Automatic Transmissions

and Transaxles
SIXTH EDITION

CHAPTER 10
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Transmissions and
Transaxles

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FIGURE 10–1 The power flow in a typical series-hybrid vehicle.

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FIGURE 10–2 The power flow in a typical parallel-hybrid vehicle.

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FIGURE 10–3 A series–parallel hybrid design allows the vehicle to operate in electric motor mode only or in
combination with the internal combustion engine.

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FIGURE 10–4 The rear electric motor on a Lexus RX 400h SUV.

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FIGURE 10–5 Honda Accord Hybrid auxiliary transmission fluid pump. This pump operates only when the ICE
enters idle stop (stop–start) mode.

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FIGURE 10–6 Integrated starter–generator (ISG) assembly adapted to a production 4L60E transmission. Note
that the torque converter diameter is smaller to fit inside the rotor assembly.

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FIGURE 10–7 Electric secondary fluid pump from a 4L60E transmission in a GM hybrid pickup.

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FIGURE 10–8 The two-mode transmission has orange high-voltage cable entering the unit to carry electric
energy from the high-voltage battery pack to propel the vehicle and also to charge the battery during
deceleration.

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FIGURE 10–9 Using two planetary gear sets, the ICE can be maintained in the most efficient speed of about
2000 RPM under most operating conditions.

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FIGURE 10–10a Disassembly of the 2ML70 transmission requires the use of a lift or engine hoist to remove
the motor assembly.

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FIGURE 10–10b The motor assembly after being removed for the transmission.

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FIGURE 10–11 Cutaway view of Honda Accord Hybrid automatic transmission.

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FIGURE 10–12 Honda Accord Hybrid power train, including 3.0-liter V6, IMA assembly, and 5-speed automatic
transmission.

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FIGURE 10–13 Control schematic for a Honda Accord Hybrid automatic transmission. Note that all sensor
inputs are shown to the left of the PCM, while the output signals and actuators are shown on the right.

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FIGURE 10–14 The Honda Accord Hybrid will alert the driver of a transmission malfunction by flashing the “D”
indicator on the instrument panel.

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FIGURE 10–15 The Toyota Hybrid System uses two electric motor/generators (MG1 and MG2) and an ICE, all
connected together by a power-split device, which is a simple planetary gear set.

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FIGURE 10–16 The power-split device from the Toyota Hybrid System. Note that the vehicle will move only
when MG2 (and the ring gear) is turning.

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FIGURE 10–17 The planetary gear set used in the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) has 2.6 times the number of
teeth in its ring gear as it has in its sun gear. This means that the ICE (attached to the planet carrier) will send
72% of its torque to the ring gear (drive wheels), and 28% of its torque to the sun gear (MG1).

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FIGURE 10–18 When the vehicle is stopped, the ICE is shut off along with both motor/generators.

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FIGURE 10–19 Under light acceleration, power is sent to MG2 to move the vehicle.

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FIGURE 10–20 Light acceleration—the engine is stopped (0 RPM), MG2 is turning forward (+), and MG1 is
turning backward (–).

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FIGURE 10–21 To start the ICE, MG1 (sun) acts as a motor and turns clockwise (CW), causing the planet
carrier (attached to the ICE) to also turn CW.

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FIGURE 10–22 Normal driving—the ICE is now running and some of its torque is used to drive MG1. Electricity
generated by MG1 is used to power MG2 or recharge the HV battery.

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FIGURE 10–23 Normal driving—the engine is running, MG2 is turning forward (+), and MG1 is turning
backward (–).

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FIGURE 10–24 Full-throttle acceleration and high-speed cruise—with greater demand for acceleration, power
from MG1 is combined with power from the HV battery to generate higher output from MG2. It is also possible to
configure MG2 as a generator and send its power to MG1 (which then acts as a motor).

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FIGURE 10–25 Full-throttle acceleration and high-speed cruise—this graph shows MG1 acting as a motor using
power from MG2. This increases the speed of the ICE, allowing it to produce higher output.

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FIGURE 10–26 Deceleration and braking—MG2 is configured as a generator and recharges the HV battery.

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FIGURE 10–27 Reverse—MG2 alone is used to move the car in reverse. This is accomplished by reversing the
direction of MG2.

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FIGURE 10–28 Excessive heat created in the electric motors must be controlled and proper maintenance of the
cooling system is important for long life to help avoid overheating motor winding as shown.

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FIGURE 10–29 Cutaway view of the Ford Escape Hybrid transaxle.

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FIGURE 10–30 The Ford Escape Hybrid transaxle operates very similar to the one used in the Toyota Hybrid
System, but is constructed very differently.

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FIGURE 10–31 A Ford eCVT transaxle assembly showing the electrical connectors on the top of the assembly.

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 Tech Tip
Traction Motors Move the Vehicle
Traction motors are so named because anything that
propels the vehicle is said to provide a traction force.
Traction force is also known as tractive force. The
high-voltage battery in a Ford Escape Hybrid is used
to power the traction motor in the eCVT, so it is
known as a traction battery.

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FIGURE 10–32 The Honda CVT is connected directly to the ICE through a drive plate and flywheel mechanism.

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FIGURE 10–33 The Honda Accord V-6 hybrid electric vehicle use a Honda non-planetary gear type automatic
transaxle equipped with a small electric pump motor to maintain hydraulic fluid pressure during idle stop
operation.

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 Frequently Asked Question
How Does a Hybrid Work Without a Transmission?
The Honda Accord hybrid starting with the 2014
model year (MY) uses a two-motor hybrid drive
system that is totally different from that used by
Toyota and Ford. It does not use a transmission.
Instead, the two motor/generators are separated by
a clutch and each performs two functions:
• Primary motor/generator. It propels the vehicle
and recharges the high-voltage battery during
deceleration.
• Secondary motor/generator. It is used to start the
gasoline engine and supply electrical energy to the
primary motor/generator or charge the high-voltage
battery. SEE FIGURE 10–34.

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FIGURE 10–34 The primary motor/generator is used to propel the vehicle and the secondary motor/generator
is used to start the engine and charge the high-voltage battery.

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