Structural Design and Practice -I

2017 - 2018
C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G D E PA RT M E N T
DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY
❖Introduction to Structural Engg.

Structural
Engg.
Analysis Design

• External Forces • Material Selection

• Internal Forces • Structural Configuration
• Stress • Estimation of Loads
• Strain • Geometry
• Deflection • Detailing
❖Types of Structure:
RCC Structure Steel Structure
Types • Buildings, Bridges etc. • Industrial buildings
Large masses - Light weight
Loads • Seismic loads predominant • Wind loads predominant
Members • Thick/Massive members • Thin members
Important • Detailing of reinforcement • Member connection
criteria • Formwork details and • Errection of structure
designs
Construction • Time consuming • Speedy
Scrap Value • No • Yes, It can be reused
Fire • Yes • No, Additional fire protection
Resistance should be provided
❖Requirement of Structure:

✓ Safety The aim of structure design is to

✓ Serviceability design a structure so that it fulfils
its intended purpose during its
✓ Economy intended lifetime with adequate
✓ Durability safety, serviceability, economy.
❖Materials:
Steel(Reinforcement):

Reinforcement material should possesses following properties

i. High tensile strength
ii. It must be able to develop bond with concrete Cross Section Areas
iii. It should possess high modulus of elasticity 8 mm 50 50
iv. Easily available
10mm 78 75
- Mild steel 12 mm 113 100
- HYSD : High yield strength deformed bars 16mm 201 200
20 mm 314 300
- All case Modulus of Elasticity shall be taken as
2 x 105 N/mm2 25 mm 490 500
Mass of Steel : 7850 kg/m3 32 mm 804 800
Steel Grades : Fe415, Fe500, Fe550
Available Diameter : 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32
Concrete:

Crushing strength of cube of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm tested after

28 days is known as cube strength.

Grades: M15, M20, M25 etc.,

- Short term modulus at elasticity (Ec)= 5000 x 𝑓𝑐𝑘
- Flexure strength = 0.7 𝑓𝑐𝑘
- Unit Wt. of concrete = 25 kN/m3
 ❖Limit State Design Method:
“ The acceptable limit for safety and serviceability requirement before
failure occurs is called a limit state”

Limit States

Collapse Serviceability
A structure or its part should be strong A structure or its part thereof shall be
enough to resist the applied design loads serviceable during its expected life span
• Flexure • Deflection
• Shear • Cracking
• Torsion
• Axial
❖Characteristics strength and loads:
1. Characteristics Strength :

The Strength of the material below which not more than 5 percent
of the test results are expected to fall is known as the Characteristics Loads.

The characteristics Strength of concrete (𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) is 20 N/mm2 for M20 grade,

like wise M25, M30, M35 etc.,
2. Characteristics Loads :

The value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being

exceeded during the life of the structure is known as Characteristics Load.

-The value of load may be taken from

IS 875 part-I to part-V(other than EQ)
IS 1893 part-I for EQ
3. Partial safety factor :

The partial safety factor take into account the possible overloads, the
kind of limit state and inaccurate assessment of the effects of loading.
3. Design values :

(i) Materials : The design strength of the material, 𝑓𝑑 is given by

𝑓
𝑓𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚

(ii) Loads : The design load 𝐹𝑑 is given by

𝐹𝑑 = 𝐹 𝛾𝑚
❖Assumptions:
1. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken
as 0.0035 in bending.
3. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and
the strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or
any other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with the results of test.
4. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
5. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress
strain curve for the type of steel used.
6. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall
not be less than:
𝑓𝑦
+ 0.002
1.15𝐸𝑠
❖Stress-strain curve for concrete:
❖Stress-strain curve for steel:

Mild steel bar

Cold-worked deformed bar

 𝑓
Upto 0.8 𝑓𝑦 strain will be 𝜖 =
𝐸

Design
Fe 415 𝝐𝒑 𝝐𝒆 + 𝝐𝒑
stress
0.8 𝑓𝑦 332.00 288.70 0 0.001443
0.85 𝑓𝑦 352.75 306.74 0.0001 0.001635
0.90 𝑓𝑦 373.50 324.78 0.0003 0.001924
0.85 𝑓𝑦 394.25 342.83 0.0007 0.002414
0.975 𝑓𝑦 404.63 351.85 0.001 0.002759
𝑓𝑦 415.00 360.87 0.002 0.003804
❖Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam:
A1
- By similar triangle in strain diagram
OD = x2= 0.002 xu/ 0.0035= 4/7 xu

DC = x1= xu – 4/7 xu = 3/7 xu

A2

Area of stress block = Area of rectangular portion + Area of parabolic portion

= 0.446 fck x 3/7 xu + 2/3 x 0.446 fck x 4/7 xu
= 0.36 fck xu
Let 𝑦ത be the distance of centroid of stress block from the extreme compression fibre,
𝐴1 𝑦1 +𝐴2𝑦2
𝑦ത =
𝐴1+𝐴2
𝑦ത = 0.416 xu = 0.42xu
From the strain diagram, By similar triangle

𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035
=
𝑑 − 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.87𝑓𝑦
+ 0.002
𝐸𝑠

𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
fy
𝑑
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
550 0.44
❖ Balanced, Under-reinforced, over-reinforced section:
(i) Balanced Section :
The section is so proportioned that the steel and concrete both reach their
maximum permissible values of stresses at the same time. Thus at some value of
loads, both the material will fail at the same time. The failure in this case is a
balanced failure.
Ast = Ast,bal
xu = xumax
Mu = Mulim
(ii) Under-reinforced section :
The beam section is reinforced with the steel area Ast < Ast,bal; the depth
of neutral axis will be less than the balanced depth xumax.
At some value of loads, the stresses in steel will reach at its permissible or
design value and fails; while concrete stresses is less than its permissible value.
The failure in this case is called tension failure and the design is referred to as
under-reinforced.
Ast < Ast,bal
xu < xumax
Mu < Mulim
(ii) Over-reinforced Section :
The beam section is reinforced with the steel area Ast > Ast,bal; the depth of
neutral axis will be more than the balanced depth xumax.
At some value of loads, the stresses in concrete will reach at its
permissible or design value and fails; while stress in steel is less than its
permissible value. The failure in this case is called compression failure and the
design is referred to as over-reinforced.
Ast > Ast,bal
xu > xumax
Mu > Mulim
- To find neutral axis :
Total compression force = Total tension force
0.36 fck xu b = 0.87 fy Ast
0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
xu =
0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
- To find moment of resistance :
- (1) For a balanced and over-reinforced section
M.R = total compression x lever arm
= total tension x lever arm
Considering the compressive force (Balanced Section and Over-reinforced )
Mu = 0.36 fck xu b (d – 0.42 xu )
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
= 0.36 1− 0.42 fck b d2
𝑑 𝑑
For a limiting value,
𝑥 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mulim = 0.36 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 1− 0.42 fck b d2
𝑑 𝑑
- (2) For an under-reinforced section
Considering the tension force (Under reinforced )
Mu = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (d – 0.42 xu )
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1 −
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘
- To find percentage of steel :
𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6 𝑀𝑢
Pt = 50 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2
OR
𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt = 100
𝑏𝑑

- Limiting Moment of resistance :

Mulim = 0.148 fck b d2 for fy = 250 N/mm2

Mulim = 0.138 fck b d2 for fy = 415 N/mm2
Mulim = 0.133 fck b d2 for fy = 500 N/mm2
Mulim = 0.129 fck b d2 for fy = 550 N/mm2
❖Doubly Reinforced Beam :
If, 𝑀𝑢 > M.R. of a singly reinforced section,
i. Increase the dimension of section (Preferably Depth).
ii. Higher grade concrete can be used.
iii. Steel reinforcement may be added in compression zone ( known as
Doubly Reinforced Section).
 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝑀𝑢2
• From Mu,lim the tension steel Ast,lim is find out as explained for single reinforced
beam.
• For Mu2 , Ast2 and Asc are provided.
• If d’ is distance of compression reinforcement from extreme compression fiber,
then lever arm is (d-d’).
• C = C1 + C 2
= 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑥𝑢 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 0.446 𝑓𝑐𝑘
• For finding 𝑓𝑠𝑐 :

𝑑′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 0.0035 1 −
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
Now, Additional tension = Additional compression
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 )

𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 −𝑓𝑐𝑐 )

∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =
0.87𝑓𝑦

∴ Total tensile reinforcement, Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2

• Considering tension steel,
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 × 0.87𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
• Considering compression steel,
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 )(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
Where, 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = Area of additional tension reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = Area of compression reinforcement
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = Stress in compression reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑐 = Compressive stress in concrete at the level of compression steel
❖ Find out Reinforcement for flexure for a given section and factored
moment:
• Find out 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 and Reinforcement 𝐴𝑠𝑡,lim
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏𝑑 2 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
0.87 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

• Obtain moment 𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚

• Find compression steel using,
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 )(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )

𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 −𝑓𝑐𝑐 )

• Corresponding tension steel, 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =
0.87𝑓𝑦

• 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

• Provide reinforcement so as to get under-reinforced section.
• If it is over-reinforced section, revise the section.
❖ Find out Moment of Resistance of a given section:
• From Stress Diagram, Total Compression = Total Tension
i.e. C1 + C2 = T
∴ 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑥𝑢 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
• 𝑓𝑠𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐𝑐 are found out by balanced conditions.
• 𝑥𝑢 is found out from above equation. Find 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 and type of beam.
• Find out M.R.
i. By taking moments of compressive forces about the centroid of tensile
reinforcement.
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑥𝑢 (d-0.42𝑥𝑢 ) + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (d-𝑑 , )
ii. By finding out c.g. of compressive forces and calculate lever arm z.
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑧
❖Shear and development length :
The section of structural member may be subjected to shear force due to
flexure, punching and torsion.
Accordingly, the shear may be flexure shear, punching shear or torsional shear.

1. Flexure shear: shear due to change in B.M. along span

2. Punching shear: shear due to punching a thin member by point load
3. Torsion shear: shear due to twisting moment

Mode of failure due to combination of shear and bending moment

1. Diagonal tension failure:
- Due to large shear force and less bending moment
- Crack developed at support
2. Flexure shear failure:
- Due to large bending moment and less shear force
- Crack developed near to mid span
3. Diagonal compression Failure:
- Due to large shear force and developed by crushing of concrete.
❖Shear and development length :
Diagonal tension and diagonal compression:

-The principal stress on this

element is given by
𝜎 𝜎 2
𝜎1 𝑜𝑟 𝜎2 = ± + 𝜏 2 , and
2 2
-Inclination of principal plane,
2𝜏
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃=
𝜎

𝜎 𝜎 2
The major principal stress (Tensile) = 𝜎1 = + + 𝜏 2 is known as diagonal tension.
2 2
𝜎 𝜎 2
The minor principal stress (Compressive) = 𝜎2 = - + 𝜏 2 is known as diagonal
2 2
Compression.
Shear crack:

1. Simply supported beam : (at ends)

B.M. = 0
S.F. = maximum
𝜎 = 0.
∴ 𝜎1 = 𝜏 and 𝜎2 = − 𝜏 and 𝜃=45° 𝑜𝑟 135°
- Hence crack is developed at 45° near support due to diagonal tension.
- The minor principle stress 𝜎2 = − 𝜏 acting at 135° and compressive in nature. It is
called diagonal compression.
- Concrete is very strong to resist compression.
2. Simply supported beam : (at mid span)
B.M. = Maximum
S.F. = 0
𝜏 = 0.
∴ 𝜎1 = 𝜎 and 𝜃=0°
- Hence major principal stress acts in horizontal direction and cracks are vertical.

Shear reinforcement in beams:

1. Vertical stirrups

2. Inclined stirrups

3. Bent up bars along with stirrups

Critical section for shear :
When the shear is checked at the face of the support, two types of condition arise
at and near the support.
(i) Applied loads induce tension in end regions of the member
(ii) Applied loads induce compression in end regions of the member

(i) Tension in end region of a member :

As per code, when applied shear does not induce compression ( i.e., induce
tension) in the end regions of the member, the shears computed at the face of the
support shall be used in the design of the member.
(ii) Compression in end region of a member :
When the reaction in the direction of the applied shear introduce compression
into the end regions of the member, section located at a distance d from the face of
the support may be designed for the same shear as that computed at distance at
distance d.
Nominal shear stress:
𝑉𝑢
𝜏 𝑣= (P: 72, Cl. 40.1)
𝑏𝑑

Where, 𝜏𝑣= Nominal shear stress

𝑉𝑢 = shear force,
𝑏 = width
𝑑 = effective depth
𝑀𝑢
𝑉𝑢 ± 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝜏𝑣 = 𝑑
For Beams of Varying Depth
𝑏𝑑

Shear strength of concrete:

1. The shear strength of concrete(𝜏c)without shear reinforcement is obtained from
IS 456, P:73, table -19
𝜏𝑐 = design shear strength of concrete, N/mm2
2. For the beam with shear reinforcement 𝜏𝑣 should be less than 𝜏𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 , If not
redesign the section.
𝜏𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 Values are given in IS 456- 2000, P. 73 table -20 (𝜏𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.62 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
Steps for design shear reinforcement
𝑉𝑢
1. Calculate 𝜏𝑣= (P: 72, Cl. 40.1)
𝑏𝑑
2. From Pt , find 𝜏𝑐

1. If 𝝉𝒗< 𝝉𝒄
Provide minimum shear reinforcement. (P.48, cl 25.5.1.6)
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
≥
𝑆𝑣 𝑏 0.87 𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠𝑣 (0.87 𝑓𝑦)

∴ 𝑆𝑣 ≤
0.4 𝑏
Where, 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = c/s area of stirrups legs
𝑆𝑣 = spacing of stirrups
2. If 𝝉𝒗> 𝝉𝒄
Shear reinforcement is to be designed
a. Calculate S.F. in shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢−𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 (P.73)

𝑉𝑢𝑠 = Strength of shear reinforcement
If bent up bars are provided find 𝑽𝒖𝒔𝟏.
𝑽𝒖𝒔𝟏 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 , where
𝑉𝑢𝑠1 = Strength of bent up bars
𝛼 = Angle of bent up bars (45°)
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = Area of bent up bars
Net 𝑽𝒖𝒔 = 𝑽𝒖𝒔 −𝑽𝒖𝒔𝟏 but 𝑉𝑢𝑠1 ≯0.5𝑉𝑢𝑠

b. Find spacing of vertical stirrups

0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑆𝑣 ≤
𝑉𝑢𝑠
Note: If bent up bars provided use net 𝑉𝑢𝑠 instead of 𝑉𝑢𝑠
c. Check for maximum spacing (P.47)
a). 0.75 d
b). 300 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (0.87 𝑓𝑦)
c). 𝑆𝑣 ≤
0.4 𝑏
Provide smaller of three values.
❖ Development Length ( 𝑳𝒅)
To transfer the design force from steel to concrete and vice versa, the
reinforcement is anchored or embedded in concrete for some length.

A length of reinforcement embedded in concrete to develop enough

bond stress (𝜏𝑏𝑑), is called development length.
By equating,
bond resistance of concrete = strength of bar
𝜋𝜑2
∴𝜏𝑏𝑑× 𝜋𝜑× 𝐿𝑑= 𝜎𝑠×
4
𝝋.𝝈𝒔
∴𝑳𝒅= ….. (IS 456: P 42)
𝟒𝝉𝒃𝒅

Bond stress (𝝉𝒃𝒅)

The shear force acting per unit surface area of the bar, in the direction of force is
known as bond stress.
Design bond stress for plain bars in tension is given at IS 456, P: 43.

• For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786 these values shall be increased

by 60 percent.
• For bars in compression, the values of bond stress for bars in tension shall
be increased-by 25 percent.
❖ Beams subjected to Torsion (Clause 41, IS 456:2000)
• Plane of torsional moment ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 Plane of bending moment
• Torsional moment induces shear stresses in the beam.
• The effect of torsional moment is split up into equivalent shear and
equivalent bending moment.
• The provision of reinforcement is simplified to,
- Vertical stirrup in addition to stirrups for diagonal tension induced due
to vertical shear force.
- Longitudinal reinforcement in addition to reinforcement required for
bending moment.
Shear and Torsion :(Clause 41.3.1, IS 456:2000)
𝑇𝑢
Equivalent Shear 𝑉𝑒 = 𝑉𝑢 + 1.6
𝑏

Where, 𝑉𝑢 = Shear
𝑇𝑢 = Torsional Moment
b = Width of beam
𝑉𝑒
Equivalent nominal shear stress 𝜏𝑣𝑒 =
𝑏𝑑

If, 𝜏𝑣𝑒 < 𝜏𝑐 ; minimum shear reinforcement is provided

𝜏𝑣𝑒 > 𝜏𝑐 ; both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement shall be provided
Longitudinal Reinforcement: (Clause 41.4.2, IS 456:2000)
• Designed to resist an equivalent bending moment
𝑀𝑒1 = 𝑀𝑢 + 𝑀𝑡
Where, 𝑀𝑢 = Bending moment at cross section
𝐷
1+
𝑀𝑡 = 𝑇𝑢 𝑏
1.7

𝑇𝑢 = Torsional moment
D = Overall depth of beam
B = Width of beam
If 𝑀𝑡 > 𝑀𝑢 ;
Longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided on compression face,
Such that beam can withstand an equivalent bending moment
𝑀𝑒2 = 𝑀𝑡 − 𝑀𝑢
Transverse Reinforcement: (Clause 41.4.3, IS 456:2000)
• Two-legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal bars shall have
an area of cross-section

𝑇𝑢 𝑠𝑣 𝑉𝑢 𝑠𝑣 𝜏𝑣𝑒 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏 𝑠𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = + ≮
𝑏1 𝑑1 (0.87𝑓𝑦) 2.5𝑑1 (0.87𝑓𝑦 ) 0.87𝑓𝑦

Where, 𝑠𝑣 = Spacing of stirrup reinforcement

𝑏1 = c/c distance between corner bars in direction of width
𝑑1 = c/c distance between corner bars in direction of depth
𝜏𝑣𝑒 = Equivalent shear stress
𝜏𝑐 = Shear strength of concrete
❖Deflection :
The deflection shall be limited to:
i. Span/250 : For all loads
ii. Span/350 or 20mm, whichever is less : After erection of partitions
and application of finishes.

• Two methods are suggested for checking deflection,

1. Control of span/effective depth ratio (Cl.23.2.1, IS 456:2000)
2. Annex C, IS 456:2000
• Basic values of span/effective depth ratio for span up to 10m
(Cl.23.2.1, IS 456:2000)
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26

• These values are based on a rectangular beam with 1% tension reinforcement

of 415 N/mm2 characteristic strength and they limit the deflection to
span/250.
• Values should be modified for,
i. Amount of tension steel
ii. Amount of compression steel
iii. Type of beam
 𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Modification factor for Tension Reinforcement

Fig 4, IS 456:200
 Modification factor for Compression Reinforcement

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
∴ = × 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐

Fig 5, IS 456:200
❖ Deflection Calculations :

The deflection calculations are necessary,

1. When designer wants to exceed span/effective depth ratio.
2. Where specific deflection control is required.
3. Where structure is abnormal due to loading or behavior.

Total Deflection = Short term deflection + Long term deflection

❖ Short term deflections :

Elastic equations of Deflection

 𝑀1 + 𝑀2
𝑘2 =
𝑀𝐹1 + 𝑀𝐹2

Where,
M1, M2 = support moments
MF1, MF2 = fixed end moments

k2 ≤ 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

k1 0 0.03 0.08 0.16 0.30 0.50 0.73 0.91 0.97 1.0

❖ Long term deflections :
It is due to the effect of creep and shrinkage.
1. Deflection due to creep :
The creep deflection due to permanent loads may be obtained by
following equation,
acc(perm) = ai,cc(perm) – ai(perm)
Where,
ai,cc(perm) = initial plus creep deflection due to permanent loads obtained using
an elastic analysis with an effective modulus of elasticity,

𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑐𝑒 =
1+𝜃
ai(perm) = short-term deflection due to permanent load using Ec.
2. Deflection due to shrinkage :
Deflection due to shrinkage, 𝑎𝑐𝑠 = 𝑘3 𝜑𝑐𝑠 𝑙 2
Where, 𝑘3 = constant depending upon support condition
0.5 Cantilever
0.125 Simply supported members
0.086 Members continuous at one end
0.063 Fully continuous members
∈𝑐𝑠
𝜑𝑐𝑠 = shrinkage curvature = 𝑘4
𝐷

l = length of span
∈𝑐𝑠 = ultimate shrinkage strain of concrete
D = overall depth of section
𝑝𝑡 −𝑝𝑐
𝑘4 = 0.72 x ≤ 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0.25 ≤ 𝑝𝑡 − 𝑝𝑐 < 1.0
𝑝𝑡

𝑝𝑡 −𝑝𝑐
= 0.65 x ≤ 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑡 − 𝑝𝑐 ≥ 1.0
𝑝𝑡
❖ Reinforced Detailing for Beam
The reinforced detailing for beams for flexure and shear shall be made in
accordance with the following provisions.

Flexure Reinforcement Detailing

(I) Arrangement of flexural reinforcement
Reinforcement bars in tension shall be arranged conforming to the
requirements of cover at the bottom and side faces and horizontal and vertical spacing
of bars shown in Fig.
- The maximum clear spacing between parallel bars and clear distance of corner bar
from the corner of beam the tension face shall not be greater than the values given
in Table , depending on the amount of redistribution carried out n the analysis
(II) Area and diameter of flexure reinforcement:
(a) Tension reinforcement:
The area of tension reinforcement shall not be less than Ast,min
0.85 b d
Ast,min =
fy
The area of tension reinforcement shall not more than Ast,max
Ast,max = 0.04 b D
(b) Compression reinforcement:
The area of compression reinforcement shall not ne more than Asc,max
Asc,max = 0.04 b D
(c) Side face reinforcement:
It shall be provided where the depth of the web in a beam exceed 750 mm.
The total area of the side face reinforcement shall not be less than 0.1% of the
web area and shall be distributed equally on the two faces at spacing not more
than 300 mm or thickness of web, whichever is less.
(III) Curtailment of flexural reinforcement:
(a) Extension beyond the theoretical cut off point:
A flexure tension bar may be curtailed at a distance of effective depth of beam
or 12 times the diameter of bar, whichever is more beyond the point at which it
is not required theoretically except at the simple support or the end of the
cantilever
(b) Provisions for maintaining the shear capacity at the cut off region:
Flexure tension reinforcement shall not be curtailed at the tension zone unless
any one of the following conditions is satisfied
(i) Shear capacity shall be at least 1.5 times the applied shear at the point of
curtailment i.e.,
Vuc + Vus ≥ 1.5Vu
(ii) For diameter of bars equal to 36 mm and smaller, excess flexural
reinforcement together with excess shear capacity at the Point of curtailment
shall satisfy the following conditions.
• The area of continuing reinforcement shall be at least twice that required to
resist the applied bending moment.
• The shear capacity shall be 1.33 times the applied shear at the point of
curtailment, i.e Vuc + Vus ≥Vu
(iii) If the above two conditions are not satisfied, then excess shear stirrups
than that for shear and torsion is provided over a distance equal to 0.75
times the effective depth from the point of curtailment. The excess area of
shear stirrups, Asv is given by,
Asv ≥ 0.4 b Sv/fy
(c) Provision for curtailment of reinforcement for positive moment:
(a) At least one-third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members
and one fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members
shall extend along the same face of the member into the support, to a length
equal to Ld/3.
(b) At simply supports where the ends of the reinforcement are confined by
compressive reaction and at the points of inflection in continuous span , the
diameter of the tension reinforcement for positive moment shall be limited to
such value that the following condition shall be satisfied
- At the simply supportsd end, Ld <1.33Mu/V + L0
- At point of inflection, Ld<Mu/V + L0
(c) When a flexural member is part of the primary lateral load resisting system,
the positive reinforcement required to be extended into the support shall be
anchored a length equal to development length to develop its design stress in
tension at the face of the support.
(d) Provision for curtailment of reinforcement for negative moment:
For negative moment, at least one-third of the total reinforcement provided at
the support shall extend beyond the point of inflection for a length not less than
the effective depth of the beam or 12 times the diameter of the bar or one-
sixteenth of the clear span whichever is greater as shown fig.
❖ Shear Reinforced Detailing for Beam
The shear reinforcement detailing shall be made in accordance with the following
provisions.
(I) Arrangement of shear reinforcement
Shear reinforcement in the beam is provided in either of the following forms.
(a) vertical stirrups
(b) Longitudinal bars bent inclined
(c) Combination of vertical stirrups and longitudinal bars bent inclined
- Shear reinforcement provided by vertical stirrups shall be anchored adequately at
its both ends as shown in Fig.
- The shear reinforcement provided by bending the longitudinal bars inclined through
the beam is shown in the Fig. The spacing and anchorage requirement of such
inclined shear reinforcement are also shown in the Fig.
(II) Area, spacing, cover and diameter od shear reinforcement
The area of shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall not be less than
Asv,min given by,
Asv,min ≤ 0.4 b Sv/fy
- The spacing of vertical stirrups shall not be greater than minimum of 0.75d and
450 mm.
- The clear cover to vertical stirrups shall not be less than 15 mm
- The diameter of shear reinforcement shall not be less than 6 mm or 0.25 times
the maximum diameter of the longitudinal bars whichever is more.
 ❖ Torsion Reinforcement for Beam
(Clause 26.5.1.7, IS 456 : 2000)

1) The transverse reinforcement shall be in the form of

closed stirrups placed perpendicular to the axis of
member. The spacing of stirrups shall not exceed,
a. 𝑥1 mm
𝑥1 +𝑦1
b. 4
mm
c. 300 mm
2) All corners of the members should have a
.longitudinal bar. The longitudinal bar shall be placed
as near practicable to the face.
3) If the cross sectional dimension of the member
exceeds 450 mm, uniformly distributed longitudinal
side face reinforcement at least 0.1% of the web area
shall be provided. Spacing of such reinforcement shall
not be more than 300mm. (Generally the diameter of
such reinforcement may not be less then 10mm).
SLAB DESIGN
• A slab is defined as a structural element which has very small depth
compared to length and width.
• It is used as a floor or roof in building, it carries UDL.
𝑙𝑦
• If ≥ 2….𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑙𝑥
Where, 𝑙𝑥=𝑠h𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑙𝑦=𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑙𝑦
• If < 2….𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑙𝑥

Flat slab: when slab is directly supported on columns without beams, it is

called flat slab.
❖ One-way Slab :
Design consideration of slab Basic value of span to depth ratio (P.37)
1. Effective depth Cantilever -7
For deflection control Simply supported-20
𝐿
= 20 × 𝑀.𝐹. Continuous -26
𝑑
Where, 𝑀.𝐹. =𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Assume steel 0.3% to 0.6 % to find M.F. initially.
2. Effective span (P 34, cl.22.2 (a))
i. Clear span +d
ii. C/C distance between supports
Whichever is smaller.
3. Reinforcement requirement
i. Minimum reinforcement (P 48, cl.26.5.2.1)
0.15 % of total c/s area (b x D), for Fe 250
0.12 % of total c/s area, for Fe 415
ii. Maximum diameter
Not more than 18×𝐷
iii. Minimum diameter
For main bars = 8 mm Ø
For distribution bars = 6 mm Ø
4. Check for cracking (P 46)
i. For main bars, spacing should not exceed from smaller value of 3d or
300 mm
ii. For distribution bars, spacing should not exceed from smaller value of 5d
or 450 mm
5. Check for deflection
𝐿 𝐿
If actual < 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ( 20 × 𝑀. 𝐹 ) …….𝑂𝐾
𝑑 𝑑
6. Check for development length
𝑀 M1 = M.R. for 50% steel at support
𝐿𝑑 ≤ 1.3 1
+ 𝐿0 V = Shear force at support
𝑉
𝝋.𝝈𝒔 L0 = Sum of anchorage beyond the centre
where, 𝑳𝒅= or 47𝝋 of support (smaller of d or 12 Ø)
𝟒𝝉𝒃𝒅
7. Check for shear
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐
Where, 𝜏𝑐 = 𝑘 𝜏𝑐 ′
𝑘 From clause 40.2.1.1, IS 456 ∶ 2000
𝜏𝑐 ′ (From table 19, IS 456 : 2000)
Steps: (One-way slab)
1. Find Effective depth and effective span.
2. Calculate loads coming on slab.
3. Do moment calculations.
4. Provide adequate reinforcement as per IS code guidelines.
5. Check for cracking (Clause 26.3.3 (b), IS 456 : 2000).
6. Check for effective depth for flexure.
7. Check for deflection (Clause 24.1 and Figure 4, IS 456 : 2000).
8. Check for development length (Clause 26.2.3.3 (c), IS 456 : 2000).
9. Check for shear (Clause 40, IS 456 : 2000).
 ❖ Two-way Slab :
𝑙𝑦
• If slab is supported on all four edges and < 2 , then it is known as Two-
𝑙𝑥

way slab and it has tendency to bend in both the directions.

• For two-way slab, deflection is less as compared to one-way slab
Hence, Bending Moment is reduced.

• As B.M. is distributed in both the directions, load carrying capacity is

increased.
• The loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions
at right angles and supporting uniformly distributed loads, may be
assumed to be in accordance with figure shown below.

• Two-way slab can be :

1. Simply Supported 2. Restrained
• Corners can lift away from • Corners are held down by edge
support. beams, by means of stiffness of
beam.
• Torsion is induced.
 ❖ Simply supported two-way Slab :
• Simply supported slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion at
corners and to prevent corners from lifting,
The maximum moments per unit width are given by, (D-2.1, Annex D, Is 456 :2000)
𝑀𝑥 =∝𝑥 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2

𝑀𝑦 =∝𝑦 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2
Where,
𝑀𝑥 , 𝑀𝑦 = Moments on strips of unit width
spanning 𝑙𝑥 , 𝑙𝑦 respectively
∝𝑥 , ∝𝑦 = Moment coefficients (Table 27, IS 456:2000)

𝑙𝑥 , 𝑙𝑦 = Lengths of shorter span and longer span respectively

w = Total design load per unit area
As per Is 456:2000 The deflection of two-way slabs shall
be checked as per one-way slab
 ❖ Restrained two-way Slab :
• The corners are restrained and not allowed to lift away from supports,
inducing torsion at corners and slab shall be reinforced for torsion.
• The maximum bending moments per unit width are given by,
(D-2.1, Annex D, Is 456 :2000)

𝑀𝑥 =∝𝑥 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2

𝑀𝑦 =∝𝑦 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2
Where,
𝑀𝑥 , 𝑀𝑦 = Moments on strips of unit width spanning 𝑙𝑥 , 𝑙𝑦 respectively
∝𝑥 , ∝𝑦 = Moment coefficients (Table 26, IS 456:2000)

𝑙𝑥 , 𝑙𝑦 = Lengths of shorter span and longer span respectively

w = Total design load per unit area
• The corners are restrained

Division of slab into middle

and edge strip
Steps: (Simply supported two-way slab)
1. Find Effective depth and effective span.
2. Calculate loads coming on slab.
3. Do moment calculations.
4. Check for effective depth.
5. Provide adequate reinforcement as per IS code guidelines.
6. Check for cracking (Clause 26.3.3 (b), IS 456 : 2000).
7. Check for deflection (Clause 24.1 and Figure 4, IS 456 : 2000).
8. Check for shear along long direction (Clause 40, IS 456 : 2000).
9. Check for development length along long direction (Clause 26.2.3.3 (c),
IS 456 : 2000).
Steps: (Restrained two-way slab)
1. Find Effective depth and effective span.
2. Calculate loads coming on slab.
3. Do moment calculations.
4. Check for effective depth.
5. Provide adequate reinforcement as per IS code guidelines.
• Provide reinforcement in edge strip
• Provide torsion reinforcement in corner (Annex D, D-1.8, IS 456 :
2000),
6. Check for cracking (Clause 26.3.3 (b), IS 456 : 2000).
7. Check for deflection (Clause 24.1 and Figure 4, IS 456 : 2000).
8. Check for development length along long direction (Clause 26.2.3.3 (c),
IS 456 : 2000).
9. Check for shear along long direction (Clause 40, IS 456 : 2000).
TWO-WAY CONTINUOUS SLAB
Moment coefficients and Moments
Diameter and spacing of straight reinforcement
bars in edge and middle strips
Diameter and spacing of bent up reinforcement bars
in middle strips
𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐
∴ 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) + 0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐

𝑝𝐴𝑔 𝑝𝐴𝑔
∴ 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝐴𝑔 − ) + 0.67𝑓𝑦
100 100
𝑝𝐴𝑔
∴ 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑔 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 − 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘
100
For M20 and Fe415

𝑃𝑢
= 2.7𝑝 + 8
𝐴𝑔