PROBLEM 3.

70
KNOWN: Cylindrical and spherical shells with uniform heat generation and surface temperatures.
FIND: Radial distributions of temperature, heat flux and heat rate.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, steady-state conduction, (2) Uniform heat generation, (3)
Constant k.
ANALYSIS: (a) For the cylindrical shell, the appropriate form of the heat equation is
1 d  dT  q
r + = 0
r dr  dr  k
The general solution is
q 2
T (r ) = − r + C1 ln r + C2
4k
Applying the boundary conditions, it follows that
q 2
T ( r1 ) = Ts,1 = − r1 + C1 ln r1 + C2
4k
q 2
T ( r2 ) = Ts,2 = − r2 + C1 ln r2 + C2
4k
which may be solved for

C1 = ( q/4k


( ) ( )
) r22 − r12 + Ts,2 − Ts,1  ln ( r2 /r1 )

C2 = Ts,2 + ( q 4k ) r22 − C1 ln r2

Hence,
ln ( r/r2 )
( ) ( ) (
T ( r ) = Ts,2 + ( q 4k ) r22 − r 2 + ( q 4k ) r22 − r12 + Ts,2 − Ts,1 

)
 ln ( r2 /r1 )
<
With q′′ = − k dT/dr , the heat flux distribution is

q′′ ( r ) =
q 
r− 
( ) (
k ( q 4k ) r22 − r12 + Ts,2 − Ts,1  )
<
2 r ln ( r2 /r1 )

Continued...
 PROBLEM 3.70 (Cont.)

Similarly, with q = q′′ A(r) = q′′ (2πrL), the heat rate distribution is

q ( r ) = π Lqr
 − 2 ( )
2π Lk ( q 4k ) r22 − r12 + Ts,2 − Ts,1 
  ( )
<
ln ( r2 /r1 )

(b) For the spherical shell, the heat equation and general solution are
1 d  2 dT  q
r + = 0
r 2 dr  dr  k

T(r) = − ( q 6k ) r 2 − C1/r + C2

Applying the boundary conditions, it follows that

T ( r1 ) = Ts,1 = − ( q 6k ) r12 − C1/r1 + C2

T ( r2 ) = Ts,2 = − ( q 6k ) r22 − C1/r2 + C2

Hence,

(
C1 = ( q 6k ) r22 − r12 + Ts,2 − Ts,1 
 ) ( ) [(1 r1 ) − (1 r2 )]
C2 = Ts,2 + ( q 6k ) r22 + C1/r2

and
(1 r ) − (1 r2 )
( )
T ( r ) = Ts,2 + ( q 6k ) r22 − r 2 − ( q 6k ) r22 − r12 + Ts,2 − Ts,1 
 ( ) (
 (1 r ) − (1 r )
1 2
) <
With q′′ (r) = - k dT/dr, the heat flux distribution is

q′′ ( r ) =
q
r− 
2 1 ( s,2 )
( q 6 ) r 2 − r 2 + k ( T − T )
 s,1  1
<
3 (1 r1 ) − (1 r2 ) r2

( )
and, with q = q′′ 4π r 2 , the heat rate distribution is

q (r ) =
4π q 3
r −
 ( )
4π (q 6 ) r22 − r12 + k Ts,2 − Ts,1  ( )
<
3 (1 r1 ) − (1 r2 )
 PROBLEM 3.73
KNOWN: Composite wall with outer surfaces exposed to convection process.
FIND: (a) Volumetric heat generation and thermal conductivity for material B required for special
conditions, (b) Plot of temperature distribution, (c) T1 and T2, as well as temperature distributions
corresponding to loss of coolant condition where h = 0 on surface A.
SCHEMATIC:

LA = 30 mm
LB = 30 mm
LC = 20 mm
kA = 25 W/m⋅K
kC = 50 W/m⋅K

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, one-dimensional heat transfer, (2) Negligible contact resistance at
interfaces, (3) Uniform generation in B; zero in A and C.
ANALYSIS: (a) From an energy balance on wall B,
E in − E out + E g = E st

− q1′′ − q′′2 + 2qL


B =0

q B = ( q1′′ + q ′′2 ) 2L B .
To determine the heat fluxes, q1„„ and q „„2 , construct thermal circuits for A and C:

q1′′ = ( T1 − T∞ ) (1 h + L A k A ) q ′′2 = ( T2 − T∞ ) ( L C k C + 1 h )
 1 0.030 m   0.020 m 1 
q1′′ = ( 261 − 25 ) C q ′′2 = ( 211 − 25 ) C
$ $
 +   + 
 1000 W m ⋅ K 25 W m ⋅ K   50 W m ⋅ K 1000 W m ⋅ K 
2 2

q1′′ = 236 C ( 0.001 + 0.0012 ) m ⋅ K W q ′′2 = 186 C ( 0.0004 + 0.001) m ⋅ K W

$ 2 $ 2

2 2
q1′′ = 107, 273 W m q ′′2 = 132, 857 W m

Using the values for q′′1 and q′′2 in Eq. (1), find

(
q B = 106, 818 + 132,143 W m
2
) 2 × 0.030 m = 4.00 ×10 6 3
W m . <
To determine kB, use the general form of the temperature and heat flux distributions in wall B,

q B 2  q 
T(x) = − x + C1x + C 2 q ′′x (x) = − k B  − x + C1  (1,2)
2k B  kB 
there are 3 unknowns, C1, C2 and kB, which can be evaluated using three conditions,
Continued...
 PROBLEM 3.73 (Cont.)

q B
T ( − L B ) = T1 = − ( − L B )2 − C1L B + C 2 where T1 = 261°C (3)
2k B

q B
T ( + L B ) = T2 = − ( + L B )2 + C1L B + C2 where T2 = 211°C (4)
2k B

 q 
q ′′x ( − L B ) = −q1′′ = − k B  − B ( − L B ) + C1  where q1′′ = 107,273 W/m2 (5)
 kB 
Using IHT to solve Eqs. (3), (4) and (5) simultaneously with q B = 4.00 × 106 W/m3, find

k B = 15.3 W m ⋅ K <
(b) Following the method of analysis in the IHT Example 3.6, User-Defined Functions, the temperature
distribution is shown in the plot below. The important features are (1) Distribution is quadratic in B, but
non-symmetrical; linear in A and C; (2) Because thermal conductivities of the materials are different,
discontinuities exist at each interface; (3) By comparison of gradients at x = -LB and +LB, find q′′2 > q1′′ .

(c) Using the same method of analysis as for Part (c), the temperature distribution is shown in the plot
below when h = 0 on the surface of A. Since the left boundary is adiabatic, material A will be isothermal
at T1. Find
T1 = 835°C T2 = 360°C <
Loss of coolant on surface A
400

800
Temperature, T (C)

Temperature, T (C)

300

600

200
400

100 200
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Wall position, x-coordinate (mm) Wall position, x-coordinate (mm)

T_xA, kA = 25 W/m.K T_xA, kA = 25 W/m.K; adiabatic surface

T_x, kB = 15 W/m.K, qdotB = 4.00e6 W/m^3 T_x, kB = 15 W/m.K, qdotB = 4.00e6 W/m^3
T_x, kC = 50 W/m.K T_x, kC = 50 W/m.K
 PROBLEM 3.95
KNOWN: Dimensions and thermal conductivity of a spherical container. Thermal conductivity and
volumetric energy generation within the container. Outer convection conditions.
FIND: (a) Outer surface temperature, (b) Container inner surface temperature, (c) Temperature
distribution within and center temperature of the wastes, (d) Feasibility of operating at twice the energy
generation rate.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) One-dimensional radial
conduction.
ANALYSIS: (a) For a control volume which includes the container, conservation of energy yields
E g − E out = 0 , or qV
 −q
conv = 0 . Hence

( ) (
q ( 4 3 ) π ri3 = h4π ro2 Ts,o − T∞ )
5 3
and with q = 10 W/m ,
105 W m 2 ( 0.5 m )
3 3

qr
Ts,o = T∞ + i = 25$ C + = 36.6$ C . <
3hro2 3000 W m ⋅ K ( 0.6 m )
2 2

(b) Performing a surface energy balance at the outer surface, E in − E out = 0 or q cond − q conv = 0 .
Hence
(
4π k ss Ts,i − Ts,o )
(1 ri ) − (1 ro )
= h4π ro2 Ts,o − T∞( )
 ro 
( )
2
1000 W m ⋅ K
− 1  ro ( Ts,o − T∞ ) = 36.6 C +
h
Ts,i = Ts,o + 
k ss  ri
$
( 0.2 ) 0.6 m 11.6$ C = 129.4$ C . <
 15 W m ⋅ K
(c) The heat equation in spherical coordinates is
d  dT 
k rw  r 2  + qr

2
= 0.
dr  dr 
Solving,

3 
2
dT qr qr C
r2 =− + C1 and T (r ) = − − 1 + C2
dr 3k rw 6k rw r
Applying the boundary conditions,
dT
=0 and T ( ri ) = Ts,i
dr r = 0
2
C1 = 0 and C2 = Ts,i + qr

i 6k rw .
Continued...
 PROBLEM 3.95 (Cont.)
Hence
T ( r ) = Ts,i +
6k rw
( ri2 − r 2 )
q
<
At r = 0,
105 W m3 ( 0.5 m )
2 2

qr
T ( 0 ) = Ts,i + i = 129.4$ C + = 337.7$ C <
6k rw 6 ( 20 W m ⋅ K )

(d) The feasibility assessment may be performed by using the IHT model for one-dimensional, steady-
state conduction in a solid sphere, with the surface boundary condition prescribed in terms of the total
thermal resistance

[(1 ri ) − (1 ro )] + 1  ri 2
( )
R ′′tot,i = 4π ri R tot = R ′′cnd,i + R ′′cnv,i =
2 ri2
k ss

h  ro 


where, for ro = 0.6 m and h = 1000 W/m2⋅K, R ′′cnd,i = 5.56 × 10-3 m2⋅K/W, R ′′cnv,i = 6.94 × 10-4 m2⋅K/W,
and R ′′tot,i = 6.25 × 10-3 m2⋅K/W. Results for the center temperature are shown below.
Center temperature, T(0) (C)

675

625

575

525

475
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)
ro = 0.54 m
ro = 0.60 m

Clearly, even with ro = 0.54 m = ro,min and h = 10,000 W/m2⋅K (a practical upper limit), T(0) > 475°C and
the desired condition can not be met. The corresponding resistances are R ′′cnd,i = 2.47 × 10-3 m2⋅K/W,
R ′′cnv,i = 8.57 × 10-5 m2⋅K/W, and R ′′tot,i = 2.56 × 10-3 m2⋅K/W. The conduction resistance remains
dominant, and the effect of reducing R ′′cnv,i by increasing h is small. The proposed extension is not
feasible.

COMMENTS: A value of q = 1.79 × 105 W/m3 would allow for operation at T(0) = 475°C with ro =
0.54 m and h = 10,000 W/m2⋅K.
 PROBLEM 3.112
KNOWN: Rod (D, k, 2L) inserted into a perfectly insulating wall, exposing one-half of its length to
an airstream (T∞, h). An electromagnetic field induces a uniform volumetric energy generation ( q )
in the imbedded portion.
FIND: (a) Derive an expression for Tb at the base of the exposed half of the rod; the exposed region
may be approximated as a very long fin; (b) Derive an expression for To at the end of the imbedded
half of the rod, and (c) Using numerical values, plot the temperature distribution in the rod and
describe its key features. Does the rod behave as a very long fin?
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction in imbedded portion

of rod, (3) Imbedded portion of rod is perfectly insulated, (4) Exposed portion of rod behaves as an
infinitely long fin, and (5) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: (a) Since the exposed portion of the rod (0 ≤ x ≤ + L) behaves as an infinite fin, the fin
heat rate using Eq. 3.80 is

q x ( 0 ) = q f = M = ( hPkAc ) ( Tb − T∞ )
1/ 2
(1)

From an energy balance on the imbedded portion of the rod,

q f = q Ac L (2)
2
Combining Eqs. (1) and (2), with P = πD and Ac = πD /4, find
−1/ 2 −1/ 2
Tb = T∞ + q f ( hPkAc ) = T∞ + qA

c L ( hPk )
1/ 2
(3) <
(b) The imbedded portion of the rod (-L ≤ x ≤ 0) experiences one-dimensional heat transfer with
uniform q . From Eq. 3.43,

2
qL
To = + Tb <
2k
(c) The temperature distribution T(x) for the rod is piecewise parabolic and exponential,
2 2

qL x
T ( x ) − Tb =   −L ≤ x ≤ 0
2k  L 
T ( x ) − T∞
= exp ( −mx ) 0 ≤ x ≤ +L
Tb − T∞

Continued …..
 PROBLEM 3.112 (Cont.)

The gradient at x = 0 will be continuous since we used this condition in evaluating Tb. The
distribution is shown below with To = 105.4°C and Tb = 55.4°C.
T(x) over embedded and exposed portions of rod
120

100
Temperature, T(x)

80

60

40

20
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Radial position, x