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This document provides tutorial problems for an introduction to analog and digital electronics course. It covers topics such as: 1) Resolution and quantization error of N-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and calculating the number of bits needed to achieve a given resolution. 2) Mapping analog signal voltages to 4-bit digital words and calculating errors when representing analog values with finite precision. 3) Calculating the largest undistorted output signal and required input signal for amplifiers with given voltage supplies and gain. 4) Determining input signal levels needed for an amplifier to produce pseudo-square wave outputs from sine waves with different levels of clipping.

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John Hopkins
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97 views

Tutorial 1 PDF

This document provides tutorial problems for an introduction to analog and digital electronics course. It covers topics such as: 1) Resolution and quantization error of N-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and calculating the number of bits needed to achieve a given resolution. 2) Mapping analog signal voltages to 4-bit digital words and calculating errors when representing analog values with finite precision. 3) Calculating the largest undistorted output signal and required input signal for amplifiers with given voltage supplies and gain. 4) Determining input signal levels needed for an amplifier to produce pseudo-square wave outputs from sine waves with different levels of clipping.

Uploaded by

John Hopkins
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ES 104: Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics - Tutorial 1

Teacher: Prof. Nitin Khanna ([email protected])

January 4, 2018

1. Consider an N-bit ADC whose analog input varies between 0 and VF S (where the subscript FS denotes
“full scale”).
(a) Show that the least significant bit (LSB) correspond to a change in the analog signal of VF S /(2N −1).
This is the resolution of the converter.
(b) Convince yourself that the maximum error in the conversion (called the quantization error) is half
the resolution;that is, the quantization error = VF S /2(2N − 1)
(c) For VF S = 10V , how many bits are required to obtain a resolution of 5mV or better? What is the
actual resolution obtained? What is the resulting quantization error?
2. Consider a 4-bit digital word D = b3 b2 b1 b0 used to represent an analog signal vA that varies between
0V and +15V .
(a) Give D corresponding to vA = 0V, 1V, 2V, and 15V.
(b) What changes in vA causes a change from 0 to 1 in (i) b0 , (ii) b1 , (iii) b2 , and (iv) b3 ?
(c) If vA = 5.2V , what do you expect D to be ? What is the resulting error in representation?
3. An Amplifier using balanced power supplies is known to saturate for signals extending within 1.2 V of
either supply. For linear operation, its gain is 500 V/V. What is the rms value of the largest undistorted
sine-wave output available, and input needed, with ± 5-V supplies? With ± 10-V supplies? With ±
15-V supplies?
4. Symmetrically saturating amplifiers, operating in the so-called clipping mode, can be used to convert
sine waves to pseudo-square waves. for an amplifier with a small-signal gain of 1000 and clipping levels
of ± 9V, what peak value of input sinusoid is needed to produce and output whose extremes are just at
the edge of clipping? Clipped 90% of the time? Clipped 99% of the time?

5. Various amplifier and load combinations are measured as listed below using rms values. For each, find
the voltage, current, and power gains (Av , Ai , and Ap , respectively) both as ratios and in dB:
(a) vI = 100mV, iI = 100µA, vo = 10V, RL = 100Ω
(b) vI = 10µV, iI = 100nA, vo = 1V, RL = 10kΩ
(c) vI = 1V, iI = 1mA, vo = 5V, RL = 10Ω

6. An amplifier operating from a single 15-V supply provides a 12-V peak-to-peak sine-wave signal to a
1 − kΩ load and draws negligible input current from the signal source. The dc current drawn from the
15-V supply is 8 mA. What is the power dissipated in the amplifier, and what is the amplifier efficiency?

1
7. An amplifier designed using a single metaloxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor has the transfer char-
acteristic vO = 10 − 5(vI − 2)2 , where vI and vO are in volts. This transfer characteristic applies for
2 ≤ vI ≤ vO + 2 and vO positive. The amplifier saturates at the limits of this region.
(a) Sketch and clearly label the transfer characteristic. What are the saturation levels L+ and L− and
the corresponding values of vI ?
(b) (*Optional) Bias the amplifier to obtain a dc output voltage of 5 V. What value of input dc voltage
VI is required ?
(c) (*Optional) Calculate the value of small-signal voltage gain at the bias point.
(d) Find the resulting vO if a sinusoidal input signal is superimposed on the dc bias voltage VI , that is,
vI = VI + Vi cos ωt.
(e) Using the trigonometric identity cos2 θ = (1/2) + (1/2)cos 2θ, express vO as the sum of a dc com-
ponent, a signal component with frequency ω, and a sinusoidal component with frequency 2ω. The
later component is undesirable and is a result of the nonlinear transfer characteristic of the am-
plifier. If it is required to limit the ratio of the second harmonic component to the fundamental
component to 1% (the ratio is known as second-harmonic distortion), what is the corresponding
upper limit on Vi ? What output amplitude results?

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