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Delays in Computer Networks

The document discusses the different types of delays that can occur when transmitting data packets over a computer network. There are four main types of delays: 1) transmission delay, which depends on packet size and bandwidth; 2) propagation delay, which depends on distance and transmission speed; 3) queuing delay, which depends on network congestion; and 4) processing delay, which depends on the processor speed. The total end-to-end delay is the sum of these four delays. Propagation speed in optical fiber is typically 2.1 x 10^8 m/s. Queuing and processing delays vary based on system load. Bandwidth is expressed in powers of 10 while data is expressed in powers of 2.

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Sunil Verma
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330 views

Delays in Computer Networks

The document discusses the different types of delays that can occur when transmitting data packets over a computer network. There are four main types of delays: 1) transmission delay, which depends on packet size and bandwidth; 2) propagation delay, which depends on distance and transmission speed; 3) queuing delay, which depends on network congestion; and 4) processing delay, which depends on the processor speed. The total end-to-end delay is the sum of these four delays. Propagation speed in optical fiber is typically 2.1 x 10^8 m/s. Queuing and processing delays vary based on system load. Bandwidth is expressed in powers of 10 while data is expressed in powers of 2.

Uploaded by

Sunil Verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Delays in Computer Networks:

Consider-

 Two hosts A and B are connected over a transmission link / transmission media.

 A data packet is sent by the Host A to Host B.

Following different types of delay occur during transmission-

Mathematically,

 Transmission delay ∝ Length / Size of data packet

 Transmission delay ∝ 1 / Bandwidth

Thus,

2. Propagation Delay-

Time taken for one bit to travel from sender to receiver end of the link is called as
propagation delay.
Mathematically,

 Propagation delay ∝ Distance between sender and receiver

 Propagation delay ∝ 1 / transmission speed

Thus,

Thus,

3. Queuing Delay-
Time spent by the data packet waiting in the queue before it is taken for execution is called
as queuing delay.

 It depends on the congestion in the network.

4. Processing Delay-

Time taken by the processor to process the data packet is called as processing delay.

 It depends on the speed of the processor.


 Processing of the data packet helps in detecting bit level errors that occurs during
transmission.

Important Points-

Note-01:

Total delay in sending one data packet or End to End time

= Transmission delay + Propagation delay + Queuing delay + Processing delay

Note-02:

In optical fibre, transmission speed of data packet = 2.1 x 108 m/sec

 In optical fibre, signals travel with 70% speed of light.

70% speed of light

= 0.7 x 3 x 108 m/sec

= 2.1 x 108 m/sec

 So, consider transmission speed = 2.1 x 108 m/sec for calculations when using optical fibre.

Note-03:

Both queuing delay and processing delay are dependent on the state of the system.
This is because-

 If destination host is busy doing some heavy processing, then these delays will increase.

 If destination host is free, then data packets will be processed immediately and these
delays will decrease.

Note-04:

 For any particular transmission link, bandwidth and transmission speed are always
constant.

 This is because they are properties of the transmission medium.

Note-05:

Bandwidth is always expressed in powers of 10 and data is always expressed in powers of


2.

Examples-
 1 kilo bytes = 210 bytes

 1 kilo bits = 210 bits

 1 Mega bytes = 220 bytes

 1 kilo bytes per second = 103 bytes per second

 1 kilo bits per second = 103 bits per second

 1 Mega bytes per second = 106 bytes per second


https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=GxC7llQRovo&feature=youtu.be

https://www.gatevidyalay.com/delay-in-computer-
networks/

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