1

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Rationale

Culture defined differently but I prefer using the definition of the father of

sociology, Emile Durkheim who asserted that culture has the power over individuals to

create beliefs, such as belief in god. he added that with more people holding same beliefs,

social order is also strengthened.

In general, culture is a way of life of a group of people that includes their

knowledge, belief, art , morals, law customs, and other capabilities and habit acquired by

man as a member of society (tylor,1974)

Elements of Culture, the five basic elements of culture are: symbol, language,

beliefs, values and norms. 1.) Symbols, can be anything that a group of people find

meaningful. 2.) Language is a complex symbol that enabled human beings to

communicate either verbally or through writing. Ilocano, bisaya, tagalog, and other

several native languages were already spoken in pre-colonial Philippines. their Ancient

script or writing called Baybayin had characters, and each character represented a

complete syllable. 3.) Belief, are assumptions or convictions held to be true by an

individual or a group of people. these consumptions or convictions could be about event,

people or things. 4.) Values, are culturally acceptable standards of behavior. it is what a

person considers important or beneficial in life. 5.) Norm, is an informal guideline by a

particular group of people or social unit about what is considered normal or

correct/incorrect social behavior. for instance, the Filipino norm in relating to other
 2

people is to get along with others, even with complete strangers. the Filipino trait is

pakikisama.

In this study you will know more about the cultures of the people of Municipality

of Pantar Lanao Del Norte and the cultural changes.

Statement of the Problem

This study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What are the possible changes of culture in terms of beliefs and practices in

Municipality of Pantar Lanao del Norte?

2. What are the possible reason why culture changes as time as goes by?

3. What are the impacts of culture changes in the municipality of Pantar Lanao del

Norte?

4. Is there any possibility that culture may change completely by the next generation?

Objectives of the study

The main purpose of this study is to determine the following research objectives:

1. To determine the possible changes of culture in terms of beliefs and practices in

municipality of Pantar Lanao del Norte.

2. To determine the the possible reason why culture changes as time as goes by.

3. To determine the impacts of culture changes in the municipality of Pantar Lanao

del Norte from a years ago up to the present.

4. To determine the possibility that culture may change completely by the next

generation.
 3

Conceptual Framework

5.
Changes of Culture because Effects : The originality of the

6. of Modernization and culture slowly disappears. The

7. Adaptation. memories of the Ancient

Maranao culture slowly fades.

The changes of the culture in the Municipality of Pantar Lanao

del Norte from a years ago up to the present .

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the conceptual framework

Significance of the Study

The researcher believed that the outcomes or findings of this study would bring

benefits to the following:

Teachers. this study could help them by adding their knowledge about the

cultural changes or be informed moreover, and it is helpful for their awareness in

surveying the cultural changes in making presentation in school.

Students. this will serve as an informative text that will allow them to understand

the culture of the people of the Municipality of Pantar Lanao del Norte.
 4

Researcher. this will serve as a partial fulfillment for the course GED 15:

Purposive Communication First trimester for the Academic Year 2019-2020.

Future Researchers. this may serve as an good source of information for the

researcher who may have their interest to study about culture relevant to this topic.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will focus on the changes of the culture in the Municipality of Pantar

Lanao del Norte from a years ago up to the present and the impacts, reason behind these

changes as well as its effects on the generation now a days.

Definition of terms

The terms below are defined conceptually and operationally for better

understanding of this research.

Modernization. Is the current term for an old process – the process of social

change whereby less developed societies acquire characteristics common to more

developed societies.

Adaptation. The action or process of adapting or being adapted.

Beliefs. An acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists.

Moral. Concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the

goodness or badness of human character.

Values. The regard that something is held to deserve; the importance , worth, or

usefulness of something.
 5

Traditions. The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation,

or the fact of being passed on this way.

Cultural Diversity . The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within

a society.

Language. The method of human communication, either spoken or written,

consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.

Religion. The belief and worship of a super human controlling power, especially

a personal god or gods.

Marriage. The legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in

a personal relationship.
 6

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Studies

Cultural Factors, culture encompasses the set of beliefs, moral values, traditions,

language, and laws (or rules of behavior) held in common by a nation, a community, or

other defined group of people. culturally determined characteristics include: the language

spoken at home; religious observances; customs (including marriage customs that often

accompany religious and other beliefs); acceptable gender roles and occupations dietary

practices; intellectual, artistic, and leisure-time pursuits; and other aspects of behavior. in

the United States, and in other nations with large immigrant populations, there is a wide

range of cultural diversity, religious, beliefs, customs, and values, reflecting the scattered

origins of the people.

Sociocultural and individual differences cultural factors impacts families

definitions of the nature, timing, tasks, and rituals of life cycle transitions as well as the

significance the family attaches to each transition.

Importance of culture , culture is the characteristics of group of people defined of

everything such as religion, lifestyle, etc. different people in different societies have

different culture but they also have some similarities. The culture varies in different

things such as clothes, foods, religion and many others.

Culture has its own characteristics; we will discuss some of its characteristics

here. 1.) learn, culture is not the thing you study for it and you know it but it is just the

process you pass from it, after that you will know about culture, All action the action we
 7

do like eating, dressing wearing ornaments etc., is the result of culture we learned. 2.) is

Shared, culture is something that is shared among groups of people. it is not the thing that

someone possess it individually. Culture is always transferred through sharing so it mean

that for transferring the culture the sharing is a must. Culture is shared in many ways; the

main way for transferring the culture is the language. language is the form of social

communication and the knowledge is transferred through group discussion, public

speaking and informal communication. 3.) Social , culture is social it is not the individual

phenomena. it is the product of society and originates and grows through social

interaction. Something is differentiate to us through comparison, so far distinguishes

culture we have to compare it with some other then we will know about all the aspects of

that culture therefore the culture must be social and without it there is no concept of

culture. 4.) Continuous, culture is the continuous process, culture is growing whole which

includes in itself, the achievements of the past and present and makes provision for the

future achievements of mankind. culture is the result of past and present changes that

occur in it, and thus it absorb that changes in itself and the culture become the result of

past and present experiences and the process continue to next generation and soon. 5.) the

Adaptive, culture is always adaptive, even changes occur in culture but is very slow

process and generally it is adaptive to all the people associated with that culture. 6.) the

varies, culture always varies all the elements of culture like dressing, ways of eating,

speaking etc. varies from society to society

Related literature

The impacts of culture change on individuals and communities, culture changing

in behaviors, ideas including beliefs, attitudes, values and habit. the phenomenon of
 8

culture change affects the way that people think and see other communities also their way

of life. the factors that lead the change in culture like social reasons, contact with

societies and evolution .

According to research diffusion, acculturation and transculturation this are social

reasons that have a role in culture change. such as diffusion when they move ideas and

beliefs from culture to another and acculturation when one attribute spreads from one

culture to other, transculturation is one person move from his own country like

immigrant, which I believe if consolidation between different culture, it will be change

in future generations and spread of different religions in societies like they will not follow

one culture, but some of them live without confirmation of their culture.

Causes of Cultural Changes, Cultural changes are set in motion in three ways. the

first is invention, the process of creating a new cultural elements. invention has given us

the telephone, the airplane and the computer each of these elements of material culture

has had a tremendous impact on our way of life. Discovery, a second cause of cultural

change, involves recognizing and understanding more fully something already in

existence perhaps a distant star or the foods of another culture or women’s political

leadership skill. The third cause of cultural change is diffusion, the spread of cultural

traits from one society to another. Because new information technology sends

information around the globe in seconds, cultural diffusion has never been greater than it

is today .
 9

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In conducting this study the researcher will use Qualitative Research approach in

which the data will be collected in a form of a 5 questions that is intended to answer all

the questions being stated in the statement of the problem and answer the researcher

curiosity regarding the topic of this research study.

The data will be interpreted and presented in a clear and creative way.

Data Gathering

The material used in conducting this study is a single page of questionnaire

composed of 5 questions intended to answer the questions regarding the subject matter.

Aside from the questionnaire there is no specific equipment used in conducting the study

the researcher simply used the observation skill by listening to the respondent’s responses

to the questions and by interpreting the data gathered from the respondent’s answers.

Research Procedure

The research started with the researcher’s curiosity regarding the changes in

culture of the people of Pantar Lanao del Norte from a years ago up to the present. The

researchers formulated a precise research title relevant to the topic and a questionnaire

that is about to answer the researcher curiosity which contains five objective questions.
 10

The study was conducted on the 11th day of October 2019 at exactly 10:00 in the

Morning at the Municipality of Pantar Lanao del Norte, the questionnaire was answered

by four selected respondents and the data are researcher elaborated the questions to the

respondent and recorded their answers and lastly interpreted the data gathered and made a

precise conclusion.
 11

Chapter 4

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPREATION OF FINDINGS

This chapter contains the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data about
the cultural changes in municipality of Pantar Lanao del Norte from a years ago up to the

present. The tables were used to present thorough and definite statistical data.

1. Profile of the Respondents

AGE FREQUENCY RATE

55 1 1

52 1 1

48 1 1

46 1 1

Table 1. Frequency and Rank Distribution of the respondents by Age.

AGE

46
48
52
55

Figure 2. Percentage distribution according to their Age

Table 1. It displays the frequency of the respondent’s age as categorized into

three ranges, as shown in the table.
 12

GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK

MALE 3 75% 1

FEMALE 1 25% 2

TOTAL 4 100%

Table 2. Frequency and rank distribution of respond gender

It presents the gender of the Selected Respondents. There were 3 males

and 1 female.

Gender

3
1

Figure 3. Distribution table of the Selected Respondents students

according to their gender.

 13

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

There are so many cultures in the Municipality of Pantar Lanao del Norte but we

only wrote some of the most remarkable cultures they use to practice. So first let us begin

with their values, all of our respondents agreed that the Ancient Pantarians are helpful,

hospitable they practices the so called Filipino Values “Bayanihan”.

In fact, whenever someone is Planting rice, corn or whatever it is, Pantarian

Farmers enjoy helping each other with it for free compared to the farmers nowadays who

asks for a salary each farmer will receive 20-50 pesos every row of plant. They sow

another one was they enjoy “Sharing their blessings with their fellow Pantarians.

According to our respondents back then, a farmer could never manage to eat even a

single grain out of his crop without sending some of it to his neighbors and relatives from

a far. But now even your own brother or son could manage to eat food deliciously and

live a luxurious life while watching you starve to death, I am not talking about Pantarians

as a whole, I mean some of them.

One of our respondent said, the values which is a particular part of culture of the

Pantarian’s had change overtime may be because the tie or the love and sympathy they

have with each other had loosen and/or is not as strong as their ancient. Second, is the

rituals they used to practice according to our respondents many or should we say most of

the rituals they used to practice had been forgotten, neglected and some had been

forbidden for some reason an example they gave is the so called “Kapamagarowak”
 14

which they used to practice and the taboo which giant drum when it is already time to

pray or do some of their rituals, in which 10th day of Muharram they cook their Native

Delicacies and share it with their neighbors to honor the souls of their ancient they used

to sound, but according to the respondents it has been forbidden by their religions which

is Islam, it is said that the prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) did not practiced it, so it is

considered as “Bid-ah” another Pantarian Culture that is forbidden by Islam is when a

person dies the Ancient Pantarian used to build a small house decorated creatively beside

the house of the dead’s family, then a group of people will perform a ritual in a form of

dance from the dead’s grave towards the small house. It is said that they are leading the

soul of the dead person into the small house that will serve as its home.

As for Marriage practice, Pantarian’s are just like any other maranao around the

Lanao in which the bride and the groom wears “landap” and the wedding takes place at

the bride’s house but the food that will be served to the guests will be contributed by the

Bride’s relatives and as for the usual dowry carabaos, some portion of land and gold.

Their marriage use less expensive and simple but treasurable and meaningful compared

to the wedding nowadays which sometimes being held in a function hall, The Bride and

The Groom also wears “luxurious gowns and suits” and the dowry is cash there is only a

few of the pantarian’s who still practicing the traditional way of marriage. According to

our respondents it is due to the modernization, the generation nowadays are modernized

they tend to adopt the culture of other peoples which they tend to see through the social

media, magazine, newspaper and television and they choose to get along with the trend so

they are consciously forgetting their own culture.

 15

The Ancient Pantarians and the used to Maranaos as a whole doesn’t wear a veil

and usually doesn’t wear too conservative type of clothes or their way of dressing up is

usually not too conservative. In fact, according to our respondents the ladies from a

couple of decades used to tie their hair in a bun beside their head above their ear and

sometimes they just let their long hair stunningly show which they actually didn’t know

that in the religion they are believing into which is Islam, it is prohibited and due to the

lack of knowledge regarding Islam, because during those time only few of them know

more about Islam, but for those a aforesaid cultures automatically been changed as their

knowledge regarding Islam had gone better.

Another part of the maranao culture that has also been exercised by the ancient

Pantar is the “Royals Monarchy” in which the so called “Datu” or “Sultan” the Royal

Family is the source of all authority aside from their religion the overall decision of the

people all depends upon the Datu, they also served as their judge which deals with the

conflicts that may happen between the people which is nowadays not that exercised. The

local government and the datu or Sultan not given respect or value as much as ancient

pantarians does.

CONCLUSION

“Miyakapiyapiya so mga Andang” that remark was what I repetitively heard from

the respondents wherever we asked them the question “Can you give me an example of

the culture of our ancient maranaos here in pantar that are now not practiced?” which

means they prefer the way of they used to have for the past decades of their life because

according to them it was more peaceful and wonderful, peoples relationship back then
 16

with another are way greater that it is today, Pantar has indeed unique cultural practices

in which I included in the summary of findings.

But the culture that was currently being practiced by the people of the

Municipality of Pantar Lanao del Norte is far from the culture that their ancient practiced

back few decades ago, some of them are the way of marriage there is already a traditional

and modern way, the way of loving and hospitability, their way of dealing with things,

way of clothing, pursuing faith. their culture their way of living.

We agreed with what my respondents said that the cause of these changes in the

Pantarian culture are wider civilization, wider knowledge about the religion and most

importantly modernization and adaptation. When the Pantarians knowledge about Islam

widen they automatically forbid the cultural practices they used to practice that are

forbidden or prohibited by the a aforesaid religion and started embracing Islam as their

way of living. Aside from that as the new generation started to be modernized, they

started opening their eyes to the face of the horizon and started to get along with the trend

and adopting new cultures that makes the culture of the Municipality of Pantar Lanao del

Norte slowly fade away.

RECOMMENDATION

It is very sad to know that there are so many beautiful cultures we could be proud

of as a Maranao but it is now slowly disappearing due to several factors and / or reasons

so if there is something we could recommend not just to our readers but to ourselves as

well is that, we should listen to our elders about the cultures they are practicing back then
 17

and practice those practices that are good and produces good effect on us, as for the

future researchers, you should be more respectful in asking questions to our respondents

and avoid reacting or saying words that may offend them.

 18

REFERENCE

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization
 19

http://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/cultural-factors

https://www.sociologyguide.com/culture/causes-of-cultural-change.php

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/cultural-studies/culture-and-its-importance-essay.php

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theoretical-perspectives-on-culture/

https://www.bartley.com/essay/the-Impact-of-Culture-Change-on-individuals-
F376J8EJDB6S

https://www.bartley.com/essay/the-Impact-of-Culture-Change-on-individuals-
F376J8EJDB6S

http://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-

maps/cultural-factors

https://www.sociologyguide.com/culture/causes-of-cultural-change.php

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/cultural-studies/culture-and-its-importance-essay.php.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theoretical-perspectives-on-culture/

https://www.bartley.com/essay/the-Impact-of-Culture-Change-on-individuals-

F376J8EJDB6S .

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-

government/military-affairs-nonnaval/modernization
 20

APPENDIX AAPPENDIX A
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

Dear Sir/ Maam,

Good Morning and AssalamoAlaikom!

We, the students from RC-Alkhwarizmi International College Foundation Inc.,

are presently conducting a study entitled “The changes of culture in the Municipality of
Pantar Lanao Del Norte from a years up to present” in partial fulfillments of the course
GED15:Purposive Communication for the Academic Year 2019-2020.

The general objective of the study is to determine the changes of culture in the
aforesaid community.

In view of this, the researchers would like to ask your consent to allow us to
collect data about cultural changes .

Thank you very much and more blessings!

Respectfully yours,

Norlaila M. Macabantog
Naim A. Anuar
Ashary C. H. Solaiman
Ashren M. Guiling

Researchers
 21

APPENDIX B

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Name (OPTIONAL):_________________________ Age: _______

Resident: _________________________________ Gender: ______

Date: ________________

1. What are the cultural practices of the people here in Pantar that you witnessed or

possibly done back in the past few years but are not being practiced nowadays?

2. What do you think is the possible reason why those cultures are slowly fading and/or

not being done today by the new generation?

3. Is it possible that by the next decades those culture may be forgotten and/or changed

completely by the people?

4. What are the possible impact of cultural changes to the people?

5. What are those uniqueness culture in the Municipality of Pantar Lanao Del Norte?
 22

APPENDIX C

CURRICULUM VITAE

NOR-LAILA MADACA MACABANTOG

Kalanganan East, Pantar Lanao Del Sur
09090580180
[email protected]

PERSONAL DATA:

Age: 17
Sex: Female
Height: 5’2
Date of birth: December 14, 2001
Place of birth: Pantar Lanao Del Sur
Status: Single
Religion: Islam
Citizenship: Filipino
Language/Dialect Spoken: Meranao, English and Filipino

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND:

Senior high : Pantar National Senior High School

Secondary : Pantar National High School

Elementary : Baloi Central Elementary School

College : RC-Al Khwarizmi International College Foundation Inc.

 23

NAIM A. ANUAR
Campong, Pantar Lanao del sur
09959568586
[email protected]

PERSONAL DATA:

Age: 18
Sex: Male
Height: 5’5
Date of birth: March 26, 2001
Place of birth: Campong, Pantar Lanao Del Sur
Status: Single
Religion: Islam
Citizenship: Filipino
Language/Dialect Spoken: Meranao, English and Filipino

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND:

Senior high : RC-Al Khwarizmi International College Foundation Inc.

Secondary : Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation

Elementary : Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation

College : RC-Al Khwarizmi International College Foundation Inc.

 24

ASHARY C. H. SOLAIMAN
Linuk Maul Marantao, Lanao del sur
09950977093
[email protected]

PERSONAL DATA:

Age: 19
Sex: Male
Height: 5’4
Date of birth: August 15, 2000
Place of birth: Linuk Maul Marantao Lanao del sur
Status: Single
Religion: Islam
Citizenship: Filipino
Language/Dialect Spoken: Meranao, English and Filipino

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND:

Senior high : Agusan Senior High School

Secondary : Philippine Integrated School Foundation Inc.

Elementary : Dansalan College Foundation Inc.

College : RC-Al Khwarizmi International College Foundation Inc.

 25

ASHREN M. GUILING
Pantar, Lanao del sur
09157781501
[email protected]

PERSONAL DATA:

Age: 19
Sex: Female
Height: 5’0
Date of birth: April 2, 1999
Place of birth: Iligan City Lanao del sur
Status: Single
Religion: Islam
Citizenship: Filipino
Language/Dialect Spoken: Meranao, English and Filipino

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND:

Senior high : Christ The King School of Muntinlupa City

Secondary : Christ The King School of Muntinlupa City

Elementary : Christ The King School of Muntinlupa City

College : RC-Al Khwarizmi International College Foundation Inc.

 26

DOCUMENTATION

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