APLAB11THERMOc MgOH2
APLAB11THERMOc MgOH2
Enthalpies of formation (Hf) are calculated from the specific bond energies within
compounds. However, enthalpies of formation may also be determined by other means. Hess'
Law of Reaction Enthalpies states that the heat evolved in a given process can be expressed as
the sum of the heats of several processes that, when added, yield the reaction of interest. In order
to use Hess' Law, the Heats (enthalpies) of reaction,Hrxn, must be calculated. To do this, the
following calorimetry equation is used:
Q = m x Cp x T + (Ccalorimeter x T)
Note that the Q calculated from the calorimetry equation is equal to the heat evolved
from the reaction due to the Law of Conservation of Energy. Therefore, at constant pressure:
Q = Hrxn
In this lab, it will be assumed that the heat lost to the calorimeter is negligible. Therefore,
the calorimetry equation will be reduced to:
Q = m x Cp x T
This may lead to some error in calculating heats of reaction. However, the biggest error
will probably be due to the inaccuracies of the thermometer. The changes in temperature are so
small that even small inaccuracies in the thermometer readings will lead to large % errors. In
this lab, you will try to calculate the Hf for the following reaction:
Mg(s) + O2(g) + H2(g) > Mg(OH)2(s) + heat
Normally, this reaction would require a bomb calorimeter in order to determine the heat
of formation, due to the challenge of burning the magnesium. However, using the equations
below, you can use Hess' Law to calculate the Hf for the above reaction:
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) > MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) + heat (Eqn. #1)
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) > MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + heat (Eqn. #2)
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) > H2O(l) + heat (Eqn. #3)
For the first two reactions, the heats of reaction are easily found by using a simple calorimeter.
For the third reaction, (Eqn #3), the formation of liquid water, the enthalpy change has a known
value of 286 kJ/mol. You will have to figure out how to add these three equations to determine
the correct Hf of magnesium hydroxide.
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Along with the Hrxn,of water (286 kJ/mol), here are some facts you will need in order
to carry out your calculations:
1 meter of Mg ribbon has a mass of ___________ grams. (To be determined )
The atomic mass of Mg is 24.305 g/mol.
The density of HCl(aq) is 1.01 g/mL.
Assume Both reaction mixtures have a specific heat of
.
4.184 J/g oC.
Objective
How can the heat of a reaction be determined from Hess' Law and calorimetry?
Safety
Wear protective glasses at all times. WARNING: HCl(aq) can cause severe burns.
Procedure
Prepare a data table like the one provided by your teacher. Record all masses to the
nearest 0.01 g and all temperatures to the nearest 0.1oC unless otherwise noted.
Design TWO experimental procedures that will determine the heat released or absorbed for
Equation #1 and Equation #2 in the introduction. You may use all the materials listed in the
Materials section of his lab. Using calorimetry, the facts listed in the introduction and the
data you collect, determine the heat evolved from each reaction. Then, use Hess' Law in
coordination with and Equation #3 to determine the heat of formation of magnesium
hydroxide. Show your proposed procedure to your teacher before attempting the experiment
yourself.
Materials
Balance a 10.0 cm strip of Mg ribbon Weigh boats
0.50 grams of Mg(OH)2 Graduated cylinder, 100 mL Digital Thermometer
2 Styrofoam cups 2 samples of 50 mL of 1M HCl
Observations Write down all relevant observations.
Data
Mg REACTION DATA Part I
Mass of 1 meter of Mg ribbon: _____________grams
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a. Volume of HCl used: _____________mL
b. Length of Mg ribbon used: ____________cm
c. The initial temperature of the HCl: _____________oC
d. The final temperature of the HCl + Mg: _____________oC
Mg(OH)2 REACTION DATA Part II
e. Volume of HCl used: _____________mL
d. Mass of Mg(OH)2: _____________g
h. The initial temperature of the HCl: _____________oC
i. The final temperature of the HCl + Mg(OH)2: _____________oC
Calculations
PART I Mg
1. Calculate the heat energy, q, released by the reaction of Mg and HCl using the combined
mass of all the reactants.
2. Calculate the enthalpy of this reaction, Hrxn, in kJ/gram using the grams of Mg.
(Note the sign of Hrxn in your answer).
3. Calculate the enthalpy of this reaction, Hrxn, in kJ/mol using the molar mass of Mg.
(Note the sign of Hrxn in your answer).
PART II Mg(OH)2
4. Calculate the heat energy, q, released by the reaction of Mg(OH)2 and HCl using the
combined mass of all the reactants.
5. Calculate the enthalpy of this reaction, Hrxn, in kJ/gram using the grams of Mg(OH)2.
(Note the sign of Hrxn in your answer).
6. Calculate the enthalpy of this reaction, Hrxn, in kJ/mol using the molar mass of Mg(OH)2.
(Note the sign of Hrxn in your answer).
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More Calculations
7. Use Hess' Law to demonstrate how the three equations listed in the introduction are used to
determine the heat of formation of Mg(OH)2. Calculate the Hf of Mg(OH)2.
8. The accepted value for (Eqn.1) is 462 kJ/mol Mg. Calculate your % error.
9. The accepted value for (Eqn.2) is 109 kJ/mol Mg(OH)2. Calculate your % error.
10. The accepted value for Hf is 925 kJ/mol Mg(OH)2. Calculate your % error.
Discussion
Answer the objective clearly and completely.
What was the Hf of Mg(OH)2 and the final experimental error for the lab?
How do the 1st Law of Thermodynamics apply to this lab?
How was Hess' Law used in this lab?
Were the reactions that you did endothermic or exothermic, and how can you tell?
Identify at least three sources of error in this lab that would affect your results.
How could these errors be reduced?
Would the errors you mentioned cause the heat of reaction to be higher or lower than the
accepted value? Explain.
2. Based on the accepted value for the Heat of Formation of Mg(OH)2, calculate the heat evolved
if 2.50 moles of Mg was combusted to form magnesium hydroxide.
3. How many grams of magnesium hydroxide would be produced if the heat evolved from the
combustion of magnesium was 108 kJ? How many grams of magnesium was
burned?
4. Assume you made an error of + 0.5oC in reading your thermometer when calculating the heat
evolved in PART I of this experiment. Based on the temperature change that you
calculated in PART I, recalculate the heat of reaction for PART I
(calculations 13) and
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determine your % error assuming that the original heat of reaction was the accepted
value.
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