Unit 13 Grammar. @ Modals: ability, permission, advice, cri degrees of certainty Forme All modals (will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must) and the semi-modal ‘ought to have only one form. ‘© Modals are followed by the bare infinitive (simple or continuous) or the bare perfect infinitive eg Toby should be very fit by now. Toby should have recovered by now. ‘© The semi-modals have to and need to change their form depending on person and tense 9 The doctor said | had/needed to give up red meat. icism, obligation and necessity, Use Example Expressing ability now or generally Tean run a kilometre in four minutes. Expressing decisions made now about futere ability We can meet at the gym tomorrow, ifyou like. Expressing ability in the past could do fifty press-ups with one hand when Iwas younger. Expressing ability in present, future or general hypothetical situations Expressing ability in past, could + perfect | [could have roasted the potatoes, but | decided that boiling them hypothetical situations infinitive | was healthier We use be able to for the infinitive and other tenses. rch out — ¥ Id love to be able to fit into these jeans again! (infinitive) wisp ¥, Ill be able to leave hospital ina few weeks apparently. (future) ¥ Uve been able to swim since was five, (present perfect) could | ifonly! could quit smoking! Modals: permission Use Example ‘Asking for and giving permission now, for the future or generally ‘May / Could /Can | see the doctor, please? © Mayis more polite than could, and could is more polite than can. '@ We don't usually use a modal to talk about past permission. ¥ Iwas allowed to wear a knee support during the match, x i : © However, we do use could to talk about past permission in reported speech. The coach said | could wear a knee support during the match. Modals: advice Use Modal Example ‘Asking for and giving advice should now.for the future or generally | oughtto | You @ught to/should cut down on the amount ofred meat you eat. ( Modals: criticism Use Modal Example should Criticising past behaviour cought to He ought to /should have made more of an effort with his diet. (+ perfect infinitive)‘Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 13 Modals: obligation and necessity Use Modal Example Expressing obligation or Imust /have to /need to pick up that prescription from necessity must/haveto/needto | hechemiston the way home. Expressing lack of needn't /don'thaveto / | Youneedn’t/don’t have to /don’t need to pick up that obligation or necessity don't need to prescription from the chemist as ll getit while 'm in town. Expressing past obligation ado had to take the pills three times a day for two weeks. Expressing lack of past. needn't (+ perfect infinitive) / | Ineedn’t have gone /didn't have to go/ didn’t need to obligation didn't have to / didn't need to _| go to the doctor. © Theres usually no difference in meaning between must and have to. However, we are sometimes watch out! ‘more likely to use must for personal obligation (making our own decision about what we must do) and haveto for external obligation (someone else making a decision about what we must do). © We can also use will have/need to to express future obligation, ¥ You'll have/need to be more careful about what you eat in future. © tis unusual to use must for questions. We usually use have/need to. Y Dol have/need to take this medicine before every meal? © Must cannot be used as an infinitive. Use to have to. Y Id hate to have to have injections every day. X +ahateto must haveinjectionseverydey— © Mustn't and don't/doesn't have/need to have different meanings. You mustn't do that! (Don't do that!) ¥ You don't have/need to do that. (You can do that if you want to but it’s not necessary) © Needn't( + perfect infinitive) always refers to an action that happened. Didn't have to and didn't need to can refer to actions that did or didn't happen. ¥, Ineedn’t have gone to the doctor. (| went but it wasn't necessary.) ¥ Ididn’t have/need to go to the doctor because | suddenly felt bette. (didn't. go) ¥ Ididn’t have/need to go to the doctor but |went just to be on the safe side. (1 did go.) © Be careful with the verb need. It can also take the ing form. ¥ Ineed to sterilise this syringe. ¥ This syringe needs sterling. Modals: degrees of certainty Use Modal Example Expressing certainty (or must repr certahny] abot now cat That must be the district nurse at the door. or generally coultitt These can't /couldn’t be the pills; they're the wrong colour. ‘must can't ‘She must have been in alot of pain. couldn't His leg can’t /couldn’t have been in plaster for two years! (perfect infinitive) Expressing certainty (or near certainty) about the past Expressing probability should You ought to / should feel better ina few days, as long as you about now, the future or rn lots of rest. ate ought to get lots ofrest. Expressing probability shout The bruise ought to /should have disappeared days ago. ought to about the past (apertectinfiniivey | Wonder why italidn'. could may might could Expressing possibility about ‘may That could / may / might have been the doctor who rang the real past might earlier while we were out. (perfect infinitive) could might (perfect infinitive) Expressing possibility about Youshould talk to your doctor first because that diet could / now, the future or generally may / might be dangerous. Expressing possibilty about tsa good thing you went to the doctor or you could /might a hypothetical past have become quite ill.Unit 13 Grammar AA If aword or phrase in bold is correct, put a tick (¥). If itis incorrect, rewrite it correctly on the line. 1 Can you to speak French? . can give you a hand tomorrow morning, if yo! Ill can take my driving test after a few more lessons. Jack can play the guitar before he learnt to talk! IFonly | can afford to buy that top! We can have gone up the Eiffel Tower while we were in Paris, but we decided to go to the Louvre instead. | could get a more expensive computer, but it didn’t seem worth it. 8 I wish I could get out of the maths test tomorrow! 9 I bet you'd love to be can to get satellite TV. 10 You'd better tell the coach if you can't playing on Saturday, ausun x B Circle the correct word or phrase. If both options are correct, circle both. Hello. Could / Can | speak to Mrs Johnson, please? We could / were allowed to go home early yesterday because our teacher was ill. The head teacher said we could / were allowed to go home. Do you think | should / could be worried about these spots on my forehead? You ought to / should enter that talent contest! You couldn't / shouldn't talk to people like that! It's rude! ‘Alan should write / have written two essays in the exam yesterday, not one! No, you may / should not go out tonight. You know you're grounded! Diana should have waited / been waiting for me at the corner. | wonder where she went. 10 What were you doing in the park? You ought to have done / been doing your homework then! 11 Yes, of course you can / are able to open the window if you're too hot! wavauawna C Write a form of must, have to, need or need to in each gap to complete the sentences. If more ‘ than one possibility is correct, write all possibilities. 1 Ohd remember to get some potatoes on the way home tonight. 2 Jason see the headmaster during the next break. wonder what it's about? 3 We. light lots of candles during the power cut two nights ago. 4m start doing my Christmas cards soon. I's nearly December. 5 Carlyou run into the street like that without looking first. It's dangerous! 6 People with solar-powered cars 7 Iwouldn't like to se Get Up at five o'clock every morning. 8 We. = do any washing-up after the picnic because we'd used disposable plates and cutlery. 9 Do professional musician: VO Naren arrived. worry about the price of petrol. practise every day? . have bothered cooking all that food; they'd eaten before they Ee NCE NE COIR 80‘Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and ne D Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a simitar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 1 Hislights are on sol'm pretty sure Dan isathome. as Dan Susie .. here. 3 There's no way that boy's Simon. He's much taller! That expecting The Winners Tuesday. 5 I bet you were exhausted after such a long journey! YoU on Evan CASEY on two left feet! 8 | don't believe Helen's been trying to call us all day. The phone hasn't rung once. to call us all day. The phone hasn‘t rung Helen once. Use the words in the box only once to complete the sentences in Table A. The meaning of the sentences in Table B will help you. able not = coul ‘on the phone to someone in Austré 7 There's no way Casey won the disco dancing competition - he's got two left feet! the disco dancing competition - he's got had « have « might « must needn't » mustn't + ought « should « will be Dobber to the vet since her car's not boy snunnee Simon, He's much taller! 4 _I'mcertain the Winners don't think we're coming tonight; we arranged it for next Tuesday. have exhausted after such a long journey! 6 Theonly explanation is that Evan was on the phone to someone in Australi talking been .. tonight; we arranged it for next have armed forces. Table A Table B 11 __ have left my bag on the bus ‘expressing certainty 2_Inafew months,Ill be tobuyacar. | expressing future ability 3 drive when | was thirteen years old!_| expressing past ability 4 Noyoi -mom have any more pocket money! | refusing a request 5 Ithink you ‘consider a career in the ; giving advice forget to phone Julie tonight! expressing personal obligation to have a filling at the dentist's. expressing external obligation in the past 8 You don't to do Exercise D for ‘ Katie Ie haar expressing a lack of obligation 9 You. have to work a lot harder ifyou expressing future obligation want to get a good report. 10 They to arrive at about 8. expressing probability have got stuck in traffic. expressing possibility 121 vw have worried $0 much about Jan's | expressing a lack of past present. She loved it! obligation ROT AURIS NTIS , degrees of certainty Unit 13 81Unit 13 Grammar F Circle the correct answer. 1 .. |have a look at those shoes in the window, please? A Must B Would C Should D Could We won them A mustn't B didn't have to C couldn't D hadn't to pay for the tickets as Josie competi You really une» make such a mountain out of a molehill! A cant B won't C mightn’'t D shouldn't You won't to connect to the Internet once you've got broadband as you're online twenty-four hours a day. A need B must € ought D able hope we A could B may might D can find the cinema easily. 10 We couldn't find a hotel room so we sleep in the car. It was awfull A must B should C hadto D could Weld love to fford to. go ona round-the-world cruise. A can B beable to C will have to D have to Fiona can't about the meeting. | reminded her this morning! A forget B be forgetting C have forgotten D have been forgetting She could in the garage when we came round, which would explain why she didn’t hear the bell. A work B_beworking © have worked D have been working You'll tell the police that your house was broken into. A have to B must C hadto D should G Write a modal or semi-modal in each gap to replace the phrase in brackets. Add any other words you need. 82 Bruce — Charlotte didn't get to the Cra (wasn’t able to) get tickets. more modern university. You Ifyou have a cashpoint card, you bank to get money from your account. bought loads this morning! interview? Children The weather (is able to) finish most crosswords in under ten David concert because she .. jinutes. (had the opportunity to go) to Oxford but I decided to go toa (were wrong to tell Angus. You know he can't keep a secret! .. (are not forced to) go into the (were made to) apologise to the police for wasting their time. . (almost definitely wasn't) the last can of soda in the fridge. | (Were you obliged to) talk about two photographs during the (are not allowed to) be left unattended. (will probably) be good tomorrow.‘Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 13 H Choose the correct answer, Choosing to go to a gym regularly (1)........ change your life for the better. Don't let it be a decision you regret! Good gyms have a lot to offer. They (2) nm. provide exercise equipment that s just too expensive to buyand their trained staffare (3)........ to provide quality health and fitness advice. But if you're planning to join a gym, you (4) ...... definitely ask to look round before you become a member. There are a number of things to bear in mind before choosing which gym to join. Before the law changed a few years ago, anyone (5) set up a gym and even today gyms 6 ‘employ trained fitness instructors. Find out what qualifications the staff have. If they're untrained, its best to go elsewhere. YOU (7) nme be put off by the gym’s hard sell. Just because they want you to sign up ~ they want your money, after all ~ that doesn’t mean you (8) ...... decide there and then, See a few gyms before you make your final decision. ‘Ask yourself: What kind of equipment and facilities do they have? There's little point joining a gym and then thinking a few months later,‘ (9) have chosen a gym with a pool.’ Do you (10) nun book equipment in advance, or can you just turn up and use it? How busy does the gym get? It (11) .. be very pleasant turning up to find there's no room in the changing room and there's a huge queue for each piece of equipment. It (12) smu also be a good idea to talk to people who already go to that gym to find out their opinion. 1A must B would should D willhave to 2 A can B could C would D must 3° A made B forced © allowed D able 4 A should B would might D will 5 A can B could might D may 6 A mustn't B don'thave to C can't D shouldn't 7 A mustn't B couldn't C won't D mightn't 8 A cant B can would D have to 9 A oughtto B must C haveto D cant 10 A able B must C have to D allowed 11 A won'thaveto B doesn’thaveto — C_ mustn't D won't 120 A must B might C hasto D ought to 1 Write one word in each gap. When | broke my arm a week ago, | guess it (1) emmnumnme 10 have hurt. But it didn't! We were doing PE at school, and we were making a pyramid, We (2) vwu-nnenn to stand on each other's shoulders.! was right at the top.We (3) . have been doing it properly because suddenly the pyramid collapsed and we all fell. landed on my arm. Mr Jenkins (4) .. mane have known immediately that I'd broken my arm because he sent. someone to call an ambulance'Sit still, and don't move your arm at all until the ambulance come: he said. (5) -n« Still remember the feeling - my arm was numb, and looked very strange, but there was no pain at all.| remember thinking:'It (6) be broken. If it was broken, I'd be in agony’ suppose not feeling any pain (7) have been because | was in shock. The plaster (8) come off in about three weeks but it (9) have to stay on longer. It depends on whether the break has healed properly or not. The next three weeks may (10). be the best three weeks of my life ~ no basketball, no playing in the playground, no swimming - but I'm counting my blessings. It (11) .. have been a lot worse!