised base course for roadway construction and for RANDOM VINYL SUBSTITUTED AROMATIC/
remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. C4-C6 CONJUGATED DIOLEFIN POLYMER
USA
MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURES
Cheng J T-C; Plaumann H; Takamura K; Baughman A B
Accession no.790660 BASF Corp.
The present invention relates to random vinyl substituted
Item 110
aromatic/C4-C6 conjugated dioleÀn polymer modiÀed
International Polymer Science and Technology
asphalt mixtures wherein the modiÀer is a keto-containing
27, No.8, 2000, p.T/13-4
amide such as diacetone acrylamide (DAAM), an
CERTAIN RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
oxazoline containing copolymer, and an ethoxylated
SEALING/BONDING COMPOSITES BASED ON
trimethylolpropane triacrylate.
BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBERS
USA
Shutilin Y F; Smirnykh A A; Krasovitskii Y V
Voronezh,State Technological Academy Accession no.783861

Polymer-bitumen composites for use as sealing/bonding

materials are examined with reference to their rheological Item 113
properties. Composites based on whiting-Àlled butadiene- China Synthetic Rubber Industry
styrene rubber containing bitumen and transformer oil 23, No.4, July 2000, p.242
were studied, with varying compositions of components PREPARATION OF STORAGE STABLE SBS
to determine the temperature dependence of effective COPOLYMER/ASPHALT BLENDS
viscosity of composites with rubber contents of 12 wt.%, Gui’an W; Xinzhong C; Yong Z; Yinxi Z
18 wt.%, 24 wt.% and 29 wt.%. It is demonstrated that the Shanghai,Jiao Tong University
production of sealing/bonding composites based thereon, It is well known that mechanical properties of asphalt
must be carried out at a temperature of no more than can be improved by modiÀcation with some polymers,
393 K with the aim of preventing undesirable structure especially styrene-butadiene-styrene tri-block copolymer
formation of the viscous-Áow material. 4 refs. Translation (SBS). However, due to the incompatibility between
of Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2000, p.11. polymeric materials and asphalt, the storage stability
RUSSIA of polymer-modified asphalt is usually poor at high
Accession no.790292 temperatures. Dynamic vulcanisation, through which
the compatibility and mechanical properties of polymers
can be improved effectively, is widely used in polymer/
Item 111
polymer blends. Storage stable SBS/asphalt blends are
Patent Number: US 6057390 A1 20000502
prepared via dynamic vulcanisation.
CROSSLINKABLE POLYMER-MODIFIED
CHINA
ASPHALT AND ITS METHOD OF PREPARATION
Loza R; Dammann L G; Hayner R E; Doolin P K Accession no.783783
Ashland Inc.; Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC
A method is provided for improving high temperature Item 114
performance grade properties of asphalt which comprises Patent Number: US 6043302 A1 20000328
i) heating an asphalt cement to 200 to 500 F (93 to 260 IMPACT ABSORBING MACADAM
deg C), ii) adding 1 to 10 wt. % crosslinkable polymer, Spendlove P D
e.g., styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer based This comprises 10 to 75% (preferably 25 to 45%) of a
on weight of said asphalt cement, iii) adding a useful particulate rubber having a particle size of up to 40 mm,
temperature index (UTI) improving amount of dioxime(s) 25 to 90% (preferably 45 to 65%) of an aggregate having a
of 1,4- benzoquinone and its derivatives and optionally, particle size of up to 40 mm and from 5 to 9% of a polymer
free radical initiator, e.g. organic peroxide, and iv) mixing modiÀed bituminous binder. Typically such a macadam has
the resulting blend, thereby providing a paving asphalt a void volume, interconnected or unconnected, of from 5 to
having a greater useful temperature index (UTI) than a 25%. The polymer, which modiÀes the bituminous binder,

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 59

 References and Abstracts

is preferably an unbranched styrene butadiene styrene High quality pavements can be prepared by mixing trans-
block copolymer forming about 7% of the modiÀed binder. polyoctenamer (TOR) with ground tyre rubber (GTR)
The macadam is suitable as a base for sports pitches and in asphalt. As little as 3-6% of TOR causes efÀcient
athletic tracks without a rubber shock pad overlay. dispersibility of Àllers, compatibility and crosslinking in
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; asphalt GTR mixtures. Mixture preparation and methods
WESTERN EUROPE of usage are described in detail. In addition, practical
Accession no.781371 examples of the cost calculations for several roads are
presented. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Item 115 USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Patent Number: US 6027558 A1 20000222
Accession no.777202
HYDRATED LIME ADDED DIRECTLY TO
ASPHALT CEMENT AS A MULTI- FUNCTIONAL
MODIFIER FOR ASPHALT MIXTURES Item 118
Little D N; Graves R E; Huege F R Patent Number: US 6031029 A1 20000229
Chemical Lime Co. ASPHALT COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF
PREPARATION THEREOF
A hot mix asphalt composition and method are shown in
Baumgardner G L; Burrow M R
which hydrated lime is added directly to the asphalt binder
Ergon Inc.
prior to the addition of the asphalt binder to the mineral
aggregate constituent of the composition. The lime-asphalt Systems and methods for combining a mineral acid
mixture is then added to the mineral aggregate. The lime and a polymer additive in an asphalt composition are
component is added to the asphalt binder in an amount described. A polymer modiÀed asphalt is produced by
which exceeds about 10% by weight, based upon the total heating neat asphalt, adding a polymer thereto and adding
weight of asphalt binder in the composition. the resulting blend to a dilution asphalt. Addition of the
USA mineral acid widens the temperature range in which
Accession no.780969 satisfactory performance from a given polymer asphalt
composition can be achieved or, as a corollary, reduces
the amount of polymer additive that would otherwise be
Item 116
needed to achieve satisfactory performance within a given
Patent Number: US 6013681 A 20000111
temperature range.
PRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS EMULSION
USA
AND LIQUID AMINE EMULSIFIER THEREFOR
Asamori K; Tamaki R; Funada H; Taniguchi T; Juarez F Accession no.777023
C; Ortiz C A; Muniz A G; Hernandez H R
Kao Corp. Item 119
A liquid amine compound is disclosed which can be Journal of Applied Polymer Science
applied to various uses such as emulsiÀcation for bitumens, 76, No.12, 20th June 2000, p.1811-24
since it has as high surface activity as those of solid amines ARTIFICIAL AGING OF POLYMER MODIFIED
and is more excellent in workability as compared with the BITUMENS
solid amines, and an emulsiÀer for bitumens produced Xiaohu Lu; Isacsson U
by using the amine compound. Furthermore, a process Sweden,Royal Institute of Technology
is disclosed for producing an emulsiÀer for a bituminous The artificial ageing of polymer modified bitumens
emulsion by reacting an aliphatic amine having at least one prepared from three base bitumens and six polymers
hydrocarbon group having not less than 8 carbon atoms was investigated. The ageing of the binders was studied
with a carbonyl compound and adding an acid thereto to using the thin Àlm oven test, the rolling thin Àlm oven
adjust the pH of the amine compound so as to be not more test(RTFOT) and the modiÀed RTFOT. The binders were
than 5, and a process for producing a bituminous emulsion characterised by means of IR spectroscopy, different
composition by using the amine compound. types of chromatography and DMA. It was found that a
JAPAN statistically linear relationship existed between different
Accession no.777622 ageing methods, but that no deÀnite conclusion could
be drawn regarding the difference in severity of ageing
between these methods. 11 refs.
Item 117
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
Elastomery EUROPE
4, No.1, 2000, p.9-14
PAVEMENTS FROM ASPHALTS MODIFIED Accession no.776390
WITH GROUND TYRE RUBBER
Diedrich K M; Burns B J
Degussa-Huls AG; Creanova Inc.

60 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 120 Item 123

Patent Number: US 6020404 A1 20000201 Patent Number: US 5981010 A 19991109
BITUMEN/POLYMER COMPOSITIONS POLYURETHANE-MODIFIED BITUMEN
WITH IMPROVED STABILITY AND THEIR COATING COMPOSITION
APPLICATION IN CARRYING OUT SURFACING Terry C E; Berard R A; Pinholster D F
OPERATIONS Interface Inc.
Planche J-P; Turello P; Lacour C
A polyurethane-modiÀed bitumen coating composition
Elf Antar France
of selected surface tack and Áuidity is disclosed. The
Bitumen/polymer compositions are provided containing a composition includes: bitumen; a minor modifying
bitumen or a mixture of bitumens and, reckoned by weight amount of a polyurethane prepared by the reaction of a
of bitumen, 0.3% to 20% of at least one primary polymer polyisocyanate and a hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene;
selected among certain elastomers and plastomers and a tackiÀer; and a Àller material.
0.01% to 12% of at least one oleÀnic polymer bearing USA
epoxy or COOH groupings. The compositions are useful, Accession no.769716
directly or after dilution, to form bitumen/polymer binders
for carrying out road surfacing, for coated materials or
waterproof coatings. Item 124
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Patent Number: US 5980664 A 19991109
USA; WESTERN EUROPE PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIAL AND
Accession no.776239 METHOD OF MARKING PAVEMENT
Wilson J H

Item 121 A substantially permanent pavement marking system,

Patent Number: US 5973037 A 19991026 using a polymer modiÀed cement material to provide a
STYRENE ETHYLENE BUTYLENE STYRENE raised marking which extends above the surface of the
(SEBS) COPOLYMER RUBBER MODIFIED pavement, is disclosed. The lines are formed by taping off
ASPHALT MIXTURE the desired outline shape of the marking. The pavement
Fields J R marking material is of such a consistency that it will set
up to form a thick layer and not Áow over the tape and
The process and composition for SEBS block copolymers will harden forming a raised marking.
modiÀed asphalt mixtures for use in rooÀng, sealing, paving, USA
and waterprooÀng membranes are disclosed. Powdered
Accession no.769674
and pelletised SEBS is added to oxidised or unoxidised
asphalt Áux in high-shear processes, and is applied in hot
and ambient uses such as cutbacks and emulsions, with or Item 125
without added Àllers, Àbres, or other additives. Patent Number: US 5986010 A 19991116
USA
POLYMER FOR ASPHALT CEMENT
MODIFICATION
Accession no.774389 Clites J S; Colvin H A; Klemmensen D F
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Item 122
This invention discloses a process for synthesising a
Offshore
styrene-butadiene polymer which is particularly useful
60, No.4, April 2000, p.172
for modifying asphalt to improve force ductility, elastic
RUBBER TOUGHENED URETHANE RESISTS
recovery, toughness and tenacity, by a process which
WEAR AND LIMITS VIBRATION
comprises the steps of: (1) continuously charging 1,3-
A unique process transforms used tyres into a solvent-free butadiene monomer, an organolithium compound,
substance that can be sprayed onto almost any surface to a polar modifier and an organic solvent into a first
create a layer of rubber toughened urethane that is resistant polymerisation zone, (2) allowing the 1,3-butadiene
to wear, abrasion and corrosion, and reduces noise and monomer to polymerise in said Àrst polymerisation zone
vibration. ProCoat is suitable for deck coatings, bridge and to a conversion of at least about 90 percent to produce
road surfaces and the construction of fenders and rubbing a living polymer solution which is comprised of said
strakes. The coating is naturally resistant to ice formation, organic solvent and living polybutadiene chains having
but can also be applied in a thickness to contain heating a number average molecular weight which is within the
elements. A less typical use was the coating of a rudder of a range of about 20,000 to about 60,000, (3) continuously
ferry to protect the metal against damage from cavitation. withdrawing said living polymer solution from said
PROCOAT NORDIC AB Àrst reaction zone, (4) continuously charging styrene
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN monomer, divinyl benzene and the living polymer solution
EUROPE being withdrawn from the Àrst polymerisation zone into
Accession no.770450 a second polymerisation zone, (5) allowing the styrene

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 61

 References and Abstracts

monomer and divinyl benzene monomer to polymerise Item 129

in said second polymerisation zone to produce a solution Patent Number: US 5990207 A 19991123
of styrene-butadiene polymer having a number average MIXTURES OF BITUMEN, OF POWDERED
molecular weight which is within the range of about RUBBER WASTE AND OF POLYMER
30,000 to about 85,000 and (6) continuously withdrawing EMPLOYED AS ROAD BINDER
the solution of said styrene-butadiene polymer from the Perret P; Lebez J; Montignac G
second polymerisation zone. Elf Atochem SA
USA
The present invention relates to mixtures of bitumen, of
Accession no.769188 powdered rubber waste and of at least one copolymer (A)
of an alpha-oleÀn and at least one unsaturated epoxide,
Item 126 such that: the BrookÀeld viscosity at 180 deg C according
Patent Number: EP 985703 A1 20000315 to NFT Standard 76102 (27 needle) is lower than 1150
ASPHALT-ADDITIVE COMPOSITION mPa.s; the difference in absolute value of the softening
Isobe K; Tamaki R; Tomioka K points (ring and ball temperature) according to NFT 66008
Kao Corp. between the top and bottom fractions of a mixture stored
An additive for asphalt, which rapidly improves the anti- for 3 days at 180 deg C in a vertical tube is smaller than
stripping effect of asphalt from aggregates, comprises (A) or equal to 5 deg C. These mixtures are useful as road
a speciÀc acidic phosphoric acid compound and (B) at binders.
least one member, such as a mineral oil, alcohol having 8 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
to 18 carbon atoms, carboxylic acid having 8 to 18 carbon
atoms or triglyceride thereof. The amount of (B) is 25 to Accession no.761733
400 pbw per 100 pbw of (A).
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; Item 130
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL Patent Number: US 5990206 A 19991123
Accession no.766255 ASPHALT MODIFIER COMPOSITION AND
ASPHALT COMPOSITION
Item 127 Tanaka S; Ikenaga T
Patent Number: US 6000876 A 19991214 Kao Corp.
CONTENT AND PRODUCTION METHOD FOR Preparation of an asphalt composition using an asphalt
SEMI-RIGID ASPHALT CONCRETE modiÀer composition comprising at least one member
Shen D-H; Lu C-T; selected from the group consisting of rubber-base
This concrete comprises cationic emulsiÀed asphalt, modiÀers and resin-base modiÀers and a phosphorous
type-1 cement, F-type superplasticiser, sodium- compound permits the modifier to be satisfactorily
carboxymethylcellulose, calcium chloride, stone dust and dissolved in asphalt. Further, when paving is conducted by
aggregates. The mixing procedure is described. using a composition for paving prepared with the asphalt
TAIWAN composition, the adhesion of asphalt to an aggregate is
Accession no.764067 high, and the resultant pavement has markedly improved
rutting resistance and wearing resistance. The pavement
therefore has a prolonged service life.
Item 128
JAPAN
Elastomery
3, No.5, 1999, p.10-7 Accession no.761732
Polish
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN RUBBER AND Item 131
ASPHALT. EVALUATION OF SYSTEM Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
STABILITY. 15, No.4, 1999, p.235-48
Baryn W; Slusarski L USE OF RECYCLED TYRE RUBBER FOR
Instytut Polimerow Politechniki Lodzkiej MODIFICATION OF ASPHALT
This detailed article examines the stability of ground rubber Gawel I; Slusarski L
asphalt mixes which are increasingly being used in pavement Wroclawska Politechnika; Lodz,Polytechnic
construction. It is reported that the rate of sedimentation of An overview is presented of problems connected with
the rubber particles is lowered due to swelling of these the modiÀcation of asphalts with rubber crumb from tyre
particles in the asphalt melt. A similar effect is said to be recycling. 45 refs.
possible to achieve if the asphalt viscosity is enhanced, i.e. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
the use of reclaimed rubber as a thickening agent.
Accession no.761199
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.763085

62 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 132 POSSIBILITIES OF GROUND TYRE RUBBER

Patent Number: US 5961730 A 19991005 RECYCLING WITH TRANS-POLYOCTENAMER
METHOD OF ASPHALT REMOVAL FROM Diedrich K M; Burns B J
SURFACES Degussa-Huls AG; Creanova Inc.
Salmonsen S T; Frailey M D; Proctor J J; Kranz L P; (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Crooks S M
The chemical properties of trans-polyoctenamer (TOR)
Morton International Inc.
facilitate the coating of the surface of ground rubber
An asphalt release agent for preventing hot road asphalt, waste, i.e. ground tyre rubber (GTR), by a simple
especially polymer-modiÀed asphalt, from sticking to technique. A ground rubber modiÀed in this way can be
surfaces of delivery truck beds is provided. The release added as Àller material to virgin rubber compounds and
agent includes a water-based mixture of polycycloaliphatic causes less deteriorated physicals of the vulcanisates
amines and polyalkylene glycols. The release agent is than uncoated rubber waste does. Alternatively, the
applied onto the truck beds to create a slippery non-stick modiÀed ground rubber can be directly moulded into new
surface so that the road asphalt which comes in contact rubber compounds. The parameters of the rubber waste
with such truck bed surfaces will not adhere. inÁuencing the Ànal properties of the rubber goods are
USA discussed. A new application of TOR in connection with
Accession no.761047 GTR is found in asphalt production. Every year GTR
is used in greater amounts in rubberised asphalt. Small
amounts of TOR result in better dispersion of the GTR
Item 133 and crosslinks the GTR to the asphalt. In addition, the
Patent Number: US 5961709 A 19991005 TOR drastically reduces tackiness of the mixture caused
ENVIRONMENTALLY IMPROVED ASPHALT by the GTR addition. This allows earlier compacting of the
COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR PREPARATION asphalt with steel and rubber rollers at higher temperatures
Hayner R E; Doolin P K; Hoffmann J F; Wombles R H and saves a lot of time. The ability of the TOR to crosslink
Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC the GTR to the asphalt provides a rubberised matrix in the
An environmentally improved asphalt paving composition asphalt paving that prevents premature cracking, rutting
which contains a solvent-precipitated asphaltene, such as and shoving. 5 refs.
solvent deasphalting bottoms, and a viscosity reducing EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
amount of parafÀnic Áuxing component, e.g. 325 Neutral USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Oil, is disclosed. Accession no.759700
USA
Accession no.761046 Item 136
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Item 134 Conference preprints.
Patent Number: EP 967186 A2 19991229 Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 170
PARTICULAR MATERIAL SUITABLE FOR REVIEW OF THE USE OF CRUMB RUBBER
USE IN CONSTRUCTION AND METHODS OF IN PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE AND
MAKING SAME REHABILITATION STRATEGIES
Al-Nageim H Van Kirk J
Liverpool,John Moores University Basic Resources Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
This particulate material, which is suitable for use in
the manufacture of surfaces for roads and airfields, Crumb rubber has been used in asphalt concrete pavement
is composed of coated and uncoated aggregates. The applications for many years. The most successful
aggregates may be gravel, clay, artiÀcial aggregate or application of crumb rubber has been in the wet process
crushed rock aggregate and the coating is a set mixture of asphalt rubber binder used in seal coats, interlayers
cement, paste and water. Asphalt mixtures made from the and hot mix. Research based on Àeld performance has
clay-made aggregates and/or coated aggregates are more proven that thinner sections of asphalt rubber hot mix
stable and less prone to rutting under trafÀc loads. can out perform thicker sections of conventional hot mix.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
This reduction in thickness when using asphalt rubber
EUROPE has led to the use of the binder in multi-layer systems.
Field performance has shown that asphalt rubber can
Accession no.759899
provide very cost-effective pavement maintenance and
rehabilitation strategies. 13 refs.
Item 135 USA
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Accession no.759428
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 108

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 63

 References and Abstracts

Item 137 Item 140

Patent Number: US 5959007 A 19990928 Patent Number: US 5936015 A 19990810
BITUMINOUS COMPOSITIONS PREPARED RUBBER-MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVING BINDER
WITH PROCESS TREATED VULCANIZED Burns B J
RUBBERS Creanova Inc.
Zhi-Zhong Liang
An improved rubber-modified asphalt paving binder
Polyphalt LLC
is provided by incorporating a minor proportion of a
Stable rubberised bitumen concentrates are prepared by polyoctenamer into the heated liquid asphalt cement.
initially forming a mass comprising bitumen and crumb The binder can contain from about 80% to about 20% by
rubber particles in an amount of at least about 15 wt% weight of asphalt cement, from about 0.5% to about 20%
of the mass with the crumb rubber being swollen in situ, by weight of crumb rubber, such as ground tyre rubber
and applying shear and temperature conditions to the (GTR), and from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight
mass to dissociate the vulcanisable network of the rubber of the polyoctenamer. The polyoctenamer can be of the
particles and to incorporate the digested vulcanisate into trans- or cis- form, such as that sold under the brand name
the bitumen. The stable rubberised bitumen concentrate VESTENAMER. A paving concrete is provided by adding
is stable against sedimentation of rubber particles both the improved asphalt binder, with mixing, to conventional
following storage of the concentrate at about 320 deg F aggregate materials, which materials can also contain
for 48 hours and dilution to a lower concentration in the additional crumb rubber.
ASTM solubility test. USA
USA Accession no.753718
Accession no.759139
Item 141
Item 138 International Polymer Science and Technology
Patent Number: US 5938832 A 19990817 26, No.2, 1999, p.97-103
CRUMB RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT WITH USE OF RECYCLED TYRE RUBBER FOR
ENHANCED SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS MODIFICATION OF ASPHALT
Memon G H Gawel I; Slusarski L
Wroclawska Politechnika; Lodz,Polytechnic
This asphalt includes crumb rubber particles which have
been treated to produce a greater number of carboxylic Blending of waste rubber with asphalt used for road
sites on the surface of the crumb rubber. These carboxylic building enhances the road’s resistance to deformation.
sites interact with the functional groups in the asphalt, The rubber requires granulation prior to blending with
resulting in a homogeneous mixture having improved the asphalt, and this is usually accomplished using knife
separation characteristics as well as the improved disintegrators, which gives particles of irregular shape and
rheological properties due to the inclusion of the crumb rough surface, which of most suited to this process. Two
rubber particles. processes are employed for blending the ground waste
USA rubber into the asphalt. In the wet process, the rubber
Accession no.758913 is mixed with the asphalt at 170-220 C, with a typical
addition of 14-20%. In the dry process, the rubber replaces
part of the aggregates, and is mixed with the mineral
Item 139 before the latter is mixed with the asphalt. The addition
Patent Number: US 5827568 A 19981027 of rubber particles to the asphalt gives a considerable
RUBBER BASE ASPHALT EMULSION increase in viscosity, improves the elasticity of the binder
ADDITIVE and lowers its brittle point. Rubber-modiÀed asphalts offer
Wickett S R the considerable beneÀt of enhanced stiffness at elevated
Rubber Resources LLC temperatures. The optimum rubber addition is 5%, and
A gel-like emulsion containing natural rubber and crumb compositions with a contents of 15-20% are generally
rubber from used vehicle tyres which may be added to an very stiff. Although compositions containing rubber are
asphalt paving emulsion at ambient temperature for chip more expensive, the surface is more durable and it is
coating, slurry sealing, microsurfacing, soil stabilisation possible to use thinner layers. Research in Poland is brieÁy
or pavement recycling. summarised. 45 refs. Translation of Polimery, Tworzywa
USA Wielkoczasteczkowe, No.5, 1998, p.280
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.758241
Accession no.753460

64 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 142 laminated PE liner covers the bottom of the pothole, while
Italian Technology a PP geogrid mesh interwoven with PVC rebar tubes is
No.3, Oct.1999, p.170-2 laid on top. The rebar tubes act as reinforcement rods that
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS FOR MODIFIED will allow the pothole Àller to withstand vehicle impact,
BITUMENS provide stability and prevent deterioration. The Àller is
then covered by traditional asphalt.
A new type of draining asphalt containing Eni Chem SBS
has recently been presented at the Autodrome in Monza. PARSEC INC.
USA
With this new type of asphalt produced by Eni Group, the
road blanket becomes permeable even in the case of strong Accession no.751187
rain, and thus prevents the many risks caused by spraying
of water raised off wheels, as well as risks determined by Item 146
water stagnation. Details are given. Patent Number: US 5952412 A 19990914
ENICHEM SPA; ENI GROUP PELLETIZED RUBBER
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; Greenberg L M; Smith J A
WESTERN EUROPE
Green Edge Enterprises LLC
Accession no.753289
The present invention relates to rubber pellets made of an
amount of vulcanised rubber and an amount of binder, with
Item 143 the vulcanised rubber preferably being discarded rubber.
High Performance Plastics Additionally, the rubber pellets will preferably contain an
Nov.1999, p.9 amount of Àller materials which are plastic or rubber or
STYRENE COPOLYMERS FOR MOTORWAY combinations thereof so that the preferred rubber pellet
SURFACES contains an amount of rubber equal to 50-95 wt.% of
Bitumen modiÀed with Shell’s Kraton D polymer has been the rubber pellet, an amount of Àller of 0-45 wt.% of the
used for resurfacing a 20 km stretch of a major motorway rubber pellet, and an amount of binder of 5-10 wt.% of the
in Turkey, it is reported. Superior performance in extreme rubber pellet. The rubber pellets are used in the formation
hot and cold climatic conditions were the reasons for of asphalt and are desirable because they provide necessary
the choice of this modiÀer which is one of a range of constituents to the asphalt and allow for elimination of
styrene-based polymers and compounds containing an equipment and separate ingredient addition steps from
unsaturated rubber midblock. Brief details are given of the asphalt formation process. The present invention is
this application. also desirable because it provides for a way to dispose of
waste rubber materials.
SHELL CHEMICALS
TURKEY USA

Accession no.752948 Accession no.749735

Item 144 Item 147

Patent Number: EP 952188 A1 19991027 Polymer
BITUMINOUS AGGREGATE COMPOUNDS, AND 40, No.23, 1999, p.6337-49
PROCESS FOR ITS PRODUCTION BLENDS OF BITUMEN WITH POLYETHYLENES
Biardi G; Luciani B; Pellicioli P Fawcett A H; McNally T; McNally G M; Andrews F;
Clarke J
These road-base compounds comprise an inert stone Belfast,Queen’s University; Dussek Campbell Ltd.
material bonded by bitumen and include small pieces of
rubber. Blends of a 100 penetration grade bitumen with four
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; different PEs having up to 40 pph or 29 wt % of polymer
WESTERN EUROPE were prepared using a Z-blade mixer at more than
Accession no.752177 160C. The blends were studied by Áuorescence optical
microscopy, DSC and DMTA. The optical measurements
indicated the presence of bitumen-rich and polymer-rich
Item 145 phases. The DSC showed that the m.p. of the crystallites
Plastics News(USA) was lowered and, within the polymer-rich phases, the
11, No.35, 18th Oct.1999, p.4 extent of crystallinity reduced by the presence of the
PLASTIC POTHOLE REPAIR PAVING WAY TO bitumen. Annealing made signiÀcant changes to crystallite
SAVINGS size, indicated by raising of the m.p. of the polymer
Ledson S crystallites. The DMTA measurements showed that these
Using components made predominantly from recycled polymers lowered the temp. at which the Tg softened the
plastic waste, Parsec has introduced a pothole and roadway material, but raised the temp. at which the blend underwent
repair system for asphalt and concrete roads. A cross- viscous Áow. When the polymer fraction was over 20 to

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 65

 References and Abstracts

28%, the Áow started only when the crystallites melted, Item 150
so that the polymer then provided an associating junction Brussels, 1996, pp.16. 12 ins. 12/8/99
network. 17 refs. POLYMERS FOR BITUMEN MODIFICATION
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN Exxon Chemical Europe Inc.
EUROPE
Two families of polymer modifiers for bituminous
Accession no.749000 road surfacing applications from Exxon Chemical
are described. They are Polybilt, a range of specially
Item 148 developed plastomers based on EVA copolymers, and
Patent Number: EP 940440 A1 19990908 Vector, a range of styrenic-block elastomers. Advantages
BLOCK COPOLYMER COMPOSITION FOR of polymer-modiÀed bitumen in road surface applications
MODIFYING ASPHALT AND ASPHALT are discussed, and performance characteristics offered by
COMPOSITION COMPRISING THE SAME the use of bitumen binders are described in applications
Toda K; Nakamichi Y such as drainage asphalt, thin overlays, hot rolled asphalt,
Japan Elastomer Co.Ltd. and surface dressings. Typical properties are included for
each product.
The above composition comprises a mixture of (A) a block
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
copolymer composed of at least two polymer blocks, each WESTERN EUROPE
mainly comprising a monoalkenyl aromatic compound and
at least one polymer block mainly comprising a conjugated Accession no.742804
diene compound, and (B) a block copolymer comprising at
least one polymer block mainly comprising a monoalkenyl Item 151
aromatic compound and at least one copolymer block Macplas
mainly comprising a conjugated diene compound and 24, No.207, April 1999, p.109-10
having a molec.wt. equivalent to 1/3 to 2/3 of the molecular Italian
weight of A. The total bonding alkenyl aromatic compound DRAINING ASPHALTS
content in the mixture is from 10 to 50 wt.% and the vinyl
The use of rubber-modiÀed asphalts for road surfaces
bond content in the conjugated diene polymer blocks is
having improved water drainage properties is discussed.
no greater than 70 wt.%. The composition has a speciÀed
Particular attention is paid to EliÁex modiÀed bitumen
bulk density and particle size distribution and a total pore
developed by Agip Petroli using EniChem’s Europrene
volume of from 100 to 2,000 cu.mm/g.
Sol T styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer
JAPAN
thermoplastic elastomer.
Accession no.747468
ENI GROUP; AGIP PETROLI SPA; ENICHEM SPA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE

Item 149 Accession no.742593

Plastics Engineering
55, No.8, Aug.1999, p.12 Item 152
PLASTICS INDUSTRY IS PART OF THE Patent Number: US 5807429 A 19980915
SOLUTION TO SUSTAINABLE PLASTICS COMPOUND BINDER, PROCESS FOR
RECYCLING OBTAINING IT AND APPLICATION IN
American Plastics Council’s Technical Assistant Program HIGHWAY SURFACING
works to help communities, state and local governments, Chambard R; Gaultier J; Pellion R; Perrono G
teachers and businesses to understand how plastics are Colas SA
more energy efÀcient, conserve resources and beneÀt their Compound binder comprising an aqueous emulsion of at
lives. Recently APC partnered with the Massachusetts least one hydrocarbon binder and, at least one hydraulic
Department of Environmental Protection and the USEPA binder, which also contains at least one adjuvant intended
to demonstrate an efÀcient end use product for plastics to control the rate of setting of the hydraulic binder in
recovered from electronic equipment and computers. order to obtain a liquid product with a viscosity of less
The product is a cold patch asphalt mixture, ideal for than 1 Pa.s.
Àlling potholes, that uses recovered plastics for 75% of EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
its volume. WESTERN EUROPE
AMERICAN PLASTICS COUNCIL Accession no.740261
USA
Accession no.745283

66 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 153 rubber, and a solids mix composition comprising reclaimed

High Performance Textiles rubber particles passing through a 40 mesh U.S. series sieve
July 1999, p.7-8 and one or more solid additives selected from the group
TEMPORARY ROAD SURFACES consisting of a rheological agent, gilsonite, carbon black,
surface active clay and polymer Àbres, and mixtures thereof.
A woven structure that can be laid much like carpet
The ratio of latex rubber:rubber particles is between about
across soft, sandy and swampy ground will help all types
1:1 and about 1:10 by weight, respectively; the components
of vehicle to traverse such areas safety, according to US
are mixed at substantially ambient temperature.
Patent 5,946,890. The fabric is portable and has a weight of
USA
about 725 gsm. When laid, the fabric will have a thickness
of about 1 cm. Accession no.738141
SOCIETE A RESPONSABILITE LIMITEE
DESCHAMPS Item 157
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; Patent Number: US 5888289 A 19990330
WESTERN EUROPE
BITUMEN COMPOSITIONS AND A PROCESS
Accession no.739197 FOR THEIR PREPARATION
Hendriks H E J; Steernberg K; Terlouw T; Vonk W C
Item 154 Shell Oil Co.
Patent Number: US 5902852 A 19990511
The present invention provides a bitumen composition
ASPHALT CEMENT MODIFICATION
comprising a bitumen component, a thermoplastic rubber in
Schulz G O; Klemmensen D F
an amount of less than 8 % wt, and an ethylene-vinyl acetate
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
copolymer in an amount of less than 5 % wt, both based
A modiÀed asphalt cement is composed of from about on total bitumen composition, wherein the ethylene-vinyl
90 to 99 wt.% of asphalt and from about 1 to 10 wt.% acetate copolymer has a vinyl content in the range of from
of a rubbery terpolymer, which is composed of repeat 20 to 35% wt, based on copolymer; a process for preparing
units derived from about 64 to 84.9 wt.% of a conjugated such bitumen composition; and the use of such bitumen
dioleÀn monomer, about 15 to 33 wt.% of a vinyl aromatic compositions in asphalt mixtures for road applications.
monomer and about 0.1 to 3 wt.% of isobutoxymethyl USA
acrylamide, all of which are in the backbone of the rubbery Accession no.737670
terpolymer. The rubbery terpolymer, which has a Mooney
viscosity in the range of about 35 to 80, greatly enhances
the resistance to shoving, rutting and low temperature Item 158
cracking of the asphalt concrete and preferably also contain Patent Number: US 5773496 A 19980630
repeat units derived from hydroxypropyl methacrylate. POLYMER ENHANCED ASPHALT
USA
Grubba W E
Koch Industries Inc.
Accession no.738724
The present invention relates to an asphalt composition
prepared from bitumen (asphalt), linear and non-linear
Item 155
copolymers of styrene and butadiene, and elemental
Patent Number: EP 926191 A2 19990630
sulphur. The present invention compositions are useful
ASPHALT ADDITIVE
for industrial applications, such as hot mix asphalts used
Tomioka K; Tamaki R; Isobe K
with aggregates for road paving, and repair.
Kao Corp.
USA
The additive, a formula for which is given, increases the Accession no.737234
adhesion between asphalt and aggregates and ensures the
anti-stripping effect of the asphalt from the aggregates
immediately after paving and over a long time. Item 159
JAPAN
ACS, Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.
Vol.76. Conference proceedings.
Accession no.738582 San Francisco, Ca., Spring 1997, p.397-8. 012
CHARACTERISATION OF ASPHALT BINDERS
Item 156 MIXED WITH EPOXY TERMINATED
Patent Number: US 5811477 A 19980922 ETHYLENE TERPOLYMER
METHOD FOR PREPARING IMPROVED Lee Y J; France L M; Hawley M C
ASPHALT EMULSION COMPOSITIONS Michigan,State University
Burris M V; Burris B B (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
A method of preparing an asphalt emulsion composition Several polymers have been used to improve resistance to
comprises mixing an aqueous asphalt emulsion, water, latex high temperature rutting, low temperature thermal cracking

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 67

 References and Abstracts

and fatigue cracking of asphalt pavement at various service volume of an aqueous solution of an emulsifying surfactant,
temperatures. The thermomechanical and rheological percentages being expressed as percentages by volume
properties of asphalt are directly related to the quantity and of the total mixture. Mixing is effected under low shear
quality of asphaltenes which usually contribute to reacting conditions in the range 10 to 1000 reciprocal seconds in
sites. Epoxy-like reacting polymers will bond chemically such manner that an emulsion is formed comprising highly
to the reactive sites in the asphalt and form asphalt/polymer distorted bitumen droplets having mean droplet diameters in
networks. Because of its viscoelastic nature, asphalt binder the range 2 to 50 microns separated by thin Àlms of water.
behaviour depends on both temperature and loading. At high The emulsions can be cut back to provide stable emulsions
temperatures, asphalt shows good viscous Áow properties of lower bitumen content which are useful in roadmaking
with little or no elastic behaviour. The lack of elasticity and in the formation of protective coatings.
causes rutting at high temperatures. At low temperatures, VENEZUELA
asphalt becomes a brittle solid with little or no viscous Accession no.733171
properties and it results in thermal cracking usually below
Tg of the asphalt binder. Within the intermediate temperature
zone, asphalt usually fails by fatigue cracking, which is Item 162
caused by repeated loading. Polymer modiÀcation has the Patent Number: US 5849819 A 19981215
potential to widen the service temperature range of good VIBRATION DAMPING MATERIAL
performance. Detailed characterisations of epoxy terminated Philipps T E; Meteer C L
ethylene terpolymer modiÀed asphalt binders are provided Isorca Inc.
to determine the suitability of the use of the binders and A vibration damping material is disclosed in which
mixes for speciÀc paving applications. A performance based polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and a particle Àller such as Áy
binder speciÀcation called the Strategic Highway Research ash or talc are amalgamated into a matrix by combination
Program (SHRP) has been widely adopted to evaluate both with a small percentage by weight of blown asphalt in a heat
unmodiÀed and polymer modiÀed binders. 9 refs. working process, such as extrusion, for forming a product
USA such as a sheet of the material. By use of blown asphalt as
Accession no.737104 a compatibiliser and amalgamator, waste or recycled PVC,
such as of electrical wire strippings, combined with a Àller,
has provided excellent damping characteristics.
Item 160
USA
Patent Number: US 5883162 A 19990316
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF Accession no.730207
ELASTOMER/BITUMEN COMPOSITIONS AND
THEIR APPLICATION AS ROAD SURFACINGS Item 163
Planche J-P; Germanaud L; Zins A Patent Number: US 5863971 A 19990126
Elf Exploration Production PROCESS FOR PREPARING BITUMEN
A bitumen or bitumen mixture is contacted with an COMPOSITIONS
elastomer, a functionalising agent and, optionally, Baanders R; Van Gooswilligen G; Steernberg K
a peroxide compound at 100 to 230C under stirring Shell Oil Co.
conditions. The functionalising agent is a thiolcarboxylic Describes a process for preparing a bitumen composition
acid having 3 or more carbon atoms, a thiolcarboxylic acid which comprises mixing at an elevated temperature an
ester or preferably a disulphide having carboxylic groups oxidised bitumen having a penetration index of at least
or carboxylic esters. The compositions produced may be 0 with a thermoplastic rubber which is present in an
used either directly or in diluted form as binders for road amount of less than 5 per cent wt., based on total bitumen
surfaces. They have a broad plasticity range. composition; bitumen compositions obtainable by such
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; process; and the use of such bitumen compositions in
WESTERN EUROPE asphalt mixtures for road applications.
Accession no.735426 USA
Accession no.726101
Item 161
Patent Number: US 5851430 A 19981222 Item 164
BITUMINOUS EMULSIONS Tire Business
Chirinos M L; Taylor A S; Taylor S E 16, No.23, 1st March 1999, p.16
Intevep SA STATES FIND SOLUTIONS FROM RUBBER
An HIPR emulsion of bitumen in water is prepared by a ASPHALT
method which comprises directly mixing 70 to 98% by Moore M
volume of bitumen having a viscosity in the range 200 to Arizona, California and Florida continue to use rubberised
500,000 mPa.s at the mixing temperature with 30 to 2% by asphalt wherever the paving material’s longer life justiÀes

68 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

its double cost over conventional asphalt. Tennessee, Texas noise. The rubberised asphalt experiences of a county in
and New Mexico are also experimenting with asphalt Canada and the state of Arizona demonstrate that contention.
rubber and report encouraging results. The National Since 1988, Arizona has laid about 1,100 miles of asphalt
Highway System bill killed the quota on rubberised rubber pavement, using about 5.5 million tyres.
asphalt, although Section 1038 requirements for continuing NORTH AMERICA
research and technology transfer were kept in place. Accession no.721092
USA
Accession no.725955 Item 168
Macplas International
Item 165 Nov. 1998, p.83
Tire Business MODIFIED BITUMEN
16, No.24, 15th March 1999, p.26
In order to handle the anticipated 8 million visitors to
STATES GAIN NEW RUBBER ASPHALT OPTION
Expo 98, the World Trade Exposition in Lisbon, a new
Moore M
road system linking the exposition site with Lisbon
When choosing to use crumb-rubber-modiÀed asphalt for and its main motorways, is using Caribit SP a bitumen
road projects, US states have two processes available, but modiÀed with Kraton D-1101 for the construction of
a third method is gaining popularity. The predominant tunnels and road surfaces for the new road network. The
technology is the “wet” process which describes any performance beneÀts of polymer-modiÀed bitumen are
method in which crumb rubber is added to asphalt cement brieÁy described.
prior to incorporating the binder. In the “dry” process, SHELL CHEMICAL CO.
crumb rubber is added directly to hot mix asphalt in the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL;
mixing process. In the third process, “terminal blend”, the WESTERN EUROPE
rubber is blended into the asphalt at the reÀnery. Accession no.720569
USA
Accession no.725954 Item 169
Magazine of Concrete Research
Item 166 50, No.4, 1st Dec.1998, p.297-304
Journal of Adhesion PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
68, Nos.1-2, 1998, p.65-91 INCORPORATING RUBBER TYRE PARTICLES
FERRIC OXIDE ADHESION PROMOTERS FOR Li Z; Li F; Li J S L
WATER RESISTANT ASPHALT PAVEMENTS Hong Kong,University of Science & Technology
Woodhams R T The properties of concrete incorporating rubber tyre
Walters Consulting Corp. particles are investigated experimentally. Rubber particles
Pyrex brand glass was chosen as a model substrate for silica- were used to replace 33% by volume of the Àne aggregate,
type aggregates to determine the effect of iron compounds and two rubber coating methods were used to improve the
on the adhesion of bitumen to glass in the presence of water. bond between the rubber particles and the cement paste.
Both iron naphthenate and iron oxide were equally effective Properties studied included compressive, Áexural and
in maintaining adhesion in the presence of moisture. tensile strengths as well as vibration isolation capability.
Two independent methods were used to measure the wet Results are discussed, which indicate that the mixtures
adhesion-peel testing and contact angle measurements. A might be suitable for applications such as driveways or
boiling water test was described for assessing whether a road constructions where strength is not a high priority,
particular asphalt mix may be susceptible to eventual loss and where vibration reduction is required. 13 refs.
of interfacial adhesion when exposed to water. 4 refs. HONG KONG
CANADA Accession no.711750
Accession no.721346
Item 170
Item 167 Construction and Building Materials
Tire Business 12, No.8, Dec.1998, p.405-14
16, No.21, 1st Feb.1999, p.15 LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF
COMMUNITIES FIND RUBBER ASPHALT STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE POLYMER
VIABLE MODIFIED BITUMENS
Moore M Xiaohu L; Isacsson U; Ekblad J
Sweden,Royal Institute of Technology
It is claimed there is enough evidence now to demonstrate
rubber-modiÀed asphalt’s absolute value in lengthening Low temperature properties of modified bitumens
pavement life, giving a smoother ride and dampening road containing styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymers were

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 69

 References and Abstracts

investigated for use as road surfacing materials. Tests Item 173

were carried out on laboratory samples using conventional Patent Number: EP 885934 A1 19981223
methods, dynamic mechanical analysis and bending LOW TEMPERATURE PAVEMENT BINDERS
beam rheometer. The effects of the characteristics of AND METHODS OF THEIR PREPARATION
base bitumens and polymers and the proportion of the Puzic O; Williamson K E
components on these properties were studied. The degree Exxon Research & Engng.Co.
of improvement was shown to generally increase with SBS
Disclosed are sulphonated polymer modiÀed asphalt-
content and was slightly inÁuenced by the SBS structure. In
diluent oil binder compositions having enhanced low and
addition, the study showed a statistically linear relationship
high service temperature performance properties.
between different low temperature parameters. 12 refs.
USA
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.710579
Accession no.711742

Item 171 Item 174

Patent Number: US 5800888 A 19980901 Patent Number: EP 881242 A2 19981202
HEAT BONDED TYPE VIBRATION-DAMPING POLYMER FOR ASPHALT CEMENT
RESIN FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBER MODIFICATION
VIBRATION-DAMPING STRUCTURE Clites J S; Colvin H A; Klemmensen D F
Yasumoto T; Okumura H; Iwai K; Tanaka T; Sasaki T; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Sugimoto A; Kawashima H; Itano N; Shibata M; Nanri Y A styrene-butadiene polymer is produced by (I) continuously
Kobe Seiko Sho KK; Nihon Tokushu Toryo Co.Ltd. charging 1,3-butadiene monomer, an organolithium
The present invention relates to a heat-bonded type compound, a polar modiÀer and an organic solvent into
vibration-damping resin for a structural member which a Àrst polymerisation zone, (II) allowing the butadiene to
contains, with a view to a preferable blending rate, asphalt, polymerise to a conversion of at least about 90% to produce
synthetic rubber, petroleum resin and filler material, a living polymer solution composed of organic solvent
and further a heat-bonded type vibration-damping resin and living polybutadiene chains having a number-average
for a structural member which contains, with a view to molec.wt., which is within the range of about 20,000 to
a preferable blending rate, asphalt, Àller material and 60,000, (III) continuously withdrawing the living polymer
blowing agent. In addition, its basic concept consists of solution from the Àrst reaction zone, (IV) continuously
a conÀguration in which the vibration-damping resin is charging styrene monomer, divinyl benzene and the
formed into a sheet and arranged at the surface of the living polymer solution being withdrawn from the Àrst
metallic structure used at a place where vibration and noise polymerisation zone into a second polymerisation zone,
should be prevented so as to form the vibration-damping (V) allowing the styrene monomer and divinyl benzene
structure and a method for manufacturing the vibration- monomer to polymerise in the second polymerisation
damping structure. The vibration-damping resin can be zone to produce a solution of styrene-butadiene polymer
easily mounted on the surface of the metallic structure having a number-average molec.wt., which is within the
having an elongated shape, bonded to it by heating and has range of about 30,000 to 85,000 and (VI) continuously
a workability in which the mounting work to the metallic withdrawing the solution from the second polymerisation
plate may be facilitated. In addition, thermoplastic resin zone. The polymer is used to improve the force ductility,
and the like can be arranged between the metallic plate elastic recovery, toughness and tenacity of asphalt.
and the vibration-damping resin. USA
JAPAN Accession no.708475
Accession no.711303
Item 175
Item 172 Patent Number: US 5795929 A 19980818
Patent Number: EP 885935 A1 19981223 POLYMER ENHANCED ASPHALT EMULSION
ASPHALT COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESS FOR Grubba W E
LOW TEMPERATURE PAVING APPLICATIONS Koch Enterprises Inc.
Puzic O; Williamson K E This includes linear and non-linear copolymers of styrene
Exxon Research & Engng.Co. and butadiene, crosslinking agents and emulsiÀers. It can
Disclosed are polymer modiÀed asphalt-diluent oil binder be used for industrial applications, such as hot-mix and
compositions having enhanced low service temperature emulsiÀed asphalts with aggregates for road paving and
performance properties. repair.
USA USA
Accession no.710580 Accession no.706725

70 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 176 and numerous speciality applications which use asphalt as

Rubber and Plastics News the base material. The asphalt can be used hot, liqueÀed
28, No.7, 2nd Nov.1998, p.6 with solvents or emulsiÀed with water and surfactants.
ASPHALT RUBBER USERS REPORT SUCCESS USA
Moore M Accession no.702308
Rubber-modiÀed asphalt works, and no longer can be
labelled a ‘new’ technology, according to asphalt rubber Item 179
experts. There is enough evidence now to demonstrate Patent Number: EP 877056 A2 19981111
the product’s absolute value in lengthening pavement COMPATIBLE BLEND CONTAINING AN
life, giving a smoother ride and dampening road noise, EPOXY-MODIFIED BLOCK COPOLYMER,
according to experts speaking at the Rubber Recycling PROCESS, THERMOPLASTIC RESIN
‘98: The North American Experience conference. The COMPOSITION, RESIN COMPOSITIONS AND
rubberised asphalt experiences of a county in Canada and ASPHALT COMPOSITION CONTAINING AN
the state of Arizona demonstrate that contention. Details EPOXY-MODIFIED BLOCK COPOLYMER
are given. Ohtsuka Y
CANADA; USA Daicel Chemical Industries Ltd.
Accession no.705935 The blend comprises (a) a resin having an afÀnity to an
aromatic vinyl polymer, (b) a resin having reactivity to
Item 177 an epoxy group and (c) a compatibiliser comprising an
Journal of Testing and Evaluation epoxy-modiÀed aromatic vinyl-conjugated diene block
26, No.4, July 1998, p.306-14 copolymer in which (i) a polymer block consisting of
ASPHALT-RUBBER MIXTURE BEHAVIOR AND an aromatic vinyl compound and (ii) a polymer block
DESIGN (WET PROCESS) consisting of a compound having a conjugated double
Goulias D G; Ali A H bond are included, the remaining double bonds being
Brooklyn,Polytechnic University partially or completely epoxidised. It exhibits small
The interaction between crumb rubber and asphalt cement particle size dispersion, as determined by SEM, and an
was found to depend on several material- and blending- excellent homogeneity in its outer appearance, and shows
related variables. Conventional tests for binder evaluation improved Áow, mechanical properties, such as impact
were used in examining the asphalt-rubber binder reaction strength, compared to a compatible blend containing, as a
curve and the ageing/oxidation effects due to mixture conventional compatibiliser, an aromatic conjugated diene
preparation and lay-down operations. The quantiÀcation block copolymer or an aromatic vinyl conjugated block
of ageing could be used in adjusting the blending time copolymer with epoxy groups at terminals.
of the rubber-modiÀed binder for achieving the desired JAPAN
in-place mixture properties. The Marshall test results Accession no.701267
indicated that the asphalt-rubber mixtures exhibited lower
stability and high Áow values and thus were less strong but
Item 180
more Áexible than conventional mixtures. The Marshall
Rubber and Plastics News
results were coupled with toughness, stiffness and energy
28, No.4, 21st Sept.1998, p.39-40
absorption values in order to improve the current method
RUBBER-MODIFIED ASPHALT AVAILABLE IN
of mix design. 12 refs.
VARIOUS FORMS
USA
Moore M
Accession no.704889
When choosing to use crumb rubber-modiÀed asphalt
for road projects, states have two processes available,
Item 178 but a third method is gaining popularity. To date, the
Patent Number: US 5749953 A 19980512 predominant technology in the asphalt rubber Àeld is the
HIGH SHEAR ASPHALT COMPOSITIONS so-called ‘wet’ process, which describes any method in
Doyle M P which crumb rubber is added to asphalt cement prior to
Vinzoyl Technical Services LLC incorporating the binder. In this way it differs from the
A method to saponify the naturally-occurring acids found ‘dry’ process, in which crumb rubber is added directly
in asphalts is disclosed. The method utilises sodium to hot mix asphalt in the mixing process. Arizona and
hydroxide (or other strong base) added to asphalt which Florida use only the wet process. So does California, with
is then subjected to high shear mixing, at an elevated the exception of an experiment with the PlusRide dry
temperature. The method disclosed may be used in process for hot mix asphalt in the 1970s, according the
conjunction with polymers and other modiÀers added to Pavement Branch of CalTrans Headquarters Laboratory
the asphalt to enhance the asphalt’s performance. This in Sacramento, California. The El Paso district of the
asphalt is used in road applications, rooÀng applications Texas Department of Transportation laid some dry process

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 71

 References and Abstracts

asphalt rubber in 1993; but this project did not give good Appliquee; Elf-Solaize,Centre de Recherche
results. Details are given.
Linear viscoelastic properties of polymer modified
USA
asphalts (PMAs) were studied at various temperatures
Accession no.699832 and frequencies. The materials consisted of blends of
paving grade asphalt cements and diblock poly(styrene-
Item 181 b-butadiene)(SB) or triblock poly(styrene-b-butadiene-
Patent Number: US 5744524 A 19980428 b-styrene)(SBS) copolymer up to 6 wt% concentrations,
POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALTIC which yielded heterogeneous PMAs with an emulsion-like
COMPOSITIONS WITH IMPROVED morphology: a polymer-rich phase dispersed within an
DISPERSION AND PRODUCTS THEREFROM asphalt phase. In addition the 6% modiÀed SB modiÀed
Manandhar E D; Usmani A M binder was studied before and after dynamic vulcanisation,
Bridgestone/Firestone Inc. i.e. in-situ crosslinking of the polymer-rich inclusions to
increase the PMA stability. The rheological response of
An asphaltic compound according to the invention includes the blends was calculated using the Palierne emulsion
from about 70 to about 45 parts by weight of asphalt; from model, knowing the mechanical properties of each phase,
about 15 to about 25 parts by weight of a polymer modiÀer the volume fraction of dispersed phase and the capillary
for said asphalt; from about 15 to about 25 parts by weight number of the dispersed droplets. 31 refs.
of a Àller; and, from about 0.1 to about 5 parts by weight EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
of a dispersing agent. The dispersing agent can be selected WESTERN EUROPE
from the group consisting of stearic acid, tri(dioctyl)pyrop Accession no.697769
hosphate titanate, tri(dioctyl)pyrophosphate-O, neoalkoxy
tridodecylbenzenesulphonyl titanate, lecithin, aluminium
stearate, maleic anhydride-modiÀed ethylene/alpha-oleÀn Item 184
copolymer, maleic anhydride grafted propylene-ethylene Patent Number: US 5733955 A 19980331
copolymer, ethoxylated alcohol, and mixtures thereof. ASPHALT CEMENT MODIFICATION
USA Schulz G O; Klemmensen D F
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Accession no.699644
Disclosed is a modiÀed asphalt cement composed of
from about 90 to 99 wt.% of asphalt and from about 1
Item 182
to 10 wt.% of a rubbery polymer, which comprises in its
Patent Number: US 5718752 A 19980217
backbone repeat units derived from about 64 to 84.9 wt.%
ASPHALT COMPOSITION WITH IMPROVED
of a conjugated dioleÀn monomer, about 15 to 33 wt.%
PROCESSABILITY
of a vinyl aromatic monomer and about 0.1 to 3 wt.% of
Kluttz R Q
isobutoxymethyl acrylamide. It exhibits greatly enhanced
Shell Oil Co.
resistance to shoving, rutting and low temperature
A bituminous composition is claimed comprising a cracking. The terpolymer has a Mooney viscosity in the
bituminous component and a radical block copolymer of range of about 35 to 80 and preferably contains repeat units
styrene and butadiene which has the generalised given derived from hydroxypropyl methacrylate.
formula containing a block of polybutadiene having a USA
weight of from 2000-8000, a block polystyrene having Accession no.695924
a weight average molecular weight of 10000-30000, a
block of polybutadiene having a weight average molecular
weight of from 40000-100000, a multifunctional coupling Item 185
agent and an integer from 3-6. Patent Number: US 5719216 A 19980217
USA PREPARATION PROCESS FOR POLYMER-
MODIFIED BITUMEN
Accession no.698511
Schermer W E M; Steernberg K
Shell Oil Co.
Item 183
A method for improving the storage stability of a
Journal of Rheology
polymer-modiÀed bituminous composition is disclosed,
42, No.5, Sept./Oct.1998, p.1059-74
which comprises using as a compatibilising agent a
POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALTS AS
bis(nitroaryl) disulphide and/or nitroaryl aryl disulphide.
VISCOELASTIC EMULSIONS
The invention further provides a polymer-modified
Lesueur D; Gerard J F; Claudy P; Letoffe J M; Martin
bituminous composition comprising such a compatiblising
D; Planche J P
agent.
Laboratoire des Materiaux Macromoleculaires;
USA
Laboratoire des Materiaux Organiques a Proprietes
SpeciÀques; Laboratoire de Thermodynamique Accession no.693311

72 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 186 supplements or replaces the rock aggregate component of

Watford, 1998, pp.4. 30cms. 21/7/98 the mixture. The material produces a structurally superior
RUBEROID SYNTHAPRUFE WATERPROOFER paving material and longer lived roadbed. The paving
British Board of Agrement; Ruberoid Building Products Ltd. material includes any and all residual classes of recyclable
Agrement Board Certi¿cate 98/3454 plastic, including thermosetting plastics and other plastics
having little or no current widespread utility. The material
An updated technical specification is presented for
produces roadbeds of higher strength with less total asphalt
Ruberoid Synthaprufe Waterproofer, previously covered
thickness and having greater water impermeability, and
by British Board of Agrement CertiÀcate No.88/2051. The
is most useful for all layers below the surface layer.
product consists of a cold-applied bituminous emulsion
The recyclable plastic component of the material is
containing synthetic rubber latex, and is used to form a
preferably a mixture of all recyclable classes 3-7, or of
sandwich membrane above and below ground structures
those materials from such classes from which potentially
of concrete, brickwork, blockwork or masonry. It may
more valuable recyclable materials have been selectively
also be used as a damp-proof membrane for solid Áoors.
removed. The paving product is preferably formed by a
Design data are given for such aspects as weathertightness,
process of shredding or mechanically granulating used
adhesion, effect of temperature extremes, resistance to
and industrial waste plastic to a no.4 to a half inch sieve
mechanical damage, and durability. The results of tests
size. The granules are then treated with a reducing Áame,
on the physical properties and service performance of the
with a plasma Áame process, to activate the surface of
membrane are tabulated and guidelines given on delivery,
the granules and increase the surface tension without
site handling and installation.
raising the temperature of the plastic. The activated treated
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE granules are then added to the aggregate and mixed with
the asphalt to produce the paving material.
Accession no.692157
USA
Accession no.689975
Item 187
Patent Number: US 5703148 A 19971230
ASPHALT-POLYMER COMPOSITIONS, PROCESS Item 189
FOR MAKING SAME AND USES THEREOF Journal of Elastomers and Plastics
Jolivet Y; Malot M; Jamois D 30, No.3, July 1998, p.245-63
Total RafÀnage Distribution SA DYNAMIC SHEAR RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-MODIFIED
An asphalt-polymer composition contains: (a) at least 12- ASPHALT BINDERS
97 wt.% of an asphalt, (b) at least 1-25 wt.% of a polymer, Newman J K
and (c) at least 2-50 wt.% of aromatic compound(s). The US,Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
aromatic compound(s) is present in an amount greater
than 2 wt.%, the at least one aromatic compound(s) and Results are presented of an investigation of the rheological
the polymer are present in amounts such that the ratio of characteristics, measured using dynamic shear rheometry,
amount present of aromatic compound to amount present of two asphalts from different crude sources modiÀed with
of polymer is 0.5-10, and the composition has a FRAASS 5% SBR, 5.5% LDPE, 5% reactive styrene-butadiene
point of less than or equal to -13C and a deÀned storage block copolymer and a 5% crumb rubber/2% SBS mixture.
stability. A process for preparing such asphalt-polymer 14 refs.
composition includes mixing the asphalt, the polymer and USA
the aromatic compound at a temperature of 190-300C for Accession no.689453
a period of time preferably exceeding 30 minutes. The
asphalt-polymer composition can be used as a road asphalt,
Item 190
emulsion or surface coating.
Polymer Recycling
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
3, No.1, 1997/98, p.17-28
WESTERN EUROPE
MODIFICATION OF BITUMEN WITH SCRAP
Accession no.690587 TYRE PYROLYTIC CARBON BLACK.
COMPARISON WITH COMMERCIAL CARBON
Item 188 BLACK. II. MICROSCOPIC AND SURFACE
Patent Number: US 5702199 A 19971230 SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION
PLASTIC ASPHALT PAVING MATERIAL AND Chebil S; Chaala A; Darmstadt H; Roy C
METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME Sherbrooke,University; Quebec,Universite Laval;
Fishback G M; Egan D M; Stelmar H Institut Pyrovac Inc.
Plasphalt Project Ltd.Co. The possibility of using pyrolytic carbon black(CBp), a
An asphalt concrete or paving material includes from by-product of scrap tyre pyrolysis, as a reinforcing agent
5-20% or more of granular recycled plastic, which in bitumen was investigated. Conventional and CBp-

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 73

 References and Abstracts

modiÀed bitumens were compared. The performance strength and can be used as road pavements, railroads,
of CBp-modiÀed mixtures was shown to be improved waterprooÀng agents and adhesives.
before and after Strategic Highway Research Program JAPAN
ageing tests. The CBp exhibited a high storage stability Accession no.688293
in the bitumen matrix. ESCA and secondary ion mass
spectroscopic techniques revealed that some bitumen
compounds were strongly adsorbed on the CBp surface, Item 193
which explained the high interactions between the Antec ‘98. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
CBp and the bitumen matrix. It was found that the Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.1720-7. 012
rutting potential, the effect of water and the thermal MICROSCOPIC MECHANICAL MODELLING
susceptibility were reduced in the concrete mixture by OF POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT
CBp addition. 14 refs. COMPOSITE
CANADA
Li G; Zhao Y; Pang S-S
Louisiana,State University
Accession no.688689 (SPE)
The high temperature rutting and low temperature cracking
Item 191
of asphalt pavement due to severe temperature susceptibility
Polymer Recycling
of asphalt cement have led to the research of polymer
3, No.1, 1997/98, p.1-15
modiÀed asphalt (PMA) - an alternative asphalt mixture
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
binder. The improved high temperature deformation
MODIFIED WITH USED TYRE-DERIVED
resistance of PMA has been generally accepted but, within
PYROLYTIC OIL RESIDUE
the cost effective polymer concentration, a few applications
Chaala A; Ciochina O G; Roy C; Bousmina M
demonstrated negative results as regard to low temperature
Institut Pyrovac Inc.; Quebec,Universite Laval
cracking resistance when compared with neat asphalt. Few
The use of pyrolytic residue(PR), the residual fraction microscopic mechanical analyses have been addressed to
of the oil obtained from vacuum pyrolysis of used solve this problem. Here, PMA is treated as a two-phase
tyres, for modiÀcation of bitumen was investigated. The composite material with the oily fraction of base asphalt
consistency of PR was found to be similar to that of swelled polymer particles dispersed in an asphalt matrix.
petroleum bitumen 150/200 penetration grade, while the A two-layer, built-in model is developed to evaluate the
chemical composition of the PR differed slightly from effects of elastic modulus, coefÀcient of thermal expansion,
that of the petroleum bitumens. The PR had a higher volume fraction, particle size and PMA Àlm thickness
aromatic character, lower sulphur content and higher on temperature and boundary force induced interface
amount of toluene-insoluble materials. PR exhibited stresses. By comparison with one single inclusion model
a high consistency/temp. susceptibility and, therefore, and modiÀed Eshelby model, it is found that this model is
reduced the thermal susceptibility of PR-bitumen mixtures suitable for the evaluation of PMA. The results show that
and slightly improved their behaviour at low temps. there are Àve factors which can be beneÀcial to enhancing
as evidenced by their low Fraas point. The rheological low temperature cracking resistance of PMA: thickening
properties of blends in terms of dynamic complex modulus, PMA Àlm in PMA mixture design; increasing polymer
stiffness as reÁected by dynamic complex modulus/sin content within the cost effective range; reducing polymer
delta and loss tan delta were examined. These properties particle size; selecting soft and asphalt compatible polymer;
directly affected the quality of road pavements and their and incorporating polymers with the coefÀcient of thermal
service life. 23 refs. expansion smaller than that of asphalt. 19 refs.
CANADA USA
Accession no.688688 Accession no.687525

Item 192 Item 194

Patent Number: US 5721296 A 19980224 Polymer Engineering and Science
ASPHALT ADDITIVE AND ASPHALT 38, No.5, May 1998, p.707-15
COMPOSITION EFFECT OF PARTICLE MORPHOLOGY ON THE
Mizunuma T; Tanaka S; Tamaki R; Funada H; Taniguchi T; EMULSION STABILITY AND MECHANICAL
Sasaki H PERFORMANCE OF POLYOLEFIN MODIFIED
KAO Corp. ASPHALTS
Sabbagh A B; Lesser A J
Disclosed is an asphalt composition to which a water-
Massachusetts,University
soluble prepolymer, which is resiniÀed as the reaction
proceeds gradually in an aqueous solution, is added. The An examination was made of how the morphology of the
speed of resiniÀcation can be controlled by means of an dispersed phase inÁuences the phase separation of LDPE
accelerator. The asphalt compositions exhibit improved polyoleÀn/asphalt emulsions together with commensurate

74 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

studies on the mechanical performance of the composite Item 197

binder. The effects that the particle morphology has on the 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion
mechanical behaviour, including high temperature viscoelastic Society. Conference proceedings.
performance and low temperature fracture toughness, as well Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.603-5.
as the stability of the emulsions. 19 refs. 8(10)
USA POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT-AGGREGATE
Accession no.685240 ADHESION MEASUREMENT AND
CHARACTERISATION. II
Bhurke A S; Shin E E; Rozeveld S; Vallad P; Drzal L T
Item 195 Michigan,State University
Patent Number: US 5708061 A 19980113 Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P
IN-SITU STABILISED COMPOSITIONS (US,Adhesion Society)
Hesp S; Liang Z; Woodhams R T
Toronto,University Polymer modiÀed asphalts have been shown to improve
the rheological and engineering properties of asphalt
Insoluble particulate materials, which may be in solid or concrete used in pavement construction. One of the
liquid form, are dispersed in a continuous non-aqueous parameters determining the Ànal properties of asphalt
phase and the dispersion rendered stable and resistant concrete is the adhesion between the asphalt binder and
to phase separation by in-situ stabilisation involving aggregates. The fundamental and systematic study of
the formation of chemical bonds among the stabiliser adhesion is important since premature adhesive failure
components and dispersed phases to form a network between the binder and aggregate leads to poor pavement
surrounding the particles, which is compatible with the performance, especially at low temperatures. The lap
continuous phase. The compositions may be used in the shear test is used to study the interfacial binder-aggregate
manufacture of stabilised polyoleÀn-modiÀed bitumen adhesion. Two different viscosity graded asphalt binders
compositions for paving. and one polymer modiÀer, SBR latex (Ultrapave UP70) are
CANADA studied. The effects of polymer modiÀcation on adhesion
Accession no.683443 are investigated in terms of polymer concentration and test
temperature (-20 deg.C to 20 deg.C). Fracture mechanisms
Item 196 and binder morphology are studied using environmental
20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion scanning electron microscopy. Two different approaches
Society. Conference proceedings. for polymer modiÀcation are evaluated - blending the
Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.671-3. polymer into the asphalt binder, and coating the polymer
8(10) on the aggregate. In all cases, the effect of polymer
EFFECT OF POLYMER MODIFICATION ON modiÀcation on adhesion shows a strong dependence on
THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE temperature, with the failure mode changing from cohesive
Bhurke A S; Shin E E; Rozeveld S; Vallad P; Drzal L T to adhesive at some transition temperature between 0 deg.
Michigan,State University C and -10 deg.C. Different fracture surface morphologies
Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P and a natural network structure in asphalt binders are
(US,Adhesion Society) observed. In general, polymer modiÀcation improves
the low temperature adhesive performance of the asphalt
Polymer modiÀed asphalts show promise in improving binders. 5 refs.
the properties of asphalt concrete. One of the parameters USA
controlling the properties of asphalt concrete is the
Accession no.681460
interaction between the asphalt binder and aggregates.
This is characterised by the study of the interfacial
adhesion between the binder and aggregate and the Item 198
cohesive performance of the binder. Poor adhesive Patent Number: US 5693132 A 19971202
or cohesive performance leads to premature failure, PHENOLIC ASPHALT BLENDS
cracking and poor pavement performance. The failure and Kluttz R Q; Blackbourn R L; Veith C A; Cushing D S;
fracture morphology of asphalt concrete is characterised Buechele J L
qualitatively by studying the fracture morphology using in- The asphalt is blended with a phenolic tar, which is
situ environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) primarily cumyl phenol and phenolic materials having
tensile tests and quantitatively by low temperature fracture a molec.wt. of between about 300 and 1000. The tar is
toughness measurements. 7 refs. obtained as the bottoms product of a phenol heavy ends
USA separation process and may also include phenol and
Accession no.681476 acetophenone.
USA
Accession no.680457

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 75

 References and Abstracts

Item 199 Item 201

Polymer Technology for the New Millennium. Patent Number: US 5637350 A 19970610
Conference proceedings. ENCAPSULATION OF ASPHALT PRILLS
Blue Mountains, Australia, 12th-15th Oct.1997, paper Ross E A
25. 012 Asphalt Prilling Inc.
SCRAP RUBBER IN BITUMEN ROAD
An encapsulated asphalt prill having an impervious,
SURFACES
water insoluble shell, and a process for making same are
Gaughan R; Swanston I
disclosed. The encapsulating materials are preferably
New South Wales,Roads & TrafÀc Authority; SAMI
composed primarily of materials such as molten fatty
Pty.Ltd.
acids, low melt polymers, waxes, elastomers (synthetic
(Australasian Plastics & Rubber Institute)
rubbers) or plastomers, many of which are also used as
Conventional bitumen sprayed seals and asphalt have blending agents to enhance the Ànal use properties of the
been used successfully throughout Australia for many commercial asphalt end products.
years, and their use will continue. To cope with the ever- CANADA
increasing demands being placed on roads, improved Accession no.671770
sealing and asphalt treatments are required. In addition to
the need for better quality aggregates, delivery systems
and operational techniques, a range of special purpose Item 202
bituminous binders are required for use in situations Patent Number: US 5637141 A 19970610
where improved binder properties are necessary. Polymer- PAVEMENT BINDER AND METHOD OF
modiÀed binders (PMBs) are considered to fulÀl this MAKING SAME (LAW441)
requirement by providing prolonged or enhanced binder Puzic O; Evans L J; Williamson K E; Gorbaty M L;
performance. In Australia, the well developed bituminous Nahas N C; Lenack A L
surfacing technology has been expanded to utilise polymer Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
modiÀed binders and procedures have been developed The above method involves blending a minor amount of
for the placement of PMB membranes as surfacing and an unsaturated polymer (e.g. having at least one diene
interlayer treatments. PMBs are also used in speciality monomer) with a major amount of asphalt at an elevated
asphalts. The available procedures use either proprietary temperature such that the components are sufÀciently
polymer modiÀed bitumen blends or scrap rubber bitumen Áuid to blend, treating the asphalt-polymer blend with
manufactured with scrap rubber obtained from the a sulphonating agent, and stripping the treated asphalt-
processing of tyre bufÀngs and/or conveyor belts. The polymer blend at an elevated temperature with sufÀcient
latter provides an excellent method of recycling a waste stripping gas to remove strippable sulphur moieties and to
product and improving the environment. The manufacture stabilise the resulting stripped, treated blend. The invention
of scrap rubber bitumen and its use in bituminous sprayed also provides asphaltic compositions made by this method.
sealing and asphalt works are described. 8 refs. The asphaltic compositions are useful as binders in road
AUSTRALIA paving applications.
Accession no.679819 USA
Accession no.671745
Item 200
Journal of Elastomers and Plastics Item 203
30, No.2, April 1998, p.161-81 Patent Number: EP 826735 A2 19980304
PAVEMENT JOINT SEALANT SPECIFICATIONS PAVEMENT MATERIAL
- PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Matsushita S
Lynch L N; Janssen D J Matsushita Sangyo Corp.
USAE Waterways Experiment Station;
Washington,University This comprises an asphalt and several kinds of aggregates.
At least one kind of aggregate is a slag obtained by
A review is presented of the history of joint sealant performing slag-formation treatment on waste material,
material speciÀcations, current speciÀcations and potential such as garbage incineration residues. In one embodiment,
techniques that may be included in material speciÀcations a concrete based pavement material is derived by adding
of the future to provide a more direct correlation between and mixing cement, sand, water and a type of glass cullet
laboratory evaluation and field performance. Typical from which sharp and protruding portions have been
base materials used currently for pavement joint sealing removed. The pavement material is useful for constructing
include asphalt-rubber, modiÀed coal-tar, polysulphide, or repairing roads and the above embodiment can
PU, silicone and polychloroprene. 19 refs. additionally serve as a Áoor material.
USA JAPAN
Accession no.677773 Accession no.671728

76 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 204 by incorporating polymers, solvents or polymer latices.

Gemini Adhesion between the asphalt and aggregate in anionic
No.1, 1998, p.22-3 solventless and solvent-containing bituminous emulsions
DOES TOUGHER ASPHALT PRODUCE is improved using adhesion promoters, which are the
DANGEROUS DUST? reaction products of styrene (alpha-methyl styrene)-acrylic
Dragland A (methacrylic) acid polymers with polyalkylene amines.
Further improvement can be achieved by using tall oil
In the last few years, transport authorities and road builders
fatty acid or fortiÀed tall oil fatty acids as co-reactants
in Norway have worked systematically to develop even
in the production of the polyamidoamine products. The
more wear resistant and stronger wearing course for road
emulsiÀers are alkali earth salts of tall oil fatty acids,
surfaces. The reason is that 250,000 tonnes of asphalt is
fortiÀed tall oil fatty acids, tall oil rosin and fortiÀed rosin
worn away from Norwegian roads every year. Just one
as well as combinations of kraft lignin and non-ionic
single trip between Oslo and Trondheim, a distance of
emulsiÀers.
540 km, results in the removal of approximately 7-8 kg of
USA
asphalt. This causes small particulate matter that produces
a potential health risk when inhaled. Rutting caused by Accession no.670051
wear from tyres also has a negative effect on road safety.
In addition, the total cost of road repairs caused by wear Item 207
from studded tyres adds up to 250 million Norwegian Polymer Recycling
kroner annually. Details are given. 2, No.4, 1996, p.257-69
NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE MODIFICATION OF BITUMEN WITH SCRAP
Accession no.670338 TYRE PYROLYTIC CARBON BLACK.
COMPARISON WITH COMMERCIAL
CARBON BLACK PART I: MECHANICAL AND
Item 205
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Patent Number: US 5637640 A 19970610
Chebil S; Chaala A; Roy C
ASPHALT CEMENT MODIFICATION
Sherbrooke,University; Laval,University; Institut
Schulz G O; Klemmensen D F
Pyrovac Inc.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
This comprehensive article supplies a comparison of
It has been determined that rubbery terpolymers of a
commercial carbon black, designated ASTM N550
conjugated dioleÀn monomer, a vinyl aromatic monomer,
and pyrolytic carbon black, a by-product of scrap tyre
and N-isobutoxymethyl acrylamide can be used to
pyrolysis, as modiÀers in two different bitumen grades.
modify asphalt cement to greatly enhance its resistance
The mechanical and rheological properties of both are
to shoving, rutting, and low temperature cracking. These
studied in detail. Results suggest that the addition of
rubbery polymers have a Mooney viscosity within the
pyrolytic carbon black may be useful in increasing the
range of 35-80. It has further been determined that these
rigidity and elasticity of binders, for warm climates.
rubbery terpolymers are compatible with virtually all
22 refs.
types of asphalt. A preferred embodiment of these rubbery
CANADA
polymers also contains repeat units which are derived
from hydroxypropyl methacrylate. The invention more Accession no.668712
speciÀcally relates to a modiÀed asphalt cement comprised
of 90-99 wt.% of asphalt and from 1-10 wt.% of a rubbery Item 208
polymer which is comprised of repeat units which are Geosynthetics International
derived from about 64-84.9 wt.% of a conjugated dioleÀn 4, No.6, 1997, p.605-21
monomer, 15-33 wt.% of a vinyl aromatic monomer and SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF
0.01-3 wt.% of isobutoxymethyl acrylamide. GEOSYNTHETIC-REINFORCED BASE LAYERS
USA IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. II.
Accession no.670094 Perkins S W; Ismeik M
Montana,State University
Item 206 Details are given of the use of geosynthetics to reinforce
Patent Number: EP 824136 A2 19980218 the base course layer of Áexible pavements. A review is
IMPROVED ANIONIC BITUMINOUS presented of existing design techniques developed for
EMULSIONS this application. Analytical studies using Ànite element
Schilling P techniques to predict roadway response and to illustrate
Westvaco Corp. reinforcement mechanisms are summarised. 33 refs.
USA
Rapid set, medium set and slow set anionic emulsions
are prepared from straight bitumen or bitumen modiÀed Accession no.666586

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 77

 References and Abstracts

Item 209 Item 212

Geosynthetics International Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition
4, No.6, 1997, p.549-604 35, No.17, Dec.1997, p.2857-77
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF TRIBLOCK
GEOSYNTHETIC-REINFORCED BASE LAYERS COPOLYMERS IN ASPHALT OLIGOMERS
IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. I. Rong-Ming Ho; Adedeji A; Giles D W; Hajduk D A;
Perkins S W; Ismeik M Macosko C W; Bates F S
Montana,State University Minnesota,University
Details are given of the use of geosynthetics to reinforce A model asphalt was separated into two parts, asphaltene
the base course layer of Áexible pavements. Studies are and maltene, and separate blends of asphaltene and of
described involving laboratory-scale experiments using maltene with styrene-(ethylene-butene)-styrene triblock
stationary cyclic loads or moving wheel loads and Àeld copolymers were prepared over a range of compositions
studies using controlled vehicle loads or random trafÀc and then examined by TEM, small-angle X-ray scattering,
loads. 38 refs. dynamic mechanical analysis and DSC. Asphaltene was
USA found to be essentially immiscible with both blocks of
Accession no.666585 SEBS, while maltene was miscible with SEBS. An unusual
sequence of morphological transformations of SEBS
microstructure with respect to the addition of maltene was
Item 210 observed. A basic understanding of the interactions of the
Patent Number: EP 760386 A1 19970305 components of asphalt with SEBS gave a simple route
USE OF VERY HARD ASPHALT BINDER IN THE to characterise and predict the microstructure of triblock
PREPARATION OF BITUMINOUS COVERING, copolymers in asphalt oligomers. 20 refs.
ESPECIALLY USED IN ROAD UNDERLAYERS USA
Malot M; Jolivet Y
Accession no.663592
Total RafÀnage Distribution SA
Bituminous coatings composed of very hard bitumen and Item 213
mineral granulates are disclosed. A very hard bitumen Scrap Tire News
having a penetrability (at 25C) of 0-20 is used. The coating 11, No.12, Dec. 1997, p.6
has a modulus rigidity greater than 24,000 MPa, and is USING PYROLYSED CARBON BLACK AS A
used particularly for the formation or reinforcement of PAVEMENT MODIFIER
highways, in which the bitumen content of the coating Fader J H; Faulkner B P; Unterweger R J
is greater than 6 wt.%. Also claimed is the bituminous Svedala Pyro Systems Inc.; US,Dept.of Transportation
coating described.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; According to a paper given at an ACS, Rubber Division
WESTERN EUROPE meeting, the commercial pyrolysis of scrap rubber has been
Accession no.665790 unsuccessful due to the lack of market demands for the
crude raw pyrosates: pyro-oil, pyro-gas, and pyro-char. The
paper, which is announced here, is said to discuss ongoing
Item 211 tests at the Svedala Pyro Systems’ Process Research &
Rubber Asia Test Centre and the recent Joint Highway Research Project
12, No.1, Jan.-Feb.1998, p.97-9 conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation FHA,
NEW THRUST ON ROAD RUBBERISATION the Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue
Ouseph T University. Test results verify the proprietary processing of
The use of rubberised asphalt in road resurfacing the raw pyro-char into an upgraded homogenous pyrolysed
applications in India is suggested as a means of consuming carbon black as a viable, value-added asphalt modiÀer.
the oversupply of natural rubber in the country. Studies USA
have indicated that a kilometer length of road wide enough Accession no.662768
to facilitate two-line trafÀc would use around one tonne
of rubber for modifying the bitumen, and Kerala itself
Item 214
has 50,000 km of asphalted roads, about half of which are
Journal of Elastomers and Plastics
in dilapidated condition. The project, in addition, would
29, No.4, Oct.1997, p.326-42
create a new market for natural rubber in India.
LABORATORY PERFORMANCE OF ASR
INDIA
MODIFIED ASPHALT BINDERS
Accession no.664139 Dutta U; Ibadat I; Klempner D; Keshawarz M S
Detroit,Mercy University; Hartford,University
Cars, when they are no longer useful, are Áattened and
shipped to an automotive shredder facility. At the shredder

78 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

facility, while they are shredded to recover the ferrous and are discussed, followed by details of stress absorbing
non-ferrous metals for recycling, a huge quantity of non- membranes, stress absorbing membrane interlayers, open-
metallic residue commonly called automotive shredder graded asphalt-rubber concrete, gap-graded asphalt-rubber
residue (ASR) is generated. Since ASR mostly contains concrete, a three layer system and a two layer system.
plastics and rubber related materials, and addition of plastic USA
and scrap rubber from waste tyres as a road material has Accession no.660865
been proved to be effective in solving existing pavement
related problems, attempts are made to examine the
feasibility of ASR as a road material additive. As part of Item 217
this effort, compatibility and mechanical properties of Indian Rubber Journal
ASR-modiÀed asphalt are studied. The asphalt is mixed 30, Nov.-Dec. 1997, p.116-8
with a requisite amount of ASR for one hour at 37 deg. INSIGHT INTO RUBBERISED ROADS
F glass transition temperature (Tg) and microstructure of Krishman K S G
ASR, asphalt and ASR modiÀed asphalt are examined to India,Rubber Board
determine compatibility. Mechanical properties of ASR The use of rubberised asphalt and bitumen in road
modified asphalt are studied by performing dynamic surfacing is discussed with reference to India. 48% of
mechanical analysis. The photomicrographs and Tg of India’s roads are said to be surfaced and the remaining
ASR modiÀed asphalt demonstrate some compatibility unsurfaced. Of the former category, bituminous pavements
between ASR and asphalt. Dynamic mechanical analysis form the majority, but problems with cracking and wear
indicates that rutting and ageing properties of asphalt has led to the use of rubberised compounds. The technique
should improve with the addition of ASR. 12 refs. of rubberisation is described, and the use of laboratory
USA techniques is discussed to establish changes in properties
Accession no.662323 and how they affect the service performance, effect of type
and amount and method of incorporation of rubber on the
properties of the bitumen, and commercial procedures for
Item 215
the production and laying of road binders.
Patent Number: US 5627225 A 19970506
INDIA
ROAD PAVING BINDERS
Gorbaty M L; Lenoble C G; Nahas N C; Peiffer D G Accession no.660850
Exxon Research & Engng.Co.
These may comprise a storage stable blend of a Item 218
sulphonated, unhydrogenated random copolymer of 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
styrene and butadiene having a sulphonation level of from Conference Preprints.
1 to 100 meq SO3H/100 g of polymer and a sulphonated Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 115A, pp.21.
asphalt and have enhanced viscoelasticity and storage 012
stability. ModiÀed asphalt compositions may be made by USING PYROLYZED CARBON BLACK (CBP)
(a) combining the random copolymer and the sulphonated FROM WASTE TIRES IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
asphalt at a temperature of at least about 180C, (b) Fader J H; Faulkner B P; Unterweger R J
combining the random copolymer and unsulphonated Svedala Industries Inc.,Pyro Div.
asphalt and a basic neutralising agent at a temperature of (ACS,Rubber Div.)
from about 170 to 185C or (c) cosulphonation of a blend Previous attempts to commercialise processes for the
of unhydrogenated random styrene-butadiene copolymer pyrolysis of scrap tyres are reviewed, and results are
and an asphalt at 180 to 210C. Sulphonated copolymers presented of research undertaken by the Pyro Division
of random styrene-isoprene may be substituted for the of Svedala Industries in the processing of raw pyrolysis
sulphonated copolymers of styrene-butadiene. char into pyrolysed carbon black for use as a modiÀer in
USA asphalt road surfaces. 35 refs.
Accession no.661448 AMERICAN TIRE RECLAMATION INC.; POLYMER
VALLEY CHEMICALS INC.
USA
Item 216
Rubber India Accession no.659557
49, No.10, Oct. 1997, p.9-13
ASPHALT-RUBBER SYSTEMS IN ROAD
REHABILITATION
Cano J
International Surfacing Inc.
The various types of road rehabilitation systems using
rubberised asphalt are described. Advantages of its use

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 79

 References and Abstracts

Item 219 polymers is known. In particular, this property is possessed

152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997. by petroleum asphaltenes, but their practical utilisation
Conference Preprints. is held back by the absence of industrial technology. Of
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 95, pp.17. 012 greatest interest and promise are asphalts - the products of
PERFORMANCE OF SCRAP TIRE RUBBER deasphalting of the residual part of crude oil with propane,
MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVING MIXES butane, and heavier n-alkanes. By varying the type of
Coomarasamy A; Hesp S A M solvent and the precipitation temperature, it is possible, on
Ontario,Ministry of Transportation; Queen’s University the basis of the same feedstock, to produce concentrates
at Kingston of high molecular weight petroleum compounds (asphalts)
(ACS,Rubber Div.) with different asphaltene contents. It is shown that
concentrates of high-molecular weight compounds of crude
Rubber-modified asphalt binders were prepared by
oil, obtained on a Doben deasphalting unit (BashNIINP
mixing 30 and 80 mesh crumb rubber from scrap tyre
process) and containing 18-70 wt.% asphaltenes, can be
recycling and partially devulcanised tyre rubber with two
used for stabilisation of PE and PP. An attempt is made to
grades of road surfacing asphalts. A thermomechanical
assess the possibility of using these concentrates for the
process was used to prepare a Àne colloidal dispersion
stabilisation of PS. The investigation is carried out on high-
of 30 mesh crumb rubber in molten asphalt. The samples
impact UPS-825 PS, and also concentrates with different
were tested for low temperature fracture toughness, high
asphaltene contents, obtained from tar and asphalt from
and low temperature performance, rutting resistance
propane deasphalting. The characteristics of the asphaltene
and resistance to low temperature cracking. SigniÀcant
concentrates (ACs) are presented. Thermal degradation
improvements in high temperature properties were found
of polymer specimens stabilised with ACs is studied by
for the thermomechanically processed sample. Mixes
means of thermogravimetry. 8 refs.
containing rubber-modiÀed binders showed a moderate
RUSSIA
improvement in low temperature cracking resistance, with
systems containing smaller particles showing the best Accession no.657033
performance. Rutting resistance improved with reduced
crumb rubber particle size. 36 refs. Item 222
CANADA; USA Rubber Chemistry and Technology
Accession no.659539 70, No.2, May-June 1997, p.256-63
EFFECT OF NETWORK FORMATION ON
THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SBR
Item 220 MODIFIED ASPHALT BINDERS
Patent Number: US 5618132 A 19970408 Lee Y-J; France L M; Hawley M C
PROCESS FOR RESURFACING ROADS Michigan,State University
Fogg R; MacDonald J
SBR was used to modify asphalt binders. The rheological
A thin Àlm of heated asphaltic material is sprayed onto the and thermomechanical properties of the binders were
asphalt road surface and an aggregate layer is laid on the investigated using rotational viscometry, dynamic shear
Àlm while the Àlm is still hot. The asphaltic material is rheometry, and thermal mechanical analysis. The optimum
preferably composed of from about 60 to 95 parts asphalt, SBR content and mixing procedure were determined.
about 40 to 5 parts waste oil, about 0.5 to 1.5 parts Ànely 11 refs.
divided latex and about 0.5 part anti-stripping agent. The USA
material is heated to a temperature between 220 and 250F
Accession no.656178
to achieve Áowability on the road surface. The process can
be carried out without air pollution problems or material
runoff problems and is environmentally friendly. Item 223
USA Journal of Testing and Evaluation
Accession no.658508 25, No.4, July 1997, p.383-90
CHARACTERISATION OF STYRENE-
BUTADIENE-STYRENE POLYMER
Item 221 MODIFIED BITUMENS - COMPARISON OF
International Polymer Science and Technology CONVENTIONAL METHODS AND DYNAMIC
24, No.4, 1997, p.T/95-7 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
THERMO-OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF HIGH- Lu X; Isacsson U
IMPACT POLYSTYRENE WITH ADDITIONS OF Stockholm,Royal Institute of Technology
ASPHALTENE CONCENTRATES
The rheological properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene
Uglev V V; Kosheleva L A
polymer (SBS) modified bitumens are studied using
The ability of high-molecular weight components of crude conventional test and dynamic mechanical analysis
oil to retard processes of thermo-oxidative breakdown of (DMA). The study indicates that SBS modification

80 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

improves the viscoelastic properties of bitumens, which THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITION

can be demonstrated using DMA but not conventional Goodrich J L; Statz R J
methods. SigniÀcantly improved properties of binders Chevron Research & Technology Co.; DuPont de
include increased dynamic mechanical moduli and Nemours E.I.,& Co.
decreased phase angle at high temperatures, as well as
Disclosed is a thermoplastic polymer-linked-asphalt and
reduced complex modulus and increased phase angle at
a process for making a thermoplastic polymer-linked
low temperatures. SBS modiÀcation also causes reductions
asphalt. More particularly, disclosed is a reaction process
in glass transition temperature, Fraass breaking point and
for linking epoxide-containing polymers to asphalt.
temperature susceptibility. The degree of improvement
The improved thermoplastic polymer-linked-asphalt
is observed to be influenced by bitumen source/grade
product is particularly useful in road paving and rooÀng
and polymer content/structure. Comparison showed that
applications.
certain relationships exist between parameters obtained
USA
using conventional methods and DMA, such as between
penetration and complex modulus, kinematic viscosity Accession no.645171
and complex viscosity, and Fraass breaking point and glass
transition temperature. However, the main conclusion of the Item 227
study is that conventional test parameters such as penetration Patent Number: US 5576363 A 19961119
and softening point are not suitable for characterisation of THERMOSETTING ASPHALT
rheological properties of SBS modiÀed bitumens. 14 refs. Gallagher K P; Vermilion D
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Technology Inc.
Accession no.653534
A thermosetting asphalt composition includes a blend
of an asphalt and an epoxy-functionalised polymer, the
Item 224 epoxy-functionalised polymer being present in an amount
Patent Number: US 5574095 A 19961112 within the range from about 4-30% of the combination of
METHOD FOR PRODUCING ASPHALTS asphalt and epoxy-functionalised polymer.
CONTAINING AN EPOXY-CONTAINING USA
POLYMER AND POLYAMINE Accession no.640915
van der Werff J C
Shell Oil Co.
Item 228
This involves mixing an asphalt base, an epoxy- Patent Number: US 5582639 A 19961210
functionalised polymer and then a polyamine and METHOD OF PREPARING AN EMULSION OR
recovering the Ànal asphalt composition. ASPHALT CONCRETE FOR USE AS A ROAD
USA
MATERIAL
Accession no.649602 Hove L
A coarse stone fraction is pretreated with a rapid breaking
Item 225 emulsion based on a high viscid bitumen and then a low
Patent Number: EP 792918 A2 19970903 viscid binder is added thereto to produce a concrete with
ASPHALT MODIFIER COMPOSITION AND good shapeability and improved bonding of/in the laid
ASPHALT COMPOSITION out material.
Tanaka S; Ikenaga T DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
Kao Corp. SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.640458
The asphalt modiÀer composition comprises at least one
rubber-base modiÀer or resin-base modiÀer. A phosphorus
compound permits the modifier to be satisfactorily Item 229
dissolved in asphalt. Paving made from this composition Patent Number: US 5578663 A 19961126
has markedly improved rutting resistance and wear PAVEMENT REJUVENATOR AND DRESSING
resistance, giving rise to a prolonged service life. Adhesion CONDITIONER WITH ELASTOMER
of the asphalt to aggregate is also high. McGovern E W
JAPAN Paving Consultants K.A.E.,Inc.
Accession no.649491 A pavement rejuvenating and/or conditioning composition
is claimed in which particular coal tar derivatives and other
Item 226 optional ingredients are supplemented with an elastomeric
Patent Number: US 5556900 A 19960917 constituent. A rejuvenating or conditioning composition
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A containing an elastomer will reliably hold in place a
POLYEPOXY POLYMER-LINKED-ASPHALT top layer of Àne aggregate, whereas a rejuvenating or

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 81

 References and Abstracts

conditioning composition without elastomer does not, and RUBBERIZED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
also allows for early restoration of trafÀc, prompt resistance Takallou H B; Takallou M B
to rain, and good repair and wear resistance of and in the TAK Consulting Engineers Inc.; Portland State
pavement to be maintained. The elastomer is preferably University
acrylonitrile-butadiene polymer although other polymers (ACS,Rubber Div.)
can also be substituted including natural and nitrile
Results are presented of tests performed on crumb rubber
rubbers, polyorganosiloxane and, less preferably, styrene-
modiÀed asphalt binders and mixtures using SuperPave
butadiene, neoprene- and polybutadiene polymers.
mix design technology (US Strategic Highway Research
USA
Program Council), and the performance characteristics of
Accession no.640087 rubberised asphalt road surfaces laid in Southern California
are described. 3 refs.
Item 230 US,STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Patent Number: US 5564856 A 19961015 COUNCIL
HOT-MIX COMPOSITIONS FOR MAKING USA
AND REPAIRING GEOWAYS CONTAINING Accession no.636018
POLYOLEFIN-POLYARYLATE ALLOY FIBRES
Modrak J P
Item 233
Hercules Inc.
Patent Number: US 5596032 A 19970121
Disclosed are melt-spun polyoleÀn/polyarylate alloy Àbres SLOW-SETTING BITUMINOUS EMULSIONS
having an elevated softening point, which are useful in Schilling P; Starr F S
staple lengths for the reinforcement of synthetic geoways, Westvaco Corp.
such as roads and runways, especially those made from
This invention relates to emulsifiers for slow-setting
asphalt-based pavements. The improved softening point of
aqueous emulsions suitable for use in applications where
the Àbres allows their incorporation into hot-mix pavement
a high degree of chemical, mechanical, and rheological
used to make and repair such surfaces without degradation
stability is required (such as in slurry seal applications
of the Àbres by the elevated temperatures found in plant
and thixotropic industrial emulsion applications). In such
for making the pavements.
applications, Àne aggregate, clay, or polymer latex is mixed
USA
with the emulsion to obtain a homogeneous storage-stable
Accession no.637093 composite which can be applied for coatings, Áooring,
rooÀngs, and as a roadway sealant.
Item 231 USA
European Chemical News Accession no.635245
67, No.1764, 12th-18th May 1997, p.22
ROAD TO SUCCESS
Item 234
Taffe P
Patent Number: US 5558704 A 19960924
Shell has been involved in the polymer-modiÀed bitumen PAVING ASPHALT CONCRETE COMPOSITION
(PMB) market for many years. In Europe bitumen Masuda K; Kuriki M; Hokari K
modiÀcation accounts for 54% of its styrene-butadiene- Bridgestone Corp.; Fukuda Road Construction Co.Ltd.
styrene copolymers (SBS) output, with rooÀng taking
This consists essentially of an oil-impregnated vulcanised
73% of the bitumen share. Only 3% of roads in Europe
rubber crumb and an asphalt-aggregate mixture. The oil-
use PMBs, but the potential is large. Increasingly heavy
impregnated vulcanised rubber crumb consists of 99 to
trafÀc loads have led to premature wear through rutting and
60 wt.% of vulcanised rubber crumb and 1 to 40 wt.% of
cracking of the road surface. Shell claims SBS increases
an extending oil.
the elasticity of bitumen and can double road surface life,
JAPAN
especially under severe weather or trafÀc conditions.
Accession no.634044
SHELL CHEMICALS LTD.
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.636212 Item 235
Patent Number: US 5549744 A 19960827
PAVEMENT BINDER
Item 232
Puzic O; Evers L J; Williamson K E; Gorbaty M L;
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Nahas N C
Conference Preprints.
Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 4, pp.23. 012
APPLICABILITY OF SUPERPAVE MODELS Storage stable road paving binders are made by blending
FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF a minor amount of a polymer having at least one diene

82 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

monomer with a major amount of asphalt containing at A bituminous composition is disclosed comprising a
least 0.3 wt.% of total nitrogen at an elevated temperature compatible bituminous component and a completely
such that the components are sufÀciently Áuid to blend, non-tapered radial block copolymer of a conjugated
treating the asphalt-polymer blend using not more than 250 dioleÀn and a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon wherein the
meq of a sulphonating agent per 100 g of asphalt-polymer polymer has from 3-6 arms, a molecular weight of from
blend to introduce the corresponding acid functionality 150000-400000, a coupling efÀciency of at least 95%,
into the blend, maintaining the sulphonated asphalt- and a polyvinyl aromatic hydrocarbon blockiness of at
polymer blend at a sufÀciently elevated temperature and least 98.5%.
stripping the sulphonated blend with sufÀcient chemically USA
unreactive gas to remove a major fraction of the acid Accession no.629713
functionality introduced by sulphonation.
USA
Item 239
Accession no.633735 Patent Number: US 5539029 A 19960723
ASPHALT EMULSION-RUBBER PAVING
Item 236 COMPOSITION
Patent Number: WO 9533798 A1 19951214 Burris M V
POLYPHENOLIC VEGETABLE EXTRACT/
This is formed by combining an aqueous asphalt emulsion,
SURFACTANT COMPOSITIONS AS UNIVERSAL
water, latex rubber, minus 40 size rubber particles and a
BITUMEN/WATER EMULSIFIERS
thickening agent, mixing the materials at substantially
Shuey M R; Custer R S
ambient temperature to form a substantially homogeneous
Saramco Inc.
liquid composition, adding to the liquid composition
These compositions comprise a mixture of a natural between about 5 and 15 pounds of aggregate per gallon
vegetable polyphenolic extract, such as quebracho, and mixing the components at substantially ambient
Chestnut A, Chestnut N or Sumac-K10, surfactant, water temperature.
and a pH adjusting reagent. They are particularly useful USA
in producing stable, anionic asphalt-in-water emulsions, Accession no.629339
which can be used as is or with a wide variety of Àllers,
additives, pigments and the like without premature
Item 240
breaking. In the preferred emulsiÀer, crude, spray-dried
Patent Number: US 5525653 A 19960611
quebracho is mixed with an alpha olefin sulphonate
RUBBER ASPHALT MIX
containing 10 to 20 carbon atoms and the pH is preferably
Rouse M W
adjusted to pH 10, producing an anionic emulsifying
agent. Direct addition to asphalt prior to emulsiÀcation A rubber modiÀed asphalt for use as a paving compound
is described. is formed by reacting very Àne ground particulate rubber
USA with paving grade asphalt and mixing the combination
Accession no.631180 at 300-400F. The resulting mixture reacts fully within
25 minutes or less to form a freely pouring mixture; the
reacted mixture can be held at normal asphalt working
Item 237 temperatures for at least 96 hours without degradation.
Patent Number: EP 770646 A2 19970502 USA
BITUMINOUS COMPOSITIONS HAVING
Accession no.624977
ENHANCED PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES
Grzybowski K F; Jones D R; Welliver W R; Roth T J
Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Item 241
Patent Number: US 5519073 A 19960521
These comprise a combustion product of a naturally PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A
occurring asphalt from the Orinoco Belt of Venezuela and PHOSPHORIC ACID-CONTAINING ASPHALT/
a bituminous base material. POLYMER MIXTURE AND RESULTING
USA ASPHALT COMPOSITION THEREOF
Accession no.631135 van der Werff J C; Nguyen S M
Shell Oil Co.
Item 238 Phosphoric acid is mixed with an asphalt base, air is
Patent Number: US H001580 H 19960806 blown through the resulting mixture, a terpolymer is
ASPHALT COMPOSITION CONTAINING mixed with the acid-blown asphalt composition to give a
HIGHLY COUPLED RADIAL POLYMERS glycidyl-functionalised polymer-containing acid-asphalt
Kluttz R Q composition and Ànally an amine anti-strip additive is
Shell Oil Co. mixed with the latter composition. The terpolymer is

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 83

 References and Abstracts

produced by the concurrent reaction of ethylene, normal structure is considered with reference to mechanisms of
butyl acrylate and glycidyl ester, such as glycidyl acrylate inversion and reversion. 10 refs.
or glycidyl methacrylate according to US 5306750. USA
USA Accession no.615309
Accession no.619041
Item 245
Item 242 Geosynthetics International
International Journal of Polymer Analysis and 3, No.4, 1996, p.537-49
Characterization FULL SCALE HIGHWAY LOAD TEST OF
3, No.1, 1996, p.33-58 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEMS WITH
CHARACTERISATION OF ASPHALT BINDERS GEOGRID REINFORCED BASE COURSES
BASED ON CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL Collin J G; Kinney T C; Fu X
PROPERTIES Collin Group Ltd.; Alaska,University at Fairbanks
Wei J B; Shull J C; Lee Y-J; Hawley M C
The results are discussed of tests carried out on the use of
Lambda Technologies Inc.; Michigan,State University
geosynthetics to improve the performance of Áexible road
The chemical compositions and physical properties of surfaces. A full scale test research program was carried
unmodiÀed and polymer-modiÀed asphalts were studied out using a 20 kN moving wheel load to determine the
using high-performance GPC, FTIR, dynamic mechanical beneÀt of using a stiff biaxial geogrid between the base
analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and DSC. SBR and the subgrade of a Áexible road surface system, with
and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymers were the trafÀc beneÀt ratio (TBR) deÀned as the ratio of the
used to modify the asphalts. Rheological properties were number of load cycles of a stiff geogrid reinforced section
determined. 10 refs. to the number of load cycles of an unreinforced section
USA for a given level of performance. 16 refs.
Accession no.615624 USA
Accession no.614803
Item 243
Polymer News Item 246
21, No.8, Aug.1996, p.283-4 Patent Number: US 5496400 A 19960305
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF ASPHALT- ASPHALT COMPOSITIONS WITH IMPROVED
CONTAINING MATERIALS CROSSLINKING AGENT
Usmani A M Doyle M P; Stevens J L
Usmani Development Co. Vinzoyl Petroleum Co.
A report is given on a symposium on asphalt-containing An improved, substantially anhydrous, crosslinking agent is
materials presented at the 210th American Chemical Society disclosed for use in asphalt compositions of the type used for
Meeting in Chicago on August 20-24th 1995. Twenty- rooÀng and paving materials. The crosslinking agent comprises
Àve papers were presented in Àve sessions, covering a blend of tall oil, a strong base, an anhydrous organic solvent,
characterisation of asphalt, mechanical and rheological and fatty amines; it is substantially free of water.
aspects, polymer modiÀcation, performance/modiÀcation USA
considerations, and composites and coatings. Accession no.610990
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
USA
Item 247
Accession no.615317 Patent Number: US 5498683 A 19960312
POLYMER CONCRETE COMPOSITIONS AND
Item 244 METHOD OF USE
Polymer News Kim C S
21, No.8, Aug.1996, p.262-7 Binder premix or primer compositions comprise (a)
POLYMER MODIFICATION OF ASPHALT: vinyl esters and/or unsaturated polyesters containing
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY characteristic linkages, (b) monofunctional and/or
Usmani A M polyfunctional vinyl monomers and/or monofunctional
Usmani Development Co. and/or polyfunctional resins which have very high group
Asphalt chemistry is described and the mechanism of molar attraction constants. The primer or binder premix is
polymer modiÀcation of asphalt for use in paving and utilised in the repair of a bridge, highway, airport runway,
rooÀng applications is discussed. Particular attention parking structure, or patio and similar type structures.
is paid to the use of PP and SBS polymers. Asphalt USA
characterisation results are presented and asphalt secondary Accession no.610888

84 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 248 of both HDPE and a blend of HDPE and EPDM. The
IRC ‘96. International Rubber Conference. Conference blends compositions were Àxed at 90/10 HDPE/EPDM
proceedings. to illustrate the possibility of adapting the polymer to be
Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 52. 012 added to the asphalt binder for speciÀc end-use applications.
RECYCLING IN ROAD PAVEMENTS AND Linear viscoelastic properties of unmodiÀed and polymer
STREET FURNITURE modiÀed asphalts at concentrations ranging from 1-5 wt%
Van Heystraeten G were studied before and after Thin-Film Oven Test (TFOT)
Belgium,Centre de Recherches Routieres; European ageing at a temperature range of -15 C to 60 C. Standard test
Tyre Recycling Association such as ring-and-ball softening point, Fraas breaking point
(Institute of Materials) and TFOT ageing were also performed on the whole set of
samples. 34 refs. Polyblends ‘95. National Research Council
Scrap rubber tyres from cars and lorries can be used for
Canada Symposium, Montreal, 19-20 October 1995
road applications in seven main Àelds: as lightweight Àll in
CANADA
embankments; for erosion control; as side slope Àll and in
retaining walls; in acoustic insulating devices - noise screens Accession no.604781
along roads and railways; in safety devices - culverts, inertial
barriers, New Jersey barriers, speed control humps; in other Item 251
functional road equipment items - roadside water guides, Polymer Engineering and Science
railway or tramway crossing pads, sign supports, interlocking, 36, No.12, June 1996, p.1707-23
blocks and bollards; as aggregate in a bitumen-bound top ASPHALT MODIFIED BY SBS TRIBLOCK
layer for Àlter drains; as aggregate in asphalt mixes; and as COPOLYMER: STRUCTURES AND
rubber-bitumen (crumb rubber modiÀer) in hot-mix asphalts PROPERTIES
such as porous asphalt, joint and crack sealing compounds, Adedeji A; Gruenfelder T; Bates F S; Macosko C W;
chip seal coats, membrane interlayers. These seven Àelds of Stroup-Gardiner M; Newcomb D E
application are reviewed in detail. 14 refs. Minnesota,University
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE Microstructural transformation of a SBS triblock
Accession no.610116 copolymer blended with asphalt was studied as the asphalt
composition was varied from 0-96 wt%. TEM, dynamic
mechanical spectrometry, and DSC were used. The blends
Item 249 were made in batch mixers at 200 C, or by solution casting
150th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1996. from a non-selective solvent (trichloroethane) at about 28
Conference Preprints. C. 29 refs. Polyblends ‘95. National Research Council
Louisville, Ky., 8th-11th Oct.1996, Paper 12, pp.10. 012 Canada Symposium, Montreal, 19-20 October 1995.
STYRENIC THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS: USA
THE PATHWAY TO INVENTION
Accession no.604780
Holden G
Holden Polymer Consulting Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.) Item 252
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
An account is given of early research by Shell which led
61, No.9, 29th Aug.1996, p.1493-501
to the development of Kraton styrene block copolymer
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STYRENE-
thermoplastic elastomers. Later developments in
BUTADIENE COPOLYMER-REINFORCED
hydrogenated and branched block copolymers and blends
ASPHALT
of triblock and diblock copolymers, applications in
Blanco R; Rodriguez R; Garcia-Garduno M; Castano V M
rubberised asphalt and oil viscosity modiÀers, and aspects
Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa;
of ongoing research are also reviewed. 26 refs.
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO.; SHELL CHEMICAL CO.
USA The rheological properties of SBR-reinforced asphalt
Accession no.609313 were investigated. A percolation-type model was used
to Àt dynamic experimental data and a comparison was
made with the Kerner-Takayanagi model. In addition, a
Item 250 frequency-composition-temp. correspondence principle
Polymer Engineering and Science was proposed. This correspondence principle allowed
36, No.12, June 1996, p.1724-33 prediction of the rheological behaviour of an asphalt-based
POLYMER BLENDS FOR ENHANCED ASPHALT composite within a wide range of compositions, provided
BINDERS that a narrow composition range at different frequencies
Ait-Kadi A; Brahimi B; Bousmina M and temps. was previously known. 11 refs.
Laval,University MEXICO
Straight asphalt binders were modiÀed by the addition Accession no.604286

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 85

 References and Abstracts

Item 253 a Áowable mixture, including respective quantities of

Patent Number: US 5494510 A 19960227 asphalt and Ànally divided reclaimed rubber particles
METHOD OF PRODUCING AN ASPHALT is Àrst directed into a rocket-type reactor along with
PRODUCT steam and/or water to subject the mixture to conditions
Kuc J of elevated temperature, pressure and shear. The initially
reacted mixture is then passed into a pressurised, secondary
This involves initially shredding scrap tyres within a
reaction vessel system to complete the gelation reaction
shredder system where an at least partially vulcanised
in a period of, e.g. 7 to 15 min. The preferred apparatus
rubber composition is formed into particulates less than
includes a rocket-type primary reactor presenting a
about 2.0 mm in dimension. Metal is removed from the
conÀned reaction zone and asphalt-rubber and water/steam
scrap tyres and the resulting composition leaving the
conduits communicating with the zone. The output of
shredder system is mixed in particular weight percentages
the primary reactor feeds directly into a pressurised tank
with a chemical composition for insertion into a masticator
forming a part of the downstream secondary reaction and
system, which includes a Àrst zone, a second zone and a
recovery system where the gelation reaction is completed.
third zone. The masticator system heats the composition
The preferred system includes a total of 5 serially
entering to a temperature of about 485F in the Àrst zone.
interconnected tanks housed within an insulative shell and
The composition is then cooled to a temperature within
heated by means of a burner.
a range of about 230 to 250F in a second zone and then
USA
slightly reheated to a temperature within the range of 290
to 350F in the third zone. Compounding of the composition Accession no.603106
is provided within the Àrst zone. The non-thermoset and
non-thermoplastic polymer asphalt modiÀer composition
Item 256
formed is blended with liquid asphalt binder to produce
Geotextiles and Geomembranes
a Ànal asphalt product, which is used in construction or
14, Nos.3/4, March/April 1996, p.175-86
road paving.
ENHANCED PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT
USA
PAVEMENTS USING GEOCOMPOSITES
Accession no.603838 Austin R A; Gilchrist A J T
Netlon Ltd.
Item 254
A report is presented on the development and testing of a
Patent Number: US 5492561 A 19960220
composite combining a stiff PP geogrid with a geotextile,
PROCESS FOR LIQUEFYING TYRE RUBBER
thus producing a material with the handling and installation
AND PRODUCT THEREOF
beneÀts of a geotextile, combined with the performance
Flanigan T P
advantages of a stiff geogrid. A case study detailing the use
Neste/Wright Asphalt Products Co.
of the composite reinforcement is also presented. 4 refs.
A homogeneous asphalt composition is made by EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
introducing asphalt medium, preferably in an amount of EUROPE
about 80 to 90%, into a reactor vessel, introducing tyre Accession no.599425
rubber granules, preferably in an amount of about 10 to
20%, into the asphalt medium to form a mixture of the
asphalt medium and the granular tyre rubber, circulating Item 257
a portion of the mixture into a bottom portion of the Plastics in Building Construction
reactor vessel through jet spray nozzles and recirculating 20, No.7, July 1996, p.10-2
the mixture at 500F through the vessel until the whole ASPHALT PAVEMENT IMPROVEMENTS USING
tyre rubber is completely integrated into the asphalt UNSORTED RECYCLED PLASTIC MATERIALS
medium and a stable, homogeneous asphalt composition Degan D; Fishback G; Stelmar H
is formed. Plasphalt Project Ltd.
USA Asphalt cement, the primary paving material for roads
Accession no.603329 and other trafÀc surfaces, has been produced for decades
with some improvements being made to the material’s
quality, durability and strength. Several of the recent
Item 255
improvements have been accomplished with the use of
Patent Number: US 5486554 A 19960123
polymeric additives in the binders or the use of Àbres.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATMENT
Waste products such as crumb rubber have also been
OF ASPHALT AND SYNTHETIC RESINS
incorporated in asphalt material - either as aggregate or as
Truax D A
a polymeric additive to the asphalt binder - in numerous
Ultra Technologies Inc.
attempts over the past few decades to improve the service
A low cost method for preparing foamed or aerated life and characteristics of the pavements while reducing the
asphalt-rubber paving compositions is disclosed in which impact of tyres on landfalls. Crumb rubber is now being

86 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

used primarily by California, Arizona, Florida, Texas and a ground tyre rubber to the vessel and bombarding the
few other states to fortify asphalt for paving. Typical uses distillation tower bottoms and ground tyre rubber with the
include 0.5 in. thick layer of this asphalt on a macadam or air until the mixture is completely and stably homogenised,
concrete base of an interstate highway and up to 2 in. thick and recovering the homogenised asphalt composition.
in other areas. The use of recycled plastics in this industry, Alternatively, the ground tyre rubber is mixed directly with
which would also reduce the need for space in landÀlls, the distillation tower bottoms to form a wetted mixture
has been limited to the use of well-sorted materials as which is bombarded with air at a temperature of about
admixtures in the asphalt binders. None of these efforts 350-485F at about 6-15 psi pressure until the mixture is
have provided a pavement which is sufÀciently improved completely and stably homogenised. The homogenised
to justify the added cost - and in some cases the pavement asphalt composition is then recovered.
has been inferior with rutting or break-up occurring. USA
USA Accession no.598792
Accession no.599272
Item 260
Item 258 Patent Number: EP 726294 A1 19960814
Scrap Tire News ASPHALT CEMENT MODIFICATION
10, No.8, Aug.1996, p.1/18 Schulz G O; Klemmensen D F
CRM - A HIGH PERFORMANCE MATERIAL Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
FOR TODAY’S HIGH PERFORMANCE ROADS
A modiÀed asphalt cement is composed of from about
Crumb rubber modiÀed asphalt pavements are reported 90 to 99 wt.% of asphalt and from about 1 to 10 wt.%
to have advocates on two important fronts - city and of a rubbery terpolymer, which is composed of repeat
county public works directors and the asphalt contracting units derived from about 64 to 84.9 wt.% of a conjugated
community. In some regions of the US and Canada, both dioleÀn monomer, about 15 to 33 wt.% of a vinyl aromatic
have recognised crumb rubber as a modiÀer rather than a monomer and about 0.1 to 3 wt.% of isobutoxymethyl
waste material. It is not surprising that they are choosing acrylamide. The rubbery terpolymer has a Mooney
rubberised asphalt pavements. It has been used in every viscosity within the range of about 35 to 80, is compatible
climatic and road condition in the US, according to the with virtually all types of asphalt and preferably contains
California State Highway Authority, which has spent the repeat units derived from hydroxypropyl methacrylate.
last 17 years experimenting with the material. The authority Asphalt concretes made therewith have greatly enhanced
has used asphalt rubber everywhere from the snowy high resistance to shoving, rutting and low temperature
Sierras to the desert region between Sacramento and Reno cracking.
- 18 snow region highway sections, eight in California’s USA
valley areas, three roads in the coastal region and two in the Accession no.597935
desert. In most applications, asphalt rubber makes roads
safer and more durable; in fact, the tougher the conditions,
the more advantages CRM has over conventional asphalt. Item 261
It Áexes in freeze and thaw conditions, it resists wear from Patent Number: US 5476542 A 19951219
tyre chains on vehicles, it doesn’t rut and crack as easily as ASPHALT COMPOSITIONS WITH IMPROVED
conventional asphalt and it lasts much longer than many CROSSLINKING AGENT
other paving materials. Details are given. Doyle M P; Stevens J L
CALIFORNIA,STATE HIGHWAY AUTHORITY The crosslinking agent comprises a blend of tall oil,
USA a strong base, an anhydrous organic solvent, such as
Accession no.598987 n-methyl fatty acid taurate, and fatty amines and is
substantially free of water. The compositions are useful
as rooÀng and paving materials.
Item 259
USA
Patent Number: WO 9520623 A1 19950803
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING RUBBER Accession no.597864
MODIFIED RUBBER CEMENT
Flanigan T P Item 262
Neste/Wright Asphalt Products Co. Patent Number: US 5468795 A 19951121
A process for preparing a homogeneous asphalt product METHOD FOR PRIMING WET OR DRY ROAD
which is a two-member composition of distillation tower SURFACES
bottoms and ground tyre rubber homogenised therein Guder H
includes introducing distillation tower bottoms at a Minnesota Mining & Mfg.Co.
temperature of about 425-470F to a vessel through which Priming compositions contain a homogeneous liquid
air is Áowing at about 6-15 psi pressure, introducing solution containing a polymeric material and at least one

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 87

 References and Abstracts

water-miscible solvent in an amount sufÀcient to provide Item 266

adhesion between wet or dry road surface materials and Patent Number: EP 718373 A1 19960626
adhesive coated articles. The priming composition allows POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALTIC
the marking of roadways with pressure sensitive adhesive COMPOUNDS WITH IMPROVED DISPERSION
articles even on wet or damp roadway surfaces. A method AND IMPROVED PRODUCTS THEREFROM
for priming roadway surfaces is also included. Manandhar E D; Usmani A M
USA Bridgestone/Firestone Inc.
Accession no.596228 These compounds include from about 70 to 45 pbw of
asphalt, from about 15 to 25 pbw of a polymer modiÀer
Item 263 for the asphalt, from about 15 to 25 pbw of a Àller and
Patent Number: US 5473000 A 19951205 from about 0.1 to 5 pbw of a dispersing agent, such as
METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE STRENGTH stearic acid, tri(dioctyl) pyrophosphate titanate, tri(dioctyl)
OF BITUMEN, ASPHALT OR A SIMILAR pyrophosphate-O, neoalkoxy tridodecylbenzenesulphonyl
MATERIAL, AND A COMPOSITION OBTAINED titanate, lecithin, aluminium stearate, maleic anhydride-
BY THE METHOD modified ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, maleic
Pinomaa O L anhydride grafted propylene-ethylene copolymer,
Pinomaa O.,Ky ethoxylated alcohol or mixtures thereof.
USA
In this invention a thermoplastic or a thermoelastomer is
added to the bitumen and the solubility and compatibility Accession no.592987
is improved by a third component, which is wood resin,
turpentine resin, a derivative of these, tall oil, tall-oil Item 267
pitch, or a constituent or mixture of these. The obtained Polyurethanes ‘95. Conference Proceedings.
composition of bitumen, asphalt or a similar material Chicago, Il., 26th-29th Sept.1995, p.418-26. 43C6
can be used as a binding agent in the road pavement URETHANE MODIFIED ASPHALT FOR
materials. PAVEMENT OVERLAYS/WEARING COURSES
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE FOR ROAD APPLICATIONS
Accession no.594360 Sendijarevic A; Sendijarevic V; Wang X; Haidar A;
Dutta U; Klempner D; Frisch K C
Detroit,Mercy University
Item 264 (SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
Patent Number: US 5460649 A 19951024
FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER ASPHALT PU modified asphalts were prepared by reaction with
COMPOSITION polymeric MDI and a polybutadiene polyol. A self-
Strassman D R hardening type of Áy ash containing free lime was used
as a Àller and moisture scavenger in the preparation of
Disclosed are a fibre-reinforced asphalt concrete modiÀed asphalt concretes. The mechanical properties
composition suitable for paving applications, method of the asphalt concretes, including hardness, stress-strain
of making the composition, method for converting a properties, compression strength, compression set and
conventional asphalt plant to one capable of producing this tensile set, were evaluated at -30, 25 and 70C. Thermal
composition and an apparatus for doing the same. properties of the binders and concretes were determined by
USA TMA and viscoelastic properties by DMA. The presence
Accession no.594299 of PU improved the thermal and mechanical properties of
binders and concretes prepared with Áy ash. The modiÀed
Item 265 asphalt binders exhibited elastomeric properties over a broad
Patent Number: US 5462588 A 19951031 temperature range from below -40C to over 80C. 6 refs.
USA
FLAME RETARDED ASPHALT COMPOSITION
Walters R B; Schmidtline P J Accession no.592102
Schuller International Inc.
This comprises a bituminous composition, a thermoplastic Item 268
elastomer, an inert Àller, a halogenated Áame retardant International Polymer Science and Technology
and an effective Áame retardant amount of a nitrogen 22, No.12, 1995, p.T/25-9
heterocyclic composition having at least six members and USE OF COMMINUTED VULCANISATES IN
containing at least three nitrogen atoms. MASTIC COMPOSITIONS BASED ON BITUMEN
Voronov V M; Solov’eva O Y; Nesiolovskaya T N;
USA
Sergeeva N L
Accession no.593731
A review of the literature on the above is presented,
covering classiÀcation of rubber-bitumen mastics(RBMs),

88 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

features of mixing of bitumen with rubber crumbs, Item 272

implementation of the process of RBM manufacture, 3rd International Conference on Deformation and
structure and properties of RBMs, and composition and Fracture of Composites. Conference Proceedings.
Àelds of application of RBMs. 65 refs. (Full translation of Guildford, 27th-29th March 1995, p.220-8. 627;951
Kauch.i Rezina, No.3, 1995, p.34) STUDY OF THE BONDING BETWEEN FABRIC
CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA AND BITUMEN EMULSION IN A STRESS
Accession no.590007 ABSORBING MEMBRANE INTERLAYER
Woodside A R; McIlhagger R; Woodward W D H;
Clements H W
Item 269 Ulster,University
Rubber and Plastics News (Institute of Materials)
25, No.15, 12th Feb.1996, p.13
REPORT SCRUTINISES RUBBERISED ASPHALT Mechanical pull-off tests and water absorption and
Moore M retention measurements were performed on PP, glass,
cotton and jute fabrics to assess their bonding with bitumen
A preliminary report by a commission of state and emulsion in stress absorbing membrane interlayers for use
local government ofÀcials has condemned the use of in road construction. The fabric structure and the depth of
crumb rubber in rubberised asphalt road surfacing as emulsion tack coat were the variables which most affected
an experimental technology which offers no better and the adhesive bond strength. The temperature of tack coat
sometimes worse quality than conventional asphalt at a application had no effect. All the fabrics absorbed and
much higher cost. Brief details are given are this and other retained water to a certain extent, which was considered to
comments regarding its use. affect the bonding process. Samples consisting of fabrics
RUBBER PAVEMENTS ASSN. sandwiched between asphalt cores were sheared by a
USA direct shear mechanism and by a short beam shear test,
Accession no.587029 and the results were compared. Emulsion tack coat rate and
fabric type and structure had a considerable effect on shear
Item 270 strength, while fabric orientation had no effect. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NORTHERN
Patent Number: US 5451621 A 19950919
IRELAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
SBS-MODIFIED, ASPHALT-BASED MATERIAL
WITH RESISTANCE TO CROSSLINKING Accession no.586739
Usmani A M; Gorman W B; Thompson G S; Kane E G
Bridgestone/Firestone Inc. Item 273
This comprises a mixture of from about 47 to 74 pbw of Construction and Building Materials
asphalt, from about 7 to 15 pbw of SBS block copolymer, 10, No.2, 1996, p.141-6
from about 15 to 25 pbw of a Àller component and from TENSILE REINFORCEMENT OF ASPHALT
about 1 to 5 pbw of PP. It is made by forming a mixture CONCRETE USING POLYMER COATING
by admixing the asphalt, the block copolymer, Àller and Kim K W; Park Y C; Yeon K S
PP, which inhibits high temperature crosslinking of the Kangwon,National University
block copolymer. The possibility of using a polyester resin for reinforcing
USA Áexible pavements was investigated. The application
Accession no.586877 of a thin-layer coating of a polymer, an unsaturated
polyester resin, on the surface of a laboratory-prepared
unmodiÀed asphalt concrete mixture was studied as a
Item 271 tensile reinforcement method for such a material. Selected
Patent Number: US 5451619 A 19950919 laboratory performance tests were conducted and the
ASPHALT COMPOSITION CONTAINING results were compared with those of a normal (uncoated)
EPOXIDISED POLYMERS asphalt concrete mixtures and a modiÀed asphalt mixture,
Kluttz R Q; Erickson J R both mixtures being widely used in Korea. The polymer
Shell Oil Co. coating was found to be effective in improving Marshall
The epoxidised polymer consists of a conjugated dioleÀn stability, TS and Áexural strength of asphalt concrete.
and, optionally, a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon. These improvements could be explained as the effect of
USA reinforcement by a thin polymer layer which was fully
Accession no.586858 bonded to the specimen faces. The reinforcement was also
effective in reducing the stiffness of the mixture whilst
improving load-carrying capacity. This improvement in
strength and reduction in stiffness resulted in a retardation
of crack initiation resulting from cyclic load application and
a signiÀcantly improved resistance to crack propagation.

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 89

 References and Abstracts

The study showed that there was a possibility of using the Tsuji S; Mita T; Takahashi S; McLaskey C
polymer coating as a method of tensile reinforcement with Dainippon Ink & Chemicals Inc.; Reichhold Chemicals
Áexible pavements. 16 refs. Inc.
SOUTH KOREA (SPI,Composites Institute)
Accession no.586639 A methyl methacrylate-modiÀed, air drying, Áexible vinyl
ester resin (Diover for Pavement) is described which
Item 274 eliminates common defects of traditional road overlay
Waste News resins. Advanced features of these resins include their
1, No.26, 26th Feb.1996, p.11 usability over a very wide range of ambient temperatures,
BURNING UP THE ROAD - LITERALLY good adhesion to a variety of substrates, and excellent
Mikolajczyk S J abrasion resistance. Its advantages, compared with other
materials, are described.
A chemical reaction has caused scrap tyre chips used as inÀll USA
in a section of road outside Pomeroy, Wash., to ignite. The
shredded tyres included nylon cords and steel belts, and it Accession no.582931
is thought that following Áash Áooding, the water started a
chemical reaction accelerating rusting of exposed steel in the Item 277
chips. The oxidation process generated heat in the pockets Patent Number: US 5436285 A 19950725
of air between the chips, possibly igniting them. RECYCLED RUBBER IN A POLYMER
USA MODIFIED ASPHALT AND METHOD OF
Accession no.585530 MAKING SAME
Causyn D; Thys K
A paving composition includes between 89 to 93% graded
Item 275
aggregate, 5.76% asphalt cement, 0.24% SBR polymer and
Patent Number: US 5441360 A 19950815
1 to 5% graded recycled crumb rubber. The asphalt cement
ASPHALTIC COMPOSITIONS AND USES
and SBR polymer are blended and heated to form a Àrst
THEREFOR
mixture. The aggregates are blended and heated to form a
Long H W
second mixture and the two mixtures are blended together
Asphaltic concrete compounds composed of asphalt prior to the addition of the graded recycled crumb rubber.
cement and aggregate have, as a substantial portion of their CANADA
respective aggregates, anthracite coal particles and Ànes, Accession no.581228
which are added specially as a lossy microwave material.
They are particularly useful when laid down as a pavement
or a top layer of a pavement, which can be freed of ice by Item 278
using microwave energy to debond the ice without causing Patent Number: US 5432213 A 19950711
any noticeable melting of the ice. They are also useful as WATER-PERMEABLE RESINOUS COMPOSITION
patching materials when damaged pavement is being repaired, FOR ROAD PAVING OF HIGH STRENGTH AND
especially during cold weather. The coated area is treated with BLOCKS AND PAVEMENT THEREOF
microwave energy, resulting in the penetration of heat into Kim H-D; Lee C-S; Son J-H; Jeon S-H
both the coating and portions of the damaged pavement, the Samsung General Chemicals Co.Ltd.
heat ensuring their bond and also the bond of the asphaltic This composition contains 2 to 20 pbw of thermosetting
concrete compound, which is filled into the damaged resin, as a binder, per 100 pbw of granular aggregate, and
pavement cavities. Also the top layer and/or the entire Àlled 1 to 20 pbw of cellulose or 1 to 30 pbw of lignocellulose,
cavities of the originally damaged pavement, include this as botanical Àbre, or their derivatives, as additives per 100
asphaltic concrete compound, which has the anthracite coal, pbw of the resin. Inorganic substances in an amount of 5
added as the lossy microwave material, to thereby facilitate to 200 pbw, per 100 pbw of the resin, are also included in
the penetration of heat, which in turn ensures the creation of Àne granular or Àbrous form.
strong bonds throughout the repaired pavement. KOREA
USA
Accession no.580721
Accession no.583937
Item 279
Item 276 China Synthetic Rubber Industry
SPI Composite Institute 50th Annual Conference. 19, No.1, 1996, p.40-2
Conference Proceedings. Chinese
Cincinnati, Oh., 30th Jan-1st Feb.1995, paper 2F. 627 PREPARATION OF LATEX FOR ROAD
FLEXIBLE VINYL ESTER RESIN FOR ROAD ASPHALT MODIFICATION USING SBR 1502
OVERLAY RUBBER CEMENT

90 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Xu Shoushui Item 282

Qilu Petrochemical Corp. SPI Composite Institute 49th Annual Conference.
Conference Proceedings.
Latex for rubber asphalt modification was prepared
Cincinnati, Oh., 7th-10th Feb.1994, paper 2-B. 627
using SBR 1502 rubber cement by the concentration
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE REINFORCED
of agglomeration and viscosity-reducing methods. The
WITH PULTRUDED FIBRE REINFORCED
results showed that the total solids content increased from
PLASTIC GRATING
19-23% to 45-50%. The modiÀed road asphalt had good
Anderson G R; Bank L L; Munley E
service properties.
US,Federal Highway Administration;
CHINA
Washington,Catholic University
Accession no.580073 (SPI,Composites Institute)
The Federal Highway Administration is currently studying
Item 280 the possibilities of using fibre-reinforced plastics as
Patent Number: US 5426140 A 19950620 reinforcement in concrete bridge decks, replacing the
TIME DELAYED THICKENING, SLUMP- current practice of using steel bar as reinforcement
RESISTANT POLYMER CONCRETE in concrete. The suitability of reinforced plastics as
COMPOSITIONS, METHODS OF REPAIRING concrete reinforcement in chemical environments, based
CONCRETE SURFACES, CONCRETE on the results of chemical immersion tests and concrete
STRUCTURES REPAIRED THEREWITH AND immersions tests, is examined. The physical changes
ARTICLES OF CONSTRUCTION COMPRISING in four commercially available glass Àbre-reinforced
A FORMED MASS, ETC. pultruded composites, in the form of deck grating are
Fekete F; Thrash D J studied. Changes in the material are observed using visual,
Resurfacing surfaces of highways and roads to provide a mass change and thickness changes, as well as examination
skid-resistant surface is achieved using a polymer concrete by scanning electron microscopy. Testing procedures, the
composition containing a curable polymer composition data analysis and physical changes observed are discussed.
consisting of an ethylenically unsaturated polymer having The results of immersion tests are detailed and compared.
carbon-bonded carboxyl groups and/or hydroxyl groups Possibilities for further investigation are recommended.
and at least one reactive thickener comprising Group 9 refs.
IIA metal oxide or hydroxide or a polyisocyanate. This ALIGNED FIBER COMPOSITES INC.
mixture is mixed with aggregate, coated onto the surface, USA
compacted, shaped and cured. Accession no.568675
USA
Accession no.578672 Item 283
Patent Number: WO 9504110 A1 19950209
Item 281 German
Patent Number: US 5429695 A 19950704 RECYCLING OF VARNISH COAGULATE IN
EMULSIFYING AGENT FOR PRODUCING ROAD CONSTRUCTION
CATIONIC ASPHALT EMULSIONS OF Herrmann K; Schlipf M
DIFFERENT SETTING TIMES, FOR ROAD Dynamit Nobel AG; Zeller & Gmelin GmbH & Co.
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE, This invention relates to a process for producing road
METHOD OF OBTAINING THE AGENTS AND toppings based on bitumen, the use of varnish coagulates
METHOD FOR ADJUSTING THE SETTING as an additive to such toppings, and improved road
TIME OF THE EMULSIONS toppings.
Salmeri H C EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
The emulsiÀer comprises a compound obtained by the WESTERN EUROPE
reaction between a natural wood resin, colophony resin Accession no.568301
and an amine, the reaction resulting in the liberation of
water, as a by-product, and the incorporation of primary, Item 284
secondary and tertiary amino groups, as substituents, to Patent Number: WO 9508426 A1 19950330
the resin molecules. PAVEMENT MARKING AND BASE SHEET
ARGENTINA Rice E E; Hargett R A
Accession no.577216 Minnesota Mining & Mfg.Co.
A conformable pavement marking is described, comprising
an upper sheet and a base sheet, in which the base layer
comprises a Àbrous scrim, a tie layer, and a conformance
layer, the tie layer material impregnating the lower portion

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 91

 References and Abstracts

of the scrim, and material of the upper sheet impregnating Item 287
the upper portion of the scrim. Also described are pavement Patent Number: US 5403117 A 19950404
marking base sheets. PAVEMENT, A PAVING MATERIAL AND
USA METHODS OF PRODUCING SAID PAVEMENT
Accession no.564423 AND SAID PAVING MATERIAL
Okuyama H; Kojimoto T; Tanaka M
Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd.
Item 285
Patent Number: US 5405882 A 19950411 A paving material in which a large quantity of aggregates
METHOD OF FOAMING ASPHALT AND are bound together by a hot melt of thermoplastic resin
PRODUCTS PRODUCED THEREBY powder is described, together with methods of producing
Balnpied R H such a pavement and paving material. The thermoplastic
Atlas RooÀng Corp. resin powder is neither limited in pot life, nor inÁuenced
by working conditions and weather conditions at the
A process of foaming asphalt comprises mixing sodium time when pavement is laid at a job site. Accordingly,
hydrogen carbonate with asphalt melted to a liquid state. uniform strength can be given to the resulting pavement or
The mixing yields carbon dioxide and water. The carbon paving material. Further, the resulting pavement or paving
dioxide gas foams the molten asphalt, and the foaming is material has excellent weather resistance, elasticity and
enhanced by the boiling of the water. The rate of addition Áexibility, and can used in playgrounds, parks, roads etc.
of the sodium hydrogen carbonate, and the temperature It is also easy to alter after it has been laid.
of the asphalt, are controlled in accordance with the JAPAN
desired speciÀc gravity of the resultant foamed asphalt.
The sodium hydrogen carbonate is added at a rate in a Accession no.561935
range of from about 2-6 wt.%. The asphalt is melted at a
temperature of 212-500F. The foamed asphalt is used by Item 288
depositing it on a substrate. Patent Number: US 5405440 A 19950411
USA PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A COLD
Accession no.562423 MIX ASPHALT PAVING COMPOSITION
Green H C; Shaw D J
Global Resource Recyclers Inc.
Item 286
Patent Number: US 5399598 A 19950321 A method is described of preparing a cold mix asphalt
ASPHALT COMPOSITION paving composition by (a) separating non-asphalt
Peters W E impurities from an asphalt rubble obtainable from a
AlphaÁex Industries reclaimed asphalt pavement to produce a puriÀed asphalt
rubble; (b) comminuting the puriÀed asphalt rubble to
An asphalt composition comprises asphalt mixed with
obtain sized asphalt-aggregate mixture; (c) testing the
an asphalt modiÀer, which combines a thermoplastic
mixture to determine the percent of asphalt present; and (d)
elastomeric copolymer and an effective amount of a
blending an asphalt emulsion with the asphalt-aggregate
fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene and molybdenum
mixture in an amount so as to yield a cold mix asphalt
disulphide particles. The thermoplastic elastomeric
pavement composition comprising from about 4-6.5 wt.%
copolymer preferably comprises two incompatible
of asphalt. The cold mix asphalt paving composition is
polymers forming a two-phase copolymer including a
used to coat roadway surfaces, parking lots, driveways
thermoplastic end block polymer, preferably a styrene
etc. Once the cold mix asphalt paving composition has
polymer, and an elastomeric mid block polymer, selected
been applied to a surface, a top coat may be overcoated
from polybutadiene, polyisoprene and poly(ethylene-
onto it.
butylene). The asphalt modiÀer is made by mixing together
USA
under high shear e.g. in a twin screw extruder, particles
of a thermoplastic elastomer copolymer, fibrillatable Accession no.561931
polytetrafluoroethylene and molybdenum disulphide
until the PTFE is substantially Àbrillated and combined
Item 289
with the thermoplastic elastomer copolymer. A preferred
Patent Number: US 5405439 A 19950411
asphalt modiÀer comprises about 2-12 pbw of Àbrillated
BITUMEN EMULSION
PTFE and molybdenum disulphide particles per 100
Marchal J L
pbw of copolymer, with the ratio of Àbrillated PTFE to
Esso SAF
molybdenum disulphide being about 3 to 1 by weight.
USA A method for preparing a bitumen emulsion from bitumen,
Accession no.562354 water, emulsifying agent, inorganic acid and metal salt,
the metal being selected from lithium, sodium, potassium,
magnesium, calcium and aluminium, is described. The

92 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

bitumen emulsion has a viscosity of at least 200 cst at 25C. Item 292
The method comprises (a) feeding the bitumen into a Àrst Patent Number: US 5393819 A 19950228
static mixer at a temperature above 50C; (b) introducing ASPHALT MODIFIER
part of the water under pressure into the mixer, the pressure Peters W E
being sufÀcient to prevent vapourisation of the water; (c) AlphaÁex Industries
introducing the emulsifying agent, inorganic acid and metal
A bitumen and asphalt modiÀer comprises a thermoplastic
salt into the Àrst mixer; (d) mixing the components in the
elastomeric copolymer and an effective amount of a
Àrst mixer, and then passing the resultant mixture into at
Àbrillated PTFE and molybdenum disulphide particles.
least one other mixer in which the temperature is lower
The copolymer comprises two incompatible polymers
than that in the Àrst mixer and is below the boiling point of
forming a two-phase copolymer including a thermoplastic
water; (e) introducing the remainder of the water into the
end block polymer and an elastomeric mid block polymer.
other mixer(s); and (f) passing the mixture through the other
The asphalt modiÀer is made by mixing together, under
mixer(s) and removing the resulting bitumen emulsion.
high shear, particles of a thermoplastic elastomeric
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
copolymer, Àbrillatable PTFE and molybdenum disulphide
until the Àbrillatable PTFE is Àbrillated and combined with
Accession no.561930 the thermoplastic elastomeric copolymer.
USA
Item 290 Accession no.559892
Patent Number: US 5397818 A 19950314
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING TYRE RUBBER
MODIFIED ASPHALT CEMENT SYSTEMS AND Item 293
PRODUCTS THEREOF Patent Number: US 5393811 A 19950228
Flanigan T P COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR
Neste/Wright Asphalt Products Co. IMPROVING THE STORAGE STABILITY OF
POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALTS
A process for preparing an incorporated asphalt composition Moran L E; Sokol K L
includes mixing ground tyre rubber with distillation tower Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
bottoms to form a wetted mixture of the ground tyre rubber
with the distillation tower bottoms, bombarding the wetted A storage stable improving amount of a polymerised alpha-
mixture with air at a temperature of about 350-485F at oleÀn having a number-average molec.wt. of from about
about 6-15 psi pressure until the mixture is completely 500 to 5,000 and a congealing and melting point which is
incorporated, and recovering the incorporated asphalt essentially no higher than those of the alpha-oleÀn from
composition. The homogenised asphalt product is a two- which it is prepared, is added to an asphalt containing a
member composition of distillation tower bottoms having higher molec.wt. polymer having a number-average molec.
ground tyre rubber incorporated therein. wt. of at least about 10,000.
USA USA

Accession no.561661 Accession no.559877

Item 291 Item 294

Patent Number: US 5397389 A 19950314 Patent Number: EP 669378 A1 19950830
ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PRODUCT AND ROAD SURFACING COMPOUNDS
A METHOD FOR THE FIXATION OF Leaver R J
CONTAMINATED SOILS AND HAZARDOUS Excel Industries Ltd.
MATERIALS IN THE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE These compounds, e.g. bitumen-based compounds, are
Glynn J J made by introducing into the compound during production
American Reclamation Corp. thereof a mixture comprising a Àbrous material, such
A composition for the Àxation of hydrocarbons from as cellulose or mineral Àbres, and a Ànely divided Àller
contaminated oily soil and hazardous wastes is described. material, e.g. limestone or hydrated lime.
The hazardous waste and contaminated oily soil are EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
components in a cold mix asphaltic concrete. The soil and
hazardous materials are mixed with asphaltic roof cuttings Accession no.558639
and mineral aggregate to form the mixture. The mixture
is coated with a cold mix emulsion to form an asphaltic
concrete. The hydrocarbons and hazardous wastes do not
leach from the set concrete.
USA
Accession no.561145

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 References and Abstracts

Item 295 strength development of the three dressing systems. The

Patent Number: WO 9502014 A1 19950119 polymers used as modiÀers were an SBR copolymer and
ASPHALT PAVING MIX AND METHOD FOR a styrene-isoprene copolymer. 10 refs.
MAKING IT EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
Punkert F P EUROPE
Inphalt Inc. Accession no.556167
The mix preferably comprises a mixture of asphalt oil,
preferably in the range of between about 18 and 22 wt.%, Item 298
mineral wool Àbre, preferably in the range of 17 to 23 Patent Number: US 5371121 A 19941206
wt.% and having a length of between about 0.5 and 5.0 BITUMEN COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING
in. and a shot content of between about 25 and 35 wt.%, BITUMEN, POLYMER AND SULPHUR
and aggregate material, preferably in the range of between Bellomy R C; McGinnis E L
about 55 and 65 wt.% and having a particle size of not Chevron Research & Technology Co.
less than 0.060 in.
Asphalt compositions are disclosed prepared from
USA
bitumen, a triblock copolymer of styrene and butadiene,
Accession no.557176 and about 0.015-0.075 wt.% of elemental sulphur. The
asphalt compositions are useful in industrial applications,
Item 296 such as in hot mix asphalts useful in preparing aggregates
Patent Number: WO 9500591 A1 19950105 for road paving.
ENGINEERED MODIFIED ASPHALT CEMENT USA
Ostermeyer L F Accession no.554245
McConnaughay Technologies Inc.
This comprises asphalt cement, reacted tall oil, tall oil Item 299
pitch, tall oil derivatives or mixture thereof and polymers Patent Number: US 5385401 A 19950131
selected from block copolymers and latices, both natural PROCESS FOR ADDING RECYCLED TYRE
and synthetic. Methods of manufacture include blending PARTICLE TO ASPHALT
a reacted tall oil-modiÀed asphalt cement with a polymer- Nath R H
modiÀed asphalt cement to obtain the desired properties; Cyclean Inc.
modifying an asphalt cement with a reacted tall oil, tall
oil pitch, tall oil derivatives or mixtures thereof and then The rubber particles are saturated with an aromatic
adding the selected polymer(s) to this tall oil-modiÀed oil and do not absorb additional oils from the asphalt
asphalt cement; modifying the asphalt cement with the binder materials. The integrity of the asphalt mix is not
selected polymer(s) and then adding the tall oil, tall oil compromised.
pitch, tall oil derivatives and mixtures thereof and reacting USA
with a strong base; and adding the polymer(s), tall oil, Accession no.553848
tall oil pitch, tall oil derivatives and mixture thereof and
the strong base to the asphalt cement at or nearly at the
Item 300
same time.
Patent Number: EP 658603 A2 19950621
USA
COMPATIBLE BLEND CONTAINING AN
Accession no.556267 EPOXY-MODIFIED BLOCK COPOLYMER,
PROCESS, THERMOPLASTIC RESIN
Item 297 COMPOSITION, RESIN COMPOSITIONS AND
Rheologica Acta ASPHALT COMPOSITION CONTAINING AN
34, No.3, May/June 1995, p.311-6 EPOXY-MODIFIED BLOCK COPOLYMER
INFLUENCE OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Ohtsuka Y
OF BITUMEN EMULSIONS ON THE Daicel Chemical Industries Ltd.
PERFORMANCE OF SURFACE DRESSING The blend comprises a resin having an affinity to an
SYSTEMS aromatic vinyl polymer, a resin having reactivity to an
Khalid H; Fienkeng M N epoxy group and a compatibilising agent comprising an
Liverpool,University epoxy-modiÀed aromatic vinyl-conjugated diene block
Three bitumen emulsions, used in road surface dressing copolymer in which a polymer block consisting of an
construction, one conventional and two polymer modiÀed, aromatic vinyl compound and a polymer block consisting
were tested to determine their rheological properties. A of a compound having a conjugated double bond are
tensile load test was developed to determine the adhesive included, the remaining double bonds being partially
strength of surface dressing systems and was used to or completely epoxidised. It exhibits small particle size
study the inÁuence of temperature and curing time on the dispersion in a scanning electron microscopic structure

94 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

observation and excellent homogeneity in outer appearance Item 303

and improved Áow properties and mechanical properties, China Rubber Industry
such as impact strength, compared to a compatible blend 42, No.5, 1995, p.274-8
having a conventional compatibilising agent, which is an Chinese
aromatic-conjugated diene block copolymer or an aromatic MODIFICATION OF ASPHALT FOR ROAD
vinyl-conjugated diene block copolymer having epoxy end CONSTRUCTION WITH CRUMB
groups.The resin compositions comprise various resins and Li H; Li R
a modiÀer or stabiliser, which is an epoxy-modiÀed aromatic
Brief details are given of the use of crumb rubber to
vinyl-conjugated diene block copolymer.
modify asphalt.
JAPAN
CHINA
Accession no.553806
Accession no.551997

Item 301
Patent Number: US 5382612 A 19950117 Item 304
PROCESS FOR PREPARING IN AQUEOUS Journal of Materials Science
EMULSION A BITUMEN/POLYMER BINDER 30, No.10, 15th May 1995, p.2584-90
WITH CONTINUOUS THREE-DIMENSIONAL NEW LOOK AT RUBBER-MODIFIED ASPHALT
POLYMERIC STRUCTURE AND APPLICATION BINDERS
OF THIS BINDER TO THE PRODUCTION OF Morrison G R; Hesp S A M
FACINGS OR BITUMINOUS MIXES Kingston,Queen’s University
Chaverot P; Demangeon F The high temperature rheological characteristics and the
Elf France low-temperature fracture properties of asphalt binders
The process involves forming (a) a reaction mixture in containing crumb and devulcanised rubber waste were
an emulsion formation zone by feeding to the zone (i) investigated. The asphalt binders were tested and compared
a bitumen-polymer component composed of a bitumen with an unmodiÀed asphalt and three commercial polymer-
containing 0.5 to 15%, by wt. of the bitumen, of a modiÀed binders. 27 refs.
sulphur-crosslinkable elastomeric polymer, the component CANADA
having a melt viscosity of not more than 2 Pa.s at the melt Accession no.551989
temperature, (ii) an aqueous phase containing an effective
quantity of an emulsifying system and (iii) a crosslinking
Item 305
system donating sulphur in a quantity such as to provide
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
0.5 to 20 wt.% of sulphur relative to the weight of the
56, No.8, 23rd May 1995, p.947-58
elastomeric polymer contributed by the bitumen/polymer
INFLUENCE OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE
component and (b) maintaining the reaction mixture in the
DIBLOCK COPOLYMER ON STYRENE-
emulsion formation zone at an appropriate temperature
BUTADIENE-STYRENE TRIBLOCK
until an aqueous emulsion of bitumen/polymer binder is
COPOLYMER VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES
obtained, in which the polymer of the binder is at least
AND PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
partially crosslinked to a three-dimensional structure. The
McKAY K W; Gros W A; Diehl C F
binder is useful for coating road surfaces.
Dow Chemical Co.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE The effects of the styrene-butadiene diblock copolymer
Accession no.552909 on the viscoelastic properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene
triblock copolymers (SBS) were examined in both in the
Item 302 neat state, in polymer/asphalt blends, and in hot melt
Patent Number: US 5369156 A 19941129 assembly adhesives. The inÁuence of the styrene-butadiene
BLENDING BITUMEN INTO POLYISOBUTYLENE- diblock is quantitatively deÀned in the loss tangent and
ETHYLENE/VINYL ACETATE MIXTURE order-disorder transition of the neat copolymer. It is then
Lesage J explained how alteration in neat viscoelastic behaviour
British Petroleum Co.PLC extends into the SBS/asphalt blend and SBS adhesive
viscoelastic behaviour and, ultimately, the product
A bituminous binder useful in road surfacing is prepared performance. 30 refs.
by blending from 1 to 35 wt.% of bitumen with a mixture USA
of EVA and polyisobutylene having a number-average
Accession no.551590
molec.wt. of greater than 400 to less than 1,000. The ratio
of polyisobutylene:EVA is between 90:10 and 50:50.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.552191

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 95

 References and Abstracts

Item 306 Item 309

Patent Number: EP 655484 A1 19950531 Shell Chemicals Europe Magazine
ROAD SURFACING COMPOSITION No.2, March 1995, p.24-7
Kilner D N KEY TO THE HIGHWAY
Shell Internationale Research Mij BV Clark T
A slurry comprising aggregates of different particle size and The use is discussed of Kraton thermoplastic elastomer
a bituminous emulsion is suitable for use in road surfacing modiÀed bitumen in road surfacing projects. The action
and by variation of the ratio of the different aggregates of the TPE increases the bitumen’s elasticity, enabling it to
can achieve a wide variety of sustainable texture depths, regain its shape after deformation. Results of trials carried
including texture depths greater than 1.5 mm. out in road tests are discussed, including its use in porous
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; asphalt road surfaces.
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
SHELL CHEMICALS EUROPE LTD.
Accession no.551323 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.549788
Item 307
Patent Number: US 5367007 A 19941122
MULTI-LAYER COMPOSITE BLOCK AND Item 310
PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING Patent Number: US 5360849 A 19941101
Richards D C MIXTURES OF BITUMEN AND POLYMER
Enviropaver Inc. COMPOSITIONS SUITABLE FOR THE
MODIFICATION OF BITUMENS
A multi-layer moulded composite paving block is described,
Braga V; Giavarini C
with a Àrst layer of reclaimed asphalt, thermoplastic or
Himont Inc.
thermosetting plastic, monoÀlament Àbre material and
elastic material, and a second layer of thermoplastic such The polymer composition comprises: (A) 10-40 pbw of an
as polyethylene or thermosetting plastic, and an aggregate isotactic propylene homopolymer, or a random copolymer
material. The Àrst layer comprises about 75-95% of the of propylene with ethylene and/or a C4-C10 alpha-oleÀn;
block while the second layer comprises about 5-25%. The (B) 0-20 pbw of a copolymer fraction containing ethylene,
plastic constituent in each of the Àrst and second layers at which is insoluble in xylene at ambient temperature;
opposing surfaces thereof are heat and pressure bonded (C) 50-80 pbw of a copolymer fraction of ethylene with
with the plastic constituent in the other layer, so as to form propylene and/or C4-C10 alpha-oleÀn, said copolymer
a securely interlocked structural interface between the two fraction being soluble in xylene at ambient temperature,
layers, forming a single integral structure. having an intrinsic viscosity greater than 1.5 and up to 2.2
CANADA dl/g, and having 20-45 wt.% ethylene.
Accession no.550673 USA
Accession no.548656

Item 308 Item 311

Reuse/Recycle Patent Number: US 5360848 A 19941101
25, No.4, April 1995, p.30-1 MODIFIED BITUMENS, PROCESSES FOR
ROAD INSULATION - A NEW APPLICATION THEIR PREPARATION, THEIR USE AND
FOR OLD TYRES SOLUBILISING AGENTS FOR PLASTICISED
POLYVINYL BUTYRAL IN BITUMEN
An evaluation has been made by the US Army Corps
Kuechler M; Mucha B
of Engineers Cold Regions Research & Engineering
Hoechst AG
Laboratories into the use of scrap tyres as an insulating
layer to prevent frost damage and potholes in frost- These modiÀed bitumens are claimed to have improved
susceptible roads. It is offered as an alternative use of elasticity properties and an improved low temperature
scrap tyres in road surfacing applications with reference Áexibility. They are prepared by homogeneous mixing of
to the mandated one of rubberised asphalt in which 1000 plasticised polyvinyl butyral into molten bitumen at 150-
scrap tyres would be used per mile, compared with some 300C, simultaneously using mono-, oligo- or polyalkylene
100,000 in the insulation application. Brief details are glycol dialkyl ethers as solubilising agents, if appropriate
given of test results. in combination with PS as solubilising co-component.
US,ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS COLD EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
REGIONS RES.& ENGNG.LABS.
USA Accession no.548655
Accession no.549876

96 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 312 its use is said to be one of costs. Cost comparisons are
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering included.
34, No.2, 1995, p.177-212 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT
PAVING ASPHALTS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND USA
FLAMMABILITY CONSIDERATIONS Accession no.546123
Wagner J P; Mendez C L; Gidden R P
Texas A & M University; Texas,Nuclear Science Center
Item 315
A report is presented on the evaluation of petroleum- Patent Number: US 5331028 A 19940719
based paving asphalts as a possible source of heavy metal POLYMER-MODIFIED ASPHALT
pollution in soils and water, as well as on the determination COMPOSITION AND PROCESS FOR THE
of combustion parameters, e.g. smoke mass and particle PREPARATION THEREOF
size distribution, and sulphur dioxide and oxides of Goodrich J L
nitrogen during controlled burning. Particular attention Chevron Research & Technology Co.
is paid to the changes in combustion behaviour, smoke
components and heavy metal content introduced by the A polymer-modified asphalt composition containing
addition of tyre rubber to the paving asphalt samples. (a) about 80.0-99.7 wt.% of a polymer-asphalt reaction
27 refs. product prepared by reacting (i) about 100 pbw of an
USA
asphalt having an initial viscosity at 60C of from 100 to
20,000 poise, with (ii) about 0.5-11.0 pbw of a glycidyl-
Accession no.547338 containing ethylene copolymer containing about 0.1-20.0
wt.% glycidyl moieties and having a weight average
Item 313 molecular weight of about 10,000 to 1,000,000; and (b)
Patent Number: US 5348994 A 19940920 about 0.3-20.0 wt.% of a styrene/conjugated diene block
NEW POLYMER-MODIFIED FUNCTIONALISED copolymer having a weight average molecular weight of
ASPHALT COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF about 100,000 to 1,000,000.
PREPARATION (C-2747) USA
Gorbaty M L; Peiffer D G; McHugh D J Accession no.545944
Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
Novel road paving binder compositions are disclosed, Item 316
made by combining an asphalt that contains sulphonate Patent Number: US 5342866 A 19940830
or sulphonic acid groups, a polymer preferably of butyl OXIDISED ASPHALT RUBBER SYSTEM
rubbers, styrene-butadiene linear diblock copolymer, Trumbore D C; Franzen M R; Wilkinson C R
styrene-butadiene-styrene linear or radial triblock polymer Owens-Corning Fiberglas Technology Inc.
and EPDM that has been sulphonated, and mixtures
Disclosed is an elastomeric asphalt composition, which
thereof, and a basic neutralising agent. The amounts of
does not phase separate and is compatible at high temps.
each are effective to allow formation of one continuous
It can be produced without the need for high shear milling
phase or two interdispersed phases that do not segregate
equipment. The elastomer is preferably an SBS or SIS
on standing at elevated temperatures associated with road
block copolymer.
paving. The amount of polymer is an amount less than 7
USA
wt.% of total polymer-asphalt composition that is sufÀcient
to produce an asphaltic composition having a viscosity Accession no.545830
at 135C of about 150-2000 cPs or about 3000-8000 cPs.
The compositions have improved viscoelasticity, softening Item 317
point, and storage stability. Patent Number: US 5336705 A 19940809
USA POLYMER-MODIFIED, OXIDISED ASPHALT
Accession no.547040 COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF
PREPARATION
Gorbaty M L; Nahas N C
Item 314 Exxon Research & Engng.Co.
Scrap Tire News
9, No.3, March 1995, p.6 Disclosed are road paving asphalt compositions with
IOW DOT EVALUATES CRM PERFORMANCE improved viscoelastic properties and storage stability and
unexpected phase compatibility. They contain neutralised
Evaluation of 8 crumb rubber modiÀed hot mix asphalt mixtures of oxidised asphalt and an acid functionalised
projects placed on Iowa roads since 1985 has led to polymer, such as sulphonated EPDM, sulphonated SBR or
conclusions that the road sections containing crumb rubber acrylic acid terpolymers, in an amount, which is sufÀcient
modiÀer, perform very much like sections of conventional to result in an asphalt composition having a softening
hot mix asphalt, it is reported. The greatest deterrant to point greater than about 55C and a viscosity in the range

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 97

 References and Abstracts

of from about 150 to 2000 cPs or from about 3000 to 8000 EVA as a road surfacing material. The work carried out
cPs at 135C and effective to allow the formation of one by the Transport Research Laboratory was commissioned
continuous phase or two interdispersed phases, which by Alfred McAlpine Quarry Products Ltd. Results of tests
do not segregate on standing at elevated temp. The basic carried out are discussed, and show an enhanced resistance
neutralising agent used in these compositions contains to deformation, compared to the use of traditional
cations having a valence of from +1 to +3, preferably +2. binders.
The compositions are particularly useful as binders in MCALPINE A.,QUARRY PRODUCTS LTD.
dense graded and open graded hot mix pavements. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
USA EUROPE

Accession no.545188 Accession no.544009

Item 318 Item 321

Patent Number: WO 9423131 A1 19941013 Ashton-in-MakerÀeld, c.1994, pp.4. 12ins. 22/11/94.
German 42C11C3311-62(12)-6R1
METHOD OF PRODUCING A SYNTHETIC EVATECH H POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN
AGGREGATE FOR THE TOP LAYERS OF FOR HOT ROLLED ASPHALT
TRAFFIC SURFACES Total Bitumen
Fuelling R; Kaemereit W The advantages are discussed of the use of Evatech H in
Mannesmann AG road surfacing projects. It consists of a specially developed
The aggregate contains a substance, which inhibits the binder of bitumen and EVA, which produces a road
formation of ice, and is formed of a hardening mineral surface capable of being laid in a wider range of climatic
mixture, which is broken down to the required particle conditions, and offering more than double the resistance
size and, if necessary, graded. A granular material to permanent deformation than equivalent mixes made
with significantly improved stability is made from a with unmodiÀed bitumen.
mixture comprising a Àrst component containing Ànely EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
particulate alkaline-earth oxides and/or hydroxides and a
second component containing alkaline-earth chlorides in Accession no.544007
aqueous solution, the weight ratio of the Àrst and second
components being in the range of 5:1 to 1:1. Item 322
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Patent Number: US 5330569 A 19940719
WESTERN EUROPE
INDUSTRIAL ASPHALTS
Accession no.544680 McGinnis E L; Goodrich J E
Chevron Research & Technology Co.
Item 319 These may be produced by mixing together without
Patent Number: US 5334641 A 19940802 air-blowing (a) a feed material comprising a bituminous
RUBBER ASPHALT MIX material having a viscosity of at least 50 centistokes at
Rouse M W 350F, the feed material forming a single phase when mixed
A rubber modiÀed asphalt for use as a paving compound with 5% of 85% phosphoric acid, and (b) from about 0.1
is formed by reacting very Àne ground particulate rubber to 20.0 wt.% of phosphoric acid. Mixing is carried out
with paving grade asphalt and mixing the combination at at a temp. in the range of 351 to 600F, giving rise to an
between 300F and 400F. The resulting mixture reacts fully increase of the softening point of the feed and a decrease
within 25 minutes or less to form a freely pouring mixture; in penetration.
the reacted mixture can be held at normal asphalt working USA
temperatures for at least 96 hours without degradation. Accession no.542976
USA
Accession no.544424 Item 323
Patent Number: EP 639630 A1 19950222
Item 320 PROCESS FOR STABILISING BITUMEN-
Crowthorne, 1994, pp.7. 12ins. 22/11/94. Project POLYMER BLENDS
Rept.109. 42D11C21-62(12)-6R1-9522T Italia P
EVATECH H POLYMER-MODIFIED BITUMEN Agip Petroli SpA
Nicholls J C The blends are treated in an inert environment at a
Transport Research Laboratory temp. in the range of from 210 to 240C and for from 1
A test programme was developed in order to assess the to 4 h with a vinyl aromatic compound. The bitumen is
properties of Evatech-H bituminous binder modiÀed with selected from bitumens containing resins, asphaltenes,

98 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

aromatics and saturated species, which comply with the Item 327
condition Z greater than 5, Z being deÀned by a speciÀed Patent Number: US 5322867 A 19940621
expression. ASPHALT AMINE FUNCTIONALISED
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; POLYMER COMPOSITION
WESTERN EUROPE Kluttz R Q
Accession no.542960 Shell Oil Co.
The composition comprises a bituminous component,
Item 324 a polymer which comprises at least one block of a
Patent Number: US 5328943 A 19940712 conjugated dioleÀn and at least one block of an acrylic
ASPHALT COMPOSITIONS FOR PAVEMENT monomer such as an alkyl methacrylate, and from 0.001-1
Isobe M; Aizawa Y pbw of a polyfunctional amine having at least two amino
Nippon Oil Co.Ltd. groups. An acid or anhydride functionalised conjugated
diene block copolymer may be used in place of the acrylic
These comprise an asphalt of natural or petroleum origin, a
monomer polymer.
thermoplastic elastomer and/or a styrene-butadiene rubber
USA
and a low molec.wt. PP. These components are premixed
or plant-mixed to form a reformed asphalt, which is mixed Accession no.540595
with an aggregate to produce a road paving material having
increased compression strength, increased low temperature Item 328
viscosity and decreased high temperature viscosity. Patent Number: WO 9414896 A1 19940707
JAPAN TREATMENT OF RUBBER TO FORM
Accession no.542865 BITUMINOUS COMPOSITIONS
Liang Z; Woodhams R T
Toronto,University,Innovations Foundation; Polyphalt
Item 325 Inc.
Patent Number: WO 9416019 A1 19940721
OXIDISED ASPHALT RUBBER SYSTEM Rubber, particularly crumb rubber from the recycling
Trumbore D C; Franzen M R; Wilkinson C R of tyres, is processed to effect partial or high levels of
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. dissociation of rubber vulcanisate network, in particular
to form bituminous compositions in which the treated
The present invention provides an elastomeric-asphalt rubber, carbon black and other additives released are stably
composition which does not phase separate and which dispersed. Bitumen, hydrocarbon oil and liquid rubber are
is compatible at high temperature. This material can be used to effect penetration, swelling and compatibilisation
produced without the need to use high shear milling of the rubber particles, following which thermal energy
equipment, and is not limited by the tendency of other and mechanical energy are applied to initiate breakdown
elastomer polymers to be incompatible with asphalt nor of the vulcanised structure of the rubber particles and
does the composition separate into a polymer-rich phase the formation of at least partially dissociated rubber
and an asphalt-rich phase. In a preferred embodiment, vulcanisate network. Such treated rubber may be further
the elastomeric materials are SBS and SIS block reacted and combined for employment in the production
copolymers. of stabilised polymer modiÀed bitumen composition.
USA CANADA
Accession no.541745 Accession no.536698

Item 326 Item 329

Patent Number: US 5324758 A 19940628 Patent Number: US 5314935 A 19940524
VIBRATION DAMPING MATERIAL OF BITUMEN/POLYMER COMPONENT MAKING
ASPHALT CEMENT IT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN BITUMEN/POLYMER
Takahashi M; Soga Y; Iatagaki K; Fujita Y; Nakamura Y COMPOSITIONS WITH VERY LOW THERMAL
Showa Shell Sekiyu KK; Shimizu Construction Co.Ltd. SENSITIVITY, CAPABLE OF BEING EMPLOYED
The composition described comprises (a) 60-90 pbw of FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SURFACINGS
asphalt cement, (b) 10-30 pbw of thermoplastic rubber, Chaverot P; Lacour C
and (c) 0-20 pbw of a tackiÀer. The total of (a), (b) and (c) Elf Antar France
is 100 pbw. Penetration of the vibration damping material A bitumen/polymer component of the type consisting
falls in the range 35 to 140. of a hydrocarbon matrix is provided in which a sulphur-
JAPAN crosslinked elastomer is distributed homogeneously in a
Accession no.541008 quantity such that it represents 5 to 20 wt.% of the bitumen/
polymer component. The component exhibits a penetration,
determined according to NF standard T66004, and a ball-

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 99

 References and Abstracts

and-ring softening temperature, determined according to Item 333

NF standard T66008, such that the Pfeiffer number, which Patent Number: US 5308898 A 19940503
links these quantities, assumes values greater than 5 in the BITUMINOUS COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING
case of the bitumen/polymer component. RESIDUES OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WITH POLYURETHANE FOAMS AND
WESTERN EUROPE THERMOSET RESIN, ETC.
Accession no.536262 Dawans F
Institut Francais du Petrole
Item 330 This invention relates to bituminous compositions obtained
Patent Number: US 5278207 A 19940111 by the incorporation of thermoplastic polymer residues,
ASPHALT AMINE FUNCTIONALISED particularly sterile car waste, containing polyurethane
POLYMER COMPOSITION foams and thermoset resins, as well as their preparation
Kluttz R Q process. The process consists of mixing previously ground
Shell Oil Co. polymer residues, so as to obtain an average particle size
A composition is disclosed comprising a bituminous below 10 mm with melted asphalt or bitumen. The mixture
component, a polymer which comprises at least one block is stirred at a temperature between 150C and 300C, the
of a conjugated dioleÀn and at least one block of an acrylic presence of ground polyurethane foam and thermoset
monomer such as an alkyl methacrylate and from 0.001 to resin particles helping to increase the dissolving rate of
1 pbw of a polyfunctional amine having at least two amino the polymers. A catalyst and/or a reagent aiding a coupling
groups. An acid or anhydride functionalised conjugated reaction between the polymers and certain constituents of
diene block copolymer may be used in place of the acrylic the bitumen or asphalt may also be added, which gives
monomer polymer. the Ànal bituminous mixture improved properties. The
USA bituminous compositions can be used for coating solid
materials.
Accession no.535684
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Item 331 Accession no.535354
Patent Number: EP 618275 A1 19941005
POLYMER-MODIFIED SULPHONATED
ASPHALT COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF Item 334
PREPARATION Scrap Tire News
Gorbaty M L; Peiffer D G; McHugh D J 8, No.11, Nov.1994, p.14
Exxon Research & Engineering Co. CRYOGENICALLY GROUND RUBBER FOR
ASPHALT
The composition is a blend of an asphalt which contains
sulphonate or sulphonic acid groups, a sulphonated It is brieÁy reported that the growing use of tyre rubber
polymer, preferably butyl rubber, a styrene-butadiene in asphalt applications in recent years has generated an
linear diblock polymer, a styrene-butadiene-styrene increasing number of questions about the performance of
linear or radial triblock polymer or EPDM, and a basic cryogenically ground whole tyre rubber versus ambiently
neutralising agent. ground rubber. The Florida Department of Transportation
USA has prohibited the use of cryogenically ground rubber in
Accession no.535394 its speciÀcations for use of ground tyre rubber in asphalt
pavements in the state. This decision was taken partly as a
result of information contained in a University of Florida
Item 332
report “Evaluation of Ground Tyre Rubber in Asphalt
Patent Number: EP 618274 A1 19941005
Concrete”.
POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT
COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF FLORIDA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION
USA
PREPARATION
Gorbaty M L; Nahas N C Accession no.534931
Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
The composition contains neutralised mixtures of oxidised Item 335
asphalt and a sulphonated polymer, such as sulphonated Tire Business
EPDM, sulphonated SBR or acrylic acid terpolymer, in an 12, No.12, 19th Sept. 1994, p.17
amount effective to allow the formation of one continuous ATR DEVELOPS ADDITIVE TO IMPROVE
phase or two interdispersed phases that do not segregate ASPHALT
on standing at elevated temperatures. Moore M
USA It is reported that American Tire Reclamation Inc. of
Accession no.535392 Detroit has developed an additive from carbon black and

100 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

oil, which improves the performance of modiÀed asphalt. The benefits obtained from the addition of small
Full details are provided of “ATR-33”, and also of its quantities of chlorinated polyoleÀns to paving grade
market demand resulting from recycled tyre utilisation asphalt binders were investigated. A chlorinated
legislation. polyethylene plastomer (Tyrin 2552), and a chlorinated
AMERICAN TIRE RECLAMATION INC.; olefinic elastomer (Tyrin CM0730) were added to
RUBBER PAVEMENTS ASSN.; NORTH asphalt binders at 3 and 5 wt.% and subsequently
CAROLINA,DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION reactively processed to facilitate compatibilisation. The
USA mixtures were analysed for rheological performance
Accession no.531383 relating to fatigue and rutting as well as low-temperature
fracture performance. The addition of small quantities
of these polymers to the asphalt binders resulted in
Item 336 signiÀcant improvements over conventional modiÀers
Rubber and Plastics News at both the high and low temperature extremes. Results
24, No.3, 12th Sept.1994, p.5 are included for samples containing recycled PE stretch
ROADWORK FIRM DEVELOPS ASPHALT wrap, ground rubber tyres, and commercial styrene-
MODIFIER butadiene copolymer. 26 refs.
Moore M CANADA
American Tire Reclamation Inc., a Detroit tyre pyrolysis Accession no.531084
firm, is to build a new plant to produce its newly
developed asphalt modiÀcation technology. The article
Item 339
supplies details of ATR33 - a refined version of the
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
carbon black and oil produced by pyrolysis. Adding it to
67, No.3, July/Aug.1994, p.447-80
asphalt improves the material’s resistance to ageing and
POLYMER MODIFICATION OF PAVING
rutting. The technology may provide an alternative way
ASPHALT BINDERS
of meeting planned legislation on the inclusion of waste
Lewandowski L H
tyre products in road surfaces, rather than incorporation
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
of rubber crumb.
AMERICAN TIRE RECLAMATION INC. A review is given of the use of polymer modiÀers in dense-
USA graded hot-mix asphalt concrete pavement applications.
Accession no.531298 Emphasis is given to methods used to characterise the
compatibility, rheology, and mechanical properties of the
binders. 103 refs.
Item 337 USA
MRS Bulletin Accession no.530561
19, No.9, Sept.1994, p.14
STRONG, EROSION-RESISTANT CONCRETE
CAN USE RECYCLED POLYSTYRENE Item 340
Patent Number: US 5306750 A 19940426
Brief details are presented on the development of a POLYMER AND ASPHALT REACTION
stronger, more chemically resistant concrete by Oak PROCESS AND THERMOPLASTIC EPOXIDE-
Ridge National Laboratory. The concrete is reported to CONTAINING POLYMER-LINKED ASPHALT
contain recycled PS and applications are said to include PRODUCT
construction of sturdier, lighter weight bridges, to improve Goodrich J L; Statz R J
durability of road surfaces, and containment of toxic Chevron Research & Technology Co.; DuPont de
wastes. The concrete is also said to be under consideration Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc.
as a protective coating for the New York City piers to
protect them from erosion by seawater. The above product is particularly useful in road paving
and rooÀng applications.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
USA USA

Accession no.531238 Accession no.530279

Item 341
Item 338
Scrap Tire News
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
8, No.10, Oct.1994, p.18
54, No.2, 10th Oct.1994, p.231-40
PAVER INCREASES ASPHALT RUBBER USE
CHLORINATED POLYOLEFINS FOR ASPHALT
BINDER MODIFICATION It is reported that FnF Construction Inc. of the USA
Morrison G R; Lee J K; Hesp S A M is aggressively pursuing the crumb rubber modified
Queen’s University at Kingston asphalt paving market. Recent projects are mentioned.

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 101

 References and Abstracts

The company’s mixing process and units are briefly Item 345
described. Patent Number: WO 9410247 A1 19940511
FNF CONSTRUCTION INC.; CEI ENTERPRISES BITUMEN EMULSION, ITS PREPARATION
USA AND USE AND BREAKING ADDITIVE FOR USE
Accession no.529606 THEREIN
Redelius P G; Uhlback P; James A D; Stewart D;
Gastmans A C C
Item 342 Nynas Petroleum AB
Rheologica Acta
33, No.4, July/Aug.1994, p.344-54 The emulsion, which is of the anionic or cationic type,
FRACTIONAL COMPLEX MODULUS includes a breaking additive, which comprises a suspension
MANIFESTED IN ASPHALTS of a breaking solid in oil. The bitumen emulsion may be
Stastna J; Zanzotto L; Ho K used in road building, road maintenance, recycling of old
Novacor Research & Technology Corp. asphalt pavings and construction work.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Regular and polymer-modiÀed asphalts were studied via
fractional relaxation processes. Basic properties of this Accession no.524061
complex modulus and the forms of generated constitutive
equations were studied. Relaxation times of the model Item 346
were related via a pseudospectrum to the phase angle Patent Number: US 5277710 A 19940111
lag. 21 refs. METHOD OF PROCESSING AN ASPHALT
CANADA MIXTURE
Accession no.528302 Aho S
This invention concerns a method of processing an
Item 343 asphalt mixture which comprises mineral aggregate and/
Patent Number: WO 9411443 A1 19940526 or recycled crushed asphalt and to which bitumen-based
ASPHALT AMINE FUNCTIONALISED binding material has optionally been added. The mineral
POLYMER COMPOSITION aggregate or crushed asphalt or a mixture thereof that
Kluttz R Q has been disposed of in hoppers is heated by leading a
Shell Internationale Research Mij BV heated gas that contains vapour, such as superheated water
vapour, thereto.
A bituminous composition comprises a bituminous FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
component, a polymer comprising at least one block of
a conjugated dioleÀn and at least one block of an acrylic Accession no.523260
monomer, such as an alkyl methacrylate, and from 0.001 to
1 pbw of a polyfunctional amine having at least two amino Item 347
groups. An acid or anhydride functionalised conjugated Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
diene block copolymer may be used in place of the acrylic Vol.218, May 1994, p.171-82
monomer polymer. KINETICS STUDIES ON THE FREE RADICAL
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; POLYMERISATION OF STYRENE IN THE
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE PRESENCE OF ASPHALTS
Accession no.527695 Milczarska T; Szafko J
Warsaw,Technical University; Szczecin,Technical
University
Item 344
Patent Number: US 5302638 A 19940412 A study was made of the free radical polymerisation of
ASPHALT/O-MODIFIED PE BLEND FOR styrene in bulk at 60C initiated with AIBN in the presence
PAVING of hydroxytetramethylpiperidineoxyl and two types of
Ho K; Zanzotto L petroleum asphalts. The differences between the kinetic
Husky Oil Operations Ltd. behaviour of asphalts in comparison with stable free
radicals are discussed. 21 refs.
The blend contains PE, which has been modiÀed by shearing
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
action in the presence of an O-containing gas, such as
oxygen or ozone, and has improved viscosity at high temps Accession no.517598
and reduced stiffness at low temperatures. Paving mixtures
obtained therefrom have improved Marshall Test Value Item 348
(ASTM D1559), indicating that they should have a reduced Annals of Occupational Hygiene
tendency to become rutted under trafÀc loads. 38, No.3, June 1994, p.257-64
CANADA EXPOSURE TO LOW MOLECULAR
Accession no.526301 POLYAMINES DURING ROAD PAVING

102 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Levin J O; Andersson K; Hallgren C volume of the asphalt phase and the similarity in contact
Sweden,National Institute of Occupational Health energy between stabiliser and matrix phase, it was assumed
that the stabilisation was caused by entropic effects only.
Fatty amine wetting agents are used to increase adhesion
The fundamental aspects of elastic stabilisation of PE-
in bitumen emulsion used in road paving, but commercial
asphalt emulsions were examined. The total interaction
products are contaminated with low molecular weight
free energy proÀle between the PE particles showed that
polyamines and alkanol polyamines which are released
the efÀciency of the steric stabiliser formation reaction
from the hot bitumen during paving, causing eye and
could be improved signiÀcantly. The use of devulcanised
respiratory tract irritation and skin sensitisation. The
rubber tyre as a replacement for the virgin polybutadiene
exposure of road pavers to ethylene diamine, diethylene
precursor in the in-situ stabilisation process could
triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine,
signiÀcantly reduce the cost of the technology. 22 refs.
hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine, hydroxyethyl diethylene
CANADA
triamine, monoethanolamine and diethanolamine was
studied. A highly sensitive measurement technique using Accession no.512937
naphthylisothiocyanate-coated sorbents and Àlters was
used. 14 refs. Item 351
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE 145th Meeting, Spring 1994. Conference Proceedings.
Accession no.517165 Chicago, Il., 19th-22nd April 1994, Paper 26, pp.19. 012
APPLICATION OF CRUMB RUBBER
MODIFIERS (CRM) IN ASPHALTIC MATERIALS
Item 349 Rouse M W
Patent Number: US 5290833 A 19940301 Rouse Rubber Industries Inc.
AGGREGATE OF ASPHALT AND FILLER (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Schmanski D W
Carsonite International Corp. The application of crumb rubber from scrap tyres in
asphalt road surfacing compositions is reviewed. Test
An asphalt pavement material comprises an aggregate methods for asphalt binders and mixtures are examined,
mixture of asphalt, gravel, sand and a pelletised composite and the impact of US legislation on future developments
of recycled rubber and thermoplastic material. The is discussed. 26 refs.
composite has a uniform size, smaller than the gravel
US,FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
and larger than the sand and is conÀgured to Àt within USA
interstitial voids between the gravel. SufÀcient pelletised
Accession no.511432
composite is added to the asphalt pavement and mineral
aggregate mixture (replacing mineral aggregate of
comparable size) to substantially Àll void spaces between Item 352
the gravel. Tire Business
USA 11, No.22, 21st Feb.1994, p.9/21
Accession no.513170 ARIZONA SOLD ON RUBBER-MODIFIED
ASPHALT
Moore M
Item 350
This article outlines the growth and success of the use
Colloid and Polymer Science
of rubberised asphalt for roads and paving material in
272, No.4, April 1994, p.375-84
Arizona. Congress has cut off funding for the promotion
ELASTIC STERIC STABILISATION OF
and enforcement of a provision in a 1991 highway law
POLYETHYLENE-ASPHALT EMULSIONS
that requires states to use rubberised asphalt, but Arizona
BY USING LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT
plans continued use of the material. The article supplies
POLYBUTADIENE AND DEVULCANISED
full details of the advantages of rubberised asphalt as
RUBBER TYRE
paving material.
Morrison G R; Hedmark H; Hesp S A M
Queen’s University at Kingston INTERNATIONAL SURFACINGS INC.; FNF
CONSTRUCTION
Emulsions containing 3% PE were stabilised against USA
coalescence in an asphalt medium by low molec.wt. virgin Accession no.511222
polybutadiene and recycled styrene-butadiene stabilisers.
The recycled styrene-butadiene steric stabiliser precursor
was obtained as a thermomechanical devulcanised ground
rubber tyre in asphalt. The low molec.wt. butadiene and
styrene-butadiene rubbers were in-situ-reacted with
sulphur in order to increase the compatibility of the
stabiliser with the asphalt phase. Because of the high molar

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 103

 References and Abstracts

Item 353 Item 356

Patent Number: US 5284887 A 19940208 Scrap Tire News
COMPOSITION FOR COATING CONCRETE 8, No.1, Jan.1994, p.4-5
ASPHALT SUBSTRATES, SUCH AS HIGHWAYS, RUBBERISED ASPHALT IS A WINNER FOR
LANDING STRIPS OF AIRFIELDS AND THE FLORIDA
LIKE
The Florida Department of Transport’s Materials OfÀce
Lavy A; Margulis Y
has been researching the addition of recycled rubber to
Aldema Ltd.
asphalt pavements. As a result of this research, it has been
The composition comprises an acryl- or styrene-type determined that ground tyre rubber would have two major
monomer, bitumen, a mineral particulate Àller and a UV beneÀts in highway construction - in the prevention of the
protective agent. It forms an uppermost protective layer and spread of cracking and in the improvement of durability
penetrates to a certain small depth, resulting in improved and reduction in pavement wear. From January 1994, the
resistance to mechanical stress and surface abrasion as Department will include ground tyre rubber speciÀcations
well as against deterioration by solar radiation. in its construction contracts. Details are given.
ISRAEL FLORIDA,DEPT.OF TRANSPORTATION
Accession no.508287 USA
Accession no.504173
Item 354
Photocopy (New Civil Engineer,1994, 3 March,16-17), Item 357
pp.2. 12ins. 9/3/94. 62(12)-6R1 Patent Number: EP 579512 A1 19940119
RIGHT ON TARGET STORAGE STABLE POLYMER MODIFIED
Parker D ASPHALT PAVING BINDER
Bardet J G; Gorbaty M L; Nahas N C
The effective use of Shell Bitumen’s Cariphalte DM as a
Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
resurfacing material in a military application is described.
The polymer-modiÀed bitumen was selected by the Royal These binders, which have reduced binder runoff and high
Armoured Corps Gunnery School to resurface the Àring temperature viscosity, are made by adding a copolymer
pads which are put under severe stress from the shock of of ethylene with an alkyl acrylate, preferably methyl
the recoil from tank guns and also scraping and abrasion acrylate, or vinyl acetate and a neutralised sulphonated
from hard rubber tracks as the tanks manoeuvre into polymer, preferably a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene
Àring position. The army required a system which would and a diene, to asphalt.
be operational within 5 days and Àt into a tight Ànancial USA
budget. Cariphalte DM contains 7% SBS, and has a pen Accession no.503089
of 90+ or -20. The beneÀts of its extra binder Áexibility
are discussed.
Item 358
SHELL BITUMEN (UK) LTD.; TARMAC
Patent Number: EP 578057 A2 19940112
ROADSTONE LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
AGGREGATE TREATMENT
Dunning R L; Schulz G O
Accession no.508235 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Aggregate that is resistant to stripping by water and is
Item 355
useful for making asphalt concrete is produced by mixing
Patent Number: US 5284509 A 19940208
with latex, heating the mixture to a temp. of from 66 to
METHOD FOR PRODUCING SUPERIOR
232C and maintaining the mixture at this elevated temp.
QUALITY PAVING ASPHALT AND PRODUCT
for a time to reduce the moisture content to below about
PREPARED THEREFROM
0.7 wt.% and allow the polymer in the latex to crosslink.
Kamel N I; Miller L J
USA
Petro-Canada Inc.
Accession no.503014
The asphalt cement is prepared by catalytically oxidising a
high quality paving asphalt precursor, a low quality paving
asphalt precursor, a non-paving asphalt precursor or a
mixture thereof to form a cement, which is then mixed with
one or more of a high quality paving asphalt precursor, a
low quality paving asphalt precursor, a non-paving asphalt
precursor or a mixture thereof.
CANADA
Accession no.507742

104 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 Subject Index

Subject Index
1,3-BUTADIENE, 174 ALPHA-OLEFIN, 73 129 343
ALTERNATING COPOLYMER, BLOWING AGENT, 171
249 BLOWN ASPHALT, 162
A ALTERNATING POLYMER, 249 BOND ENERGY, 117
ABRASION, 204 ALUMINIUM STEARATE, 181 BOND STRENGTH, 197 272 275
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 122 266 BONDING, 4 23 110 272 307
151 217 225 231 258 276 320 AMBIENT CURING, 276 BOTTLES, 2
353 354 AMBIENT GRINDING, 117 167 BREAKING ADDITIVE, 103 345
ABS, 70 229 219 BREAKING POINT, 10 250
ACCELERATED AGEING, 17 AMINE, 116 241 281 327 330 343 BRITTLENESS, 17 46
ACCELERATOR, 19 192 AMINE POLYMER, 132 224 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY, 129
ACETOPHENONE, 198 AMINO GROUP, 281 327 330 343 BUFFING, 351
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES, 24 ANIONIC BULK DENSITY, 148
ACRYLAMIDE TERPOLYMER, COPOLYMERISATION, 249 BULK POLYMERISATION, 347
205 ANIONIC POLYMERISATION, 41 BULK PROPERTIES, 183
ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, ANNEALING, 147 BUTADIENE, 10 14 41 123 125
77 206 317 332 ANTHRACITE, 275 174 229 339
ACRYLIC COMPOUND, 330 ANTI-SCORCH AGENT, 270 BUTADIENE COPOLYMER, 26
ACRYLIC POLYMER, 77 353 ANTI-SLIP PROPERTIES, 122 158 182 183 298
ACRYLIC RESIN, 353 ANTI-STRIPPABILITY, 106 BUTADIENE POLYMER, 10 14
ACTIVATION ENERGY, 60 63 ANTI-STRIPPING AGENT, 126 41 123 125 229
194 250 155 220 241 BUTADIENE TERPOLYMER, 196
ADDITIVE, 22 23 32 95 103 118 ANTIFOULING, 153 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE
126 139 155 156 192 207 218 APPARENT VISCOSITY, 105 COPOLYMER, 229
232 236 249 258 267 328 335 AQUAPLANING RESISTANCE, BUTADIENE-STYRENE
350 151 COPOLYMER, 5 14 57 64 66
ADHESION, 11 31 130 132 151 AQUEOUS EMULSION, 152 301 70 79 82 105 110 114 174 175
155 166 186 197 206 225 231 AQUEOUS PHASE, 103 189 196 197 215 217 218 222
262 272 276 ARTIFICIAL AGEING, 119 242 252 277 279 297 305 313
ADHESION PROMOTER, 155 166 ARTIFICIAL REEF, 9 315 317 324 332 338 339 350
206 348 ASPHALT CEMENT, 115 232 259 BUTADIENE-STYRENE
AGEING, 1 17 18 29 44 64 70 92 267 290 291 326 RUBBER, 10 110
108 119 177 190 218 219 232 ASPHALTENE, 70 71 76 77 133 BUTENE COPOLYMER, 121 212
250 183 212 221 323 338 242
AGEING RESISTANCE, 168 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, BUTYL ACRYLATE
AGGLOMERATION, 91 279 34 214 COPOLYMER, 108 241
AGGREGATE, 51 72 87 102 106 AZOBISISOBUTYRONITRILE, BUTYL RUBBER, 313 331
114 115 126 127 130 134 140 347 BUTYLENE COPOLYMER, 121
144 155 166 175 197 203 206 212 242
216 219 220 225 232 234 239
275 277 278 280 287 291 295 B
306 307 318 324 346 349 358 BATCH MIXING, 58 251
C
AIR CONTENT, 232 BENZENE, 86 CALCIUM CARBONATE, 110
AIR DRYING, 276 BENZOQUINONE, 111 219 294
AIR PRESSURE, 259 BINDING, 16 CALCIUM CHLORIDE, 127
AIR SUPPLY, 259 BITUMINOUS COMPOUND, 32 CALCIUM HALIDE, 127
ALKENE COPOLYMER, 98 212 103 116 161 210 238 327 330 CAPILLARY NUMBER, 183
ALKENE POLYMER, 70 73 87 BLEEDING, 79 CARBON BLACK, 27 48 88 156
96 97 101 112 120 129 147 194 BLENDING, 19 85 171 217 309 190 207 213 218 328 335 336
195 196 212 230 244 BLOCK COPOLYMER, 70 76 84 CARBONATE POLYMER, 39
ALKYL HYDROXIDE, 126 100 102 114 121 148 151 179 CARBONYL COMPOUND, 116
ALKYL LITHIUM, 249 182 183 186 238 249 270 286 CARBONYL GROUP, 29
ALKYL METHACRYLATE 292 296 300 305 315 325 331 CARBOXY GROUP, 87 120
COPOLYMER, 327 330

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 105

 Subject Index

CARBOXYL GROUP, 87 120 280 185 187 188 202 205 227 233 234 257 258 268 269 277 303
CARBOXYLIC ACID, 126 243 256 272 282 284 287 307 304 314 328 335 336 341 351
CARBOXYLIC ESTER, 160 329 330 333 346 349 352
CARBOXYLIC GROUP, 160 COMPRESSION PROPERTIES, CRYOGENIC GRINDING, 117
CELLULAR MATERIAL, 33 285 53 61 169 232 219 334 351
CELLULOSE, 278 COMPRESSION SET, 267 CRYSTALLINITY, 147
CELLULOSE ETHER, 169 COMPRESSION STRENGTH, 169 CUMYL PHENOL, 198
CELLULOSE FIBRE, 294 267 324 CURE RATE, 63 218
CEMENT, 53 61 82 83 111 115 124 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, 53 CURE TIME, 267 276 281
125 134 140 154 177 183 184 61 CURING, 63 267 280 297
203 205 232 259 276 279 326 COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS, CURING AGENT, 38 74 96 97 117
CERTIFICATION, 186 232 175 246 301
CHAIN TERMINATION, 249 COMPUTER AIDED TESTING, CURING REACTION, 63
CHAIN TRANSFER, 249 219 CURING TEMPERATURE, 38 63
CHAR, 218 CONCRETE, 4 7 25 53 72 82 102 270 267
CHARACTERISATION, 17 19 20 127 169 186 188 196 203 219 CYCLIC LOADING, 273
47 53 119 159 223 243 244 228 232 234 247 264 267 273
CHEMICAL BONDING, 89 195 291 337 341 353 358
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 191 CONDENSATION D
212 POLYMERISATION, 87 DAMAGE, 4 95 272 275
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 149 CONJUGATED POLYMER, 112 DAMP-PROOFING, 186
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 26 CONSTANT LOADING, 219 DEBONDING, 275
59 79 173 215 242 249 251 CONSTRUCTION, 4 11 23 84 103 DECKING, 4 11
CHEMICAL PLANT, 25 34 37 269 DECOMPOSITION RATE, 49
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 122 CONTACT ANGLE, 166 DECOMPOSITION
CHEMICAL REAGENT, 5 76 86 CONTAMINATION, 291 348 TEMPERATURE, 31
242 342 CONTROL SYSTEM, 103 DEFLECTION, 23 219
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 95 COPOLYMER, 84 95 157 DEFORMATION, 22 46 79 218
122 267 337 COPOLYMER COMPOSITION, 232 245 272 351
CHEMICAL STABILITY, 233 63 249 DEFORMATION RESISTANCE,
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 1 12 COPOLYMERISATION, 182 249 231 320
19 41 63 93 155 249 CORROSION RESISTANCE, 4 DEGRADATION, 1 17 18 29 38
CHLORIDE, 318 122 44 64 70 84 92 108 119 177 190
CHLORINATED PE, 338 COST ANALYSIS, 117 167 217 218 219 232
CHLORINATED POLYOLEFIN, COTTON, 272 DEGREE OF DISPERSION, 85
338 COUPLING AGENT, 182 104
CHLOROPRENE POLYMER, 200 CRACK LENGTH, 219 DEGREE OF POLYMERISATION,
229 CRACK PROPAGATION, 273 293 324 348 350
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 1 29 92 CRACK RESISTANCE, 3 11 37 61 DEICING, 275
108 119 159 242 107 117 154 167 168 184 216 DEMULSIFIER, 76
CLAY, 134 156 219 231 232 260 309 DENSIFICATION, 232
COAL, 275 CRACK TIP, 59 DENSITY, 27 218 272
COAL TAR, 200 229 CRACKING, 11 82 170 218 219 DEPOLYMERISATION, 21
COHESION, 151 232 267 272 273 351 DESIGN, 94 177 186 219
COHESIVE STRENGTH, 231 CREEP, 89 92 108 170 219 232 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS, 219
COLD FLOW, 249 CRITICAL SOLUTION DEVULCANISATION, 9 219 350
COLOPHONY, 281 TEMPERATURE, 49 DIBENZOYL PEROXIDE, 276
COLOUR, 122 CROSSLINK DENSITY, 60 DIBLOCK COPOLYMER, 183 249
COMBUSTION, 237 312 CROSSLINKING, 35 57 81 96 97 305 331
COMMERCIAL INFORMATION, 98 106 111 183 249 270 329 DIENE COPOLYMER, 98 148 154
4 34 143 149 168 309 336 358 179 184 235 238 260 271 300
COMMINUTION, 268 CROSSLINKING AGENT, 38 74 327 343
COMPACTION, 232 272 280 96 117 175 246 261 DIENE POLYMER, 235 350
COMPATIBILISER, 14 27 71 117 CRUDE OIL, 76 DIETHANOLAMINE, 348
162 179 185 300 CRUMB RUBBER, 9 18 23 25 36 DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE, 348
COMPLEX MODULUS, 32 191 37 43 46 51 53 55 59 61 65 66 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING
COMPOSITE, 24 28 46 84 90 96 80 94 136 137 138 140 164 165 CALORIMETRY, 20 70 71 77
97 107 143 157 168 178 182 176 177 180 189 199 219 232 147 183 212 242 251

106 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 Subject Index

DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL DYNAMIC VULCANISATION, EPOXIDE RESIN, 89

ANALYSIS, 20 70 71 77 147 47 52 63 113 183 EPOXY GROUP, 89 120 179 224
183 212 242 251 300
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 267 EPOXY RESIN, 89 226
272 E EROSION CONTROL, 337
DIMER, 21 E-MODULUS, 53 ESCA, 190
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 31 ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 4 9 ETHANOLAMINE, 348
DIOLEFIN COPOLYMER, 98 148 16 53 55 58 61 143 164 167 168 ETHENE COPOLYMER, 6 26 77
154 179 184 235 238 260 327 213 231 108 121 212 241 242
DIOLEFIN POLYMER, 91 EDGE CRACK, 218 ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOL, 181
DIOLEFIN TERPOLYMER, 205 ELASTIC MODULUS, 53 266
DIOXIME, 111 ELASTIC PROPERTIES, 13 41 60 ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 6 26
DIPHENYLMETHANE 65 75 110 159 183 194 207 232 77 108 121 212 241 242 266
DIISOCYANATE, 267 ELASTIC RECOVERY, 11 57 125 315 357
DISPERSED PHASE, 151 183 194 174 ETHYLENE DIAMINE, 348
195 332 ELASTICITY, 11 16 24 46 85 102 ETHYLENE POLYMER, 8 10 13
DISPERSING AGENT, 104 117 151 231 232 267 287 309 350 32 38 47 56 101 189 194 250
181 266 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 28 339
DISPERSION, 22 74 81 95 107 179 196 ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE,
183 195 207 219 351 ELECTRON SCANNING 21
DISPERSION STABILITY, 128 MICROSCOPY, 28 196 ETHYLENE TERPOLYMER, 159
DISPERSIVITY, 85 104 266 ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 149 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
DISULFIDE, 160 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 19 222 COPOLYMER, 181 266
DIVINYL BENZENE, 125 174 242 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-
DOSE RATE, 61 ELONGATION, 22 186 218 249 DIENE TERPOLYMER, 101
DRY MIX, 117 267 250 313 317 331 332 357
DRYING TIME, 272 ELONGATION AT BREAK, 221 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE
DUCTILITY, 12 29 48 53 82 125 272 COPOLYMER, 20 77 83 99 101
174 218 EMISSION, 51 86 99 348 108 150 157 302 320 321 357
DURABILITY, 11 37 61 117 128 EMULSIFICATION, 127 178 EXCLUSION
168 186 207 211 269 309 321 EMULSIFIER, 72 93 103 106 116 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 1 251
352 354 161 175 206 233 236 289 301 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, 219
DUST, 127 EMULSION, 71 76 80 82 93 95 EXPOSURE TIME, 232 348
DUST CONTROL, 81 103 109 121 139 152 156 161 EXTENDER, 232 234
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL 175 183 186 187 194 206 228 EXTENSOMETRY, 219
ANALYSIS, 28 29 108 119 170 233 236 239 272 288 289 297 EXTRUSION, 162 219 286
212 219 223 267 306 345 348 350
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ENCAPSULATION, 103 201
PROPERTIES, 32 60 68 194 END GROUP, 179 300
F
219 267 338 ENERGY ABSORPTION, 53 66 69 FABRIC, 153 272
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL 169 177 FABRICATION, 4 11
SPECTROSCOPY, 251 ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 211 FAILURE, 218 219 272 351
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 4 FATIGUE, 36 44 218 232 351
THERMAL ANALYSIS, 12 31 11 23 25 34 37 51 121 202 208 FATIGUE RESISTANCE, 4 338
70 77 147 209 246 282 335 341 FATTY ACID, 87 206 261
DYNAMIC MODULUS, 191 ENTROPY, 350 FATTY AMINE, 261 348
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 32 60 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD, FERRIC OXIDE, 166
68 194 219 291 FIBRES, 51 230 307
DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FIBRE LENGTH, 230 295
ANALYSIS, 27 219 LEGISLATION, 25 34 FIBRE ORIENTATION, 272
DYNAMIC THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL FIBRE-REINFORCED
ANALYSIS, 20 RESISTANCE, 53 CONCRETE, 264
DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING FIBRILLATION, 286 292
THERMOMECHANICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, FILAMENT, 153
ANALYSIS, 12 31 197 FILLER, 27 28 48 88 91 110 117
DYNAMIC VISCOELASTIC EPOXIDATION, 179 227 271 123 146 156 162 171 181 214
PROPERTIES, 20 EPOXIDE GROUP, 129 226 218 232 236 265 266 267 270
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, 267 EPOXIDE POLYMER, 226 340 294 328

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 107

 Subject Index

FILMS, 29 73 161 108 159 242 HOT MELT, 287

FILTER, 348 GEL TIME, 255 HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 41 73
FIRE, 25 GELATION, 255 249 305
FIRE HAZARD, 9 GELLING, 255 HYDRATED LIME, 115 294
FLAME RETARDANT, 265 GELS, 79 80 139 HYDROCARBON, 99 152
FLAMMABILITY, 265 312 GEOGRID, 145 153 208 209 245 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 28
FLEXIBILITY, 168 177 216 245 256 HYDROGENATION, 79 249
276 287 354 GEOTEXTILE, 145 153 208 209 HYDROXIDE, 318
FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 4 17 245 256 272 HYDROXYBENZENE, 198
53 59 70 77 85 89 92 169 177 GIRDER, 4 HYDROXYETHYL
191 219 245 273 344 GLASS, 34 166 203 DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE,
FLEXURAL STRENGTH, 273 GLASS FABRIC, 272 348
FLOCCULATION, 105 GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED HYDROXYETHYLETHYLENED
FLOORING, 33 186 203 233 340 PLASTIC, 90 IAMINE, 348
FLOW CHART, 218 GLASS TRANSITION HYDROXYL GROUP, 280
FLOW PROPERTIES, 82 TEMPERATURE, 49 70 71 117 HYDROXYPROPYL
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY, 147 170 194 251 METHACRYLATE
108 GLYCIDYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 154 184 260
FLUORESCENCE OPTICAL COPOLYMER, 241 HYDROXYTETRAMETHYLPIPE
MICROSCOPY, 77 147 GLYCIDYL GROUP, 315 RIDINOXYL, 347
FLUORESCENCE GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE
SPECTROSCOPY, 26 COPOLYMER, 241
FLUORINE, 95 GRAFT COPOLYMER, 70 266 I
FLY ASH, 162 267 GRANULATION, 141 188 341 ICE, 275 318
FOAM, 33 255 285 333 GRANULE, 37 72 188 254 278 318 IMAGE ANALYSIS, 219
FOAMING AGENT, 171 GRAVEL, 134 349 IMPACT PROPERTIES, 39 69 99
FOOTWEAR, 249 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 20 114 145 179 221
FORMULATION, 11 93 102 117 221 IMPACT RESISTANCE, 69 145
135 136 155 193 323 GREEN STRENGTH, 249 338
FOURIER TRANSFORM GRINDING, 35 37 117 167 219 IMPACT STRENGTH, 39 99 179
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 333 351 221 300
20 64 84 159 242 GROUND RUBBER, 3 22 102 117 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION,
FRACTIONATION, 82 128 219 259 290 334 351 158 175 322
FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 6 INFRARED SPECTRA, 1 19 20 29
13 27 52 56 60 78 90 108 183 119 339
194 196 197 212 219 304 338 H INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 1
FRACTURE RESISTANCE, 59 HARDNESS, 28 39 40 218 267 19 20 29 64 84 119 159 242 339
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, 78 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL, 51 INHIBITORS, 76
194 196 219 291 INJECTION MOULDING, 73
FREE RADICAL HAZARDOUS WASTE, 291 337 INSULATION, 33 231
POLYMERISATION, 347 HEALTH HAZARD, 51 204 348 INSULATION BOARD, 33
FREEZE-THAW STABILITY, 53 HEAT AGEING, 29 219 232 INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 166
FROST RESISTANCE, 308 HEAT BONDING, 171 307 INTERFACIAL BONDING, 22
FUEL, 9 218 HEAT DEGRADATION, 119 221 INTERFACIAL INTERACTION, 22
FUEL CONSUMPTION, 211 230 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES, 22
FUEL OIL, 218 HEAT INSULATION, 33 231 166
FUMES, 86 99 HEAT RESISTANCE, 6 33 42 56 INTERFACIAL TENSION, 76
FURFUROL, 39 63 151 221 INTERLAMINAR SHEAR, 272
HEAT STABILISER, 221 INTRINSIC VISCOSITY, 249
HEAT TREATMENT, 11 39 323 IONENE POLYMER, 77
G HEATING ELEMENT, 122 IONOMER, 77
GAS-PHASE, 235 HEAVY METAL, 312 IRON COMPOUND, 166
GASES, 235 344 HEAVY VEHICLE TYRE, 69 IRON NAPHTHENATE, 166
GASIFICATION, 9 HIGH DENSITY IRON OXIDE, 166
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY, 92 POLYETHYLENE, 10 250 IRRADIATION CROSSLINK, 249
159 HIGH IMPACT PS, 70 221 ISOBUTOXYMETHYL
GEL PERMEATION HOMOGENISATION, 31 91 179 ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER,
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 29 92 239 254 259 290 300 154 184 260

108 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 Subject Index

ISOCYANATE, 28 267 M MILITARY APPLICATION, 354

ISOCYANATE INDEX, 267 MINERAL ACID, 118
ISOCYANATE POLYMER, 123 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE MINERAL FIBRE, 294
ISOPRENE, 31 COPOLYMER, 6 26 181 266 MINERAL FILLER, 353
ISOPRENE COPOLYMER, 41 297 MALTENE, 71 212 MINERAL OIL, 126
325 MARINE APPLICATION, 4 9 MINERAL WOOL, 295
ISOPRENE POLYMER, 41 MASONRY, 186 MINING APPLICATION, 34
ISOPRENE-STYRENE MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 190 MODIFIED BITUMEN, 8 16 40 42
COPOLYMER, 215 MASTIC, 28 33 268 142 168 199 231 310 311
IZOD, 99 MASTICATION, 253 MODULUS, 32 183 218 267 272
MATERIALS SELECTION, 4 MOISTURE CONTENT, 106 267
MDI, 267 358
J MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING, MOISTURE REMOVAL, 267
JOINT SEALANT, 200 272 MOISTURE RESISTANCE, 23
JUTE, 272 MECHANICAL RECYCLING, 166
219 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 1
MECHANICAL STABILITY, 103 12 19 41 63 93 155 191 212 249
L 233 251
MELT FLOW INDEX, 86 MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 1 29 31
LANDFILL, 9 34 37 257 MELT INDEX, 86 76 82 125 148 182 198 249 293
LANGIVIN EQUATION, 63 MELT PROPERTIES, 22 324 348 350
LAP SHEAR STRENGTH, 197 MELT RHEOLOGY, 22 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE,
LASER EXTENSOMETER, 219 MELT SPINNING, 230 286 292
LASER SCANNING CONFOCAL MELT STABILITY, 22 MONOETHANOLAMINE, 348
OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 222 MELT TEMPERATURE, 301 MONOFILAMENTS, 153
LATEX, 16 45 58 105 106 156 186 MELT VISCOSITY, 22 71 301 MOONEY VISCOSITY, 117 154
197 206 217 220 233 239 279 MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 86 184 205 249 260
296 358 MELTING POINT, 117 147 267 MORPHOLOGICAL
LATICES, 16 45 58 105 106 156 293 PROPERTIES, 6 13 27 52 56
186 197 206 217 220 233 239 METAL ADHESION, 31 60 78 108 128 151 183 194 196
LECITHIN, 181 266 METAL HYDROXIDE, 280 197 212 249 250 251 268 338
LEGISLATION, 25 34 164 269 335 METAL OXIDE, 280 339 351
351 352 METAL SALT, 106 289 MORTAR, 276
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 167 METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, MOULDING, 219
LIGHT RESISTANCE, 353 343 MOULDING COMPOUND, 99
LIGHT SCATTERING, 82 METHACRYLIC ACID
LIGNIN, 206 COPOLYMER, 77 206
LIGNOCELLULOSE, 278 METHYL ACRYLATE N
LIME, 267 COPOLYMER, 357
LIMESTONE, 219 294 NAPHTHYLISOTHIOCYANATE,
METHYL FATTY ACID 348
LINEAR LOW DENSITY TAURATE, 261
POLYETHYLENE, 10 NATURAL POLYMER, 281
METHYL METHACRYLATE, 276 NATURAL RUBBER, 10 16 36 45
LIQUEFACTION, 178 METHYL STYRENE
LIQUID RUBBER, 328 55 58 80 100 217 229 232 339
COPOLYMER, 206 NEOALKOXY TRIDODECY
LITHIUM COMPOUND, 174 249 METHYLBENZENE, 19
LIVING POLYMER, 174 249 LBENZENESULFONYL
METHYLSTYRENE TITANATE, 181
LIVING POLYMERISATION, 125 COPOLYMER, 206
249 NEOPRENE, 200 229
MFI, 86 NETWORK STRUCTURE, 54 60
LOAD BEARING, 42 109 273 MICROGRAPHY, 194
LOSS MODULUS, 70 68 79 249
MICROMECHANICAL NEUTRALISATION, 109 215 317
LOSS TANGENT, 70 305 PROPERTIES, 183 193
LOW DENSITY 331 332 357
MICRONISATION, 28 139 NEUTRALISING AGENT, 313
POLYETHYLENE, 10 32 38 47 MICROPHASE SEPARATION,
56 189 194 339 NITRILE RUBBER, 229
305 NITROGEN, 265
LOW TEMPERATURE MICROSCOPY, 6 10 14 59 108
PROPERTIES, 18 44 77 78 107 NITROGEN OXIDE, 312
183 190 NOISE, 171
170 191 219 267 338 351 MICROWAVE ENERGY, 275 NOISE REDUCTION, 11 24 25 37
MICROWAVE HEATING, 275 69 122 151 176

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 109

 Subject Index

NOTCHES, 59 219 PAVING, 83 102 111 130 139 183 POLYBUTADIENE DIOL, 267
NUMBER-AVERAGE 226 244 246 261 264 284 287 POLYBUTYLENE, 302
MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 125 288 307 312 336 345 355 357 POLYCARBONATE, 39
174 293 302 PAVING COMPOUND, 100 133 POLYCHLOROPRENE, 200 229
140 284 287 288 307 319 POLYCONDENSATION, 87
PEEL RESISTANCE, 87 POLYDIENE, 91 235 271 330 350
O PEEL STRENGTH, 71 POLYDIOLEFIN, 91
OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS, 76 PELLET, 121 146 349 POLYDIVINYL BENZENE, 125
122 PENETRATION RESISTANCE, 163 POLYEPOXIDE, 89 226 340
OIL ADDITIVE, 249 PERCOLATION, 15 252 POLYESTER RESIN, 76 273
OIL EXTENSION, 232 PERMEABILITY, 40 102 151 188 POLYETHYLENE, 8 10 13 32 38
OIL RESISTANCE, 95 PEROXIDE, 111 160 40 46 47 56 67 101 145 147 189
OIL-IN-WATER, 93 PETROLEUM, 99 312 194 250 338 339 344 350
OILS, 81 88 99 172 173 191 218 PETROLEUM RESIN, 104 171 POLYETHYLENE
220 234 299 335 336 345 pH, 109 116 236 TEREPHTHALATE, 21
OLEFIN, 73 129 PHASE BEHAVIOUR, 49 183 POLYIONENE, 77
OLEFIN COPOLYMER, 98 212 PHASE MORPHOLOGY, 56 POLYISOBUTYLENE, 302
266 PHASE SEPARATION, 20 47 49 POLYISOCYANATE, 123 267 280
OLEFIN POLYMER, 70 73 87 96 56 67 79 85 91 194 195 305 317 POLYISOPRENE, 41
97 101 112 120 129 147 194 PHASE STABILITY, 49 109 POLYMER CONCRETE, 53 169
195 196 212 230 244 PHASE STRUCTURE, 79 280 291
OLEFIN SULFONATE, 236 PHENOL, 198 POLYMERIC ADDITIVE, 118 263
OPACITY, 86 99 PHENOLIC RESIN, 76 198 POLYMERIC BINDER, 100 210
OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 10 14 PHOSPHORIC ACID, 126 241 322 287 313
77 147 222 250 PHOSPHORUS, 83 POLYMERIC COMPATIBILISER,
ORDER-DISORDER PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND, 130 27
TRANSITION, 249 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 47 54 POLYMERIC DEMULSIFIER, 76
ORGANIC PEROXIDE, 111 71 78 117 186 237 242 POLYMERIC DISPERSING
ORGANIC SOLVENT, 125 PHYSICOCHEMICAL AGENT, 266
ORGANOLITHIUM PROPERTIES, 1 55 POLYMERIC EMULSIFIER, 281
COMPOUND, 125 PHYSICOMECHANICAL POLYMERIC MODIFIER, 56 100
OVEN AGEING, 219 232 250 PROPERTIES, 28 168 170 231 297
OVERLAYING, 69 272 276 PIGMENT, 66 102 236 POLYMERIC NETWORK, 104
OXIDATION, 177 221 274 PILOT PLANT, 25 34 37 335 POLYMERIC POLYOL, 267
OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION, 1 PITCH, 296 POLYMERIC PROPERTY
177 221 274 355 PLANT CONSTRUCTION, 336 MODIFIER, 249 350
OXIDISATION, 316 317 325 332 PLANT CONVERSION, 264 POLYMERIC RELEASE AGENT,
355 PLANT LOCATION, 4 132
OXYGEN, 344 PLASTICISATION, 267 POLYMERIC RETARDER, 270
OZONE, 344 PLASTICISER, 127 POLYMERIC VISCOSITY
PLASTICS WASTE, 34 188 MODIFIER, 249
PLASTOMER, 120 150 POLYMERISATION, 41 125 249
P PLAY SURFACE, 66 POLYMERISATION CATALYSTS,
PLAYGROUND, 69 249
PACKAGING, 8 42 99
POLAR MODIFIER, 125 POLYMERISATION INITIATOR,
PARACRYSTALLINE, 79
POLLUTION, 9 312 249 347
PARTICLE, 137 162 194 195 239
POLLUTION CONTROL, 25 POLYMERISATION KINETICS,
292 299
POLYALKENE, 70 73 87 96 97 347
PARTICLE SIZE, 3 7 9 37 66 88
101 112 120 129 147 194 195 POLYMERISATION
107 114 117 179 193 199 204
196 212 230 244 MECHANISM, 347
218 219 232 239 253 295 300
POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL, 132 POLYMETHYL
306 318 349 351
POLYALKYLENE POLYAMINE, METHACRYLATE, 77
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION,
87 206 POLYOCTENAMER, 117 135 140
13 148 194 312
POLYAMIDOAMINE, 206 POLYOL, 21 76 267
PATENT, 69 142 153 249 335
POLYAMINE, 132 224 348 POLYOLEFIN, 70 73 87 91 96 97
PAVEMENT, 23 72 92 100 103 109
POLYARYLATE, 230 101 112 120 129 147 194 195
128 130 139 159 166 180 188
POLYBUTADIENE, 10 14 41 123 196 212 230 244 256 293 350
193 200 208 209 251 284 287
125 229 339 350 POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID, 83
288 307 341

110 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 Subject Index

POLYPROPENE, 8 40 99 145 244 Q RESIDUAL STRENGTH, 59

POLYPROPYLENE, 8 40 99 145 RESILIENCE, 232
244 256 270 272 310 324 339 QUALITY ASSURANCE, 186 269 RESIN, 130 171
POLYSILOXANE, 229 QUALITY CONTROL, 66 117 RESTORATION, 11
POLYSTYRENE, 8 14 39 40 52 70 QUARRYING, 34 RESURFACING, 354
85 125 221 337 347 353 QUASI-PREPOLYMER, 267 RETARDER, 270
POLYSULFIDE, 200 QUINONE, 111 RETREADING, 9
POLYTERPENE, 104 REVERSION RESISTANCE, 54
POLYTETRAFLUORO- RHEOMETER, 26 32 44 47 54 63
ETHYLENE, 286 292 R 117 170
POLYTHIOETHER, 200 RADIAL POLYMER, 238 RHEOMETRY, 38 218 219
POLYURETHANE, 4 33 66 122 RADIATION CROSSLINKING, RIGIDITY, 41 127 210
123 200 267 333 249 ROAD MARKING, 124 262
POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER, RADICAL ROAD NOISE, 24 53
267 COPOLYMERISATION, 182 ROAD WEAR, 229
POLYVINYL, 179 300 RAILWAY APPLICATION, 192 ROADHOLDING, 151 229
POLYVINYL BUTYRAL, 311 RANDOM COPOLYMER, 70 112 ROSIN, 206
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 28 145 215 ROTARY KILN, 218
162 REACTIVE ADDITIVE, 32 ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER, 47
POLYVINYL ESTER, 276 REACTIVE BLENDING, 19 ROTATIONAL VISCOSITY, 6
POLYVINYL HALIDE, 28 REACTIVE PROCESSING, 38 338 RUBBERISED BITUMEN, 5 18 36
POLYVINYLBENZENE, 85 125 REACTIVE THICKENING 46 55 58 62 69 75 85 110 137
POLYVINYLIDENE, 73 AGENT, 280 143 150 151 163 168 170 186
PORE VOLUME, 148 REBAR, 145 199 211 217 329
POROSITY, 7 24 61 148 151 RECLAIM, 7 65 135 136 176 180 RUBBERISED CONCRETE, 53 169
PORTLAND CEMENT, 53 61 214 216 219 232 248 255 258 RUNWAY, 90
POST CURING, 267 299 307 351 356 RUPTURE, 103
POUR-IN-PLACE, 66 RECLAIMED RUBBER, 9 69 100 RUTTING RESISTANCE, 82 130
POWDERED RUBBER, 22 128 219 232 134 154 184 190 225
PREPOLYMER, 192 267 RECLAMATION, 34 109 141 146
PRESSURE, 219 255 307 259 288 333
PRESSURE-SENSITIVE RECYCLATE, 17 66 141 162 S
ADHESIVE, 73 RECYCLED CONTENT, 2 8 149 SAFETY, 81 142 204
PRETREATMENT, 228 169 SALT WATER RESISTANCE, 337
PRIMER, 247 262 RECYCLING, 3 8 17 20 21 23 25 SAND, 203 219 232 349
PROCESSABILITY, 22 63 182 34 36 37 40 43 50 51 65 66 72 SANDWICH STRUCTURE, 272
PROCESSING, 11 21 23 34 37 38 80 92 94 99 117 131 135 136 SAPONIFICATION, 109 178
51 63 177 190 191 255 346 352 139 141 149 162 167 169 176 SATURATED POLYESTER, 21
PROCESSING AID, 117 180 188 190 191 207 213 218 SATURATION, 299
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, 2 16
219 248 258 259 274 312 328 SCANNING ELECTRON
42 43
334 335 336 337 345 350 351 MICROSCOPY, 28 59 179 196
PROFILOMETRY, 219
356 197 282 300 339
PROPERTY MODIFIER, 213 249
RECYCLING RATE, 9 SCRAP, 3 9 22 25 35 37 43 50 51
PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 310
REFRACTIVE INDEX, 82 53 55 61 66 69 80 117 122 141
PROPYLENE-ETHYLENE
REHEATING, 253 167 213 218 219 290 351
COPOLYMER, 181 266
REINFORCED ASPHALT, 36 163 SCRAP CAR, 333
PROTECTIVE COATING, 31 161
REINFORCED CONCRETE, 196 SCRAP POLYMER, 2 13 30 35 39
337
282 40 42 50 65 92 135 136 145 176
PULL-OFF, 272
REINFORCED PLASTIC, 24 90 180 199 214 248 257 338 349
PULLING FORCE, 272
143 168 185 187 282 284 287 356
PURITY, 218
329 330 333 SCRAP RUBBER, 22 141 213 253
PYRO-CHAR, 213
REINFORCEMENT, 210 256 273 254 255 277 299 328 338
PYRO-GAS, 213
REINFORCING AGENT, 207 SCRAP TYRES, 3 9 22 25 35 37 43
PYRO-OIL, 213
REINFORCING FILLER, 218 50 51 53 55 61 65 66 69 80 94
PYROLYSIS, 9 190 191 207 213
RELEASE AGENT, 132 117 122 135 141 167 169 190
218 335 336
REPAIRING, 4 11 145 149 158 175 199 207 213 216 218 219 248
PYROPHOSPHATE, 266
203 216 220 230 275 280 309 253 254 259 274 290 299 308
PYROPHOSPHATE TITANATE,
RESIDUAL SOLVENT, 31 328 334 335 338 356
266

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 111

 Subject Index

SCRIM, 284 SOLID WASTE, 51 212 242 249 297 298 309 325
SEA WATER, 337 SOLIDS CONTENT, 95 279 STYRENE POLYMER, 85 125
SEALANT, 39 200 249 SOLUBILITY, 67 71 249 263 STYRENE TERPOLYMER, 196
SEALING, 110 121 139 SOLUTION CASTING, 251 STYRENE-BUTADIENE
SECONDARY ION MASS SOLVENT EXTRACTION, 19 COPOLYMER, 174 175 305
SPECTROSCOPY, 190 SOUND ABSORPTION, 102 151 338
SEDIMENTATION, 128 137 SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 285 STYRENE-BUTADIENE
SERVICE LIFE, 4 16 43 45 58 130 SPECTROSCOPY, 1 19 20 26 84 RUBBER, 5 10 14 57 64 66 70
145 151 176 191 225 231 190 79 82 105 110 114 189 196 197
SERVICE PROPERTIES, 200 279 SPINNING, 230 215 217 218 222 242 252 277
SET TIME, 233 SPORTS SURFACE, 69 114 151 279 297 317 324 332 339 350
SHAPE RECOVERY, 153 SPRAY DRYING, 236 STYRENE-BUTADIENE-
SHEAR, 44 48 137 161 178 189 SPRAYING, 122 216 220 254 STYRENE BLOCK
219 232 249 255 272 292 344 STABILISER, 68 221 300 350 COPOLYMER, 1 6 12 15 27 28
SHEAR ENERGY, 88 STABILITY, 6 14 20 26 56 63 71 29 32 38 41 44 47 48 49 52 54
SHEAR FORCE, 272 109 120 128 137 139 161 177 56 60 63 67 68 69 70 71 75 78
SHEAR MIXING, 56 183 194 195 221 323 84 85 100 101 104 108 111 113
SHEAR MODULUS, 194 STANDARD, 3 16 69 186 200 344 114 142 150 151 170 183 189
SHEAR PROPERTIES, 5 18 36 89 STATIC LOAD, 186 223 231 244 249 251 270 286
297 STATIC MIXER, 289 305 313 316 325 331 354
SHEAR RATE, 75 88 249 STATISTICS, 9 16 43 53 55 58 61 STYRENE-ETHYLENE
SHEAR STRENGTH, 197 272 94 143 164 167 168 211 213 BUTYLENE-STYRENE
SHEAR STRESS, 18 231 308 341 BLOCK COPOLYMER, 6 10
SHOCK ABSORBER, 79 STEAM, 255 108 121 249 286
SHORT BEAM SHEAR STEARIC ACID, 181 266 STYRENE-ETHYLENE
STRENGTH, 272 STEEL, 4 31 51 PROPYLENE-STYRENE
SHOVING RESISTANCE, 154 184 STEEL CORD, 274 BLOCK COPOLYMER, 249
SHRINKAGE, 218 267 272 STERIC STABILISATION, 56 350 STYRENE-
SILICA, 166 STIFFNESS, 4 17 53 70 77 85 89 ETHYLENEBUTYLENE-
SILICON DIOXIDE, 166 92 177 191 219 245 273 344 STYRENE BLOCK
SILICONE, 72 STONE, 127 144 151 228 318 COPOLYMER, 6 10 121 249 286
SILICONE ELASTOMER, 200 STORAGE, 20 137 194 217 STYRENE-ISOPRENE
SILICONE POLYMER, 229 STORAGE CONTAINER, 337 COPOLYMER, 215
SILICONE RUBBER, 200 STORAGE LIFE, 113 STYRENE-ISOPRENE-STYRENE
SILOXANE POLYMER, 229 STORAGE MODULUS, 194 250 BLOCK COPOLYMER, 41 150
SIZE EXCLUSION 267 249 286 316
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 1 251 STORAGE STABILITY, 6 27 47 48 SULFONATE GROUP, 313
SKID RESISTANCE, 11 280 52 54 56 60 91 185 190 215 235 SULFONATION, 173 215 317 331
SKIM COATING, 86 293 313 317 357 332 357
SLAG, 203 STRAIN, 32 38 47 54 63 219 232 SULFONIC ACID GROUP, 313
SLUMP RESISTANCE, 280 267 272 SULFUR, 47 54 56 60 63 81 91 96
SLURRY, 80 81 139 306 STRESS, 69 219 232 272 353 97 158 191 298 301 350
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL STRESS RATIO, 232 SULFUR DIOXIDE, 312
CELLULOSE, 127 STRESS RELAXATION, 251 SULFUR VULCANISATION, 47
SODIUM HYDROGEN STRESS RESISTANCE, 216 301
CARBONATE, 285 STRESS TRANSFER, 272 SULFOXIDE GROUP, 29
SOFT SEGMENT, 249 STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES, SUMMER TYRE, 24
SOFTENING, 147 249 267 79 90 267 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 104
SOFTENING POINT, 10 12 14 22 STRESSES, 69 219 232 117 161 178 236
26 27 29 31 48 57 58 71 104 STRETCH WRAP, 338 SURFACE ACTIVITY, 116
129 217 218 230 231 232 250 STRETCHING, 267 SURFACE FINISH, 300
309 313 317 322 STYRENE ACRYLONITRILE SURFACE PROPERTIES, 190
SOFTENING TEMPERATURE, COPOLYMER, 70 SURFACE REACTIVITY, 218
267 STYRENE BLOCK SURFACE TREATMENT, 135
SOFTWARE, 232 COPOLYMER, 11 41 84 150 SURFACTANT, 161 178 236
SOIL, 109 139 312 249 309 SWELLING, 35 81 128 137 232
SOIL STABILISATION, 80 STYRENE COPOLYMER, 11 26 SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 4 26 100
SOIL TREATMENT, 109 41 84 121 143 150 158 182 183 120 171 186

112 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 Subject Index

T THERMOMECHANICAL 122 131 139 141 167 169 190

PROCESSING, 219 191 204 213 216 218 219 248
TACK, 123 THERMOMECHANICAL 249 259 274 290 308 312 336
TACKIFIER, 123 326 PROPERTIES, 39 350 351 356
TALC, 162 THERMOOXIDATIVE TYRE DERIVED FUEL, 9 218
TALCUM, 162 DEGRADATION, 1
TALL OIL, 109 206 261 296 THERMOPLASTIC
TALL OIL PITCH, 296 ELASTOMER, 6 14 41 47 74 U
TAR, 198 88 113 151 157 163 249 265 UNDERLAY, 66
TEMPERATURE CONTROL, 109 286 292 309 324 326 UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 21
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE, THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER, 6 76 273
22 49 75 110 267 14 41 47 74 88 113 151 157 163 UPPER CRITICAL SOLUTION
TEMPERATURE RANGE, 117 249 TEMPERATURE, 49
250 276 THERMOSENSITIVITY, 32 URETHANE POLYMER, 123
TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY, THICKENING AGENT, 128 239 UV STABILISER, 353
267 280
TENSILE MODULUS, 267 THICKNESS, 4 11 117 122 151
TENSILE PROPERTIES, 22 59 71 153 232 276 V
169 186 196 218 221 232 249 THIN FILM, 29 250
273 297 339 VACUUM PYROLYSIS, 218
THIOLCARBOXYLIC ACID, 160
TENSILE SET, 267 VAPOUR BARRIER, 186
THIOLCARBOXYLIC ACID
TENSILE STRENGTH, 22 71 169 VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 186
ESTER, 160
186 218 221 232 249 267 VAPOUR TRANSMISSION, 145
THIXOTROPY, 110
TENSILE STRESS, 59 267 272 VARNISH, 283
THREE-POINT FLEXURE, 219
TERPENE RESIN, 104 VEGETABLE EXTRACT, 236
TIE LAYER, 284
TEST EQUIPMENT, 219 351 VIBRATION, 171
TITANATE, 266
TEST METHOD, 25 31 37 43 53 VIBRATION DAMPING, 37 79
TOLUENE, 19 191
69 94 104 105 169 186 207 211 122 162 171 326
TOPCOAT, 288
213 217 219 232 245 VIBRATION ISOLATION, 169
TORQUE, 38 47 54
TEST SPECIMEN, 194 219 VIBRATIONAL
TOUGHNESS, 53 57 82 99 125
TESTING, 25 31 37 43 53 69 94 SPECTROSCOPY, 1 19 20 29
174 177 197 219
104 105 169 186 207 211 213 119
TOXICITY, 51
217 219 232 245 308 320 351 VINYL ACETATE-ETHYLENE
TRACTION, 153
TETRAETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 20 83 101
TRANS-POLYOCTENAMER, 117
PENTAMINE, 348 VINYL AROMATIC POLYMER,
135
THERMAL ANALYSIS, 20 71 221 112
TRANSITION PHENOMENA, 22
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, 33 VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER, 28
305
THERMAL DEGRADATION, 29 VINYL COMPOUND, 323
TRANSITION PROPERTIES, 305
119 219 221 230 232 VINYL COPOLYMER, 98 154 184
TRANSITION TEMPERATURE,
THERMAL EXPANSION, 61 260 271
183
THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC VINYL POLYMER, 179 300
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
ANALYSIS, 20 221 251 VINYL TOLUENE COPOLYMER,
MICROSCOPY, 28 196 212 251
THERMAL INSULATION, 33 231 206
TRANSPORT APPLICATION, 134
308 VINYLIDENE COPOLYMER, 98
TREAD, 351
THERMAL PROPERTIES, 6 11 26 VINYLIDENE GROUP, 73
TRI(DIOCTYL)PYROPHOSPHAT
31 32 107 190 193 194 218 222 VINYLIDENE POLYMER, 73
E TITANATE, 181
232 251 267 312 VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES,
TRI(DIOCTYL)PYROPHOSPHAT
THERMAL RECYCLING, 218 13 60 65 75 110 159 183 194
E-O, 181
THERMAL STABILITY, 6 33 42 207 215 232 250 267 305 313
TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER, 12 54
56 63 151 221 329 317
71 151 183 212 249 251 305
THERMAL STRESS, 219 272 VISCOELASTICITY, 13 60 65 75
331
THERMAL TREATMENT, 232 110 159 183 194 207 215 232
TRICHLOROETHANE, 251
THERMO-OXIDATIVE VISCOMETER, 47
TRIETHYLENE TETRAMINE,
DEGRADATION, 1 VISCOMETRY, 60 222 249
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC 348
VISCOSITY, 6 16 27 47 48 57 60
ANALYSIS, 20 221 251 TRIGLYCERIDE, 126
67 71 75 104 105 110 128 129
THERMOLYSIS, 39 TRUCK TYRE, 69
133 147 152 161 218 232 249
THERMOMECHANICAL TYRE, 3 9 22 24 25 35 36 37 43 50
267 279 289 313 315 317 322
ANALYSIS, 267 51 53 55 61 65 66 69 80 94 117
324 344 354 357

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 113

 Subject Index

VISCOSITY MODIFIER, 105 249 WET BONDING, 166

VOID CONTENT, 151 232 WET MIXING, 117
VOID VOLUME, 114 WETTING AGENT, 348
VOLUME FRACTION, 7 13 57 WHITING, 110
78 183 WINTER TYRE, 24
VULCANISATE, 19 137 234 253 WIRE STRIPPING, 162
268 328 WLF EQUATION, 15
VULCANISATION, 47 52 54 63 WOOD, 281
113 218 249 WOVEN FABRIC, 153 272
WOVEN FIBRE, 153

W
WARPING, 272
X
WASTE, 21 28 34 39 51 162 188 X-RAY DIFFRACTION, 212
203 218 219 220 304 333 351 X-RAY SCATTERING, 212
WASTE DERIVED FUEL, 218
WASTE DISPOSAL, 25 37 94 258
291 312 Y
WASTE MANAGEMENT, 25 37 YARN, 153
141 291 YOUNG’S MODULUS, 53
WASTE RECOVERY, 34 141
WASTE REDUCTION, 51
WASTE RUBBER POWDER, 102
141
WASTE TREATMENT, 36 131 141
291
WATER, 93 95 103 106 109 134
161 166 203 236 255 281 301
WATER ABSORPTION, 272
WATER CONTENT, 261
WATER PERMEABILITY, 40 102
151 188 278
WATER PERMEABLE, 102
WATER POLLUTION, 312
WATER REPELLENT, 117
WATER RESISTANCE, 42 95 166
190 358
WATER RETENTION, 272
WATER SOLUBLE, 106 192
WATER VAPOUR
PERMEABILITY, 186
WATER VAPOUR
TRANSMISSION, 145
WATER-IN-OIL, 76
WATERPROOFING, 28 31 120
121 186 192
WEAR, 11 24 130
WEAR RESISTANCE, 122 151
217 225 231 320 354
WEATHER RESISTANCE, 95 186
231 287 309 321
WEATHERING RESISTANCE, 95
186 309 231 267 287 321
WEIGHT AVERAGE
MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 82
315
WEIGHT FRACTION, 323
WEIGHT RATIO, 286 318

114 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 Company Index

Company Index

A BRITISH PETROLEUM CO.PLC, DUSSEK CAMPBELL LTD., 147

302 DYNAMIT NOBEL AG, 283
AGGREGATE INDUSTRIES PLC, BROOKLYN,POLYTECHNIC
34 UNIVERSITY, 177
AGIP PETROLI SPA, 151 323 BUCHAREST,POLYTECHNICAL E
AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS UNIVERSITY, 21 EGYPT,NATIONAL RESEARCH
INC., 237 BUENOS AIRES,INIFTA, 1 CENTRE, 59
AKRON,UNIVERSITY, 49 ELASTOGRAN GMBH, 4
ALASKA,UNIVERSITY AT ELF ANTAR FRANCE, 96 120 329
FAIRBANKS, 245 C ELF ATOCHEM SA, 129
ALDEMA LTD., 353 CALIFORNIA,DEPT.OF ELF EXPLORATION
ALIGNED FIBER COMPOSITES TRANSPORTATION, 25 PRODUCTION, 160
INC., 282 CALIFORNIA,INTEGRATED ELF FRANCE, 301
ALPHAFLEX INDUSTRIES, 286 WASTE MANAGEMENT ELF-SOLAIZE,CENTRE DE
292 BOARD, 25 RECHERCHE, 78 183
AMERICAN CHEMICAL CALIFORNIA,STATE HIGHWAY ENI GROUP, 142 151
SOCIETY, 243 AUTHORITY, 258 ENICHEM SPA, 142 151
AMERICAN PLASTICS CALIFORNIA,STATE ENVIROPAVER INC., 307
COUNCIL, 149 UNIVERSITY, 90 ERGON INC., 118
AMERICAN RECLAMATION CANAM MANAC GROUP, 4 ESSO SAF, 289
CORP., 291 CARSONITE INTERNATIONAL EUROPEAN TYRE RECYCLING
AMERICAN TIRE CORP., 349 ASSOCIATION, 248
RECLAMATION INC., 218 CEI ENTERPRISES, 341 EXCEL INDUSTRIES LTD., 294
335 336 CHEMICAL LIME CO., 115 EXXON CHEMICAL EUROPE
ARIZONA,STATE UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI CORP., 42 INC., 150
53 61 CHEVRON RESEARCH & EXXON RESEARCH &
ASHLAND INC., 83 111 TECHNOLOGY CO., 226 298 ENGINEERING CO., 172 173
ASPHALT PRILLING INC., 201 315 322 340 202 215 235 293 313 317 331
ASPHALT RUBBER CHONBUK,NATIONAL 332 357
TECHNOLOGY SERVICE, 23 UNIVERSITY, 22
51 CIC, 1
ATLAS ROOFING CORP., 285 CLEMSON,UNIVERSITY, 23 51 94 F
CNRS, 64 FINA TECHNOLOGY INC., 74
B COLAS SA, 103 152 FLORIDA,DEPT.OF
COLLIN GROUP LTD., 245 TRANSPORTATION, 334 356
BASF AG, 4 CONICET, 1 FNF CONSTRUCTION INC., 341
BASF CORP., 91 112 CREANOVA INC., 117 135 140 352
BASIC RESOURCES INC., 136 CYCLEAN INC., 299 FORD MOTOR CO., 34 51
BELFAST,QUEEN’S FUJIAN,NORMAL UNIVERSITY,
UNIVERSITY, 70 77 147 19
BELGIUM,CENTRE DE D FUKUDA ROAD
RECHERCHES ROUTIERES, DAICEL CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION CO.LTD.,
248 INDUSTRIES LTD., 179 300 234
BERGEN,UNIVERSITY, 76 DAINIPPON INK & CHEMICALS
BIALYSTOK,TECHNICAL INC., 276
UNIVERSITY, 65 DEGUSSA-HULS AG, 117 135 G
BRIDGESTONE CORP., 79 88 234 DETROIT,MERCY UNIVERSITY,
BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE GLOBAL RESOURCE
214 267 RECYCLERS INC., 288
INC., 181 266 270 DOBSON BROS.
BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER
CONSTRUCTION CO., 37 CO., 82 106 125 154 174 184
RESEARCH INC., 49 DOW CHEMICAL CO., 73 98 305
BRITISH BOARD OF 205 260 339 358
DUPONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& GREEN EDGE ENTERPRISES
AGREMENT, 186 CO., 226 340 LLC, 146

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 115

 Company Index

H J MATHY CONSTRUCTION CO.,

89
HANGZHOU,ZHEJIANG JAPAN ELASTOMER CO.LTD., MATSUSHITA SANGYO CORP.,
UNIVERSITY, 100 148 203
HANYANG,UNIVERSITY, 22 JIANGYIN ZHONGYOU MCALPINE A.,QUARRY
HARTFORD,UNIVERSITY, 214 XINGNENG ASPHALT CO., PRODUCTS LTD., 320
HERCULES INC., 230 32 38 MCCONNAUGHAY
HIMONT INC., 310 JINAN,UNIVERSITY, 57 TECHNOLOGIES INC., 296
HOECHST AG, 311 MICHIGAN,STATE
HOLDEN POLYMER UNIVERSITY, 159 196 197 222
CONSULTING INC., 249 K 242
HONG KONG,UNIVERSITY OF KANGWON,NATIONAL MICHIGAN,TECHNOLOGICAL
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY, 273 UNIVERSITY, 107
169 KAO CORP., 93 116 126 130 155 MINNESOTA MINING & MFG.
HUELVA,UNIVERSIDAD, 20 75 192 225 CO., 262 284
HUSKY OIL OPERATIONS LTD., KINGSTON,QUEEN’S MINNESOTA,UNIVERSITY, 212
344 UNIVERSITY, 304 251
KOBE SEIKO SHO KK, 171 MONTANA,STATE UNIVERSITY,
KOCH ENTERPRISES INC., 175 208 209
I KOCH INDUSTRIES INC., 158 MORTON INTERNATIONAL
INDIA,CENTRAL BUILDING KOCHI REFINERIES, 30 INC., 132
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 28 KRATON POLYMERS INC., 11 41
INDIA,GOVERNMENT, 30
INDIA,RUBBER BOARD, 16 55 N
217 L NATIONAL RESEARCH
INDIA,RUBBER RESEARCH LA PLATA,UNIVERSIDAD COUNCIL OF CANADA, 84
INSTITUTE, 62 NACIONAL, 1 NEBRASKA,DEPT.OF
INGENIA POLYMERS, 2 LABORATOIRE DE ENVIRONMENTAL
INPHALT INC., 295 THERMODYNAMIQUE QUALITY, 37
INSTITUT FRANCAIS DU APPLIQUEE, 183 NEBRASKA,DEPT.OF ROADS,
PETROLE, 333 LABORATOIRE DES 37
INSTITUT PYROVAC INC., 190 MATERIAUX NESTE/WRIGHT ASPHALT
191 207 MACROMOLECULAIRES, 183 PRODUCTS CO., 254 259 290
INSTITUTE NATIONALE DES LABORATOIRE DES NETLON LTD., 256
SCIENCES APPLIQUEES, 78 MATERIAUX ORGANIQUES NEW SOUTH WALES,ROADS &
INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS A PROPRIETES TRAFFIC AUTHORITY, 199
INDIA, 55 SPECIFIQUES, 183 NIHON TOKUSHU TORYO
INSTYTUT CHEMII LAMBDA TECHNOLOGIES CO.LTD., 171
PRZEMYSLOWEJ, 39 INC., 242 NIPPON OIL CO.LTD., 324
INSTYTUT POLIMEROW LAVAL,UNIVERSITY, 207 250 NORTH
POLITECHNIKI LODZKIEJ, LITTLE TIKES CO., 66 CAROLINA,DEPARTMENT
128 LIVERPOOL,JOHN MOORES OF TRANSPORTATION, 335
INTELLIGENT ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY, 134 NOTTINGHAM,UNIVERSITY, 5
LTD., 4 LIVERPOOL,UNIVERSITY, 36 297 NOVACOR RESEARCH &
INTERFACE INC., 123 LODZ,POLYTECHNIC, 131 141 TECHNOLOGY CORP., 342
INTERNATIONAL SURFACING LOUISIANA,STATE NYNAS PETROLEUM AB, 345
INC., 216 352 UNIVERSITY, 17 92 107 193
INTEVEP SA, 161 LOUISIANA,TRANSPORTATION
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF RESEARCH CENTER, 17 O
TRANSPORT, 314 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL
IRAN,POLYMER & LABORATORY, 337
PETROCHEMICAL M ONTARIO,MINISTRY OF
INSTITUTE, 10 13 14 TRANSPORTATION, 219
MANNESMANN AG, 318
IRAN,POLYMER INSTITUTE, 46 OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS
MARATHON ASHLAND
ISORCA INC., 162 CORP., 325
PETROLEUM LLC, 81 83 111
133 OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS
MASSACHUSETTS, TECHNOLOGY INC., 86 99
UNIVERSITY, 194 227 316

116 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

 Company Index

P S INC., 213
SWEDEN,INSTITUTE OF
PARSEC INC., 145 SAMI PTY.LTD., 199 TECHNOLOGY, 108
PAVING CONSULTANTS SAMSUNG GENERAL SWEDEN,NATIONAL
K.A.E.,INC., 229 CHEMICALS CO.LTD., 278 INSTITUTE OF
PDVSA-INTEVEP, 26 SAN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH,
PENNSYLVANIA,STATE SEBASTIAN,UNIVERSIDAD 348
UNIVERSITY, 78 DEL PAIS VASCO, 20 SWEDEN,ROYAL INSTITUTE
PETRO-CANADA INC., 355 SARAMCO INC., 236 OF TECHNOLOGY, 119 170
PINOMAA O.,KY, 263 SCHULLER INTERNATIONAL SWEDISH NATIONAL ROAD
PLASMEGA LTD., 34 INC., 265 & TRANSPORT RESEARCH
PLASPHALT PROJECT LTD.CO., SELCUK,UNIVERSITY, 7 INSTITUTE, 24
188 257 SHANGHAI,JIAO TONG SZCZECIN,TECHNICAL
PLOIESTI,UNIVERSITATEA UNIVERSITY, 12 19 27 29 32 UNIVERSITY, 347
PETROL-GAZE, 21 38 47 48 52 54 56 60 63 67 68
POLYMER VALLEY 85 113
CHEMICALS INC., 218 SHELL BITUMEN (UK) LTD., T
POLYPHALT INC., 328 354 TAK CONSULTING ENGINEERS
POLYPHALT LLC, 101 137 SHELL CHEMICAL CO., 168 249 INC., 232
PORTLAND STATE SHELL CHEMICALS, 143 TARBIAT
UNIVERSITY, 232 SHELL CHEMICALS EUROPE MODARRES,UNIVERSITY, 46
PROCOAT NORDIC AB, 122 LTD., 309 TARMAC ROADSTONE LTD.,
PUREN-SCHAUMSTOFF GMBH, SHELL CHEMICALS LTD., 231 354
33 SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO., TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES
249 INC., 59
SHELL INTERNATIONALE TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY, 312
Q RESEARCH MIJ BV, 306 343 TEXAS,NUCLEAR SCIENCE
QILU PETROCHEMICAL SHELL OIL CO., 157 163 182 185 CENTER, 312
CO.LTD., 105 224 238 241 271 327 330 THIAGARAJAR,COLLEGE OF
QILU PETROCHEMICAL CORP., SHERBROOKE,UNIVERSITY, ENGINEERING, 8 40
279 190 207 THYSSENKRUPP, 4
QUEBEC,UNIVERSITE LAVAL, SHIMIZU CONSTRUCTION TOHO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
190 191 CO.LTD., 326 CO.LTD., 87
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY AT SHIZUOKA,UNIVERSITY, 71 TORINO,UNIVERSITA, 76
KINGSTON, 219 338 350 SHOWA SHELL SEKIYU KK, 326 TORONTO,UNIVERSITY, 195
SIMON TORONTO,UNIVERSITY,INNOV
BOLIVAR,UNIVERSIDAD, 26 ATIONS FOUNDATION, 328
R SOCIETE A RESPONSABILITE TOTAL BITUMEN, 321
LIMITEE DESCHAMPS, 153 TOTAL RAFFINAGE
REICHHOLD CHEMICALS INC.,
SOUTH CAROLINA DISTRIBUTION SA, 187 210
276
DEPT.OF HEALTH & TRANSPORT RESEARCH
RESIDUA, 9
ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY, 320
REVERTEX (MALAYSIA)SDN.
CONTROL, 51 94
BHD., 45
SOUTH CHINA,UNIVERSITY OF
RIO GRANDE DO
SUL,UNIVERSIDADE
TECHNOLOGY, 12 57 104 U
SPORTS ADVANCEMENT &
FEDERAL, 6 ULSTER,UNIVERSITY, 272
RESEARCH CO.LTD., 69
ROUSE RUBBER INDUSTRIES ULTRA TECHNOLOGIES INC.,
STATOIL AS, 76
INC., 351 255
STOCKHOLM,ROYAL
RUBBER PAVEMENTS ASSN., UNAM, 15
INSTITUTE OF
269 335 UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA
TECHNOLOGY, 223
RUBBER RESOURCES LLC, 139 METROPOLITANA-
STOMIL, 35
RUBEROID BUILDING IZTAPALAPA, 15 252
SUMITOMO RUBBER
PRODUCTS LTD., 186 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL
INDUSTRIES LTD., 287
RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF AUTONOMA DE MEXICO,
SUWON,UNIVERSITY, 22
SCIENCES, 31 252
SVEDALA INDUSTRIES
INC.,PYRO DIV., 218 US,ARMY CORPS OF
SVEDALA PYRO SYSTEMS ENGINEERS COLD REGIONS
RES.& ENGNG.LABS., 308

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited 117

 Company Index

US,ARMY ENGINEER
WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT
STATION, 189
US,DEPT.OF
TRANSPORTATION, 213
US,FEDERAL HIGHWAY
ADMINISTRATION, 59 282
351
US,GOVERNMENT, 51
US,RUBBER PAVEMENTS
ASSOCIATION, 50
US,STRATEGIC HIGHWAY
RESEARCH PROGRAM
COUNCIL, 232
USAE WATERWAYS
EXPERIMENT STATION, 200
USMANI DEVELOPMENT CO.,
243 244

V
VESZPREMI EGYETEM, 18
VINZOYL PETROLEUM CO., 246
VINZOYL TECHNICAL
SERVICES LLC, 109 178
VORONEZH,STATE
TECHNOLOGICAL
ACADEMY, 110

W
WALTERS CONSULTING CORP.,
166
WARSAW,POLYTECHNIC, 39 65
WARSAW,TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, 347
WASHINGTON
STATE,UNIVERSITY, 44
WASHINGTON,CATHOLIC
UNIVERSITY, 282
WASHINGTON,UNIVERSITY,
200
WESTVACO CORP., 206 233
WROCLAWSKA
POLITECHNIKA, 131 141

Z
ZELLER & GMELIN GMBH &
CO., 283

118 © Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

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