XMAX TECHNOLOGY

SIDDEGOWDA C J, DIVYA S
1
Asst. Professor, Department of Master of Computer Applications,
New Horizon College Of Engineering
2
Student, Department of Master of Computer Applications, New Horizon College of
Engineering,Outer Ring Road, Marathalli, Bengaluru- 560 103

Abstract— xG’s approach has been to develop a network that uses available free spectrum instead
of costly licensed spectrum and an all-IP architecture that is less expensive to deploy and operate.
The company’s xMax system addresses the numerous technical hurdles involved with mobile VoIP
and data in today’s crowded airwaves. The result is an extremely efficient network solution that
delivers high quality fixed and mobile wireless Internet services at very low cost. Every aspect of the
technology is designed for the highest possible efficiency and QoS. xMax is designed to prioritize
voice calls by delivering dedicated time-slots, as well as a voice calling app for android phones and
tablets. This approach guarantees a low and fixed latency for every call, which essential for reliable
voice calls on heavily loaded wireless broadband systems. The xMax system ability to provide fixed
low latency connectivity for real-time communications is in contrast to technologies like Wi-Fi and
WiMAX, both of which are contention-based “best effort” delivery systems that cannot provide
scalable voice services without significantly reducing their data carrying capacity. xG’s proprietary
air interface addresses these limitations, while supporting full sensing-based cognitive network
operation.

Keywords— xG , xMax , VoIP , wireless internet services , QoS , Voice Calling app, android phone,
fixed latency, wireless broadband systems, latency connectivity , real-time communications , Wi-Fi,
WiMAX.
I. INTRODUCTION
xMax, as a physical layer technology, can be configured for use in wired and wireless products;
designed for deployment at any frequency; configured for licensed and unlicensed spectrum, or in a
spectrum sharing fashion.[6]

Importantly, it can improve range and battery life in such applications and uses the radio spectrum in
a very power efficient manner. The original xMax system is a hybrid technology in the sense that it
has aspects of both narrowband and wideband communication systems; it uses pulse position
modulation (PPM) and ultra wideband communications (UWB), but also employs a narrowband
carrier.[5][6]

The use of the carrier at the receiver basically eliminates the difficult synchronization and search
problems inherent with PPM and UWB systems. Low-cost mobile voice and broadband data
services, xG Technology, Inc. has developed an innovative wireless communication system (aka
“xMax”) that is capable of delivering mobile voice over IP (VoIP) and broadband data services in the
902-928 MHz unlicensed [Link] a business model perspective xG Technology is targeting this
scalable radio access network (RAN) solution towards new-entrant service provider partners, such as
cable companies, competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs), satellite companies, foreign
incumbent local exchange carriers, etc. that may be seeking to deliver mobile VoIP/data services to
the market on a nationwide or selected market basis. The inclusion of voice capability in addition to

DOI:10.23883/[Link] 765
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Volume 04, Issue 03; March - 2018 [ISSN: 2455-1457]

broadband data in the xMax RAN solution is a critical differentiation that will be emphasized
throughout this white paper. This is because despite the media fascination with the iPhone™ and
other smartphones and despite the increasing demand for mobile broadband data services, mobile
voice remains and will continue to remain the major revenue earner for mobile operators.[6][1][3]

Fig:1 Introduction

II. XMAX WORKING

Take the energy issue first. xMax uses a modulation technique designed to allow more data to be
transmitted on a single sine waves than is required with typical modulation technologies. So instead
of using more than 100,000 sine waves to transmit one bit of data, xMax uses a ratio closer to 1:1.

This technique would therefore be more efficient and keep energy levels very low, which would
mean devices that receive the signals wouldn't consume much power[8]. To solve the distance
problem, xMax uses frequency channels in the sub-gigahertz range, which can penetrate obstacles
such as walls or trees. But channels below 1GHz are very narrow, which means it is difficult to pack
large amounts of data into them. xMax fulfills the need for a radio technology that According to the
inventor Joseph Bobier "xMax's unique signal profile is a perfect fit for low frequency channels that
have previously been unsuitable for wireless broadband[1]." The technology will benefit rural ISPs
due to the lower number of base stations required. xMax, because it has 20 times the range of
Bluetooth, could challenge that technology. Other possibilities are enterprise WLANs and
metropolitan networks. Nowadays it is used for VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)[8].

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Fig: 2 xmax working

III. NETWORK STRUCTURE

In order to meet the objective of providing low-cost mobile voice and broadband data services the
xMax carrier class cognitive radio solution has been developed around commonly used and open
Internet protocols including IP, RTP, UDP and IP. In addition, it was designed to operate in both
unlicensed spectrum, such as the 902-928 MHz ISM band, and licensed spectrum[5].

As a result of these design considerations, xMax includes responsive opportunistic-use technology

based on “Identify And Utilize (IAU) techniques capable of combating in-band interference
encountered in the unlicensed spectrum, and extends the SIP and RTP protocols to the wireless
domain[1][2][8].

Among VoIP signaling protocols, SIP is regarded as very bandwidth-inefficient from a signaling
overhead standpoint. In fact, SIP signaling can consume up to 400% of the VoIP payload bandwidth,
an unacceptable figure for mobile networks. To increase the efficiency of SIP signaling, yet
maintain 100% standards compatibility with external VoIP systems and soft switches, xG has created
patent pending SIP compression technology for the xMax system that reduces SIP overhead
bandwidth from 400% to 66% on the over the air links and backhaul links from the Base Stations to
the xMax MSCs[4]. The MSCs do the SIP compression and decompression to maintain 100%
interoperability with third-party VoIP systems. This also has the benefit of making more bandwidth
available for mobile data applications being carried alongside voice traffic[8][6].

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Fig: 3 Network structure

IV. NETWORK ARCHIECTURE

The primary consideration in the network architecture design of the xMax system is to achieve the
goal of providing robust, scalable, and full-featured voice and data services to mobile subscribers at a
fraction of the cost of traditional approaches[4].

As the diagram indicates, the network architecture includes the following elements:
• Air-interface designed for operation in unlicensed as well as licensed bands.
• Base station (BSN), which provides radio to network access to handsets. The xMax base
station is a three sector, 18 channel mobile VOIP transceiver device. The BSN channelizes the 902-
928 MHz band into 18 discrete channels, which are only used when there is traffic to mobile devices
that are registered with a particular channel.
• Access Network Gateway (ANG), called the xMSC in an xMax network that provides call
process, IP packet delivery services and several other IP, mobility and network signaling related
functions.
• Technology agnostic back-haul links from BSN sites and the ANG (Fiber, Metro Ethernet,
PTP Wireless, etc.).
 While the BSN is conventional in both architecture and functionality, the ANG (xMSC) is a
novel piece of wireless infrastructure equipment that consists of 100% off-the-shelf hardware with
proprietary software developed by xG: • Ethernet Switch which aggregates BSN links.
• Firewall which provides private to public network address translation (NAT) services.
• SIP Proxy Server which supports SIP call control, xG’s SIP message compression
technology, and E911 services[2][5][4][8].
• Proxy DHCP Server which is used for IP address services.

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• Network Monitor (xMonitor) software which is responsible for end-to-end network

management and monitoring services.

Among the unique characteristics of the xMax network architecture is the way mobility is
implemented. The system provides soft handoffs with make-before-break capability (timeslots are
acquired before breaking a connection), which result in reliable roaming and a seamless user
experience. This is demonstrated further in rhe ability of the system to perform inter-technology
handoff (xMax to WiFi). With all handoff decisions made at the handset level via proactive channel
scanning, there is no need for inter-base station communication, which helps drive seamless
operation[4][1].

Fig:4 Network Architecture

V. COMPONENTS OF XMAX TECHNOLOGY

The xMax mobile cellular solution leverages a standard cellular architecture – with some notable
enhancements. The following (next pages) are the major components of the system[2]:

1) xMod : The xMod is a small battery or vehicle-powered radio that bridges the COTS end
user device to the wideband transport layer of the xMax system. Devices may be physically tethered
or connected via secure WiFi links to the xMod. The xMod can deliver up to 3.5Mbps to the
connected end user device(s) under real world conditions[2].

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Fig:5 Xmod

2) xAp : The Xap’s acts as a compact high performance base station and wirelessly connect To
the x mod using the xmax cognitive network waveform. Each Xap can deliver up to 14Mbps to its
associated xmods. Xap’s may be deployed individually or in clusters of up to a Xap’s to increase
total throughput[2].

Fig: 6 xAP

3) XMSC: The xMSC acts as both a base station controller and aggregation point for the
connected xAP’s. The xMSC is typically connected to worldwide internet[2].

VI. CELLULAR NETWORK

Media Gateway – which provides media transcoding between IP and PSTN networks and is
responsible for subscriber accounting/billing, PSTN call termination, “Direct Inward Dialing” (DID)
phone number maintenance, voicemail services, and inter-network call signal routing, among others.
The VoIP core can be owned and operated by the xMax operator, or can be provided as a third party
service. The xMax mobile cellular solution leverages a standard cellular[4][5].

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Fig: 7 Cellular Networks

VII. FLEXIBLE ARCHITECTURE ENHANCES AND EXTENDS TODAY’S SERVICES

The system uses a proprietary over the air waveform that has been optimized for our sensing-based
cognitive radio. While based on Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), xG’s unique
and patented protocol outperforms Wi-Fi, WiMax and traditional cellular technologies like LTE in
shared and interference prone radio bands[3].

In addition to its proprietary and highly optimized over the air protocol, xMax offers several unique
and valuable capabilities not found in other cognitive (and traditional) radio networks[4][5].

Fig: 8 Architecture

[Link]
xMax technology offers advantages for numerous types of prospective domestic and international
carriers. These organizations include incumbent local exchange carriers (ILEC), competitive local

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exchange carriers (CLEC), original equipment manufacturers (OEM), mobile operators, cable
companies and other content providers, and infrastructure mobile virtual network enablers
(MVNE)[7].

xMax, is a 900MHz wireless technology and uses less than 1 Watt of power. What makes xMax
unique is its sharing of crowded radio spectrum, such as the frequencies used by cable television or
Wi-Fi. The consumption of power in xMax is less when compared to other wireless technology
devices.[5]

xMax offers consumers the prospect of lower phone bills because:[4]

• xMax transmits over unlicensed spectrum-the same as baby monitors and cordless phones. Major
national cellular carriers paid billions of dollars for licensed spectrum that they recoup from
customers. A

• xMax was built as a totally Internet-based digital system from top to bottom-an extremely cost
efficient communication approach.Â

Roger Branton, COO for xG Technology said that xMax is essentially a new long-distance UWB
(ultra-wideband)-like wireless technology, and was quick to make the distinction between xG's xMax
and UWB technology. He says, "XMax is not UWB. The first xMax products slated for release later
this year will utilize the ISM 900MHz unlicensed band, which is only 26MHz wide. UWB utilizes
something like 500MHz in the high gigahertz frequencies."Â[1]

Xg claims that xmax supports more efficient communication over wireless or wired links than other
technologies. About this efficiency, Bobier said that, "We believe efficiency boils down to how
many bits you can move over a given amount of spectrum per watt. If you can move more bits of
information with less power, you pollute the spectrum less, thereby making it possible for more users
to access the spectrum.[2]

“Xmax operates at low, sub-gigahertz frequencies and can be used for communication without the
common line-of-sight issues that happen at higher frequencies. Bobier says if you can use these
frequencies and still be broadband, you compare with fixed wireless technologies doing things in the
microwave area. A [7]

Wimax, which has been described as Wi-Fi on steroids, has a range of up to 30 miles and can deliver
broadband at a theoretical maximum of 75mbps. But today, power consumption is so high on wimax
receivers that they cannot be used in consumer products such as laptops, let alone on handheld
devices such as cell phones.[5]

IX. PERFORMANCE CLAIMS

A press report was published in 2005 quoting inventor Joseph Bobier. The technology was said to
compete with WiMax, but details were initially not disclosed. By 2006, the company announced it
had "completed" the technology after six years of development [6]. In 2009, a blogger wrote that he
witnessed a xMax mobile VoIP pilot network operated by the company in Fort Lauderdale: "xMax
worked well and is real. When you realize that this company may have found a way to take a
frequency riddled with wireless garbage and turn it into a fully functioning wireless voice and data
network you start to see how much of a game changer this could be for the wireless industry [2]."
Antenna: commercially off the shelf antenna [4]

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Range: typically 2–5 miles depending upon tower height and terrain [5].
Data rate: 18 Mbit/s per base station [4]
Spectrum used: Unlicensed 902-928 MHz band [1]
Interference: Ability to accept interference found on 902-928 MHz band [5]
Power: Less than 1 W [5]
From 2007 through 2009 Phil Karn published some analysis of the technology claims.

X. CONCLUSION
This “xMax” Seminar Helps us to understand the basic concept of xMax Network Structure and
it’applications, About the cognitive radio. The seminar also introduces the new Technology i.e.
xMax Patented technology, it’s Specification and Applications. As utilities seek to cope with a spurt
in bandwidth-intensive traffic resulting from growing data loads, smart grid implementations and
other demands on their systems, there will be increased pressure to ensure their wireless
communications infrastructure can keep pace.

The xMax cognitive radio cellular system from xG Technology represents a complete, scalable
mobile wideband solution that is capable of delivering the advanced communications, unified
architecture support and operational efficiencies required. The system has been deployed and
demonstrated in disparate settings including a military environment at Fort Bliss and at rural cellular
operator sites in Florida and Arkansas. This flexibility to serve disparate markets stems from the xG
Technology affordable and rapidly deployable all-IP architecture.

While xMax incorporates several state-of-the-art and proprietary technologies such as dynamic
spectrum access and multi-spatial interference mitigation, it also leverages COTS end user devices
including 3G and 4G smart phones, tablets, net books, etc. These advanced features increase
operational and deployment flexibility while also improving the utilization of scarce spectrum
resources.

REFERENCES
I. [Link]
II. Jump up^ "Response to Notice of Inquiry Before the Federal Communications Commission". 25 July 2012.
Retrieved 22 December 2014.
III. Jump up^ Gary Shapiro (15 June 2014). "Benefits of Unlicensed Spectrum". The Hill. Retrieved 22
December 2014.
IV. Jump up^ Reuters (July 5, 2005). "xMax: Only broadband in the village?". Archived from the original on July 8,
2005. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
V. Jump up^ Guy Kewney (November 9, 2005). "xMax - wireless voodoo? Remarkable claims for WiMAX-busting
system". The Register. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
VI. Jump up^ Chris A. MacKinnon (March 3, 2006). "Get Ready For xMax : xG Goes Beyond The Physical Limits
Of Existing Radio Technologies". Processor. 28 (9). Retrieved May 30, 2013.
VII. Jump up^ Rich Tehrani (September 22, 2009). "Rich Takes xMax Wireless for a Test Drive". TMCnet.
Retrieved May 30, 2013.
VIII. Jump up^ Phil Karn (October 1, 2009). "xG Technology's xMax". Retrieved May 30, 2013.
IX. Wu F, Kuo F, Liu LW, The application wireless technology of 7th Int’l Conf. on Electronic Commerce. 2005,
85−92.
X. Virone G, Wood A, Selavo L, Cao Q, Fang L, Doan T, He Z, Stoleru R, Lin, Stankovic JA, An advanced
wireless sensor network

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