bee Ae AOA Nouns describe people. places, things. enimols ‘events, ona ideas Each noun has a number (singuarilura) and 9 case. A noun’ grammatical funcvon (uj, direct objet, rect object predicate nominate) determines its case ‘i German nouns are capitalized ndhave one fee | srommatialgondare "Masculine (Huns the dow) Feminine 20 (he cat) Neuter (nl: uch the Book) ‘Changes inthe infection of nouns, pronouns, articles, and eects 10 refit case rie, and gender are | ‘eteres to as declension, Singular nouns reer to one thing: c= Such (the book, whereas plural noune rete to more than one ie Hh" (tne books). German nouns are puralized in several ways: 1 No change in spling (changes nates, adjectives, ‘verbs, and verbs signal pla Der wagon ist a (The cari thee) Die wager sind da (he cars ae there) ‘Vowel change (uriaut added to ster vow: ie Mutter the mathe > die Mor he mothers) ‘aig 1-07 oF er or ich he table) oi isco he tables) Sie sivas he street) > oe srasen the streets) Sierra te woman) > Se Fre the women) Soe kn te el) wiser the ere Vowel change ond adding “cor -o-| "der 972 he dete > le fee he deters) fos ouch tne Book > ie Ache te Book) Adding 5: 35647 te office) > ce sur the offices) GENDER PRESS +n nouns that refer to occupation, nationality, regous ‘or poliiealarentation, andthe ke. Biological gender ‘ner is especed er Mann the man; le Frau the woman) fier amerikaner (the male) American Amerianerin te ema] America). ‘eh reteredtoin te neuter: os 1 the chil, + Specfe tems are used to dstiguish between 2 male and a female chide ange the boy and Ss ace the ge Pronoun references to female child respect gram mateal, not biol gender: O25 Wade" hat Seinen ut veroren (The gist ts Le. ner Mat) ‘The singular form of most eecupations and natlonll- ties rflct dstintions in Blogeal gnder, usualy by changing the ate and aéding the feminine ending ‘er Professor (he fale] patesson {eProfessorin te mae] rofeson) Insome cases, a vowel change also occurs cor Art he mate docten ‘3e Arzu he emo doctor + Inother cases, deine terme ae usec ‘er krankenpfiege he (male nurse) the krarkenschwester the female nurse) “ractonally, German has retained the generic masculine | ral for professions and nationaites | he Jouralste the jounatists) the amercaner (he Americans) Sometimes, howeve, ore ncksve forms ae used ‘ie Arrieta and fem reseans) {German nationality regular: er De. (he mae) German en Deutscher (a ite German; ce Det | | te temate} Germany sie Deutsche» he male ana female Germans): Deutsche (Germans) THE GENERIC MASCULINE No dtincton s made between mate and female human beings: der Mens fhe human being [akin to "mann enatsn) hen refering to humans collet, weve the noun SS grammatical feminine ind I's important to dstinguish betwoon the indotinte ‘Pronoun i" (one fas in people in general) and the lagen noun dr han the ma ‘Man sagt das So. (Oe Say it that way) Der Mann sagt das So. (That's the way tat [particu lor man sys it) Dean and ie Fr ean algo mean husband or wie as semen Mann at my Pusband) fet mone Fou Tat my We) Some regular ending are sander in cri ways “ie sti mus e masa oer™emnm. Agent nouns ending no" ate masculine. (the male! teaener those endngin are feminine: ic Lovers te lem teacer, una, het hat, scat, ion, and -elendings are {feminine and pluralzed by adaing en: de vosune-en| {the solaton/s, ie vahten the truths ce Wires, (eave), ce Freundschott-en the Iendenip/s) ce Diskussion on (he seusson/) se Universo (he universities: sie Backers en he bakeries) “int endings are feminine and plurazed with a Stem vowol change and adding an ©: sie User nent odging. accommodations “ik endings ae feminine and often have no pura: ie Loge ge. but when they d, they form the pal with er: Technik. en teennolgy is for tecnnaues, -chen and len are dntve suffers usay combines with umiauts added to the stem vowel. They take the reuters oes the et sts (ety ca | Sie rrau he woman: as rales te te] Miss, | Traction, Fee" as been te ter of adress to ‘istinguish between maid and unmarried women Fraulen Smt (Ms Sat, Butts now common to use | Frau Srath(MFS. Smith [abbreviated FSi regard | less of marta status, Infative vers used as nouns are neuter and have 1 | ‘ral dow sereiben (wring. | PRONOUNS / die PRONOMEN CASE noun’ case is determined by its funtion. he four cases In German, and some guidelines fr usage, ae Arles i the nominative are (mci, 035 (c(h + Subjects: The person. pace. oF thing performing the ction Der ng nt Che do rans) Predicate nominatives: Nouns that don't do anything butreferto the subject othe sentence: Oe dts Schsrnund (The dogis]@German shepherd) Oss te Frou, That the woman) Nouns of addres: vie Donen vs Heron ladies and gentieen) Ares sretveare en e609, 8, + bec ebjce Te prion cr insted upon km oF unet pte sinper cise ce nan 0 inet Sa) ‘ne olowig acinar propoattons se Sey a aga he way reso tempera ronal: ee en Ta etic Ouest ravine ery) Ion Tech tae iter on he tte) Artest cave oe Gorm eh, em Son Incect jects: The personting fr whom he acon i pertrmel orto nom i decid ch gee Com “nse spruy tre he og) nouns low dav repeaen 0 dem Zig cam gorgby tan Dative verb: Coron eave verb cae anvorten ft anownrydnton eo tan gsi to pes fencer ta boone Tok heen te ha uven Co Belew WemeoneD. atie cis uly ar eo pe owcs, gauon wien (rng © an Panne ‘Shes sors he cnt pbe Gas 8 bebe inau-bu pos te dae wen rearing per sor ich ea bebe ou fracere peraned beceed or reat: it ot finen 2 warn Fr Sm et oo war fr you So oes ta Neto forme) ‘Articles nthe gontiveare ds. enti: drt des, (nde -2n (se the genitive or Possession: se siren dos Fes (he chi eye) Relationships betwoon two nouns usually denoted In English by the preposition “oP F202 oere1 Dug he ele of yur eve). Nouns following genitive prepositions: si Sen det sien onsets der Gren. (Mexico f situated beyond the border) Preneunssond nfo nowisond change cise ‘gree in gender and number wth the nouns to which they reer cole antecedents) ET Pesonal pronouns afer depending on wheter they are ‘se for formel or informal address Sieform forma) 5 cto Unformal sing) + Inform fra pla) “odstngulsn between these forms, our examples us: Frank Cnfomal singly and wns une Helga ans ‘and Heigainformal plural forthe d= an forms + Fe Smit (Ms. Smith; formal singular) and mene Herre" gentemen: formal pura forte Se-forms | So | ich iehsohe den Hund see thedog) | du you) Duschst den Hund, Frank Tint'391" Now see the dog, Fronk ferthe) rssh den bund (Me sees he dog ‘He (ae) Sesh den fund She sees the dog) esa Es eg! out dem Tach _ iisivng on the table) Sie youl Schon Sie dos Buch Fe. Sith? lform'sg) __(oyousee he book Me. South?) wie (wed ihe (you) ——_‘hrienn de ee, Hans und Helga. (it pL (You ow the people. Hans and Helga) sie they) Siekornan uns Thay know us ‘Sle (you) Scher Sle dos Buch, meine Herren? orm pl (00 you see the book gentlemen?) rich {me) Ses du mich? [D0 you see me?) “Sch you) cso dh Fon: 508 you, Frank) Tha him) Schon Seihn. meine Her? _EN tbo you see him. geitemen”| ether) Schon Sse Fe Sma? aa [0 you see her. MS. Sh ‘esi Sieh ue Frank? “ Io you see Fork?) ‘ne luelSehen So ue. Fr Sei? yee us, Mis Sith) ‘euch (you) ich scho uch Hons und Helga, Tin pl (1see you, Hons and Helga sle(them) Schon Sis F Smit? (0 yau see them Ms. Sth?) Siotyou) eh sche Sie ncn maine Herren itm) {do See you. gentlemenPRONOUNS (continued) ‘mi(tma) Scion Sie mie ds Bch Fe Sth [Send me the beok, Ms. rath “ie tyou) Kh schcke ee don Br Franke “intsg send youthe ler, Fronk im tim) ch shiek im den Br [send him he eter Tether) Schickst du den Bet ron? {wilyu Send her the ete, ronk) Tem) Sie sctveb ds Buch gob km aber sian Tet a (she wrote the book but didn give a ile) ‘rs es) schicken ie us den Bri Fe Sth (Send us the eter, Ms. Smih) ‘euch you) Ve schicken euch dos Buch, Hans Tt pl und Helga tse you the book Hens and Helga) Then hem) ch schicke ben ce Buchor (Vlzend them the books ‘hoon (hem) chschickethnen ce Bucher Horm pl meine Heron [send you the books, gentlemen | REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: Reflexive pronouns reflect back on other nouns and ore ther accusative or dative Some verbs loys tue the ‘Accusative Dative ich ie deh or sich sch imsel here or set ns coursees yourselves int pli themselves seh yourselves lor SSS Possesive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership ‘ein (my Host di mein Buch Fork? (Do you hove my book, Frank?) ein your Nein, rank dain Bch habe ich lt 591 ict (No, Frank, dort hove your book “ ‘sin his) Ich hob asin Bache - Whe ni bs ‘iether Das ste Buch [That is her book) ‘sin is) oss gla Tel? [Wats ee ‘he your bn Str Buch Fe Smit? Worm 59) 100 you hove your book, Ms ion smite ‘unser (our Dos sind unsere Bicher [those are our books ‘evr fyour), obi hr ewe Bier, Hans und Unt pl elon? 00 you hove your books, Hons ‘and Helga?) Note: Incases when sue has ‘endings thee before the is ‘topped. ond over becomes fe ending ine hele ‘Se haben fe Bucher lint [They have their books) lhe tyoun Habe Sethe Bicher, meine oem ld Herren? 00 you hove your books, gentmen”| MEA a Is lve pronauns inreduee questions s/what? Nom ‘War eal auf dem Tisch? What sing on the able) Wer ties das buch? IWho is easing the book? nce Wen sehen Sie Fr Sih? [whom do you see, MS. Sith? ar Wem gebe ich dae Buch? [whom do gv he book” on Wissen Buches? [Whose book i) EES Relative pronouns relate back other nouns or stond + lative pronouns agree in gender and number with their Antecedents, butte case Is detorined by thor une ‘+ Therelatve pronouns never omitted in German: O35 5. Mann, den ich anne. The antecedent, Se" Mann (he man, nominate in the main cause. Inthe relative éause, the relative pronoun, co (whom), accusative because tis the direct objec of ene” to know + the eave proncun i the object of a preposition, the prepostion recedes the rlatve ponaunOas sea, ‘tcer ono (ree the woman wth whom ve) + Because relative ciauses are dependent clauses, they take the transposed word order. Corer ere a) NOM er de os de “MC den de dese DAT dem der dom denn ‘GEN desvan deren essen deren ‘Arficies replaced belore nouns lo indicate speci or tnspectied things. animals, event and ideas and they change case according othe ntact ors re: ree coo 1 Sestomnne dena west ‘ss = neuter os Buch he Book ‘= lua Leute (he peopse) ‘Declension of definite articles and der-words de dase DAT dem der dam denh GON des ses Gores es! er ote: "f Some masculine and neuter nouns ada an of c= to ‘the noun to rtec gentive declension dos Mores, In the dative plural, all nouns require an - ending + Derewords: word ke ic= (MS, ona, (each, Sovselbe-@heseme one, ch wanda are called der-words because they are declined ike detrite articles Jets dectne in the dative as ftw: oem Hund (mene atze (jer Buch, joe Luton (0 + Disnibe Is deetned in the sceusave 9 Yolo ‘enselben Hund im), deelbe Katze, dssebe Buch (my, cineloe Leute Tae Indatiteortces reer io unspecfed nouns and Fingetnte artices | rn = masculine 9 8.) 2 Se “mining wate feat | | Se = neuter Bh @boek ‘+ Inder artes are declined ust ko ein-words, so men provided as an example ote pura: tenet ee enone | DAT even ener ene meinen ar | Cee Notes ‘FSome masculine and neuter nouns aso 288 + or es to retect gente declension eines tannes, eines * Many nouns is requir an» ending inthe dative plural cones uncer, 1+ newords: The Word icin, not any) and possessive roncune are eal ein-werd ad ae declined Ike © “ent decd inthe accurate ae lowe! sone ond mine Katze ko Bu Kn et Use definite orice ih ‘+ Abstract nouns that represent the whole as Leben st shwer (fe hard) + Proper names folowing an adjective: 1 be schon Frau Sith st a. Beautiful as. Sit is here) + colloquia or fait situations: + Den Frank habe ich geste esterday) + names oft sees opaohial pce: street) + Temporal expressions tke days of the week, months, ‘earons, mealies whi gen meh dem Frobtick. (Were going ater breaktast) ‘+ stitution ike univers, prisons, schoos, churches: Ergon ins Gtangns (He going tal) 1+ Note: dette articles are imped in the following con sesenen (saw Frank 2+ oof, DAT an + s(n ACC ive das Im, ACC} = as Saas CGodelines lor using indefinite ortces + once a noun ha been referred to with the indefinite are, sutsequont references use the deft rte: lneeorg dacrans. (A woman wrte the Book. The woman's name i ingeborg Bachmann) + Theindefinte article usualy is omitted when retetng to peopl by profession religion nationality, ante ike: Sieh bt Beriner ama citzen of Brin)ple = iN 1 Ae ee 2 d There ate hwo Iypes of descriptive adjectives: predicate and oribuive + Predicate adjectives flow inking verbs ke =" tobe, vn becom, eben ore "an hey mec the subject an ake no end DFaschla Te woman ver + Attbutive adjectives arocde tne noun or pronoun they modly end take speci ad Jectve endings determined bythe gender, number, cas. Snare ofthe nouns they modi: shia athe lever woman, eres eee [NOM enngeans_—enescarekate enol Bich SEE {GEN ones ingen Selene schinen Kale ees en Buches Taber knoe ave Perens eee rT ee rs Coo cod irr Coa cord irr NOM ces ingehet i Gonaiieshane Seaaeen—Sensecaes | NONIGeeRS antares ence Deel (MCC__Geveniongentieldeseschine ate doses an uch desejngenieute | “ACE longeneral shine Katie oes Bch gee (OAT sesorongen rel dese scanen aun deser oben fuch —desenangentavisn | “DAT longer fred sine Kate oer Buch egen te {GEN dieses ingen bieks_desershoren Fate Gases len Suchet desergeniavie | GEN lonpenGrtes sine Kare oben Buches geo Lids) sid SLD) Ae Prepositions eslabish elationships of poston. hme, direction, or manner Im German, certain preposivons ae always followed by dative, others by accusathe, ‘and some by eter dative or accusative, depending on whether destination {ACC} oF location (DATs sgale. vet another group of preposions Is olowed by Rete ed ont Wore bis Donnesiog Frank (est unl Thursday, rank) by Es moss bie Onober erg sein. thas o be fished by October fsforos cho nur Bis Borin fm going only fora Berin ‘trough che deh che toa (Tm ding Hough the cy for lchmacte es foihn fm doing fo him. ‘gcinst ch Br. gagen den Kreg (lam against he worl cred ah tanee gape ve. Tn coring erund ul vio ete nc ohne don Hie gong wie 29) aocndipocl_lch ve um don ick fm driving around the block tin | |slel |glelg Fronk korn! um secs [anki coming ats) ‘aulot___khsehe us dem Fenster (Tm looklng out the window from komm! aus de Schweiz He comes from Swzerland) (er exception Aer hr woren alle do They wer oll there except fo er besides, Aur diesem Nodol haben we deses inaction ln oddtion fois model we have this one) ‘ber wih atthe Vir wohnen bel sine Mute homeot ”_(Helve with/t the home of his mother ow Ich bet mii werk wh her) och 10 ichfobvenech Aner. im going Ye America er ‘Noch der Schule habe ch Musuntercht (ove music lessons after school ‘ait since ime) Salt erm Herbst oreo ih do {tve been working there since fl) ‘or Dor obec al einem Monat (tve been working therefor ane month won rom De Blumen habe ch wn de Frank {igor he ower from you. Frank) of Est en Freund won Ine, rau Sih [He a end of yours, Ms. Smith = eibeonle._khoshexvsinenfeund Fm going my ends + Twoswoy prepositions iste accusative 10 signal destination: vio” (where to: they take dative signal location: where. rrr oo Wohin? c Wo? on te towora on at beside Frank stam Fenster Frank's standing at the window. Fronk geht on Fenster Frank's going toward the window ov _ono.10 of ont Tronkleg den rie auf dan Tach ‘Dos Boch eat ov dem Tisch Frank places heieter onthe able, |The book yng an the ode Fronk geht ute Post, Fronts out der st Frank's going the pos! lfc. Frank sat the pos ole hinter behind Titer behind Wir gehen hint de aver Wir teen Rinker der Muse _Miote going behing the wal. We'e sting behind the wal PRAPOSITIONEN Wi frenin i Sod ie sind in der Sat Were dring int the iy We are inthe cy. ‘abon beside, nexto ‘eben beside, nex Ich stele de asche neben das Glos De Flosche seh neem dem Gos Tm plocing the bate beside the gis. _| The bol standing next to the lass. re, Oco85| Wer above. over Ich gahe Ube Brock ie ick tet Uber der Sra im going oeroes the bridge The bridge located above the soe. ter under ‘ler under, beneath Der Hund but unter den Tih The dog runs under the ob. er Hundiog unter den ich The dogs Iyng beneath the ob. introntot vor Puttin font of he doo. zwischen between [Er goht zwischen de aver und den Zaun He's walking between the wall nd the tence Eesti vor der Tr isin font of he door zwischen between Teste zwchen der ier nd dam Zann He's standing between the wall anc the tence Iomatic uses of prepositions: su och nd 2 can mean ether “t" o “at when ‘expressing destination Nocaton, Some gucelnes for Komal usa: use in fora balding or enclosed spoce ichochein de Apothoke ici binin der Apoeke Fm going tothe pormacy. “arin at the pharmacy ichgeneine Theta, ienbini Toate Fm going Yo the theater. am at the heater {se uf insieod of infor public o fic buildings and open spaces ich owe ute Post Fm ging ¥o the post ofc, Ichbin aut der ost | atthe pos ofce | ‘se infor countries that have a define oricle ich iege in iw USA Tm fying othe USA ‘chbinin den USA om in the USA ‘Note: ie US spr [United Sites ‘of Amer, bu the abbreviated form Sian nol and has no aril, {Use nach fo countries or cies hat have no rice. With he exception of de Arorkis IAniaretea, he continents [lreo, 0 Asi), soon usta), Eropa Teurope, Nordamenko (North America, and Sodamerko South Amerial-—do not oy alles, nor do most cui ees -loms: 20 Howes al homeland nach Have [going or coming home iehbin =u House Ich gohe nach House met home im going home. ott Insteod of chee statt des wesson Veins den rote, constant | woul ike red win ngtead of wie lchoge den Rock asta der Hose Fmwaaring he shit instead of he pans ote inspteof _Totz des Regens gehen wie spaneen Were lokng © walkin spite of he rain. wohvend during Watvend des Semesters habe ch kane Zot [dont have ie during he semester wegen on Wegen des eters komm er niht ‘account of _He's not coming on account of the weatherWORD ORDER / WORTSTELLUNG ‘Word order in German s determined by he postion of the conjugated wero Inbot standard and inverted wor order, the conugated| ver is aways in the Second positon, but in dependent ‘uses, the conjugated vero fe moved othe last poston Ths does nt mean the conjugated ver always the sec: ‘ond wora-it the second grammatical unt TUE subject, 2 conjugated ver, 3 other grammatical Luni, according othe guidelines outined below (Note that hyphens howe been added lo sore sentences in lorder fo distinguish the diferent pars of speech + Subject verb ‘Dee Sonne scheint Te sun i shining) + Subject - verb - predicate adjective Der bret ist forts (The letter rished) + Subject - orb - direct object Teh sevee- den Bret ming the eter) + Subject ord adver - predicate adverb heute net he women to wom | wanted to write the etre not hee today), ‘+ Note: inthe relative cause doch don Brats reiben wolte, the indirect object precedes the ‘rect object andthe verb isin ast positon + Subject- verb - adver offime - adverb of manner ~ prepesiional phrase indicating place + Noe: For adverbs and adverb phrases, the order isaways: 1. Adverbs of fime (above, je: Answer the ‘question vi wen? above, 2, Bdverbs of manner (above, “ll: Answer the question how?) 3. Adverbs of ploce (above, ns Hause: Answer the question won? (wher to?) NE "anything other than the subject or conjunction, 2 conjugated ver, 3 subject 4 everything eee ‘ary umber of pransmatcs units may occupy the fst positon but the verb remains in second postion. 00 ot contuse inverted word order with he transposed word Oder used for relatwe and dependent causes, + Interrogative-verb- subject-lrectobject-proper name as form of address ‘Wann - sehreiben- Sie - den re, - Frau Smith {wen are you gang to wrt the let, M.S?) + Noe: inerogatives always requre inverted word + Adverbial phrase - verb - subject direct object seule abendschelbe leh den Bret (rm wt Ing me eter tis evening) + Direct object - verb = subject - adverbial phrase + "Den ere = schreie ich heute bend Cm wrt Ing me eter tis evening) + Note: psitioning of arect objects and subjects variable; the positon of the ver is not—it remains In second poston OSE Transposed word order she exception 10 the ule of verb n second postion Im dependent clauses, the conjugated verd Is moved t0 the end ofthe cluse and fi ast postion, Dependent Clauses usualy are introduced by felatve pronouns oF subordnatingconunctions. De tea led Ae MOA IA COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating conjunctions cine wor, pha Common coordinating conjunctions include sane ofr be (Bu) on (out rather, instead and conn or, because). ‘+ Because coordinating conlunctions donot count as the fist unto a statement, they donot affect word order. sr, an son are aways prceded by 2 comme, Ur and oer ar preceded by 3 comme only when necessary to wold ambiguty. ‘+ sehszvee einen net Er lst ds Buch (lam wring letter He reading Book) {lense con Gitano best do fh amiga ter nde readme 2 Bock) Cowan ‘+ ehsthrbe don ret eh seas Buch. (A write the ter. iad he ook) *_lenschvene on et oder ese ass Bue write the eter ol read the book) EOE aE) Ich mechs den Kuchen nc ch moche das 8 lt wan he cake. wa tebe) *Jehmoette nt don Kacen, sondern ot dont wat the cake ater the bead) CASAL ‘+ seysevebe don Bet ee ew de Bch wa wre he let. Fm ead the ook 1 lensetroe don sie net denn eh ese ae Bach tl wont we the ete ince fm reac the book SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Subordinating conjunctions combine lovses nlo unequal relationships + Words on one sie ofthe conjunction Decome subordinate to those onthe the. The man clause independent: the subordinate clase troduced bythe conanction + Common suberdinating conjunctions incude b= (uni (since, bese ‘Ser ht 0 whether, fe! ecauey obsch (even hough a spe Othe ac) ‘Sto though ss when wenn whenever ars ea thal and se Ge), ‘Subordinating conjunctions are preceded by 8 comma when the dependent clause folows the independent cause When the order is reversed, the comma folowe the ‘ependent cause. The eationshp of subordination i always marked by wansposes ‘word order in he dependent close Ewan 1 lesetvebe den Bre nicht eh habe ds Bue niet gelesen. won't write the ter. "avert ea the book) ‘Note: Word orde ofthe independent clause remalnsunatfecoa, butin the dependent Clause, the verb Is inst posion. The dependent claus flows the independent Clause, 50 8 comma precedes the subordinatng conjunction bis (uti. when the nave rea the book, won't write the leter)—the dependent clause, with ver ast, becomes the ist element ofthe sentence, The ver nthe independent cause pre: odes the sujet. and the comma spaced atthe endo the dependent clase Pa "havent ea the book) . the letter since nave yet read te Book) POSSwAnIAS "leh wuste es ht Er hat das Buc gescreben. dnt know, He wrote the book “Jenssen dass eds Ben pseveben hat ddntknow tate wate the book) COWATES Sm ‘chwel cht ob eden Bre geese hat dont know whether ees ead teeter) DEALS ‘le sefri den Brie eh. en mussteaas Buc lesen. (nt wate the ete. had to,ead the book) Ca ‘leh sen fim dan Brie. woe fn lt lesen. wrote fm te eter. Heat want wo ead) anhough ne dd want to ead) WATE SS ‘lew june leh sehoeb vee ree. (was young. wrote many letters) {lsh ung wr, sci ich viele rife (When (was young wrote mary eters) Note: is always relers to specie events In the ast tense, asin “back when” Be careful nt to conse os with en, CWA + ote: wor ean mean ether “i ox “whenever” the meanings ot clear, ak wheter the wor ine (aways can beaded. ican, then the meaning of vrs whenever mer wenn sedis sa we ef (Wn she say ae urs ed) ner cannot be aed, then the meaning of wenn IF Won sie das Sat, dann wee ot i she says that, wl un re) EASES ‘seh setvebe im den er wel, wach danke, (FH wnt him te eter He knows vat tik) that ne kro wht thik) WAHREND / WHILE leh das auc nosso. art write the letter le setvied einen Grit Eris en Auch. (wrote alter. He read book) + wanrend in einen Bret setved seen Buh (Re was writing eter, he read book) CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Crreltive conjunctions consol two parts and place posses SST 1 emtweder scivebe ch den Brie oder ich ve das Bh, Cher wil wie te etter ‘oF wi 2d the Book) CS TSA TE Seheeibe nicht nu den Bret, sondetn ich ese auch Gas BUY (Hwa nt only te the letter but als faa he ook) CESS "leh serve don Ent eh ese ds Bue. wl write te ter. wl ead the book leh sehrsbe weder gen ret, nach lese von das Buc @ wl ether wrt the letter or ed the bookWe Waen sss Verbs must agree wih their subjects oth in persan fst secon, or th) andin nomber ing e la + Verosalsoreectine ime orton es: fr ast. ite) and mood tna, imperative, subjunctive} ofthe action Changes made to verbs t reflect these ‘actor ae etered to as conugoton + Vero canbe wanatv or anstive. imansitve verbs Jo not. some vero an tanetion as bath. Compound tenses Of tanstve verbs ae conqated with ‘oer hae itanstive verbs tht express motion o change conion re conjugate with sn (bet +The asi form ofthe ver isthe ifn tive, marked in Egan by "3 vers toch ver, memerte the ifaite{ond stem, pest impeiec, and Ebeiow Yemen fen=—lemie gel roleamn tobe ° haben hab ao gehabl rohow EERE fakes place: presen, paso ur 1+ Present fence sued fo: + actions tli place in the present Teh seneeibe en itm wetng the letter) sehreibe ore ese [ve qm writing the eter now) + Rebitual or ongoing actions: sh feibe immer soche siete aways write eters tke tat.) + General ruts: de Sonne get jose Tag aut (Te sun rises every 6a) “+ Future meaning when the fare ks implied or exply stated ors sree ich on Bret wl write the same asthe Enh present go, progressive am ging), and empha Feta go) foes. + Simple pat tense expresses past events lensed den brit (wrote te eter) + Teas the same meaning asthe pet fect tense buts used more often in + spe German simp past often sel wo moe at evs: 4 book) or for ean of events = kam sie sah unas ging (She came, she sow, and she et) + Perfect tense predominates in conve Sational German for expressing past events: habe den et geschreden, + Us a compound tense formed using the prevent tense of the aula verbs haben or sin withthe past article ofthe main verb. + Most verbs form the perect tense {sing ben. Verbs that are intans: the and express mation o change Ineondton use sin: ch bin geean: ‘gen thave} ety bin gewocn, Sen (have grown) + Some verbsmaybetranstieorintan. sttve and conugated with Pane" or Sun eepentng on ug) in 2 ugar efahren (dove went to the sport) butch habe r=) tracer tum Pughaen gefahren, rove my othe othe port) + Past perfect tense cortesponds 9 meaning and usage to the past perfect in english tis formed using te simple ast ofthe autory vers "abe" ore wit the past particle ofthe main ver: Ten nate den Brie geseheeben. (had + Futuretense correspondsinmeaningand usage to the future tease in Enghsh t 5 Tomes ng te rot fre of Feiben (wil writ the eter tomorrow) + Future perfect tense coresponds meaning and usage to the future perlect tense in English. 1 frmed Using the present tense of werden plus the post Dartciple of the main ver an the inn the of haben or sein: Bis morgen werde en Si! gesehrieben haben, (wil rave wet the letter by tomorow) ET Note: in the examples gen, designations of anstive (tr) ang intransitive in) app ‘ony tothe specfe examples, nota all verbs of the same type or cass. ‘Weak verbs have he presen tense end Ings, te Ther simple ast tense is foemed by ading las fhe endings erste ene en Thor past participle is formed by 866: ing the prefix» andthe sulfite (when the stem ends in asin se), perenne rs he este geht + lregular weak verbs: some weak ers undergo a vowel change inthe simple ast and past partie but otherwise Foto te ules ofthe weak conjugaton. reer ree forte pec we remanent + regular strong verbs take the seme fenaings as weak verbs inthe present tense. but are unpredictable in other tenses. Their partcples end in-cn or and they ust undergo a vowe change In the simple past, the partie, and Sometimes the tra person singular of the present tense. The following class fications can hep ror ih Bebe blab geben sib — test Common class 1 worbs (ehie leh goss hen hee, lthen, eiden presen, roben, Scheider. scheinen, scraben. schweigen, stegen eben verzaian heise chat geen th xhnelien en Common eloss ta verbs (oi boon lochen glen, geen, leiden, pen, Fel reilen,schlchen scien, screen, ‘Schon sete, wekhen Corr a ‘Common class il verbs (0-98 Hagen fiegen, Mlehen, Neen, feron, geen, lechen,schieen, vereren wegen Corer Common dss verbs (-0-u nen dr ‘gen finden, schwtnden,schwangen, sen, Sinnen springen ken, windenzwingen Co okt seh Common class IV verbs (6-0-0: bale Non bergen, best, bechen erscreckn, fechien. ellen, nehmen.stechen. sthln, stern, ellen verdorben,weren Note: Often, there are regulates in sc: fond anc thir person singular i this lass, ‘whialer ees ‘Common class V verbs (e-o-0: essen freseen, geben, genesen, geschehen, sehen trelen| a wiht weet Common class Vi verbs (o-u-0}lahven, graben, schatfen trogen, woschen Corry th toe tat gt ‘Common dass Vi verbs {o-¥e-ou}: fon" ‘lasentrofen fallen, fongen halen. rten Auslar (oping) verbs hey om pest cr tre tose an sage or passe toc contrcioc. Tre co ao ncton Ze nn vt, bt tar capone te Fave so Gobel deer Wo Decne) peers fost at a ee) er esr + Modol auxiliaries indicate the sub ject’ relation to the action performed by the main verD—that whether the action should must oul, woud, my. {or may not be done. Tel conjugation Ira thy sy nd whe fer shou go now.}—ana recon Jugated with haben habe aie eit (TRA wast what | wanted) ems at Gate gest SRE oe OE SReriever vi woe ‘Se wolen woben Many German verbs ctange meaning by 20- ine prefies, hic often are preposition ke 2 nthe present iene ae imperative he refx soparatod fom the nine stem. Enormpla aufstchen getup) Present indicative: ichstehe|eden morgen seh utr aut (get up asx every morning) Simple pastPertect Indicative: ester stand ich-um funt Une aut Wann Ost Oy gestern aufgestanden? (got up at five yesterday. When cid you set?) Present imperative (form. 59) getup stand up, Ms. smth) PARABLE PREFIX Insoparabe prefix verbs cannot be separa: eom their prefs, Common inseparable edeas incl be, omy oni, or and er Example: ompangon to receive, gret) Present tense indicative tcrompfonge tagien Gist. geet the sueste daly) Simple past/Perfect indicative: Gest empfing ch vise Gite Habe Sie auch woke empfangen. ra iat (esterday 1 greeted many guests. Od you greet some too, MS. Smith” Present tense imperative form. 59.) ‘Empfangen se ite ive cust, Frou So ene ea yr Bm, Direct obects of relexve verbs ae cen tical to their subjects: they refet back on themselves. Reflexive verbs ae more Frequent in Geeman than in Engh; some require the dative rellesve pronoun, we ‘others raquie the acusative Any transtive ‘verb can be used retleshely or non reflex Il. One examples oo hur) 2 Non-etexive rumvheryou) + Reflexive + leh hide mich vere. hurt met + common vers that requie the dative tellerve nce 1 Setetvas ansehen to havea look {at somethings 29 werce mr cae ous ansehen. wl have 2 ook at te house) + sch was eistonkoanen to be able {0 allora someting) ios Wann mr ‘+ Sich etwas verstlen (to. magne fomething: ch ann i ase net vorsoli (cant imagine thet) + common verbs. tat are rellexve in ‘German but notin Engi + sich anche (to get resse) sich) schon (wah up (wash nese) cn wasche mi Ge Haare, (im washing my na) Note: Hai ‘ually i refered Yo Inthe plural sie now ena) + Note: Possessives general are not sed for persona ody parts: > Due mde 2n08. rm Brushing my teeth) + common verbs that are nt reflexive in English but requ the accusative re- ‘eve in German include sien befnden to be located) sen beoen (a hury) Sch emolen to recover {Sh reve to be Nobo» sen on to fe Sh verse fa in tove) + sn version tobe late) TEEN Mood is a charocerisic ol vers hat indcoles a speakers ote loward what conjugaed differently according thet The mest common mood; used for facts or sctual stations Used or commands, rests, seston ar iaeuchon,tnve Covobe om such we covspona om of oduee save use peso rato oes Stn) ore Hon re «ett Sem pans proan Sersoeteten te ar mone + meats done fon he presen Ina us he ene usualy i identical tothe verb stem: {+ Fommin Far (Come or, Fak) + Veros with ec wwe changes use the ‘eanged stem forthe fem STi nm das Buen, Fran! (Give him use the changed stem nthe imperative: ‘+ Vor stoms ending ins or 6 add Frank PN Used for conjectures, hypothetical cond ‘ons, suppestans, uncertainties, wishes, land inact speech. German has two su. Juncve fom general and epeciat. + Goneral subjunctive i based on the simple past, ts used to speak about Unreal and hypothetical events or sit ‘tos an to express wishes 1+ For weak verbs, present tense gener subjunctive ential tothe sme part, asin these contrary fact wishes: Gluced by the cause (Mote tans sea word order ine causes) (Woy Wed in Ben) (ony youtved in erin, Frank) (oy ne'shertivedin Brin Sth ony you ved n Beri, ms smith) (only we ved in Bern) "sv (Oy You ved in Brin, ans and Holga) (only they ved in Brin) + Forstrong verbs, present tence general ubjuntves based on modified forms ofthe simple past 1 begin with the simple past stm sehereeng wogo—went Semin tobe wae 2) adan unit wherever posse) 3) then aod the following endings: Ich grge ote ware woul ora be) Aupngestiefest warest youwousd omun/be) ‘would gran) eorunvbe) omunite) Sr gen fen waren hey would gorunibe) + Forhaben, sein, werden, and wissen, ‘an umlau tthe spe past nie. tive 10 form the general subjunctive in present tense sehen hae eh ra ‘Sees wk ‘tw + Post tose goneral subjunctive is 3 compound torso hat resmbles the past perfect icicatve, except thatthe Sub ctv Smple past of haben and 0 ‘combined with he pas arte: Thadime book I wouldhave had he gettren ost nt home would hove gone ame, 1+ Wide constretion: uses the conju etfs of warden with the nitive sue kommen ony YOU were going to be there, then 1 would + Special subjunctive: is based on the intitve stem conjugoted with the ‘same endings as the general subjne De (ae 22h ee onl a sed primary to relate indrect Sie sage, ers nicht gesund. She saa he's not healthy) + Note: increct speech can also be into ced by aos cause (She said that he isnot heathy) Gote-lauses requre transposed word orden, al subjunctive Present: Se sate, er sei nicht 'gesun (She sid he snot heathy) ‘men (She says she wil come) + Past: Er sagt er habe das geton (te says het). 1+ Sein the ony vero with its own set of forms forthe special subjuncive: + nen the nate and specalsubjne tie ae ential the general subjunctive 'sused oi contusion.