i;

TABLE Of CONTENTS P f'

TITLE 1. SHIPS
Chapter 1. GeIDJe'Ji'alProvisions
'"
Art. 1. - Definition of 8hip~.
Art. 2. - AC2e88ories.
Art. 3. - Ship movahle properlL;.

Chapter 2. Nationality of Ships .J

Art. 4. -- Qualificatir)fi for ownin:r Ethiopian ships.

Art. 5. -- Ships treated as Ethiopian ships.
Art. 6 - Ethiopian 8hip~.

Chapter 3. Ownership
Art. 7. - Ownership oJ ship.
Art. 8. - Third party rights.

Chapter 4. Ships owned in common "

Art. 9. - Rights of part owner!'.

_Art. 10. - Liability of part owner!'
Art. 11. - Powers of operator.
J'1rt. 12. -- Assig:!;ment c.nd mortgage of a share.
Art. 13. -- Pre-emptive rights cf the other part owners.
Art. 14. - Sale of a ship uncle CDllImon owner..hip.

Chapter 5. Maritime Liens and Mortgage of a Ship 3

Section 1. Maritime Lien v')

Art. 15. - Designation and priority of maritime liem.

Art. 16. - ClassificatiDn bv./ VOV3!!;Cof
~ claims
,--.
seemed hv lien.
01

Art. 17. - Classification of claims arising ont of the same voyage.

Art. 18. -- Date of claims ariRing out of the same maritime incident.
Art. 19. -- Proof.
Art. 20. -~ Priority of ereditors secured hy I1l{Htga~e.
Art. 21. --- Property to which liens attach.
Art. oJ') Definition of ship's accessories and freight.
Art. 23. d Amounts deemed freight or excluded from ship's acce5'
sories and freig'ht.
Art. 24 Dun1tion of lien 011 frej~ht and ship's acces~ori~5.
Art. 2;'. --- Cbims "f'cured by lien fonow the ship
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JIARITLVIE CODE
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Art. 26. - Limitation.

Page
Art. 27. - Other modes of extinguishment of Hem.
Art. 28. - Registration of a Hen.
Art. 29. - Case whete a ship is not managed hy the
owner.

Section 2. Mortgage 7
Art. 30. -- Scope of mortgage.
Art. 31. - Mortgagor.
Art. 32. - Property on which mortgage is secured.
Art. 33. ~-Mortgage of n sJJip under construction.
Art. 34. - Formalities.
Art. 35. - Limitation of interest rates.
Art. 36. - Fo!rmalities of registl'lation.
Art. 37. -Effect of registration.
Art. 38. - Arrest and sale of a mortgaged ship.
Art. 39. -- Dis.charge .of mortgage.
Art. 40. - Overhid l,v one tenth.
Art. 41. -- Deposit of purchase money where there is no overbid.
Art. 42. - Sale hy auction.
Art. 43. - Summary schedule of mortgaf,e registration.
Art. 44. - 'Pr{!hihition ();f sale ahroad of a ship mort!!aged in the
~ \..-
'.
Empire. "-

Chapter 6. Registration of Ships and of Rights in Rem

relating to the Ship ]0
Art. 45. - Registers.
Art. 46. -. Ship's marking!!.
Art. 47. -- Registration of Ethiopian ships.
Art. 48. - Cancellation of registration.
Art. 49. - Arrest of unregistered ship.
Art. 50. -Effect of registration.
Art. 51. -- 'Conclusive proof of registration.
Art. 52. - Cancellation and modification of entries.

Chapter 7. ,Arrest of a Ship 12

Section 1. Detention 12
Art. 53. - Conditions.
Art. 54. - Security and release.
Art. 55. - Service of warrant of arrest.

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 80 :MARITI~IE CODE
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Art. 56. - Summons to appear.
Art. 57. - Judgment confirming arrest.

" Section 2. Execution 58

Art. 58. - Minimum period before proceeding to execution.
Art. 59. - No execution in certain cases.
Art. 60. - Demand for payment.
Art. 61. - Maximum period for proceeding to execution.
Art. 62. - Information in the repo:rt on execution.
Art. 63. -.. Notification and serving of process.
Art. 64. -. Entry of the report in the register.
Art. 65. -Notification to registered creditors.
Art. 66. - Sale hy auction.
Art. 67. -- Applications to withdraw execution 01' alleging def~,..t~.
Art. 68. - ,Procedure on applications under Art. 67.
Art. 69. - Sale of ship under arrest.
Art. 70. - Particulars in notices and bills.
Art. 71.- Prohibition against overhids.
Art. 72. -- Payment of purchase price.
Art. 73. - Resale hyanctioTI.
Art. 74. - Recourse.
Art. 75. - Registration of sale hv the court in t~e re~i5ter.
Art. 7,6. - Effect of sale.
Art. 77. - Distribution of the residue.

TITLED
SHIPOWNERSK MANAGERS AND THE MASTER 16
Chapter 1. Liability of Shj.powners and Managers J6

Art. 78. - Definition of manager.

Art. 79. - Acts 1.esultin~ in the liahilitv of the sM,powner.
Art. 80. - Limitation of Iia'hilit~T.
Art. 81. - ,Liahility by reason of ownership. possf'E'sion, custody or
control of the shirp.
Art. H2. - ,Cases where liahility is not limited.
Art. 83. - Balance.
Art. 84. - Non.admission of liahility.
Art. 8:5. - Limitation fund.
Art. 86. - Amounts of limited liability.
 MARITIME CODE 81
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Art. 87. - Procedure. Page

Art. 88. - Calculation oJ tonnage burden.
Art. 89. - Arrest of the ship, hail or oth~r security.
Art. 90. - Liability of the ship.
'\.
Art. 91. - Application to other persons than shipowner.
Art. 92. - Actions against the master.
Art. 93. - Ships {Jf less than 300 tons hurden.

Chapter 2. The Master 20

Art. 94. - Appointment and duties of master.
Art. 95 -- Termination of mRster"s appointment.
Art. 96. -PDwcrs 01 the master.
Art. 97. -,scope of the master's agency.
Art. 98. -;Liability of the master.
Art. 99. -Duties of the master.
Art. 100. - :Duty of the master in case of !pilotage.
Art. 101. - ,Liability in case of pilotage.
Art. 102. - (Ship's papers.
Art. 103. - Ship's log~hook and engine.room log-book.
Art. 104. - Stamping oJ log-book in port.
Art. 105. -;Maritime declaration.
Art. 106. - Verification of the maritime declaration.
Art. 107. - Borrowing and sale of goods by the master in case of
urgency.
Art. 108. - Sale of ship by the master in the event of unseaworth.
iness.
Art. 109. -- Master sailing for joint profit.
Art. 110. -- Discharge of a master who is a part owner of the ship.

TITLE III
REGULATION OF MARITIME EMPLOYMENT 23
Art. Ill. - Definition of a seaman.
Art. 112. - Seaman's articlcsof agreement.
Art. 113. - Particulars in articles of agreement.
Art. 114. - Remuneration out of profits or freight.
Art. 115. - Remuneration by voyage.
Art. 116. - Duties of seaman.
Art. 117. - Prohibition against carrying cargo on their own account.
Art. lIS. - Advance on wages.
Art. 119. --- Horne remittances.
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Art. 120. - Repayment of advanccs.

PaD'e
b
Art. 121. - Attachment of wages.
Art. 122. -~ Medical cX;.Hulnati::m prior to cl",pleyment.
Art. 123. - Sickness or injmy while in the ship's service.
Art. 124. -- '.Va~es or allowL\I1ces payahle to a sick 01' injured seaman.
Art. 125. - Repatriation.

TITLE IV
CONTRACTS RELATING TO THE USE OF THE SHIPH ')"7
"

Chapter 1. Charter. by Demise 27

Art. 126. - Definition.

Art. 127. -- Prohibition against suh-charter.
Art. 128. - Duties .of the owner.
Art. 129. -- Liability .of the owner.
Art. 130. - Duties of the charterer.
Art. 131. - Duration of the charter.
Art. 132. - Limitat: of rights arising out of the charter.

Ch<":'I:,(er 2. Contract of Affreightment 28

Section 1. General Provisions 28

Art. 133. - Definitions.
Art. 134. -. Particulars in the contract.
Art. 135. - Sub-charter.
Art. 136. - Goods shipped by the shipowner in the chartered ship.
Art. 138. - Duties of the shipowner.
Art. 139. - Exemption of the shipowner from ]j:;1hility.
Art. 140. - Liability of the charterer.
Art. 141. - Port of destination.
Art. 142. - Ship nDt placed at the disposal of the charterer ail agreed.
Art. 143. - Compensation due to charterer.
Art. 144. - Termination of the contrar,t of affreightment.
Art. 145. -. Sale of the !'ihip.
Art. 146. Limitation of actions.

Section 2. Freigbt 31
Art. 147. - Fl'eig11t pro rata.
Art. 148. -- Caf'f's 'where frei~~'ht is du/"..
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Art. 149. - Perish ahle goods. Page

Art. 150. - Repayment of advances to master.
Art. 151. -- Ship held up during the voyage.
Art. 152. --Freight .for goods delivered before arrival at destination.
Art. 153. -- }'ailure to load full and complete cargo.
Art. 154. - Prohibitiollagainst discharge from payment of freight
by abandonment Df goods.
Art. 155. - Shipowner's lien.
Art. 156. - Shipowner's right to detain cargo.
Art. ]57. - Goods mixed with other goods of the same nature. Up-
holding of the lien.

Section 3. Lay Days and Demurrage 33

Art. 158. -Lay days.
Art. 159. - Demurrage.
Art. 160. -- Damages for detention.
Art. 161. - Calculation of lay days.
Art. 162. - Time for the beginning of lay days.
Art. 163. -- Rights of the master at the expiry of the lay days.
Art. 164. -- Averaging lay days.
Art. 165. - Suspension of running of lay days.
Art. 166. -Bonus for clispatc,h.
Art. 167. - Set aH.
Art. 168. -Liem and limitation.
Art. 169. - Lien for demurrage and damages for detention which
have not heen settled.

Section 4. Special Provisions Regarding Time Charters 34

Art. 170. -- Time charters.
Art. 171. - Duties of the shipowner.
Art. 172. - Duties of the charterer.
Art. 173. - Debt for freight.
Art. 174<. ~- ,Presumptive loss.
Art. 175. - Delay of the ship.
Art. 176. - Rights of an unpaid shipowner.
Art. 177. - Extension of the contract hy the charterer.
Art. 178. -- Return of the ship.
Art. 179. - ,charterer taking over the commercial and nautical
operation of the ship.
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Section 5. Special Provisions Regarding Contract of
Carriage Supported by a Bill of Lading 36
Art. 180. - Scope."
Art. 181. - Issue of bill ()£ lading.
Art. 182. -- Particulars in the bill of lading.
Art. 183. - Shipping marks.
Art. 184. - Inaccurate statement ,by shipper.
Art. 185. - Voluntary false statements.
Art. 186. - Receipt before shipment.
Art. 187. - Original of hill of lading.
Art. 188. - Bills of lading drawn in several plarts.
Art. 189. -FDrms of hill of lading.
Art. 190. - ,Circulation of bills of lading.
Art. 191. - Prohibition against negotiation.
Ar,t. ,192. - Conflict between holders.
Art. 193. - Delivery of the goods to a holder in good faith.
Art. 194. - Conflict heween the terms of a bill of lading and those
ofa charter party.
Art. 195. - Delivery w,arrants.
Art. 196. - Duties of the carrier.
Art. 197. - Liahility of a carrier.
Art. 198. -Global statutory limitation ()f liability.
Art. 199. - Goods not declared or misdeclared.
Art. 200. - Dangerous g.oods.
Art. 201. - Notice to he given to the carrier in the event of loss ,or
. damage.
Art. 202. - Termination of contract of carriage.
Art. 203. - Limitation.
Art. 204. - Through bill of lading.
Art. 205. - Nullity of clauses in a hill of lading relieving a carrier
from liability.
Art. 206. - Carrier may increase his liahility.
Art. 207 . - .special cases.
Art. 208. - Jurisdiction.
Art. 209. - Arbitration clause.
Chapter 3. Carriage of Passengers 42

Art. 210. - Definitions.

Art. 211. - Prohibition against assignment of ticket.
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Art. 212. - Cost of board. Pagev

Art. 213. - Passenger emharking without a ticket.
Art. 214. - Passage not undertaken, the passenger not being at fault.
Art. 215.
.
- Passenger failing to embark.
Art. 216. - "
Cancellation of the contract.
Art. 217. - Termination of the contract due to hostilities.
Art. 218. - Termination through cancellation of sailing.
Art. 219. - Breaking of the voyage due to force majeure.
Art. 220. ~- Passenger oh]iged to break the voyage for reasons outside
his control.
Art. 221. -Passenger suffering from an infectioas disease
Art. 222. - Liability d the carrier for delay or failure to carry out
the contract.
Art. 223. - Liability in case of death of or injury to passenger.
Art. 2;24. - Carriage of ibaggage.
Art. 225. - Gratuitous carriage.
Art. 226. - Articles 223.225 always applicahle.
Art. 227. -Carrier~s lien on baggage.
Art. 228. - Limitation of actions.

TITLE V
MARITIME COLLISIONS, ASSISTANCE AND SALVAGE
MARITIME COLLISIONS, ASSISTANCE AND SA VAGE 46
Chapter 1. Collisions 46

Art. 229. -Rules applica,ble to collisions.

Art. 230. - Accidental collision.
Art. 231. - Collision fault of one ship.
Art. 232. -Collision fault of two or more ships.
Art. 233. -- ,Collision caused by the f.ault .of a pHot,.
Art. 234. - Extent to which damages are made good.
Art. 235. - Duties of the masters.
Art. 236. - Procedure.
Art. 237. - Courts having jurisdiction.
Art. 238. - Limitation.

Chapter 2. Assistance and Salvage at Sea 48

Art. 239. - Rules ap,pIicahle to assistance and salvage.

Art. 240. - Remuneration.
Art. 241. - No remuneration for forced salvage.
 86 MARITIME Com:
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Art. 242. - Assistance of ships by shipowners.

Page
Art. 243. - Exceptional assistancein towage and piloting.
Art. 244. - Saving of life.
Art. 245. - Determination of the amount of remuneration.
\,
Art. 246. -Cancellation or alteration of the salva~e agreement by
the court.
Art. 247. - How remuneration determined.
Art. 248. - Assistance compulsory in Tespect of persons fonnd at sea
in danger Df being lost.
Art. 249. - Claims for payment of assistance Dr salvage remuneration.
Art. 250. - Application to government ships of rules regarding
assistance.

TITLE VI
PARTICIPATION IN GENERAl. AVERAGE 50

Att. 251. -General average act.

Art. 252. - Sacrifice and expenses how horne.
Art. 253. -- .only losses, etc. direct consequence of act allowed.
Art. 254. - Loss or damage 110t allowed.
Art. 255. - Result of fault of one party.
Art. 256. -- .onu8 01 proof.
Art. 257. -Extra expenses.
Art. 258. - Adjustment of loss and contribution.
Art. 259. - Jettison of cargo.
Art. 260. - Damage by jettison and sacrifice for the common safetv.
Art. 261. - Extinguishing fire on ship:board.
Art. 262. - Cutting away wreck.
Art. 263. -- Voluntary stranding.
Axt. 264. -- -
Carrying press of sail Damage to or Joss of saHs.
Art. 265. - Damage to machinery and boilers.
Art. 266. - ,Lightening a ship when ashore and consequent damage.
Art. 267. - Ship's materials and stores burnt for fuel.
Art. 2-68. -Expenses at port of refuge, etc.
Art. 269. - Wages and maintenance of crew and other expenses
bearing up for and in a port of refuge, etc.
Art. 270. -~ Damage to cargo in discharging, etc.
Art. 271. -- Deductions from cost of repairs.
Art. 272. -- Tem,porary repairs.
Art. 273. - - I~oss of Freight.
 MARITIME CODE 87
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Art. 274. -- Arll'ount Lo he made good for cargo lost or damaged hy Page
sacrifice.
Art. 275. -u Contributory values.
Art. 276. - Damagf( to ship.
Art. 277. - Undeclared or wrongfully declared cargo.
Art. 278. - ,Provision of funds.
Art. 279. - Interest on losses made good in general average.
Art. 280. - Treatment of cash deposits.
Art. 281. - General average horne in due conrse.
A:-1't.282. - Inadmissibility of a demand for contribution.
Art. 283. - Lien in respect of claims in general average.
Art. 284. - General average statement.
Art. 285. - Average adjusters.
Art. 286. - Casts and honoraria.
Art. 287. -- Limitation .of proceedings for claiming contribution.
TITLE VII
INSURANCE 60
Chapter 1. Contract of Insurance 60
Art. 288. - Extent of application of rules.
Art. 289. - Form oJ the poliey.
Art. 290. - Cover-notes.
Art. 291. - Particulars in the policy of insurance.
Art. 292. ~~- Subject matter which maybe insured.
Art. 293. - Reinsurance.
Art. 294. -. Insurance of a ship underco:l1struction.
Art. 295. -- Commencement of risk for the ship.
Art. 296. - Ship under voyage.
Art. 297. - Determination of the value of gDods.
Art. 298. - Commencement of risk in respect of goods.
Art. 299. - Cancellation of the ,contract.
Art. 300. -- Non-disclosure and misrepreseJ;ltation.
Art. 301. - Increase of risk.
Art. 302. -Cancellation by the assured.

Chapter 2. Rights and Obligations of the Assured

and the Underwtiter 63
Art. 303. - Damage and loss at the risk of the underwriter.
Art. 304. -- Things insured against general average.

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 88 MARITIME CODE

Art. 305. Policv .. shall remam in force in the event of DLlifl3.torv

""
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deviation.
Art. 306. -- Cases considereJ as ohligatory deviation.
Art. 307. - Shorten~ng of voyage.
Art. 308. - Other deviations or changes of ship.
Art. 309. - Underwriter not liable for the results of faults of the
assured.
Art. 310. - Inherent vice of the thing insured.
Art. 31l. -- Damage to other gODds caused by the property insured.
Art. 312. - Exclusion of war risks.
Art. 313. - Contract concluded for an amount exceeding the value
of the things insured.
Art. 314. - .Full value not insured.
Art. 315. - Same risk covered hy several underwriters.
Art. 316. -- Exercise by the assured of his rights against the several
underwriters.
Art. 317. -. Contract concluded after the loss or arrival of the things
insured.
Art. 318. - Casualties occurring before signature of the contract.
Art. 319. - ,Premium lwt to be refunded after ri'lks begin to run.
Art. 320. - Notice to be given to underwriter.
Art. 321. - IConservatory measures taken by the assured.
Art. 32,2. - Liability of the assured for failure to fulfil his ohliga-
tions.
Art. 323. - Subrogation.
Art. 324. - Floating policies.
Art. 325. - Failure to make the declaration of interest.
Art. 326. - CoUision or the rendering Df assistance or salvage services
between or hy or to ships .belonging to the same owner.

Chapter 3. Settlement Damage of 68

Section 1. General Provisions 68

Art. 327. - Extent of the liahility of the underwriter to pay com-

pensation.
Art. 328. -Proo.£ to be furnished by the assured.
Art. 329. - Period .of time for payment of compensation.

Section 2. Settlement in Average 69

Art. 330. - Cases where there is settlement in average.

Art. 331. - Limitation of the liability of the underwriter to damage
~

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directly affecting the thing insured. Parte0

Art. 332. - Deduction new for old.
Art. 333. - Exclusion of wages and profits of the crew.
Art. 334,. - Means QJ settling.
Art. 335. --- Contribution in general average borne by the underwriter.

Section 3. Abandonment 70
Art. 336. - Limits of abandonment.
Art. 337. - Cases where there is abandonment of the ship.
Art. 338. - Abandonment of goods.
Art. 339. - Abandonment of freight.
Art. 340. - Abandonment in the absence of news.
Art. 341. - Abandonment in the case of insurance of war risks.
Art. 342. -- Cases where abandonment is nat admissible.
Art. 343. - Non-admission by the underwriter of expiry.
Art. 344. - Special insurance of freight.
Art. 345. -- Nature of abandonment.
Art. 346. - Duty of the assured to declare alI insurances taken out.
Art. 347. - Effect of abandonment.
Chapter 4. Limitation 72
Art. 348. - Limitation of actions arising out of an insurance contract.
Art. 349. - Action' for payment of premium.
Art. 350. -- Action in abandonment.
Art. 351. - Action in average.
Art. 352. - Date from which period runs with respect to the ship
and freight at risk for the ship.
Art. 353. --. Date from which period runs with respect to goods and
freight at risk for the goods.
Art. 354. - I.-imitation of actions for repayment of sums paid hy
mistake.
Art. 355. - Limitation runs against persons legally incapable.
Art. 356. - Suspension of limitation.

TITLE VIII
PENAL PROVISIONS 74
Art. 357. - Injuring owner by causing survey without good reason.
Art. 358. - Misconduct endangering life or ship.
Art. 359. - General offences.
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Art. 360. -- Depriving master of command or preventing his exerc.sc Page

unlawfully thereof.
Art. 361. - Abandoning ship without proper canse.
Art. 362. -- Offe1ices in connection with ship's doeuments.
Art. 363. - Failure to give information after coBision.
Art. 364. -- Master or shipowner failing to ensure seaworthiness
of ship.
Art. 365. - Failure of master to carry out cel'tain responsibilities.
Art. 366. - Acting as lll?ster, mate etc. without ,pI'oper quaHfication.
Art. 371. - Regulation making power.
Art. 368. - Penalties.
~~rt. 369. - Saving of othel' 'powers.

TITLE IX
MISCELLANEOUS 76

Art. 370. - Interpretation.

Art. 371. - Regulation makin:; ,power.
 '\,

CORRIGENDA

Bdorc Art. 58, insert:

Section 2. Execution
Art. 86 (1), read:
(a) where the occurrence has only given rise te) praperty claims, an aggrcgate
amount of Eth. $. 160 for e~ch tDn of the ship's tonnage;
(h) where the occurrence has only gi\'en rise to personal claims, an aggregate
amount of Eth. $.516 fu'1' each ton of the ship's tonnagc;
(c) where the occurrence has given rise both to persona) claimsalld property
claims, an aggregate amount of Eth. $. 516 for each ton .0£ the ship's
tonnage, of which a first portion amounting to Eth. $. 356 etc.
Art. 97 (2), Hne 3, rca,d: Art. 15 (5)
Art. 118, line 2, rcad: in the ship's log. hook
Art. 187 (2j., , line 1 rc<:d: retained hy the canter .
Art. 198 (1), line L read: of the carrier
Art. 240, lir.e 2, read: rcmaTIcratio!l
Art. 250, line 3, read: as a private OW1:er
Art. 271 (B L line 13, read: machinery; other repairs etc.
Art. 287 (1), line 2, read: she W28 due to arrive
Art. 313 (l), Jinc 2, read: the things insured ete,
Art. 316 (l i, line 5, read: in proportic:n L~ dc,
)\,1'1. 360, heading, rcad: Dr Preventing".., f'te.
Art. 371 (21 (h'j. read: steering
(3). read: Articles 86, J98 and 223.
NEGAR11' C;AZETA
Gazette Extraordinarv

19th Year No.1

MARITIME CODE OF THE EMPIRE OF ETHIOPIA

PROCLAMATION No. 164 OF 1960

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Addis Ababa, 5th May 1960

 PROCLAyIATION No. 164 of 1960

THE MARITIME CODE

PROCLAMATION OF 1960
CONQUERING LION OF THE TRffiE OF JUDAH
HAILE SELL\SSIE I
ELECT OF GOD, EMPEROR OF ETHIOPIA

WHEREAS, the development of the ports of Our Empire and the

expansion of Our merchant navy require that a comprehensive Maritime
Code be enacted; and
WHEREAS, a Maritime Code has heen prepared under Our supervision
and has received the approval of Our Senate and Chamber of Deputies;
NnW, THEREFORE, in accordance with Articles 34 and 88 of Our
Hevised Constitution, We approve the resolutions of Our Senate and Chamber
of Deputies and We hereby proclaim as follows:
1. This Proclamation may be cited as the "Maritime Code Proclama~
tion, 1960".
2. The Maritime Code of 1960, as published in a separate volume
appearing as Extraordinary Issue No.1 of 1960 of the Negarit Gazeta, shall
come into force on the 5th day of May 1960.
3. Nothing contained in the Maritime Code shall affect the nation.
ality o,f ships registered prior to the c::nning into force of said Code.
4. The Maritime Proclamation No. 137 of 1953, as amended
hy the Maritime (Amendment) Proclamation of 1956, is hereby repealed
except for Articles 2 to 5 inclusive, paragraphs (e) to (g) inclusive of
Article 6, Articles 28 to 31 inclusive, and Articles 36 to 47 inclusive.

Done at Addis Ababa this 5th day of May, 1960.

TSAHAFE TAEZAZ AKLILU HABTE WOLD
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Pen

III
 PHEF.~C:E
CONQUERING LION OF THE TRIBE OJ< JUDAH
HAILE SELLAS~IE I

ELECT OF GOD, EMPEROR OF ETHIOPIA

With the return ta Our Empire of Ethiopia's ancient sca coast on the
Red Sea and the consequent expansion of Our maritime power, it has hecome
imperative that a modern Maritime Code, governing and regulating all mat-
ters touching maritime affairs, he adopted for Our Empire. Recognising
the urgency of this work, We directed the Codification Commission which
We convened six years ago to study and present detailed proposals and
recommendations for the enactment of a Maritime Code which would meet the
present needs of Our Empire Hnd which would by a Gnn and solid base for
the future expansion of Our ports and Our maritime services. In their labours,
pains have been taken to ensnre that Our ~aritime Code iSCOl1sistent with
those of the great maritimepnV;icrs .of the world and with. Conventions dealing
with this same suhject matter drawn 1],p undm' the aeg;is of the United Nations.

The Maritime Code which We promulgate today makes adequate pro-

vision for all matters which require to be dealt with in the field of hoth
private and public maritime law, and Weare proud that provision has be£n
made by which Our mariners will serve under the best conditions of service
of any who seek their livelihood on the high seas of the world.

It is fitting that this Code should appear at this time when Our pro-
gramme for the improvement and expansion of Ethiopia's ports and marine
facilities is going forward. Our ports, which will possess an modern technical
installations, wiH be of inestimable benefit to those countries who trade with
Our .Empire and rwill facilitate the e);.portatio.n from Our Empire of our
expanding industrial and agricultural production. It is a joy to Us that Our
ships and the ships of those foreign countries which can with advantage
register their ships in Our ports, will s,ail the oceans of the world under
the flag of Ethiopia. Onee more We shall see, as in the ancient days of our

v
 glorious past, Ethiopian ships carrymg the riches of Our Empire to the
four corners of the world.

With the hlessing of Almighty God, Our Merchant Navy will flourish
and expand. Our flag will become known and respected throughout the ports
of the world. With God's help, in time, the trade and prosperity of Our
beloved people and of generations of EthiDpians to corne will increase and
multiply.

We note with pleasure that the labours of Our Codification Com-

mission and the anxious care with which Our Parliament ha~ considered
their 'work are now pl'Oducin g; fruits in abundance. This work will stimulate
and facilitate the continued development of Our Empire and the raising of
the standard of living of Our people.

Given in tlte 30th year of Our Reign, this 5th day of May, 1960.

HAILE SELLASSIE I
Emperor

VII

I
 TITLE I. SHIPS
Chapter 1. General Provisions
Art. 1. Definition of Ships.
Em' The PUl1poiSe ,c,f t!his Code, a :~hiip ie, ,aillJy 3e3ig'ol1mg vCtS,giel, wih'Clitever itil
d€IEligTIl3itLOiIl and 't'CNllinl<!!ge, which 1J11'cletrlt,aik,{'j301l' .JsmtJea]ded to UIlld,ertaike
marit,l'me nRivilgia,t:1cill~ wihf'ltih,ell' 0,1' not sach TII<I.",igeJltlorn lIS fnrpU\fIpOl8eiS :olf gam.

A'pt. 2. Accessories.
All ,a!Cee1SSlolrrh:~s
requiw,ed fOIl' ,the lheof t1he ship .eha,u be ,delemed to he
r alrt of the leiliilp.

Art. 3. Ship Movable Property.

A iShilp li'smo'Valhle pll'IClpmity under Ci,,,,i'1 Lalw StUhjeJCi!to ,thepil"O'VisiJo,us of
thi\5 COidie.

Chapter 2. Nationality of ships

Aa'1. 4. Qualification for olvning Ethiopian Ships.
A Sohrilp~haill iIll(J,t:he dlelemed iliO}Jemn E>thiiopiam ,sihiJp Uilllle'~lsoWiIled wholly
hy pemso;nts 0\£ the f,oil1icM'ilnrgde:sI!'!rii,pitrii!1:J1ls,ncl'lnely:
fa ) Eitlh~i'opilJrunsuI, jee!;s ;
(b) Bo\dii'e\s COI1'polr'aJtleel5Ivaihl,ii5he>tlu.nldeJl', allJld ISiulbJec,t ;to, ,tihe La!w8 of ElhioPQ3
1.ifllldhawillig rtiheiJr pr;jindipa,J .pb,e,e !e,f ht1i~liueI5l8'in EtJhlilOlP~a;
(c ) FiOtliei~gmml!<domiC1i!ledjlll EdlliiGipi it C11I!IdImMrH!g' Ithei1r :pmiIliCipail p lalOe of
bUiSaiIl!eSlsriln ,EltJhii!o,p
ia .

Ad. 5. Ships treated as Ethiopian Ships.

The £oll1owa:ng "hall1 he E:thinp,j Hill ships:
(a) SIhi1pls aihaillld'cmeda't ;"iClavilld .saIYH'g!t'ldhy ..,hj,ps fl'}1ilnlg the Eth:iiO'P'lrannag;
(b) Shi,p!s co.J1(fi...ea>tedunder 'tlbe pr::w'l,,,liJou., ,pif ltihis COId'e.

A,l'It. 6. Ethiopian Ships.

(I) Oni1y EIt:hj.O'p~aill ,.[hiirp,;;~~1::dl 'NI.H lmdcil' the Eltihi:o'phn flag.
(2) OOlalsltlaJ fishiltltg;, 'C:OIZ-'51t;a'1
't,na,de ]; eiJ:wef'ill Erthifi):p'13in pw~tsalll;d towage ~ill
Etih1Cipiiimnp011<,t3 ,sha,}] ;olJ1ilyJJe unld;Clflt'3~(eln by EtJhiiolpiain ships.

Chapter 3. Ownership
_~rlt. 7. Ownership of Ship.
(1) Illlls'brtnm eint,s ,o:,ettdil1lg Uip, 2i~l.':iiigll:'liJnig
lO!r t'eil''tnalll\altiiJllig Tii;ghtl3 of :olwl1e!1'fship ;i1Il
a 'sihiiJp ,owoltlher Ij,i'gjh.tIS i~l Irle!m Idha111 l}e idm'.!wn up 1m. :a 11'IecognJis,ed leglaJl
form, otherwise they shaH he of no effect.

1*
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(2) ,\\chere 511('h illista"umeulit!S lall'cmalcle ahT()IfI,d, they shaill he dnuwn up

hel,olre an Ethiopi:alllcol)]J8UL 011' \V'.beiJ'ethel'e i,s no consul, before the
COimpetent aluthoiriity.
Art. 8. Third Party Rights.
Thelillistl'ume:nts co.v,ered hy Apt. 7 llla'Y o,luly he <Slet up a,ga.illlst thriIl',d
pamti,e.s Wheul ,they have hee:n 'puhli,slhe>dm3 1T,e,qruill"ie>d
hy laiW.

Chapter 4. Ships owned in common

AJl'1. 9. Rights of Part OV1Uers.
In aJll'Ym'art::tJerCo.l1iC,emm,ng,the commDlll i,nter,eSlt 0;£ pall'.t 'Owners, <the o.pm\l'O[ll
of the majority owners shall prevail.

Am. 10. Liability of Part Owners.

(l) EBidh paiN 'O,WIIN",r
,shalH 'only he Halhle j,n T,esp eet 'o,f ,t}he ,slhip in pT'Oipolrti:om
to his 'Slha,r,e.
(2) Any p'ooit oWlner 'who dd:swpp,J"lo,ve3 of am alct of nHllllIw@emenrt, may f~
himself f110m HaLbiiIilty under E'llC:h aJct ])y rellJ()'UIllciug hiB ,shal1'e. Such
s:halTc ,shal11 ,he dti~,tiflihlJlted wmolng tl1e Oitherp,8n'1 awner:s in 'priOlpo.:r:tJiolll
to theJitr T'espeot'ive shaifles.

"-\rt. 11. Powers of Operator.

(l ) Am O'pe1"altm aJpp'oinited h y tJhe rpat1'11,OIW1Ut'11iSm<1
y ullid'eo.itaike aU ,acts
of IDrunlalge;ment. Hils PCIWeil'S may oiJIlly he flelsitJcilcted by a lTeISi()llUitilOiIl ~
w&1!])]Jgaid:oip,tied hy themad,ou'litty O:WiD'c.ris.
(2 ) T:h1l1Cl p an.,t1es slhaJJil not 'be aff clCit,ed 'by 'lieJ,tlti1Jc:tJio.nlS
[Inl ,tlhe p:°iw,ers of ;the
Oipm,altoll' uIJ'leE,s J1!OltJ]oe.thell'C'of hal" heel11 ~i-V'f'ln in tfhe IshilppLDlg regi,SJter.

Art. 12. Assignment and Mortgage of a Share.

Every p aft1t own.er m aiY ,alS>.S1i,gtl
hi;s iSlhame,in ,tlhe 'Sih~p. A paint olWiner may
mortgage his share with the agreement of the majority owners.
AJlit. 13. Pre-emivtive Rights of the other Part Owners.
(1) When'le a patr'! OIW'lnlerseJlls hils Sihalr,e in a 'Slhip heM in c,omffilOln, '~he
pUQ'lcnalS'cr shaM DiOltJilfy's'llchaict to 'llheoltiher ownCllis Wliitlhin f1iiflteen d-a)'1s,
orbhelrrw:i!sletlhe s,al1e 'shalltJ he ,nruJl ,81111clVidild.
(2) WitJhii'll fiftle.en dDly\Sfll~orm 8.l1'cJhnoltJjjiicalt,iiom, ,tihe pwrltolWlnlffi'lS maIY e~erCi1se
t:hel]T p'I'le~f.'Imptliveniightolver ,t/he ishafTic 'Sidld, IXfloWided rthaJt wi!f!hin the
sameperiocl of time they settle the cost and expenses in ,cash.
( 3) The p awt Oiwnems, alS heltJw,ec,u itJhelmsewes, shal11 ,diiISibl'lilhultetihep'I'le-em pte:d
Elh311"eirn p,J'Ic'p-DTtdJOm!to ,tJheiir OIW:nish:all,es, wih'elr.eaJlleXJc,rrch,e 1!heilr pll'le-
emptive right, or otherwise in proportion to the shares of those who
h a've exereilsicd sI11icJhrti,gihit.
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Art. 14. Sale of a Ship under COl1Hnon Ownership.

(1) UnJ~s oifu\erwiSie a2;.retld
~.
im wmjlt~l1ii':,tlhe 'S>aJleoia ~ihj,p undie:r comm(){n
"-~

OW1:~l'E1hip 'shaH (hOlly heeff.eoved "wirth the COiTI13lem't

Dlfthe majo,rilty
o,v.,rners.
(2) Such salle ~hmll he eOIl1iduc:ted ,in the Si31memaTIinm- alS a ,orale by olr-dm
of tJhe co'Ulrt.

Chapter 5. Maritime liens and mortgage of a ship

Section 1. Maritime Lien
Al~. 15. Designation and Priority of ij,faritime Liens.
The f01UClWi11igclaJjlms~ha,1J a}ciuc give ri'3,e to ma.riti'1ue ]Jiens W1ithpl'dorioty
as foHo'W3:
(1) Lega-l cOIs18 and o:t1heirex,pen~le5 ;j,ncul"red in the ,corm:nwnilntte,r.esrt of the
crediltOll18, run OIl,del' tlO p.reserve th e shi'p ardtlo. pl'iD'eUil'lCiheir .saile and the
dliSitlr~ihu1Ji'oln'0£ thcp~oleeerdi3 10d:''''ale; tonriialg'e, dUie's~}i],g1ht'o!rh afrho,ur (lues
and other public taxes and charges of the same nature; pilotage dues and
t1he c:o.lSltoif wait:CIhdJnigRl1ldptl',e.s,elrYia!tlio1Jlr£rOll1 tiill1le of enltry oJ the ship
'Lnlto her 11l1SitPmt;
(2) a!lltlid,e.~ olr 3!greem.oolt oif ,the InW5ter, tihe crerw
c!alil11ls art'li~iJ:[]lgourt 'oif the
..md Dither :p:emsmn.sem,gagenliJl the serv,i 01.;:rnf ,tJhe shilp;
(3) l',e,mnnleJ:1artiJOIndue f!Olrai2islils:ta,nlce Llud 's'alV:3tg,ea:nld :t!hecoillltl'~hution of
the ship in general average;
(
4) indemill~~tJi,e8 :in 'l'Iels,p.eir'to;f ,coiUir"!kJi11<11ll!doltlhelra'CC;]ideituts or! navigation,
<TIS weE als :£o.lI"c1amalge eaU!51e1d ,tiowOll'ks formi.ng parnt 'oJ ihairihO!!.:UiS, docks
and navigable w,aterways, and the cost of removal of objects obstructing
navigation, due to. the acts of the ship, indemnities for bodily injury
to passengers and crew and indemnities for Jo.S8of or damage to cargo
ftl1(fl l} :t~i!'alge ~
( 5) cJmi'llJi' a,ra's,iiDrf!,nut {If Co.Illltri3iCrtJsenrtJeil'iecl ~1l1Itio01I" ,alCi\)e;dloine hy ltihe masltea~
ourt;srirde 'the home p.Dllit 'with5n the Is!C:orpcOif hri!safl1l1Jhtolli1rty wnerl'e su<ili
cOilltbrlalC!tisvII" afcl1Js alr.e 'l11e1O~lglaiI'~T
for tJhe p::rIeiserY1aitiloillolf ithe shrirp or 'the
coO'!';tjinuaitrUon: iOJ tJhe YO')'<tlge, wheItJh:er CIl" :ruot it!he IDlws1ielrii3 ait the same
time Q(wnerof1Jhe !slhGlp if1lDla 1"ihettiherr 1011'11101t,theC'1a6Im is hilis o:rt1halt
{)if :ship clha\nidller8, TIC!pladiriell'iS,1Cill!dell'ls {'II" 'oither eo:nItTl<:\'crtlliail C:J'led~;f:cQ"t3;

(6) l1Cisu1lbi'ug dam/ages due 1:10cihmr.teJ'leJrls;

(7) tihe amon:nttr3 of r;r,em~iurm flolr jinls,ulYiallllce It!PJk,ero.'out ontihe hull otfthe sihitp
andtJhe :fiJttii:ng,s al111d c'cfUii!p:memlt ,elf 'the €Jh]p rdiUle fOir 1Jhe lalsrt vo)~ruge
i:n!!ffiJI'!ed in orihe Ci1I\sledf a yoya/go 'ploJ,ilCY or roil' !1Jhe laiSit peciord 1JlllSl1Uied
irn the ca,s.eof a 1::1l1ne p:oliic:y, bu:t 11!Oltcxloeledrlinrg Oll1le )'1ealr'" pr'emium irn
hoth evenlts;
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(8) any daaiJl1 :b a,,,,ed npO!l1Zil1 i,n:ll' (' n'l,,,:te 011' ll]{'.omplelt e :;,t'aJtetnI t"n t ion a hil1
of lruding.

Art. 16. Classification by voyage of claims secured by lien.

ClaI.?1sHicalmlOilloJ,daiims .!,{'lcHllledhv.' IiiI'm dhBJllhe hv.. voV'ap,c.
.i"'~ ClaliJms \Secured
hy lien in the last voyage of whatever priority shall he preferred against those
of p!l1eV1iolus V1OIy;alge~. C1ariIJl'S a:r:i'~,iiII;~ ol[1to\f olne aiud t!he~aJm e Cl'ie!W' 05 ml'1:icles

i'/haH 1)e d'eemeclclaim';. ih.l the L:l'rt Y'C;Y2':..'T., evem wht'in the/v aJl'lipe o,nt olf
'ail1 e,am1i'('!r vlo:yalg'e.

_~rit. 17. Classificntioll of Claims Or/SUI/!.' 01lt of the same voya{l:e.

(1) a1aul1:})Is,all1iISliln\g
oint of tJhe 'Slalm,e YOIY:;'?'!:'1,,~l'a:HTrUink 5/n the o'l'1dle<l',.,et O'Hit
jln Amt. 15.
(2) 01wims alrd,,,i,ug unt 0:£ the swme vo-ya~'e wnd w'hiiehall'e Qrf tJheSaTIl,e
priority shall share c.oncnrrently and rateably in the event of the funds
,awa\i~:a:hle heiirnig ri!nl"iUffiiei,elnlt
to pal)' t!he clalilms :i'!],fuN.
(3) AlII rremiUlJiell'lalti'OIl]£011' .g1~I~tiJs.ti8\nCiealnlrl
'o1aJiln1l5Wnii"l~lligOiUit of ,ghilps' ,SIboII1ffi
amid Tlep,ati,1~8,sihan be ,g:W:efll'p;rli:olr~ltyrun rtlhe invl'irl£le olrldell' 'nf tlhedattesolIl
whiilc\h tlhey CiaiIDe cr,nltioherLI-.g.

A,rt. 18. Dnte Of claims llrisinl(, out of, the same maritime incident.
OJiaJililliS 'alrn.lSiilng o!U1t .otf rtlhesil1fIDe malrattJiime rnnlci,dlen:t sibraln hec1,eemed to
halv,e 'COlIne iinito ht'!li:ng alt the salIne ihime.

A11t. 19. Proof.

Liieml>;; ISle)!f>omtJh j;n <the pir!eloodrjlntg air111ii(,lles9h ::!ill CO'ln e ,Jinlto heilI1t 'as 'S>OiOlll,alA
ItJbre cJaliim II" set UlP; th,eys\hial.lJ1 Inlolt he 1,~.1Jhj'eet tloalI1Y fOlmnarlittynof :to all1')'
speCl~aJloo'nldriltJilolI1\s ,a!S to p:rooOif, UiI1l1e~s !the 1a1w TICiqU1.rles ,S'u!('Jh fOlrmla~ilt:i~ 0011'
('!O,TIldliit']Oil1IS.

Art. 20. Priority of Creditors secured by Mortgage.

Creditors secured by mortgage on the ship rank for priority in order of
sec<uT'ed hv llifem referm"('!d 1:0 liin
re@iJsitmaltio,n,i'lmnedialteily atf,tielr,tJhe 'm1f'ldlj;t!Dffi?
Arrt. 15 (1) tl:iO ( 5) ).
(,imlc11]jsi!ve

A,m. 2]. Property to 'lvhich Liens attach.

(1) Liens shall attach to the ship, to the freight for the voyage dnrin~
alcCtel',"IGil11ICS BInd fre>i'l!lllt
whilch tihe l~lein oam\" ,i,nito heiiIDl)rRlnic1 tJoE'lh~p.s'
rucq'Uiilrie:d ai£t'ffi. theoolmrnenoarn:cl11lt 'olf :t~l,e VO')'iaige.
(2) The lien set up by Art. 15 (2) shall attach to the whole of the freight
(lucin ,r'c1spe:c,tOif 'Hila vOI}I1a1g!e,s
ml21(le dllrim!?: Oime 3.'nlf1rti'he t"r3!TI1,f'8Iftid'f'8
o,fa!l!'rele:tt1lent.
 MARITIME CODE ~

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Artt. 22. Definition uJ Slup.s Accessories and Freight.

\V1t~1 reapect to the eXelr0~3,eof a li,en:
ll) coanpen,sl<iitj,Oill due to QiWlL'€Il'!8
lOll' maltemi'al dRiIlHilge i';UJSiu~.i,n:ed
by th,e s.hip
all1Id niOit I'1E'lpalir,ea, e,r £011'JOGS of fT'CI.ught;
(2) loonl1n'fihutrilOiI1iS
dne Ito O!W111lCl118
in goel1lemaila:Yel'<~ge, Illl Ire/spect {)If maiteJCwaJ
dan1!algesu6'taUned hy .the shiJp WHtd 11Iot rlepaJ]m~d,oil. ,in IjeSpec:t of 10188
of freight;
(3) l'e.Il'LUnerwt,ion due
to OiWllleH'l';fOir 1t"".,j",t:al'loeolr 'Sialh;alge selwi,ces ,r'ooderre!d
ait a:ny time hef,OIrlethe errud 01£ ,the YO'}"aJg.e,a/bel" dedu,c,ti,orll 'otf
aJIlY sums
aillolt:ted ,to the matS/ter alll1d otJher pers.Qdl'5 i,n. thes,er;v11ce of
the ship,
are deemed to be ship's accessories and freight.

Art. 23. Anwttnts deemed freight Or excluded from Ship's accessories and
freight.
(1) PalS\Slage llloillicya'lld, wiherlc apP'l'Dipriak, lump ,snmsdue uud'er a shiJp-
owl1ier~s limited Itilah~1itty ,,.hall heoo!H~j,dml(';d to he fil',eigiht.

(2) IPaynH~llt8 due t.o theOW'JN,~!r underr iu::!uiralncepo'11oi:es, 011' hountti~, -sub-
slidi,es olr other State g[la!]]'t.sSlh~ll nail he (l,eml1ed 8lCiceSiSiOIl,ies
'Of the ship
0,1' £r'eight, w~,tth iTa~'P'elet Va tIlt:; eXt'I]1clisenf a 1i'en.

A,rt. 24. Duration of Lien Oil freight and Ship's Accessories.

A lien Olll frre1g1ht i9hr[(!1lslruhSiil5ltfOIl' ,R:Olongals the £rlevghJt halS nOit heen
pa~d or fOil' ISla long .ats .the ,allliiount 'Lher'emf lis 'held JJY the lllialSlt'etr 011' ,hy the
owner's agent. The same shall a,pply to a lien on a ship's accessories.

Ar1. 25. Claims secured by Lien follow the ship.

Claims secured hy lien shall follow the ship into whatever hands she
may pMOS.

Al't. 26. Limitation.

(1) All ,]Qenls ."eL fe!l,j;h ~,n A.I!t. 15 shaM he hemmed ,a!f.tJer one ye!HIl' wi>th tihe
,exlCelp'tJiioin01£,tjhe 1]ensecu:ri,nlg elai:iJmSi'JUaidhed to shi;})'8 sbolres which ,shaH
he haJl11"led atfter six mo,n'tihs.

(2) iLn the .case .oJ H,en]8 8.eJcur,111ig,cJarums run a."'Ci5p'CiCtof :remuneration for
alSisilsil1a1l1ice
;alIlid ISla,lv,a:ge,the :pemiCid of 1i!IDJ~tJait;il{}ill
'sihaill ,rUin from tihe da'y
when rtihe sIelJ"v!ioe;stierm:iJnlalte; ~in ,the {'iaJSieof 1iel1is BOOu!r:itllgcrla1inlS in
'reap'ec!t O[ COil1iisiioll1J
,aiml 'oitJh:m',aiCIctiidlemftsa'l1id1m 'Tles.p'eICJtoihodii11y '1injude.s,
!£I.'IOIlll
ithe ld1aly,,~hen I~hedatm[!;ge w,alS 'CiaJlJJSled;,m ,the OlliS!eorf Hens far the
laeso! 0:1' drumi1lge ,tocall~g1O iOlr ~);<!iggml/!!e,
froou the day 01£ the deMiVell'Y
OIf the C31l"gOQi1'hag-f!.1aigteor fl'omtlhe clalY wihem they shoru1d have beetn
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6 MARITIME CODE
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delivffi"ed; £.011'Irelp,,"irlSa!I1ld \81u:pp1~Cls[(1111[1

olther Ca,SBS111eI1ltiioned in Art. 15
(2), £1101111the (by when the claim ()111~gJ1ll!a!ted.
(3) In aU 'Dithe.r ei1.l;'C!3,,the PCl11i,QIJ",haill 1"1.1111
£11Glnlthedarte when the clarian
became enforceable.
(4) The claims as set out in Art. 15 (2) of persons engaged on board shall
otl'Jly he .eu1,f!oll'ceaihle wt the etl1ldnftihe yoy,wge, IJ:D!twliltJh&tlpJl1Jd'iJllIg
the Tight
O!f iSiUiCh pCil!5iOT1S tOlcqne..-t "Hh["nc~ 'cu' IKJ)'lmer[i[J3DlnmCi{;ci!.Ul't d'llfiing the

vl°;Yifllg'C.
(5) The pe.lltCidis SiD ,de;te:r:m]Il'cd aha \C .",haJll ilJiOltr;u.ll fora., long als it ha's
not heen 'P°IS0~jble .tJOall1l"esit rtJhe "lhiiP iJntJhe rtelll11iltJomiJaJW!a.tems of the
Empilre whelll i1Jhe 'Ol'1ediitolr:hws [hi,s {Ilolll1Jil(~He
orpI11iIJ;jc;ilpa,llph:ce ,oJ husilJIJC6.3
ilnthe 'tiea'!r~t[)lrIY,e,f the E:n11p,itrie, pT!Qi\~~ded ithrut the pe1l1i!O.d05 limutaltoon
~hai11 illIOltin :s.uchcw,emrt: 'exce\ed .1ihtnee Y1e:WflS
fl'CHH tlhe time wheIll the dalliIn
olvi@maltJed.
Alit. 27. Other Modes of Extinguishment of Liens.
(1) ..-\pal1'1tfr,om gtmema,l pl101V11Si!o~fail" Itlhe eXil1illlig'1:1IiL~hllueJn't
of 'Oib1iglaltiolnl5, liell1J!i
sh aJJ. he 'ex;1JinlgUl~lhed:
by j'1lldliici~BjlE!al1e
Hudler the p'lXJlce:d'l1re 3I8t £olrth in :t:hil8 Code;
hy ia voU.uifilba.ll'I}'s.2J1coifit1hC8hip,11JIl!der !the foJ1cl\\~ing conidd.,tllIOTIls;
(a) TlbJC eOillveYlalI!ICe!shaill :he In31d'e in aJCc.OlldlC1Jnlc<e wirth the pl'Ovi6l1.ons
,olf ilJh~s GOId,e;
(h) Ta1:c c.OIIl~veY'alI1iCe
shallJ he maJlle '}Jiuh1ic hy laill ,eutl'Y in 'the Official
Comnwrioi,a!l Gaz.etlte '31n:d jln a daiilly ll1!eJWlspalp.eravaHaib1e ,art: ltihe
Ishi'p'!& pm,t IOif'11egcUstmy,a!s well !ai3 'by a 11101tci1ce aifumd all ItJhe ellllt:lry
of ithe Tegi:~t:E:lr office,tJheetllltlrywDJd 11Ioitllice hdilug lfi.equ:lireid to
.colIlltalin .run &incH,calt1iIOill
al.3 itiO :tJhe ,d!o!lniiJdjile'olf rtJhe ,p'UJI"CihalSle!r;
(.c) No o:bjeC1tiit}ll1h«'8 hecill 111Olti:fiedIby 1Jheeoodiilt:oJr .to the purC'hm'<eir
d'UIillllig :the mDmtih tfcllllO!wilng rpruibiliiiCIaitJi{2iI1.
(2) Aflter 'thi!8pei1~Old :hm;; 'eXJP,~rled, the ,ared~tGil"<3 1ilen .shaUl ISiuhSl~S.t<on rUhe
:pil1ll'1ahaiS!eH1Iolilley f:clr .rug lol!1Jg als !sudh pUflcJhai8ie 1llJOilllC'yhals nail heeD
pial~d, plI'lof\;liidied:tJhait hef'01rle pa'Ymell1Jt itJhe iCriediilOOlr
:hws lo:dgie.d ,an ,obj,eatlliOll1.
(3) Tihe lCidgillng >cfam Qibjec.t1]OlnaI8 proViiidif'Jd :Jln iplal11a,gl'lruplh(2) shall he
TIlo!tMied to the {';rieH1iltJor.
Artt. 28. Registration of a Lien.
O11e.di~toll".S
8!Clonred hy lilelll !llH'JYr:e~]sltleJr ,tJho~r]i\e!n.]jt sha}l he ma,deolll :the
sihiJp',s lCiI1Jtfrynn the RegiIS!tel". Snoh l~ejg]stjllalti:iJoln
IshlaiJJlllloit ,a,ff'Clctpcioil1i1ty of lilelll~.
AI~t. 29. Case where a ship is not managed by the owner.
The 'p'l'\ecediililigClir:t1JClle;g~ihrullaip:p!ly to Islhipl8 UDidJetr tihe mailliaJgememJt of
a ,pe.ffio.n who, iO!pie1l13lte8
them 'Wi~tJhOiujtiOiW!lllilillg
Ithem 'or !to ithe p'l'!iID!oip,aJ,chalI'tiell"'etr,
ex;c1Qp:t 11n :eaISiC/swihme [th.e niWillJeJr:hais :he:en ,dli~pOl.Sls,essiedhy aln il1eg,aJ atCit, Oil"
where the claimant is not in good faith.
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Section 2. Ivlortgage
Art. 30. Scope (;1 MOlt{!;uge.
Ships of two tons gross tDnnage and above may he mortgaged, hut only
under an agreement between the parties.

AJ.<t.31. Mortgagor.
(1) Amorltgage 0,£ a ,8ih1pma~'ollily he cDlllftrructed by the 0'1' by hits
O<WJ1JClr
'~genJt alclt.ing under a iElpeaiaJl :polW'er.
(2) Where there are several owners, a ship may ,he mortgaged by the
mal1:\J~gi]ngo.wiDlerfor!thepuiJ:tpiOlsie!S!Q[fittiJngDi.Utoll.EIa.vi!glaltio!n. with vhe
~p;Pil'1o,~rulof the 111a;joI11i;tyiOiWllierlS,where ii\ueh m'l~DI1,ilty aJso ireplresClll/tJs
,thr,ele qUaJr:tems 'Olf tlhe :iil1itereslts erf the igtmel'ail hCidy ad: owners. Whe11e ,a
three quarters majority is not obtained, the part owners may request
the ,0011WttOllK11ke ,snoh :Oll1d'erCi1S,:Usin Ith e giCll1Jel'lall:UI1Itelllc.srt
of the paJrlt
owners. Where one part owner wishes to mortgage his share, he may
oruly ,do ,go wijtjhthe ,aipp'1"oivI3jlolfthe nlJalJcm~ty.

~~rt. 32. Property on which mortgage is secured.

(1) UIl1iIielS1sloitJheTlwlil81ealgfle.ed, a 1ll:O'f1gr,'IIgJep;tn!illited 0111 a I~h<:upO'l' 0111 a 8h alre iln
a ",!hip r8ihall 'aJttJalCh 1:0 It:he J1l1H orf 'the ",lh1p,aJud 1Jhe "hip'8 ge.ar, ,applaratus,
maclri'ruClr.y wnd citiher BJ(~c,eIS810!l':ireiS.
(2) A !moiI'11ga>g;e Islralll11Oita!btalCh 1:10 the£;l'Ieig;ht, .no'r to Go;v,e.rl1Jmenrt bounties
'aIIld 8uhsii,d~'ef8.
(3) A morrtg}aig:e sihallattta!oh Ito il1ld,e.m:llIity fOil' drainrage, 1l'I111e:5I5=,uch-undemmilty
,~s ll1is,edto Cl."eplalttthe sh~p or flm her pire&ffl."V'a!tJioiu.
(4) A mQrtgage shall not attach to insurance compensation. The mortgage deed
may by 'ex:plJ~eS"13
:als.su.g,nmlen;talt1.aiC~h';;Heh c:oonip'etnISiaJl1ilOill
foU-' tihe henefit of
the 'SiClc'UJr,edcreditorls. S'!:!,ch a;"'-"1ignmeilit U1'aJY OiTIilyhe ,set up laga.inst the
un.derwriters where they have given their approval in writing or where
,the >a\slSI]g,Dlmel1lthas heen illiolti:fi,ed iJ;0 il:Jhem.

A1r:t.3,3. Mortgage of a ship under construct,jon.

(1) A mall'liitilme ill'ollltglalgemwyhe ma:d<e on a rshr:up under eorl1lSltJrolCtioTI.
(2) A woo1amaItJilO!Ilslhrull he made hefc!l'!e JTIlolntg,agle,to the pom malmg'elr within
wlhOis,ea'11ea ItJhe ISihirp is un del' cou/'!trud1Jiiom.
(3) S/UcJh ,declrurla!t;i!cm elhaiIJ lnldii,c,a!te ,the lem,grih roif lIhe ViC18IS,e:l'S
keel and heir
ot!hersJP'Pl1"!o:x;1mwt,e ,diimen(9ilonJs als well ,als :tJhe esltiimaited tOlllmage. It .."hall]
al1SiOill1ldriJcaitJethe s,i,tJewhere !the iSlhilp iis l1Ddlffi' CJoll1,;itrncti\()ln.

Air!. 34. Formalities.

(1) A mOlI"tg'aJge:il1lSitrumen:t'sih3l11he in wfliltli'llig. lit maty he hy 8~ll1lpl:eco:nt1'la'ct.
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(2) The instrument creating the mortgage lllay he transferable. Negotiation

by el1ld!oI1'IS'6meIDit
:~ihaJll :tJfl3iEI~;.f~r
tlhe mo:rtgZige d<ljj,m.

Art. 35. Limitation of interest rates.

The maitre ofi'llitel'1e1~t :pTovide:d lL11!dtAr a lnUl1Lga,ge lown Vina shi~) shall not
exoced 12 ~{;.

Art. 36. Formalities of Res'istration.

(1 ) Re@ilsltl1wtaJOIlliShall he eff eicic:eld h y .run en h'y 1tl the Reg~S{tCira!t the pOllit
office whelr!e theSih~p ~5 :rleg:ii3lJ1e1l"'ed.\\heme ,uhe m'Dllltgaige chalrg~ a ISlhl~p
under eOI11J8It:ruC'ti'on,:rlelg1.ils:tJliawiJolll
:.:AI:r;!llhee1f.ah:me:d ,i:n the Regii~!te'r of the
Ile@i'slter offioe ulnldJCfL"wlhoisejumiJ;::d/ilCitJi'nn
:l:he ahiJp)lRii'd C'01:I1TeiS.
(2) HeiflOII~eflegii.'i,trlHJt:i!o!n,a celrtified true COIP'Y !o,f ~ihe InOif1t:~a'ge insitrulueil1!t
&haill !be 'haillld:ed ,to ithe Tiegis.ter c1Iiee. The ]l1i3'111'11illliC;11lt
!shaiLl hwve OllnllleXeld
!to 1iJt !tWlO "Idhedu'les si~gmed hy Ithe dalim <,:nt, :cOTIltIHtilJllii1.i\g the folloi\v,ill11g
,dCltJaW1s :

(a) SfUil1ll1a..rnealnld IOlther lnl2.lllWIS,,dOilllliloule <\I1i1dplf!o:fe15ISiJ0il1'Of the 'lll'oirtga\g:ee

ainJd 'lliOlf!tgalgJOir;
(ib) dialte ,aillid fomrn of tihe LnlSlb11l1Hlienlt;
(c) ,alll1iOIUIlJtoS !the ,deJht ,als&iiViffil !illr iuhe in31Jl'Ul11iCllIJt;
(d) c01I1id:iltalO'llisof iiDftemeblt !a/Ilid rCip'3JY'IIH'1nJt;
(e) 'l1Ia:111le,am,d !dJet5!C'11iJp!tflfCI!l
ef 1Jhe~hjip ul1lde;' llliOlrt.gJalg'e, Ireg,il~t,raltJi,{)1ll
,oelliti,naalbe >011',deio1alrlaltJilo'l1 Tlelh'J1J:liUgto her ICioiI1SltJrrtlIC!tJi.:OIIl;
(f) the address for service 0.£ the mortgagor within the place of registra-
!t,iOI}}under itJhe jll!l1il§ldliicltiiloln
iOlf,the 'm~gil,;:Jljejr
dfie>c.

un The ireg1ilsber ,office elhEill :eI1l1tJEIl'

ii'J1!t'he HC1g1ii~'te'r a i5ltJaltmH:enit 01£ it/he !detafills
!colnltalinled j,n the :two 8ieJ1,er1il1ilt'i~. Tihesaiidoffi'Cie ",thaJnD~tru!lm to !tJhle
claimant one of the two schedules hearing a note as to registration. The
:effic,eslha!H ,ma~10e a nlolte ,of ,tille nei~il,ltlr',Rit:jjOlnc!if ,the !1l1'OI11tg1alg1e
:irn illhe :shi,p'.s
ll'ieg1iiSitJrlattiOin !entry.

AI,t. 37. Effect of Registration.

(1) Re:giISl1Jl1a1J~c;jJJ
,shaiLl rp:rleii'ieirVethe m!o'rltg~\g'e £'011'a })C<l,jio.dO[ fiv!e yeams f.rom
ItJhe ,dalte 1Jhe1';eof; :iit ,saMd'I eeRlse to II aye :effect wawrre IJ;Oitrern,ewed nefol1'Je
the ex:pliJflYOIf fiv:e ye.all'is.
(2) Regll6\tll'.attilolll'of a 'm:~l':tg,aige :,hdI guall'lallJ't~ealt the t1Ji,me'olf iSla/l'eItwo yeall1S'
h1JtJerieJsltwu.:tih 'fhe ,s,am,e !pr<io,ruJt:y a'~ 'the 'calp!i'tm~, 'in a:dldiiiti!o'il Ito i'il:tmegt
£0,1' :tJhe 'C>Ulm'eIIl't )'1eiafr.

.AJrlt. 38. Arrest and sale of a mortgaged ship.

(] ) CJ,alvms Isee:ume,d ,hy lr'ei(1JiJi'itCified
l1l!Ciliti[!!wg!e
!olf ash,ilpor ,a ,sjh.ame ,there.of may
fOIHolw ,tJhe IS~liip in.to wh:z:tevleJl' nall1idlSshe mwy 1):a!";s,in ;Orrd!er tl() he c bSI8:e:d
rund p ari,d in 'tn e !olrder !olf l"f,,~:ji3;t,pwtill{}Jn.
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(2) Where a 111CII'tgwge elM:l'belS a f,ha.r,e in aSIh:i:p o:nly, tUlle cl'editor uLay
o:nJly alm''t~3t all1!d Elell the ,shamebo v\'~hich themciTltgagealtlta!chas. Where
111JO!r,e:tham a half .Jhwr!e lin 'the 8\hip 18 1l10111tg2.iged,\lhe oredj,tor ulial)'",
aft'er W11rei5Jt,soeH 'the '\'.:hcJe ,2!hi:p, irt he:iI.rug Ihi:3 iI"e6!polnJSi~bii1:i,tyto .s.nmm!OIIl
tihe prum owne11S to the ,sale.
(3) Wheme tlheSihi:p is sdd to a pr"mto.wl1Jill" 011'ff!Jlls to him afteJr divisdIOfIl.,
,eve!n whell1c ~!n:c1h o"vner:iJs a p'em510rn oiuherVlliaill a pamt OWiIlieJr hav:illllg
1:::04nJtl11aiC!ted
,diU!ri!n,gIt'he pelnklld \()ffCOmmCHL 'CIwn:er."JhdJpa m,O'fltg.alge lof hr:iJs
8Ihame, slU!ah IIniOTltga,g.cIslhaM >SiUih~liISlt
,as i'u;dharllter driV.1,SiilOm
Oil' iSaae.
(4) In the event of sale hy order of the court for the benefit of a person
nOlt 'beiln!g aID O:W11ICIJ',
in ,the fCli"mS(t.rJt;em11liltlie,dhy lalw, the l:igh1Js 01
m,edilOOm3 ISiecUireldhy lll!O'rtgi2.lge d a Elha/rein tlhe '.sih:i!pshailil he li'll1l:iJtJedIto
,thait 'pall'lt vii' ibhe pU!rrChWie UtOilllelYrre.1a'llilug to the llllltJen'e:.3it
InOiritgag,e,d.
(5) The81ill.ue 8ill,all 2fpply rllo dJrurges ,Din eaich ."Ihame 'O[ O/Wlltelrlslhip, ~cih
OOia/rgets heiill,g tra'nIS!£erIlednl8 '01£!ltugiht Ito itlhf1Jt'P'alrlt of ithe !pull'dhase moiIlley
'l'epmffi€ajltlmig tlhe val1ue 10£I&uohsihail'es.

AJl1t.39. Discharge oj mortgage.

( 1) The 'pu'l'iohal5leJr 10lf .a I'3ihjip .oIl' a IShall"le I~n a !Sa1J~p w:howilshe& to t';:eiCUJlie
hiillJJseM al~afull1.~1the ,plrlcICle!edii'nlgs U'l1r1eir A,nt. 38 Islhwll 1Jr(aillls.mM: a OOIP'Y 01£
,tihe ,oelrlt:inC!Rlte oJ l!1i:g!hms illn !rlem 'OlVer ,tJhe ",ihip Ito .aM ICIl'leditoll'ls eJl1tler,oo
timl'ielO!U, alt 1ihe wdidJrtel3i8&C1rs>e!l'1vr~oe. Snoh jjr:a\nls:m~tttJa!1 !Sihall Itake plaloo
hef>Dll"e :pil'lG!C!elefd':i,ng,~
1811)111
:w1iltih,iin 11i£tlelen (La;y.;;. aJs i&OIOln:a15 itih:e puvohais'e allaB
heen 'l'eg~sitell"ied.
(2) The p'U!l'!C:hRI8Ielr,5ih:1flldelc:la:l1etJhalt he
i" pir'e/pamed 'uo pal)'" fOf11t!hW1~1Jh
othe
mortgage debts, whether or not they are due. up to the amont of the priee
ipmild hy J1lbm.
.Arrt. 40. Overbid by one tenth.
(l) fA il'ielgii5lvCIPedcl'lCidijlt1olr miLl'Y 111eqrumne ttlhle h~~ajlehy alrscltJ~oln {},£ ,a .sih!i,p or oIf
a shm'c rtlhelr<eiof :dhiair,gieid hy m!orrltg,a:@e ihy o:ffiel1il11ig.tlo [lnlCl11eaisletihe pUir:chasoe
pillitCi8 ~)y oDie tie/It/llh amrd ,by ,gri,\lj;(J:1\g
'3eJaUJ1'~lJy{Oi." 1Jhe 'p'aIYm'elllt of the plrilce
"'IDId e;x;peU'3iel5.
(2) Tihe !lJeiqnel"lt8igllleid by ItJheOlieidliitnr ,shain ,he .tI1am1simiitt!t,ed !to tihre pUrrehCU5lelr
w1~tJhlilll,:telUCMa'Ys 'of the iIllcltitfi!C1eJtbDill\5.Tit IslhwH Cio~nitalilI1H summons to appelalr
helfo/J1e :tJhe OGlUrt hwv;iilllg jUJ:r1is,dl.h~iJi>D!nf'Jt1Jhe p1a!Ce wlhe!1'e ,the sih~'P ~L~,
,with a view to ohtaining an order for salehy puhlic auction.
Art. 41. Deposit of purchase money where ther., is no overbid.
Wlhe!fle a1<O CJrle<l:tiil1Dlr
iSIe/cUlleid hy mlcll'(tg'aig1eTleqru,elst~sa £IaiLe hy aiUcitiolll, the
purchaser may discharge the mortgages on the ship hy paying the
aimiOuBit of hi" pu.TlcJhaJI;lemollliey 11nl11000011'1'1. He may Idhen :nelqu~,re rtJhiait
the registration he cancelled.
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Ail1t. 42. Sale by auction.

Sa\1e by aiUiCitWo:n~haH t,atke pla,ce l:1i tllte ,1'e.queEJteith:e,r 0,1 rhe cr,edilbol' O!I'
o,f :tih,e pUiIdll<HSICIl',
,iu'l '~~c'coim:!Ja:l1ICe
'.\'11\1:h,the pre ced UJre ,bid ,dovvn h v la!\V

Awt. 43. SZlnunary Schedule of JJoTtgage Registration.

Ship's pa;peil"S t'rhwU !~nJclude II SUllrmairy 'sohedule of ilillGll'Itg'alge l'iegii'8tfiatioilllS
entel'led UjP 110 ,the ualbe <oJ dlelpalIitnll're, ishu!\\~1:Jg tihed3lte '01£ Il"egi5ltJn::!iuiio,n, the
na.mes Ofmlel.\t1UQ!l'iS cilllliJ 'uhe V:<:lllueci£ Itlhe IH!Oll'tg/agJe3.

Arlt. 44. Prohibition of sale abroad of (f ship mortgaged in the Empire.

(1) No shillp mO,rl~@aigJecl :iJn the Emp'~rle ,shaM he lSiDild 'OiutsUide ,the Emp,iJre
w1iltihoirlit the p'em11'1Si~ioll ,oJ ,~he mGlr>1g'alg;or hRJv,illlig fu\."t heCill ohtaalll'ed.
AlnlY ;,;udh 18aUie ishai11 IlliOlthe ell1ltemed iiB tihe R'eg1~3<ter.
(2) AJlI IQIWIJ:lleJr
'wlho !1lJjtieinlt!~olnlaHy ISens Iii mLl:rLgl@gecl i8Jh~1) ,aihllo/ad 'wiiibhout tthe
,permission of the mortgagor shall he guilty of an offence and shall he
1iJa1h1e !OUI OOIU'VIVcltJiKJill
-110 ,tlhe pelH,ailtiles spec,i,fied ,illl A!fIt. 641 orf tJlm
Pen all GOlde.

Chapter 6. Registration of Ships and of Rights in Rem

relating to the Ship

A;1'1t.45. Registers.
(1) Iill 1ffi7leil'iy'poot d'csigml@tledhy the Gt,'y'e:rilJIl1IClll,t of Eth,~o,p,iat'here s:h ail he
keip'tl"legi~jte:ns for the IplUJllpOISe of l'ICI(1011"di,n,g,the relgilSltmaltiiJolll oJ Ethioipia~J
Slhi'p:s rurJd !Of :J~igluts 1111TieJ1U rda,t'ing ;to ,S(twh \5Ih~pl8.
(2) EVe!rY (mllJry il11 ",itch Illeg.is:tlefIS iSllu::.ll he g1ivlell .a s'emiaJ. Inlu:miher aiud J,nJi:tir.Jled
hy t/he R,egiISlt!l1@l'. TiheSierg at!. J1lurmharo,f the ell!bry slhruB he the 8,a111~ .alS
;the .sthi~p\s :rielgi8ltx!aitiloin nUilnJ:N:'Jl'.

l3) EVleIl"y Iship "Ihaiill. he il!eig/i:sit:e:r:ed ,::ut ,t!he pCtlit 'Whmre hell' olwner 13 domi..:i led
0\1' hals Jtiisalddlrlelss for iElerv]oe.
(4) The manner of keeping registel's shall he prescribed.

Art. 46. Ship's Mnrldngs.

(1) Every Ethiopian ship shall carry the prescribed dear distinguishing
ma\l1dil11gJS,alI1JditJhe iIl!3Ime !of t1he eihiilp ,runld :tjhe pOll'lt \Of reg;iJstry in Aml1.1/ric
'and LaltJm ohall'lalctJm1S.
(2) The 'OiWlllietrall1Jd m,ru8iuer 01£ alIl E!thiIGlp:i'f!lllIship 'shalll he lieslp:olnsi'h le fOT
matull!t8Ii/lllilll\g IiJn Ipll'iolplCjr ('JOillddltJVCIll It:hepTieiSicIiiihed ingi" dr.iJStl'l1igIUih:ihinl~ m:IT 1-

and l'5Iha/1lihegrtlJii1tyof lalIl offlence if they i3J~e:oIb1iite!l'aited,cOllliceakd o,r

covered, or if false marks are carried.
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Art. 47. Registration of Ethiopian Ships.

Every EruhiiCipii<iin:"hip "Ihedl he l'eg,i"'!Cl'IC,d ,Jt the time alilid in ,the manruea:
prc.siCT'iibcd.

A11t. ':L8. Cancellation of Regis! rution.

Whewe a ship ll3 ISlclld to <AfCI1'iciigl1lel', o'rhal~ heen 1015<tto the enemy or
.bv.. fire ()Ir j'B 21::LYt")!iher
-,'/ in il!l1iH:Cil".c~heOI''''Tilieu' ~!n "'mlHJI!;,e,11JaJ!ne she is TC01istered
'0
i'lhaH 'WlitthOlUrt diela1Y l'ebmm Itlhe clhi,p 'see111Mioaite 'DEI' nlalt:10inaJity 1:0 the pOlr:!
reg~Siter dliee frelr ,tlhe entry d l'heri'Ig1il'llelrcld ..,hilp :i,n ,the Reg.iJ&ter to be
o3lllieeUed.

Art. !19. Arrest of unregistered Ship.

0.\ Any Et1hiop,i.aluship w1hich is ,;uhjee,t t:ollegJ:IE.!t'l1ajviiO,na'llldhas nott heen
l"~g'i:s,tffi"ed ~hal11 he 3Jrl'estcid :i'n ItJhe fimJt E,tlhi\c,p~aJn POII,t where.she touclhel:5;
,,-,:hef1etJhe 'shi1p 1~5metM l21ea withim EtJh~o'pl~a\ntelrdtol'iaJ waiters, ,-;he
E'tihiIO!p1alllpOfrt IH.nldshawl he 'alrres.ted hy
shaH he hr:o:ught ItD rthe IllJelalrle~lt
itihe POIJ:1tlVla\lllalgerrwho shaJll c1nww up a l'epolDt. The Ireport ,~hall he
COiID'lll'1.lITIWewued
Ita !the CIOlUlI1t
,halving jUilii8ldJ1otJilo<n
,arnld a C'o'py o.f the report
'SClr.\tto rtthe '.M:1Uii\8ItJeT.
(2) IWV10iil:Limlg
Wlhffi1e ,1Jhe OiWl1ier I~S l:iJntoonItJiJoill\aiLly II'~gJiL~tmatt.iiO(n
he shaH he g:lli1ly
of run ofleu.lIce ialllJd:l~a:hle IOillCOIl1JV!iiotJi'oln
:to rhepumiishmeID!tsPII'O'Vidcd in
ATt. 428 od: Ithe Pen:ail GOldie.
(3) WhieI1e 1Jhe lQIW\lllelj:a~tJeid 'llJeg1igenitly Ihe hrul1 he liiiaJ11e lOIn ICOII1!Vii,C!ti,onto
ItJhep:untilshmenit lp:rlO\v:iJd!eid1m Aa1t. 758 of ,the Pellirul Cod,e.

Alit. 50. Effect of Registration.

(1) Any a'g'reeIUte,nt :iJntJer vi'VOIS, aillict rull V,OIlUIIJit;:1Irya,clllio W'h~the:r gr2!fbuiitolus 011"
subject to consideration, all judgments whic,h have ])ecome final and,
in gJelliema/l.aJ1la.o1JsharvThl1lg.rugthewrloibjeottJolsellup..trrullsf.er. dedal1e,
lliind!i'fy olrext:imlgw~Siha 1]j~~hJt i~nl'emi;n a Ilielgilstielrlcd 3Ih:ip, sha'u take
efFect f]jom ilihe ,dialt:e !Qd:eillItJry :i,U ,vh,e Re1:g1~EJt:er.
(:2 ) of 'rUIg!htJs!Ill1rlem ill
T!he irIiight to il'ieigiiSluria!tiiorn ISh'LP'Sau:U!s-C!sOiUJt of ;the
agreements, acts, judgments or facts set forth in sub-art. (1). Failing
VOilIrunllJa\l'lf'p:Cil'tflolrmaill\CJe
!br a ipra!l1tly,rrieigtL8tra:tJiiOll1
,in ith e Reg;isibffi' mar he
OivdJe:oodby ItJhe co'tllrlt, ,wrnth:olultrp['lejnd:~ce rUotJhe 'l'1iig1hit 'or! the 'pmrrty alggll"~iCIVed
,to COOllipleilll8laltiio'l1fOil",diaJmalg~s.

Arrt. 51. Co,nclusive proof of Registration.

W!h08LOiev'eI1' 'alcquiill'leiSlilIl~IOId fraJiitiha Iliit~ht in a Inegffslteilied,ship on the
haJSiis otf ltihe ,enlWtes in ,the Replier :slhnll~ha"r,e a V'aJ~ldrtdltJle.

Aa:1. 5,2. Cancellation and Modification Qf Entries.

(1) Ap'eil'Isoin agg'l'1ie;vedby !VealSOin
ofwnenttJry, ailtel"altiiol11
or cancellation made
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12 JVLARITIME ConE
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wi!thout !!(J,o,d C<\lBC ma'Y Db! [!Iii]! bheNHl1!Cel1a1tJiIOillCir d~el'aiti'{)n tlhelreo:f,

ed/ther by Dlgl'eemeln:t liC'lt.wC:fmthe p::lil"!l;iCI~or hy ,circLer nf ,the court.
(2) Call1iCel1ait;ioiH Oil' w1tel'IBlt,iiOlIl Im:.y '"~O!t he :"eJt np <',gaij'nISit a [Ihkd palr,ty in
goo,d .fruiltih 1vh G.,e 11"j,gihLs\yere T'egi!..teJ'6d p.l'i~:j~' 'loai1teJl'Hlbiloln 0,1' cancellation.

Chapter 7. Arrest of a Ship

Section 1. Deten Hon

Al,t. 53. Cunditions.
0) Deitlet11ilJioillof a sJlip DIdl) hecrrdol'odh'y uh c cnumt Oin ga'loiUnd\.Sof ,debts
due hy tJhe <ship.
(2) DeitCll1ilJl,Olll HJIt1.IYbe 100Id,ffi',erd nk;,v\'\iliiJlmbail1icl.ilng IUhalt ilJhe lllal3ter hats receive>d
p'e11TIThil.!<s,ic,n
ItO ,,g,a'i,l'01ri18 li,n H}J'OIJ1t 100fcaillOlr tralnl3liit.

Art. 54. Security and Release.

0) Tlhe COiulrll m,ay IrleqlUi,re Ilh'e daa[[lltBIlllt to g~:vleisecumity olrsu:ffie1en1t haiJ! Wn
.olr,dell' :bo meet vhe 'p,ols~3I1hleeOi~,lBIOU.',dlaJrn<1ig,esamilsii'Il!gOlut olf Ithe detentiOin.
(2) T:he dieaetllldraJn:t1l1:ay lodge a .olawm wiltlh the eo'uilit fOil' IreJ.eaGe f1"O<111
the
d.et<enti!Oin. R,elm1""e ,shall he .olrdlell"e<dwhere l)!l101per alllid rsufficiemlt sC1curi'ty
1sglJVien.

Art. 55. Service of TVarrant of Arrest.

(1) A copy of the warrant shall he served forthwith on the master or in his
absence on his suhstitute.
(2) The penson se:l~1i!n'g,the WialrtrtaJll:t
"halll at Ithe I3r3lm,etime stC'l've a copy
thereof on the port manager together with an order to hold the ship
undler amr:est.
(3) In the calSie Df alB Et1hriiOipi!'?1n flhi:p, :tihe Reig,~strlalr sha!H ,enttel' the ,all'lre.SIt [Ill
the RrCjg1~srter.

A'l'lt. 56. Summons to appear.

(1) The W1aQ1l'!amrtofalr:t~CI~t3lha:11 .CDlntal~n iaSltlillHllQillis ,to the nl1als.ter to .a,ppe,au.'
hefmrie itJheoonrt rhalV1iiDlgjUiTliIS,dlilojl~OIll.
The :h'eBJl1i1nlg
!shaH \be fi)Ced upo:n a
day il1!Olt,e@l,Hetr :thalll 'tJhre fif.tlceruth d,ay frnm .tJhe '3Im:eelt nOll' la!telr thall1 tihle
th~l.tieitJh {laiy la&,t8r :tJhe amre611:.
(2) Tlhese pe'l~iodis of (t~m'e shaiH niolt he extern,ded o!r V311,i,ed.

Arrt. 57. Judgmen.t confirming arrest.

(1) The judigmenitcon:fi!rlm1ng 1:heflit'rcl':lt l~ih,aniit1iClu.d,e ,the Oil'.d'ffl:fOil' sale, the
npSieitp!l11ICe, itheco:llIrl1ittdi~HII"'01£,si3'}e alnldtJhe date when tihe aluct~'()in a:nl1 s,ale
 MARITIME ConE 13
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~ ~
n
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IS!haJJ 'taike pl£:f:e IJt'iforf' the cU'lliJiL The jUfJgmenrt

I!' 11IGIt..Sill}Jje-C!:to
objection.
(2) An aJppe@l may be lodgml wila,tevee the allJWilLllt ul'the darinJwiftJhin fifteeil1
(1a:yi8fOll1ow,i;ng de1iHc>ll'YOff judg,1melurt; exectJ'1:10n ~il1aJ.l he ,;rtJa;ced for fjfteen
da,ys a/ud urJ!i1 !:he alp,peim1 ~s delo:lded.

"~l't.. 58. Minimum Period before Proceeding to E:recutioll.

A party may only proceed to execution after twenty-four hours following
the dellumd foil' p,aymenlt.

A'l'It. 59. No execution in certain cases.

Un!les8 eXeJout]Oil1 'l':elmLel.sIlia flel1J'hs,Coilllt,rlc(/l'tedil1 l',elS,peet oif tih e YOy alge to he
unller'tial~{'fIl,e~eeu;tii,o.n EH1JYnO!!:he leviiedolIl a sih:iJp W'h~ah hw; ha,d pemntirssOon 1\;0
s.arilloll"ar1tJerr 1Ihe m:ais,Ler iiS tin a IYOl11tof oaill.
Ar.t. 60. Demand for Poyment.
(1) Demands for payment shall be served on the owner in person or at his
address for service.
(2) .
Wh'ell'!e tihe G\\TIJ]ler i.s 1l101!:pr:m,en!, ,SiUCih denH!lll1fl m aiy he served on the
.maiSiter ~-!heifletjhe c1ruim l"ellartes ,tJo rr,he 'ElhiJpor ltihe miRIl":ilthne
wdvenltnrt'.
A.Itt. 61. Maximum Period for proceeding to Execution.
Where the claimant a]]ow8 more than ten days to elapse after demand,
he shaH renew such demand before proceeding to execation.
Art. 62. Information in the report on execution.
llhe 'p'el1SrOiIl dtfimwring up the lr:eJlOllit islhrailil'staite ,fjh'eJl'ieIim:

(a) 1Jhe n;a/ll]IC!S,p:nOif£".slsli:on

[mG diOlIUtiiCJ.iile
{)rfItJhe c1alim:amttBo,r whom he .jIg
acting:
(1) :t!he ibrms:iis'a!OId Rim!Oft1il11t
:olf iflhe o1aii:m;
(e )1 't1hait It!he ,01arnmal!1itihasrun ,wJdires;s ~olrgetl1V'~c:ewUltJhimtine jumiiSidii,cltil(J,nof the
COUin!:helol1",e 'iv1hiicih pmoIC>eie(]i/IJIg1~
feu- ,saile <1!f!eotpemled, alilid art the 13lace
where tihe ",Ihiip Il1l!:1/d,ea'
,:=r.rrirle,slt:ils 'RiIJic:homed;
(d) I/:lhelli8mels of the o,wner lalllld !tJhe mfalsiter;
(e) rtihe TIIRIUl'etS.
ty:pe, t'oll1ll1/1I1gielall1idn/altiiloIl1I8IJEity{J[ Ithe vessell;
(f) tJhe 1l8lmUlou1ai11!"
a~]ld d'elSCll'~tpittiI(JIn
olf itfhe1aiUJr1ICihes,hOlaJts,tatCkle. equaipment.
supplies and stores,
and 8ha]] appoint a caretaker.

Art. 63. Notification and serving of process.

(1) The person seeking arrest shall, within three davs, send to the owner a
copy of the report on execution and summon him to appear hefore the
court which may order tlw sale of the thin~s arrested.
(Z) Wlhie1"le the Oiw,ne!r .11Snlolt dio'mdlcii~ielt:1W:Jrlhimtihe c:o;n!1'it',~j Uil'liISid!ietcrloin
, Siel'viiC'e
"IInld8ulllimolllis l~halU 1'H~f'Ifi£i'lof:f'ldom :!1he peJT"som of ,the mal~ltelr of the ",hjp
 14 MARITIME CODE
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ail'l'e&ted, 0:1'lOin,t1he ,Perl'>;IOin

,]"IelpT~mlt'!l1itj
~ll!gtine OW'D!eIrotr li,alSlter, w:ilth:in f~f teen
d~a'Y'9'
:3) WheJre rtJh:eoIWil1\er '1" a fOlf!('1if1,'JIt'E' Imnd ']S ,n:eUltJher dOl1ll:]C'i:lediIllOtrrel5li,dea in
,tJhe EU1Jpoilf'e, ai..'1ldi:SI'IOIT l"ei"lKIe!"t'mJLeJel
tiheme,8er'vj'Ce ,amd I'mmm!olllls 'shan} Je
made as prDvided in the Judicial Code.

.\.m. 64. Entry of the Report, in the Ret:5ister.

[l) Tihe W'lpOll'!t..,hall he eDltBrleid lmtheRleglzisltler 0,£ 1Jhe rs.hilp',s Ip:Olrtof ,regist]')',
olr a!t the p llalee'W1ht'lretih,e~hiip ril;,.UiBithw eom.iStn.'Iuat,jiom.
(2) ,Emlm itlhe d!?':Taif snc:hem,try, ,t!he r!leihtloT ,~~biolsle'plI'o!IH~1'1yis alNe8ltled ma,v
llIo!ta!SlS'ilgJu.Difmmtgwgretihe ,,!hip.

~. 65. Notification to Registered Creditors.

(1) Within three days from the entry in the Register, the Registrar shall
deliver to the registered creditors a schedule of entries~and within eight
days thereafter the person seeking arrest shall transmit to such creditors,
at the registered address for service, the summons referred to in Art. 63.
The creditro[t'iS may ent,ell' ,appca~ance wi1Jhin fifteen days o,r suoo service.
(2) Where ,the !~hip is ,3 £ol"eign ~ihi'P' notice Shtal1 ihegiven, within edgjh:t day!"
from transmission of tbe schedule of mortgage 'by the consulate, to the
registered creditors shown in such schedule, as provided in the Judicial
COlde. SUClh cr'editors may enter app:earance wirtihin fi£tee.n days, w\hiClh
perioa may he extcnJcled.

f\rt. 66. Sale by Auction.

(J) 'Dhe Court ,at tJhe p,],aoc of llrrest sihaH :fix the ,dlaitleand the upset price,
and the; clOI1lditionso\f sla~e at the request of 1:Ihreparty seekrinlg arre~t.
(2) "Wihere no offer is made at the siaJe, 1Jhe court ,sh/al1 :fix la fTieSlh Ulpls'et price,
lower 1!hian 'the :fi~st, HntdanotJher d,ate liar 1jhe ~s.ale.

AI't. 67. Applications to whithdruw execution or ulle1{in1{ de.feets.

( 1 ) A,p'P'li oa tions to witihdraw~xoontion ()~ laJile~lIig drefClC1Issihall he lod.ged
b.efoJ."e slrle.
(2) Wher:e iSU!dh 3,plp,ucatlon j8 lodgedaf.ter 81a1e, '81U!DhappJicati.on shaH be
tre,a:ted las taill 'olbjection agrainst the ,r,elea,seolf lIhe slUms arilsing ou t of
tJhe sru}e.
(3) Suchapp}iClatJioTIs (i,ih.altlnot be entertained unless they have heen entered
in t!he Regls:ter.

Art. 68. Procedure on appb:Cations under Art. 67.

(1) 'TIhe ('I1aim!antol' palmy ohjecting rshaH file his r,e-arsons fo!}' objection
witJhin tJhT!ee days. The defendlant l"ihmlJ.file his reply within three d~'Y5
-
MARITIME CODE 15
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(2) The oa,se sha,ll be heard on ~UnHnOni'. Exot:uticn i'hall not he :i,t:Jyed
unJess the Court W orners.

Art. 69. Sale of Ship wIder arrest.

Fifteen days after the affixing of the hills referred to in Art. 70 and the
publication of a notice in two local newspapers and such other publications
as the court may order~ the ,sale ,shall take place in court.

Art. 70. Particulars in Notices and Bills.

Notice.-; and bins shall contain the following particubrs:
(a) the name, profession and domicile of the party hringing the suit;
(h) the basi80f the claim;
(c ) the value of the amount due;
(d) that the claimant has an address for service in the place where the court
presides and where the arrested ship i~ anchored;
(e) the name, profession and domicile of the owner of the arrested ship;
(f) the particulars of the ship entered in the Re!!ister;
(g) the name of the master;
(h) the place where the ship is;
(i) the npset price <'lid Nmditions of sale;
(j) the date. time and place of sale.

Art. 71. Prohibition against overbid~.

Overblds aTe not permitted 'On 8\&1£by the Court.
Art. 72. Paynwut of Purchase Price.
The purchaser sh an pay the purchase price. without any deduction for
costs, to a government designated bank within twenty-four hours after sale.
subiect to resale by auction.
Art. 73. Resale by altction.
'Where tine pUJrf'ihasle price is not paid, the 8Ihip shalila~t!in be poUlt up
for Siale by auction. tJhree d,aysa!ter £resih D'')ltice" laind biM,s Ihav:eheen p1.1b1i:s.hed
as provided in Art. 69. The original purchaser sha11 he Hable for the payment
Off any deficit. d;ama'gielSand ('.O's1'8.

Art. 74. Recourse.

No ''Ppljoation untd,eT Art. 67 (2) may he made in respect of ,a judgment
under Art. 73: Provided that an appeal by way of summons may he made
to the Court of Ap.peal within five d.ays from 11he s.ale S'o}ellryon tIle ground
fibat t,here is procedu1'1al irregulalrity on the face .of :tfhe judm~t. The date
of hearing sha11 he mentioned in the summons to be three d3Ys after the issue
()f tilie 8il1!mlID'Ons.
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16 MARITINIE CODE
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A.rt. 75. Regi.'<tration of Sale by the Cuurl in the Ren:isfcr.

Sale hy tJhe court dl2.lI be en tered in the n,,<"-"ictel' L~r l'be 1"'lflH' t of L. ,
Court Registl'cH~ as soon as it has hecome final.

A.rt. 76. ElJect of Sale.

The sale frees the ship fren; rdl liens, mn'-t:la~ies or rlr:tiot1s for rCSCl8SlOl1
held hy per~on,s 'havin,\[ re,ee;ycrJ the notification rderre,.J to in A"L G1. En1rj(,:-i
regarding sHoll lien;;:~ mortgi.cgl"s and a('tiol1sdu:,.11 he s!rnck off upon th~
lo.dging 0'£ the jud?;ment hy tlhe pT!:l"e'haser with ~he re,gistm office, together
whih a ce.rtifieate issued hy 1Ihe registry of the f'{mrtlJavingjJLt~''''1:'rl ji!!JgnH'llt.
certifying that t:he judgm.ent Ii] hilla,I.

Art. 77. Distribution of the Residue.

Any residue arising out of the sale shall be distributed in accordance with
tJhe prov;;>,lons of t!he Co,r1e of Civil Procedure.

TITI.E II
SHIPOWNERS, MANAGERS AND THE MASTER
Chapter I. J..iability of Shipov~7ners and Managers
Art. 78. Definition of Manager.
A manager j,s a person who operates the ,ship. The 8hipowner .shall be
deemed to be manager unless otherwise evid,enced.
Art. 79. Acts resulting in the liability of tIte Shipowner.
A ,shipowner .shall be liable for the default of the master, the members
of the crew,. the pilot or any other persan in the service of the ship, in the dis-
charge of their duties. The shipo:wncr shall also be liable in respect of obli-
gations undertaken by the master in matters relating to the ship and the
maritime adventure.
Art. 80. Limitation of liability.
(1) The owne,r of a seagoing !ship may limit his liability in accordance with
Art. 86 in respect of claims arising from any of the following occurrences:
(a) Loss of life of, or personal injury to, any person being carried ill the
ship, and loss of, cr damage to, any pmperty or, board the shin;
(b) Loss of life of~ or personal injury to, any other per:son wh:",ther on
land Oil"on water, lo.s8 of or damage to any other property or in-
fringement of any righf8 caused by the act~ neglect or !1efault of
any persan on hoard the ship for whose a~t, redect Dr defau1t the
owner is responsible or any person not on board the ship for whose
act, neglect or default the 'Owner is respoDJs.ible: Provided, however,
 MARITIME CODE 17
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~-----

that in regard to the act, neglect or default of this dass of person,

the owner shaH only be entitled to limit his liahility when the act,
neglect or default is one which occurs in the navigation on the
managemel!t of the ship or in the loading, carriage or discharge of
its cargo or in the embarkation, carriage or disembarkation of its
passengers;
(c) Any obIig,ation or liability imposed by any hw relating to the
removal of wreck and arising from or in connection with the
raising, removal or destruction of any ship which is ,sunk, Istranded
or ahandoned (.inclu-ling anything which may he on hoard euch
'ship) and any ohligati()l1 or liahility arising out of damage cau.se6
to harhour works, hasins and navigah Ie waterways.
(2) In this Chapter the expression "personal .claim" meaI!~ a claim resulting
from loss of life and ,personal injury; the expression 4'property ,claim"
means all other claims set out in sub. art. (l) of tihis Article.

:\rt. 81. Liability by reason of ownership, possession, cltstody or control of

the 8hip.
An owner shall be entitled to limit his Jiability in the cases 'set out in Art.
80. even where his liaihHity arises, without proof of l]egIigence on the
part Df the owner or of pero!1OIJ!S for who!se conduct he i.s respongihl~ by reason
of h.i,s ownership, po.88eS8~on, custody br control of the ship.

Art. 82. Case.<;where liability is not limited.

Nothing in Articles 80 and 81 shall ap,ply:
(a) to claims for salvage or to claims for contribution in general average:
(b) ItJodlalilmls by 1Iihe m!alsitf'lT.l)y m:emlhe1l"s'o.f ,the ,orew. 'by alnv ''!Ietr'V'antsc:f
flhe orwtn!etr ern hro/an'1d!t11,eIs:'hilp or !bv rel"V'aln'tIs ,01 1Jhe O'W'l1ferrWIhO:3of"d!Utj~
are connected with the ship, including the ('1aim~ of their heirs, personal
representatives or dependents;
(e) if the claimant proves that the occurrence !living rise to the claim result.
ed from the a.ctuaI f:mlt or privity of the owner.

Am. 83. Baldftce.

If the o,wner of a ship is entitled to make a claim against a claimant aris.
ing out of the same occurrence, their Tespective claims shall be set off ag;ainst
eaeh other and tihe provisions of t'his Title s11aII onl:v applv to the balance.
if 81T1IV.

Art. 84. Non-admission of Liability.

The act otfim1VioJcilTlilt
Jii:miltiaittilon
of JJilaM1riifJv
shaJI niOttCOllllst,ittutJean adm~-
"mOil}00 1ilaibHitJv.

2*
 18 MARITIME CODE
., .
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Art. 85. Limitation Fund.

(1) The limit of 1iahility prescrihed hy Art. 86 shall apply to the aggregate
of ,personal claims and property claims which adse on any distinct
occasion without regard to any claims whieh hav~ arisen or may arise
0111 runy oltheJr ,diilsti'llidl OiCc,ali'iiUlI1 .
~2) W\h'en ItJh,eaJg~oogrute of ,tlhe c1ai'lUtSw'hi,(ih ami.~e on any distillct occalSilOlll
~xoeedJ8 ifJh.e1imits iO,{1dmM1ittyp:ri,)1V,idedhy Art. 86, the ;total sum ~e'Pre.
senting such limits of liability may he constituted as one distinct Hmi-
ta@;Q1!lfund,
(3; The fUlnd il\hus 'conisltiitu<tJed,shiaill he alV1adil~~e olDly for- tine ,p3;y.rne,nt of
,claims rnn: me.srIH'lclt01£ wMich lii'l'nJiltalti,oln'O[ 1i!aJb11ity mm he rum;t\ok~d.
(4) After the fund has heen constituted, no claimant against the fund shall
.1
he ,emiI1iitl.r..d ItJo eXiemcilse limy..' l"ig!ht
,- a,goomls1:
'-
anvomhelrals5e\t1s
fI' of the >SIhi'U,
0WIlJer iiIn mefSlp~'ot,oif (hiisc~alilm 'a!~aliiI1lslt,the fUmld. ,if the li'miJt!alfiiion iundil'l
8)dtua~~y avm;:tarble iior ,tlhe noo!elfiit 'C[ ;t(h,e cla1i'm:alDit.

-\rt, 86. Amounts of Limited IJiabiHt'Y.

(1) The laJrnJOUll1!tS ryf It ,bij,p In.roy Imnl1lt hiji~ l\i:ahi11iJtl;'und~.,.
to Wlhiildh itJhe 'OIWlt1>e1r
AJl'It!idas 80 tmd 81 iSlhlaJ1Jl he,
(;b) where the occurrence has only given rise to personal claim8~ an
aggregate amount of iEtll.$ 516 for each ton of the ship's tonnage;
(b) where the occurrence has only given rise to personal c1aims. an
aggregate amount of !Et"h. $ 516 for each ton of the ship's tonnage;
property c1aims~ an aggregate amount of iEth. $516 for each ton of
the ship's tonna~e, of which a first portion amounting to Et11. ~ 336
for each ton of the ",hin's tonnage sl1ft1] 'he exclludvelv appropriated
,("la~i1P;<;~mldolf 'I,,41,ic'ha ,~e!(nonld ,po,rtiiOl'n
to 11h.e ipl3rv:tIH'inJt !olf 'pe:rl"iOlfll?it
amountinr.: to Etn. ~ 160 £01' each ton of the s'hln';o; tonna'!p Rha]]
,tib I" m1'V111
Pin:t <'if pmOH',eit"tv eJJaliirns : Pr.ovi dlf"d.
he 'aiplpll'101Pdaltpitt to
however. that in ca"f>,S w'here tne !hell portion 1S immrncient to nay
t'h,e 1T}.~rtso'!Hlll,clian1nl<; jnrul1 tihf' 111!lil1.ah1<t"NOIilB'ucP
of ",~]'c"h('l:;:t,iyn~ <:haiTJ
,,~~il~ rhe f1'r,nn ~T el~1rmi" to'!" :n.~vmplrit "",,21a1"'1"'I thf'
Tlaln:k f!'IaJt:e'vIMv
~,...,oitlld 'f)'Olrttllom elf 'flhl:' fUTNJ,
,t1,~ttrt'bll'tJlIo,"' '9IItHH1!! :d1:e
(~n II!1 ;("Iaidh -pr>It'tJ1IQlt1'Oi£ ifI'h,f' 11m\1It?,tn'nn fll11'd 'fifH"
claimants shal1 'he made in nronortion to the amrmnts fir tl1elr estqMisnf'r1
dlialim!l.
(~)' ;u' 1J,,,,f,n1Je <tihie fund ~1'1,dlh,ti1'f)'1lmtt',d fiheo"V1l1ien" ihal~ n aM ~;t1 w'h oJf" or 5'11
-part anv of the claims set out in Art. 80, 11e shall nro tanto be nlacf'r1
in t'he same position in relation to t1H>funff :'I!"tlw rlaim[1nt wnose c1ai1111H'
 lVlARITIlVIE CODE 19
,
'--------
- ._. -- -

has paid, but only to the extent that the claimant whose daim he has paid
'WoiUl~dhave h3Jda Ili~g1htoJ l"elc:Gvemy,alg1a;jmM
,htiilB.

~4) W1l,ell'!e ,tlhe ,;;hj'p'OW'I1ICr,el-,:tah'j,i"hred ,tlh:J:ithe lUi31yait a lailelr darte beco'ln~

pel1ed to pay -in wholle '011'iLll pmr1 <the .ch,j,[r1!5,,;ettont in Ant. 80, t!he coull'tt
may order that a sufficient sum shall he provisionally [,et aside to enable
.t!h'e IS1h~p,OiW'nletr
ait .snch 1atr(',rd'a!te 1!oeir.jf'oree !hilS d!wimsalglaamlSlt the fund
,m: !t/he rmalnlIlim seJt 'O'tlit ,jm Itlhe IIH!e!c;eI(1~nlgparll~grmph.

Amt. 87. Procedure.

Tihe !lIDileJs ;r'e~alt,iing toth c COII1I~ltlnuctj!fJm and ,dd;~\t,r'jlhuttJi\OJn

'olf tJhe 1iIm~talti~n
fund, lilf ,aI!JlY, 181nd iaJiJ llur1m 'elf p:rclcenu:rc ,~h?tH ~)e ,?\S :pil'les-crliohe>rl.

AJlit. 88. Calculatio/l of tonnage burdell.

F\ou' t!hre IH1JI1pIO\,.,e
'af it!hepreleedliiIJ!g AUit:id;e:;, tOlnlnlag.~ Iilthaill he eaiLcularted at;
f~n~WI5 :

In the case of steamship or other mechanically propelled ships there

9:1'alIl he 'talkien itJhe rllieitttlalnlllla1~eiW1iltihtlhe '8Id!dfu1JiIon
,aif ,the lallll10fUllllt
,de.duCited fll"'Om
the gross tonnage on account of engine room space for the purpose of as,cer.
tJwi,nliin:g tlbre ltl1e1t ,tJolnlDialg1e.
In the case of all other ships there shall be taken the net tonnage.

Amt. 89. Arrest of the ship, bailor other security.

(1) Whenever a shipo,wner is entitled to limit his liability under this Chap-
in Itihe lSiame owneJr-
ter ,alIlld It.he :sllllp 'air r81nlultlher ,~jp 1011'lortJher 'PlrtO!P'eIl'1by
,;jhip ihals ,been ,aimiei~ltietdiOlr :haml 10'1'd1ihJelr ~leJOlllrtiltJy
IhtalS:heein giVlelI1-toaV'Omd
allU1e1St,itJhe 'ooinlr:l may Ol,dielr t1hie ll'IeJ]elruse'of (the ,s,hivp 01I' o.ther p'l'opelI'!ty
oil' lolf 'tfhe sooUlri'ty ~i'vetn iJr lilt !iisdSItJaJhlJ!iJsh1ed
'U1Iralt'fihe isihJilp'OiW!llie:r
nasalreald'Y
given satisfactory .bail or security in a sum equal to the full limit of his
liability under this Chapter and that bail or other security so given is
actually avaiJable for the benefit of the claimant in accordance with his
rml!!ihlfis.

(2) The provisions of sub-art (1) sha11 a,pply likewise if the bail or other
ISOOUID'tiyral1realflygfilv,elll' fils fjiu 'a is.UiID~eJ~s lt1haJn rtih,e fun 'liiimiit '01£ 1~'aibi!Li!ty
Uiuldlelr ltihris ,Oha-.plt!elr 'P l1c;vtiJdleJd ltihlalt :!'1aitJilsfi8IctJo/l'IY
ibiali~ ,('tr 'oither I"lecUirtilty m'l
e:r:iIvem tf101T JtJhle baIJJ~llic{,.

(3 ), ,W1hlell1e ,fibre ,fuip{!,,"'mlelI' ~l!a(" ,giitv;€'1TI

'n:a\iJlolr rcltlhrer I?leicu:rriity riln a ,sum eqUia~ Ito
the fun limit oIhis liability under this ,Chapter such bail or other secu-
rity l!!ihall1 he ttJhle !pia:ycmlf'lllltdI '8Jl1'Cl1alilmis' a:mlsdJn!2: oilla
av.alii1alb}e 1£1011' dilstilDlCit
OIcCiafSlil()!Jl8lndin 'lif'ISlp'ee;tof 1\,fh:1Idh'tihe 's!1tIiIpuWTIlleJr
mruv :tim1ift lhii8 UabiiI:iity.
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20 MARITIME CODE

AI1t. 90. Lia.bility of the Ship.

In thils OhalpllCll' li,hlhiJli:tv oif lih l' l"hip [nnH' I' inolu (ia.; [,b c Jiahi,lciJl, uf 1Jlle
shiip Ihetr1s,el1f.
I
I' Alit. 91. Applicillioll to oIher per,mllS lh/;/! thp Shipowner.

Subject to Art. 92, the provi;,;ions of this Chapter shall a,pply to the char-
terer, manager or operator of the ship, and to the master, members of the crew
atll'd oltlhetr IEeI,\>1alnJ!Js
oif ,the o\q't!r,cihawlcl'E"r, l11':>Ini!,g.'e'l'
or c,p,enttlo,r a,ctti'l:,g int:he
course of their employment, in the same way ;;s they apply to an owner him-
self: Provided that the total limits of liahility of the uwner and all such
other persons in respect of personal claims and property claims arising on
a dil'!1:JiJiliCIt
101Od31Si,oil1
,?ihail1 ,nlO:t f'xeeCid the a'mfJ.U,:~t5 drCIt:eIIUlli:IHediil1 accQ;rdunce
'\I1ith Alrlt. 86.

1\1<1. 92. Actions against the Master.

Wiheln lalot.J.ollliS a:r!e IH'1oiUglh!t a'giali'nlslt ItJhe ,mal~tor 'OIl' f!lgiUrimrstmem:hers of ftJhe
el"ew, 'suiclhplelliStollli5 may '1i:m:ilt Itilleli,r ,Jja:biitwJty eVieln .il! ItJhe oeC'l1Jrtl'ClllCe which g.iVffl
l,i.s!e ,tlOtihe cI1al~mJ8]'1f'15:lI1te.d£11om ;uhe ialcl,llJuJl fa,u1t ,clrpil'fi\v~t'rOlf one OIl' more of
I' sUich p:el'\Souls. If, l1OIweVielr,i1Jhe THalslf,erOlr memthClrolf tJhe ,orew j,Salt tlhe sa!lne
I'
tiane rtjhe OiWID,er, CiO.:oIW1TIer,clhallitJetl1er, UJlalIJIHlg'Ctr011' iOIIJelt",altJoirolf the ,ship, 1ihe
'1
I,
p'I'OVi'SI~OlnJS01£ ~tJhli,sArttJilc1e isihaill ,01nl1y '3Ip:pi1y Whe1l'le Itlhe '31C,t,11Ieglecit o,r defa'Ul1t
In question is an act, neglect or default committed by the person in question
II
in his capacity as master of or memher of the crew of the ship.
I'
,,
i\;'I'It. 93, Ship~ ot '"t'I"., ;JUln 31'.) tons BlI,;-tlell-

The owner of a ship of less than 300 tons hurden may limit his liability
ai!tlhoc ifJo ial1l allTIiOltllDit
nOit e:xJeetCld';'Ht,!!
rtJhealllilOlUrnlt /Xf'o'V'~ded in Art. 86 or to Iwn
!lJmQiunltcoome\s:p,o:nldi:n:g to the vallue 01£the '~'l~ip alt the tIDmf' otf the oeourr,enlCe
g1]VjjU,g'ilii1se it!o rtJhe c1flim .

Chapter 2. The Master

A I.t, 94. Appl'intment and Duties of Master-
(1) The master shall he appointed hy the manager 01' by the charterer to
wtltom !the ship is demilsed. He l3Ihallil!b:F ~i(')leiJ.Yl'1ffiP'(llllsiMe Io-r .the m.Rrci-
tiime aldlvent111l'!e,
(2) Ln t)he 'ffi"CIllttolf :hilS ,deaJtJh, aihsCinlCe OfT imcapadtydue <to iJ~o:r atn:y
oItihl~ Cla'UlSletlhe 'COmmlalIlid,o.f the ',9IhF;J"'~1;3inp31i'AS
t,:" the :next sen~QJ'office1r
after the master. The person who appointed the master shall he given
noltmce tihC:l"l"offClrthwjit} 80 that (\ new maEft,er mal)' he 31ppoinlted
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MARITIME CODE 21

cA~,t. 95. Terminution of l11o~ler's Appointment.

The person who appointed the master may at anv time terminate the ap-
pio/Jln\llnemlt OIf the m a,~ter.

Art. 96. POlt'er.'i. of tht.' Jlastcr.

ll) The master is the agent of the manager, suhject to the provisions of
.iht. 97.
(2) He may represent him ill legal proceeding"',.
;3) He ~~llat.ilexerC'i2Jf:: the pOIWlems C:OIni:eu.ire,elup:on him hy laM' .!in rospec!t of
'8111IfH1U'itlie3halving: .2m 'l:rutel'cst ,in the &1.:1)),,"ud ea:rgo.

,AJr't. 97. Scope of the Master's Agency.

P) The master may only represent the manager where the manager is not
pr~l1!to:r 'iiSHot .nf1p)'lCl~lea1.tlelCi
hy iatto'l'IlIiC}. Snc,h rt'i}1.rescrntatt.olIl shan ex-
tend to all acts necessary in respect of the ship and the adventure.

',2} CClnltJ.!a\CtJs'lImti('jJ't'ld:iiuta, and dt:.~dj'lJog.5mrude by uhe m~itctr shall give rise

to a lien on the ship and on the freight on the conditions specified by
Art. 5 t5), Such ('oln!t'J:'a'(',b..::q[:. de-;:,ling" j,f made wi:Lh a view to p,re:selW-
ing the cargo, sha11 in addition give rise to a lien on the cargo, which
.shall r:cllllk Hiht'h tht: 1,;":,,,,,<41;'
""c).tied by AJ1L~cles 24.9 i 2 )aJl1d ~83.
(3} In ,(1lniyplroe where ,tlhf' mD'!1:R;g.('it'
lil-5pil1ese:n:t 10'1'iis T1C'prl~ented 1:Iy alttoll'-
nte.f, ,the mal4e:r l;-ilfi'Y'Pllily O<i!!Il"Ycut d:wy tOIJ.ayarCJtso.f mana~elnen't 01.
the .;jhl~p. d,s well ai.~ m In.!).!' H"pai] 110;, He may .di8ID,iSiSmemhe.r,s c:f th~
ooerw .
(4 ) The presence of the manager or his attorney may only be set up against
th:j.}'d PRll'ft,lft5 'who ,knlew oJ ~,tloh pf'oscrncc.

Art. 98. Liability of the Master.

(1) The master5haJI ,he J:,.:i}de fOI]' hi,s deb..tt. H,e: 8naH aJs{' he liable !in
reS/ped of go'.);dlS~n his CJha:rg,e.
(2) The liiaihiHty of the malstf'." shall he ao; p'~e..crH'ej(t

.:'\,.r!. 99. Duties of the Masler.

The master ,shall !l',em3lLn (J,n ho.a'l'd h:js.-;hip fr.om 1ihe hegi.runioC..g hI the
v {)ya-ge until a,nrival /i,n pow'! and shaH pm~lo;nll1 ..mJcrh ()!jhe~ riuti:o- a~ shan he
r ~e.sel"1ihe.d.

Art. 100. Dut.y of the Muster in ca.se of Pilotage.

Even where pi!lotta.ge 1;S compn:lstJmy, tlht' U1131ste:r~ih!ai11 he resip'O!I1~i~)Je fo-.
~he ualV1rgaitaloinof tihe ~hip.
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22 MARITIME CODE
_._, ~, ~---
, ~'
~-
~~<.
--

Art. 101. Liability in case of Pi,01;age.

The .silNpshaHbelli'wh!e plaa1t~esin r,e5!pect .of all dalWa'.~c 0 r
towamds ,11h.1frid
10isa, CVietD ItJhO:lgh due 1!o ,the ()~ !(!hIe p,~l\ot.
iIlJt'.1giIDig:emJoe

At1t. 102. Ship's Papers.

Durrilng the Vioya,ge the D1aJ.1>i\Jetr5ihatll keep on hOla:J."d1th~ 'ship'~ p8jIH~'r~ ~'l"
gall"diiliJ.lg
i1ih,eship, 'theo!1e\w, 'p'~IStmg6l'lS alntd oan1~" ,aII1d8u-ch o.tneT ,p,a'pe:f13a t1d
documents as may l)e prescribed.

AIm. 103. Ship's Log-book and engine-room Log-book.

The mwstor slhall ket1}> rodl 1oig-hOloOOsat5are plre.sloorihed and they shail
~e keplt :Unibhe manllroI' p~eSQr~hed.

Amt;. 104. Stamping oJ Log-book in Port.

Upon arrival at the port of destination or at a ,port of call the
master shall have the ship's IDg-book stamped within twenty-four hours
by the ip!oll'lt maJIlj<lig;CIl"~
'olr,if ,aI1lrtOlWd,hy ttihe EtIhruopjlaiJt ,C()J1l:SW'Oil' iln ih1i1Sall):e«'ll'c
hy ltJh,e CIOIID';pettMlt J.ocall aillitihOll'1~t!y.

&1t. 105. Mr::ritime Declaration.

The master shall make the prescribed maritime declaration where ,pres-
cribed exceptional circumstances occur.

Art. 106. Verification of the Maritime Declaration.

Tlhe IpifleJs.Clri!bed ,a'UlbOOlr.i1.y DillI Irt~ooi\vim\g tJhe matciJb~me ,1""C1ar.aitHm. Slball carr-
ry out Iiit.s \pl'elSlCirihed diUJtj~eIS.

M. 107. Borrowing and Sale of goods by the Master in Case of Urgency.

(I) IjU eas'e 10d:,plr:e.s.£,iID
g :need dUlri'Dlg rthe vOIy1a,ge\tJhp m,alSltell'ma'Y bo!l':l'lOw 11pOID
!the sih~p, ,aiI1,dl:iJfthe amount ma\~sled I~S']I1Is'UffiCJ~t'mit,
upn.. 1!he Oall'~. He
sihai1l,olhtain the ffiuthol).'I~sa:bi;oln;()Ifthe pIOO9]d!enlt 05 lfue OO\11.rtoa the place
wih6t1e ffi1C!h 10.an ~ ma\d~ IOlfloi:lhel1'lW1ise
df ifue admilIJ.liigtIDaftive .awt'h.oll"iti'eI
aUld wthere lahI'\Olald 100 ItdI,e ErtJhdlolp!]alll'f'/)lnlsruJ IOlfOfuell'wilSle .0'£ the (';Om.
pe:tent ~OIC:'Jala:ntJholl'li\ty.
(2) Wheve h~ is U!I1/alhi1e100 bOmI1OiWhie iID<wy,wiIth the same auitih'OIrLsat;on,
lSIeJllI~OlOldisU1p ,the amotUn't Tteool@ntilsiedi81shdi,:ng iI'let}1uitr!ed.
(3) Tlhe malnlal/;!;er o:rt1he malslter Ishaill aJOClor.mltitlO the 'OlW'ner j\I1 rtel8lpMt of
gOIOidis,~\1d, on it!he ibalsils 0;£ Ithe IplI'\~CJe.f1etJdheid -foil' gO/DOS otf 1!h'e S<lme
lciJnd alIlid qwaJ;]ty ,at ,the Ipl3\ce of l1JThl~adlilDigoff tihe Bihip a,t t11h,l"tilIne of
amro.v.ail.
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MAmTIJ\lIE CODE 23
~
~ > ~.---
---~~, .~---~--_._- - -
- '~--"--- - - --- ~---

(4) Ship,pers or persons elaiming under them may object to the pledging or
sale of their goods and require their unloading provided they pay the
whole freight.

Al1t. 108. Sale of ship by the MMter in the event of Ufl3eaworthiness.

( 1) Un100.s?< (ship be PllrOved !to !he UIllJ&fJatWoo,tJhy,
mile iIDl3.Bter may iIlIO\tsetl heir
excepltlIDder jJ?elo~al PO,Wellg gU\V,enhy ,the OWI1JC!r,,,,uhjoot to IDe s.ale be<-
,itng doclwred \"OoiJd.

(2) Unseaworthiness shall he shown in a report drawn up by sworn ex.

remts3ippOliinitJeld by .the p,vP.SidW\t !OIf'thecofUiI'it 0'1' ,hy 1ihe admiJnJi.8it/riatUiVIe

aUJt1h0l1,1lie~ aIDld, Nhell1e~!b11101a.d,by the €.thi!OIpiiam. cOlDISul OII' by tJhe co;}",,)

petJemIt ~ooal au!tibl1ililty.
(3) A sale consequent on unseaworthiness shall he hy public auction.

Aw.t. 109. Mastel' sailing for Joint Profit

Whema mWSit(~l''5:ai~1.sfOIl' jlornnll plDo,fiJt 0111'Uhe ladi\nJg he :way mort UJItdertlake
IIJ1Y 'tma!d,e (JIll hils i):\\O"]]
hehat1f, ilmlM:.o iortJhClr!wi:iEie
'ag;r~d. I:n the event of a
hDea'CIh of ,this 'pil'jm~idiiOIll,he shailil ~()Ise aliis shwl~e rnntJhe oomJl1iOln profitt, mth-
oUt p11eju!llro6 to :remlti!ng Id,amagetS 'W1h~rleB\plpiJ"o!p!l1iIaite.

lMt. lIO. Discharge of a Master who is a part owner ('IJ the Ship.
WlheI'!e la mablte.r who '18 disClh3\l1ged i~8 a ,p,am \OIW'n1er
,O!fli1b.e,sMp, he ma!y
give ;up his share and require repayment of the capital amount there-
of, which shall he determined hy experts appointed by agreement or, by the
.oo'U1l1t. SUCJh irli:~tof !renundaltJi:l)<ll malY 'l.ilUthe ~emciBed ,aliter a 'penrod oIf
Ithiirtty daJ)7JSwlm ,the ,diaIteo[ ithe linttm:pei]1aAi101ll
made Iby :the other p:aIl't iOlW1Der5.
~ !tihe iJ~i.ght :otfrenlm!Ci.aibiiolllhats iheen,eXie.l'cils\eid within thi18 perttJod 'Oi£tim~
tine !Pi2(f!t.oW1ll61\i ,shaM 'liejp~ I~he IDrustJer'l iSlh,amewiltfuil11 itihirty .daY1s follo,wioIg
the ~pett OJetell"mirnJattio,n ,()If tlhe 'aJmOiunlt.

TITLE III
REGULATION OF MARITIME EMPLOYMENT
h1l. 111. Definition of a Seaman.
"Seaman" includes every person (except masters, pilots\ and apprentices
~y mlditmltUJrcd amd 'r.\egTils1Je~eld),
'elIDtpiLoy,e;d
Oir f'r.l!g'8\gte.d"in lruny oalpaci<ty 00
h08Jlit! aJny slhip.
 24 MARITIME CODE

Art. 112. Seaman's ArticLes of Agreement.

With the exceptiOIIt. u,f a 6hip oj a.nder 5 LOlI.iJ~

,]Jlu:den, Lhe a>llti,e.ree of
ag;l"Colliffilit eOlnNu,d~:.i ikt\\ee'1l a shipoWHie'l'OIr hlJ~ rel"rie3;eHtwtl~e and a ~C'a:ma111
bhall he l'egu1trled ~y "':'lIe:10JJ.owi.ng provisl'OiTJJ8:

TJlC ,1.e'fllrhS..wd at~plu1a1b10J.1!.:;

erf ma:J"~timc aJrtH:les ad OtigrelillUealit .shall be
~ter!ed :iI.. the hs,t cf crew. 'l.ne 3e:alIl1aJn, aoH.er ,~lll:.'h terms am.ds.tipuJ.a-
tions have been read out to him, shall accept such terms and stipulations
hY'a~lUc1iT1g in" ::JignatlLc 0;1' 11-1.3mark. The Pl'eJ&clriJbed a,'1Jtholl'iiy shall
satisfy themselves before the departure of the ship that all seamen having
embail"ked are em.p1oyeJ umLer aar1J1c.1ei8011' agl'e:emcllit .by exauJ.iui'ng the
eDlwies 1n the 1i.&-t,of aIlew.

~l'\t. ,113. PUTticulars in Articles of Agreement.

The: a.l1ro.cle.s of aogre:ement ~n,all cOlllltariJu the fiOUo.W;jiIl~.p.ltoticudaJl'6:

(.ay ""hatheJ.' thd) .!irc ",elIJc1Utlod fOIl' a defil1l~teOir alll inde-fuu:t~ peJ'li,oc1 o-r iOir
a VOi;)"fI.gC;
lb) the .oa'p,ilC,lty lill WJ},jd1 1Jhe f',ClaJllJaIlJ .~ tv j",ee.nJI~ 1''I:yed;
(e) 'thedalte upoin whicht:he CllIlJp.lOYlIIliCirut,m to he-gilD;
Cd) 'l1he meitho,d :od: re'ml1JllleI'rutJ1alna\~TletCld hetiw'CiClll the ,paJr.tWe.s.;
(e) the ,amount of wages or the basis of determination of profits;
(1) the ipcLa,celalt whi,ooaillid ruh,e,d!a!tJeOtll whiiloh the a~.r'eem:e:I:\twaB cOindud.ed.

.A!rtt. 114. Remuneration out of profits or freight.

(1) The raIDtJitcle:sof algrlCielill'elllItuIlJdiCir wth':'!CJh!the .slel:ilillaJU',.'j
're.mlunea.1aJtiiOfu corn.
iiliJsIts1m. 'whole 011' in pamtof CI !s!hame in .tJhe 'P'l,o,fib.3 or t!he {Delight .shaWJ
specify the costs and charges to he deducted from the gross profits to
make up the net profits.
(2) C<OIIll:pemlSlatoolllpalLd :to luhe ,sih1p ~n 'r'elSlp.Ciot.olf the hr~akvn,g. reduC'wlj!
thedUiI1at~o/Il, 0'1' tJhepmol]]oIlJlg1altliJo'n..-vftJhe V'OY;aJ!rIe,lo.s;.s of prrofi't" c.: of
freight, will he deemed to form part of the gross profits.
(3) This provision shan not apply to insurance compensation e~cept where
Ithe serumaiIl halSoolrutll'1iihuJbed:to tJhe p.at)'1memlt olf 'P'I1e'l:J1l]um.sfirom the ~
g1imwnJ! of ItJhe: V'OIY:;:{1?,'e.
(4) Unless otherwise agreed, bounties and other Government subsidies shall
noil heimduded jln larnOIUlnJtJSrto he .dJjISltJI1~lmrtJed.
(5) Where seamen are remunerated out of profits or freight no ,comlpensa-
rtOOlD \Sihain he p.ali.d 1.0 ;tJ'heim wn ll'1eHp'oot!Of1Jhe tp'OIStJpIOilll€m1!eJt1Jt.
pfl'lo,lol!1l!,latilOJp
.Qlr ,]"Ieduc.t:i:omlm 05 fOfl'lce ma j elUre.
dUll"alt:j'O!norf 1!he vlOI)"a~e hy 'I1e1a1S!Oln
 MARITIME CODE 25

:\Jl't. 115. Remuneration by 1iOyage.

\\ bel'{' .5ICI<liInruJH!l'e paill hy voyalge. the VlJilunJtiwl'Y 11.;duotiJo.n j'B tlhe dm'i!'
tilOiJ1 oJ tJhc voyalg'c .~haill nOit re"llJt jiB ,allW l'ledl1ctwn in wages, whatever the
C8Jl1S:c !l],a,)' he.

Ad. 116. Duties of Seaman.

_\. BC,aIillWI1
e!hlal1lemih£liJ~kwt the time ,wppiOin'beJ. h y tJle ill1im-.telr. He ,sJlaH
ohey 8ill m'delfls of hi:.s:,;u'P'ffi'.i{)111,~
Gin lalIlid all1'lJe,n hO'alrd lrusInaiy be pre~eri;bed.

Amt. 117. Prohibition against can-yi:zg cargo on their own nccaunt.

(1) No cargo shal1be cal'l'iedon board a ship by the master or a seaman
~iL\ h~ 9WUalCOOUU1Jt,cXlCf"!l,twii1Jh ,uhe ,pt1rmi'sISii:oillClf the ",hi po w nlf;lr. lln
,lJhe Icwen>t '0>£ a hl'lca;\.'lh 'of dllns prloV!Jsiiolt, thep,all':!Ji,C/s ,j'llOaU8Ie .shall P'aI}
£l1(~iJf,;1h:tBit ItJhe h,iig'he.":tl1aite 'SllJi:pulat1eidait the iplaJc,c aill,d tiill~e of 10:a,d i'IJlg,
W1~t:hou,t prejurlii,oe ItJ[' i~m'chdlalmalg;e
~" mruybe due.
(2) The master may order the jettison of goods loaded without permission
where the g,oods are of such a nature as to imperil the safety of the
~hLp or !to Ibu.cU!r nnif'IiJ alnd ex:pit'lll!s'e!~.

A'ct. 118. Advance on wU1{es.

Any 'aidv:wnce em a se,aJmatn '5 WaJg;es ~hal1l he t'lIlItffn~d '~n ,£the li'fiit of ere',,"
if :lllIa..de heJ1oil"e a V°'Y'~gle ,wnld I~n Ithe Islh!~p"s hotOikH mIa/de d'UJri'ng a V'°'Yalg'e. The
saallu(I.nslhw]! IS.i.glllOIl"affix ,hiisma;nk,tlo m0k:11l01~,vUlryd,g.e
!TlelCet1plt. No a.d'vlwnee shill
hem.aJd'e ,ex:oop<t under the f.DlrleigOliing,{'",t'\idiilt:iIGIl:IO.
The tiolfJ::ul8'llm of aldV1!'",CIffl
ma'YIIlolt excle.edonc-fif\th cd ,taw W18Jg;es~all11lJef!art I~he 'la,me the adwllnce i'5 TIC-
que~ood.

Ant. 119. Home Remittances,

HO'l1lie <li€1miilt'ta'I1'Cffi
ma,y }Je made c,nly 1.11tihe wife, dep'ffl'diel!Jt ch,itld!J',en alnd
p',wI"cn:t" .of a SCaIIJ.1iam.

.~t. 120. Repayment of Advances.

(1) AdV!alr.dOes 'lliOtt hy wmy 'olf hOlllle l'etnl~ttcJllic.es, pa<y;menJb oln aIOOOIU'll't aM
hOiUil1ltwes lOin '€mIg1mpJemen:t iSihaJII olI11y he l"e1pai,d 10 the s.hipOlWDleri:n the
event ,olf a ihreooh olf CJomI"a>et hyt:he 'E;('ja'man w~lIhout p'rejuc~ce :to dils.
ci;p:li!uaJry meWSHIPeta dlllid !N'I$uJltill1ig Idi£lliln8lgiel5.
(2) HOlme l11emi:t'taJl1Icei.s
.shaJI Jill no e'ase he Il'ielp'alildInoit:wvdh9tJrund.ilnigalny alg,r~;e-
ill1!CIIlIt rtJo ,t!1reeOIl1!tuialry.

Art. 1121. Attachment of wages

Seai1fielI1'lS wal1!lt'18,aJDd profit.., may nOlt ,he QjtJta,cIheo 'Olr ffiS'Sligne.dcx ee,p t foil'
the velalSOIn:srnd within >the lim~tis ~ilvf'1t1 'hCl1OiW:
 26 MARITIME CODE
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(1) UJp toO Olll,e qU3.mter ,in ,tJhecaJsle of:

(a) a aeh,t ttJ 'Ule Stalte 0:1' to a \IH10'VildJtmlt Ihwd;
(~) a l.1ebf\: .fOIl' 'sllJpply of 'P'DolvlilsWoniS, ,a\plp,<evea 1011' 1o:uil;1iw.g;

l c) ,adou;ttdue to ,a sJ.1iJp,0Iw.nJer~g wl1qm 'a Ip,a'Y,wIetl1ltOlVer and diboiVe

,uhe ihal1<11l1
c:e of w.alges du e in !I'(es:P'e1ctof a IH,ewloflLS vl{)Y1aJ~e,aIn .1itl-
v:rul1'oe OIL"pa')''llJien.t ,Oluatn Ia!CICIOlUJ[](t iDloltdue, ;(Ilr ,1m.1l",elSip;oot10if ,damalgeiS;
(2) 'Ujp toa furltJher aJillOIUJlllt ,od: ,olllle-q1lJalnter, foo: fa Idelbrt du'e UIlIJder '<Ii jud'gmellltt
,oJ aooil~plelteI1t OOUI1i.olIl which ex;oout-EOIIl IpiliO{oeedi,llIgjS halVe been is,tJa.rltOO.

Aa:1t. 122. Medicai Examilllltwhprior to Employment.

n) ~ OSieaJlll~n .911all J),eemplOYIBd lIiniJ.ca; ~lie has ,beenp ru8sea medic.dly fiJt
for service by a medical practitioner appointed by the port authority.
No seaman shall he employed who is suffering from an infectious disease.
(2) An entry that sub-article (1) has been complied with shall be made
hy tlhe ,ma\Siter iln the ~iJsit off ~relW.
(3 ) A lll.aJsbea: w11110:£aJilLst'oooilllipay '\\1~l1hithe ,PI11oVli!SI}0Ill8
of ftJhiJs A:I1ticle .sihlailil
he gwil1ty 001'wn off,eroJce 'aa1\d l5ihal.l!lihe iJJ~aJbi1e'Oin IC.otfilVliJotiloin
<lioltihe p<el1llail~
IlJipeciJfiedm AiDt. 819 :olf ttlhe [BeIDJajliGolde.

Amt. 123. Sickn~s or Injury while in the Ship's Service.

( 1) M'eld:iJClatlrtr.earlimeJD.it,shalll he ,affoll",dJed 111018Ie,aJ1ll!~linjured m tthe serwce
{d the SlhiJp ;{Ill''w1ho hClcome, 1m dUl1'1iinlgItJhe YQy1a1g;e,wt 1:JhJei()fWa1Jer'
8 expense:
Pl1'!olV1ildJed
Ithalt 'whreme It!he linj'Ulry or !S:JJcik:nJetSis,iIs drlllCto, or rurises out
of, indiscipline, misconduct, drunkenness or in the case of conge-
:nriJtaJ ,d\iJsetaise f8!UClh <lIS ail1jSlamliity all' IClpi:1ejpsy, 10\1" i!U i'bhe calSe otf .diiseiase iOIf
V'et11etIletaa.wU,gin, 81iioknieascxlpleIllIOOs ,a,d,\1aJ11joodJ)y itJhe IshiipOlW!l1JCIt'
shall be
chargeable to the account 0.£ the injured or sick man.
(2): Theoo~ 00 IWCIaI1Imemit'Sihallil <1110l!Oilll~e1r:he ,due Miter Isnch time lli'! the
:iJDIj,UJI'Y
or 'SlickneSis Ihals he'CiOClnc ,iln:cllIl'1aiMe.

Amt. 124. Wages Or allowances payable to a sick or injured seaman.

( 1) A seam,an who hals heoO!me ,sffick Oil' lis illnjU!l1ed ,ilIlthe ISIhdJp' IS s6rV1i'ee shaM
he CIIlrtllttled ,tl{)walgoes £011'810 10lIlg ,a,s ,he 'I!emwiJll's 0111;b,OIa!rId.
(2) AftJetr heting bndied, 'he ishaffil he ltID\tli/t1eidItio ,an ,atl1o,wamlCe eqUJiv,aJent ItJo
wages dJuT:ilnJga p,etr~o,d I1JOItexceleJdJim;g fOUiI' mOlnfths. Whwe lamdin.g takJeis
,plaioe ,aQ:,l'Ioad,am amOUJIllt equli!v1aJ1em1t!to 'p,~ of wa\@es .f101l"It!he foiUll'
months period sh all be deposited with the Ethiopian ,Consul .or his re-
Pll'la-Q\eIllltaltJiVie.

(3)' U'he Irritgjht to W'a\@eLS

Oil" aHo:wallwe dl5p,m1oolItrul. Lt islh.afHtJerminll'te up.on
deaftih, 'I1eClOvle:ry,011' rtlhe 'eXJpl~ry off foulr mo.nJtJhs.
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MAIuTIME CODE 27
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141 A Seialll1<1m who/se :iJDjUillY 'Oir .s~ck1I1Jetsls liJs ,dlIie rtJo imdrilsoipJWn.e OIl' ,drunkUl-
>lleasO!r~g ,conlslt'1bUltJilo!llJaJI OIr Oi£ ""elnell'!ela!l'otrliigritn,dhaJ1l. he 'e1nJtitJJed to fOfOld
alDJd ,Oaire £tOil"r3Js.Lollllg 3JS ,he Il'elDliaOmls Ion rbolal"ld, hUlt nJoit l1:\opaJYment :otf
wages 01' an apo,wance.
{5} Wherle a SeBlllliaJD. c1i'{$ ,<!\SIJhe Ille1sUJ1t101£1~1d~JllIetssOir limj wry :in lt1he s:eorvice
otf itJhe 8h i p, 'WhaltJeV'etr ,the iCj<lll1JS!e
'o:fsllJdh~.iJcklJljetS~oll' ,in j wry, ,tJhe costs otf
hUJli1a/l Elha.Jl he home 'by :tJhe ,slhl~p.

Amt. 12>5. Repatriation.

0) The shipowner shall repatriate seamen landed for any reason. In the
,tWffi1It of ItJel'lllJi'IlJait!i'olll.ojf '1J~e lalrftiloleJ3 of 1B\@VeJelilliWJjt
ihymutuaJ IQOtIllSetnrt,t1re
costs of repatriation shall be borne hy the party designated.
t2) .Ln addliltJiiOlntotJnail1l8ipofr:tJa:tiolllcolstJs,,the 1li1gh:toof 'l~eplaitmilMlilOinsha\lIm.
elude accommodation and food.

TIt:.E N
CONTRACTS RELATING TO THE USE OF THE SHIP
Chapter 1. Charter by Demise
Art. 126. Definition.
(1) A ,dINllllter hyd,tmJliis,e rns 'H ,cOinlbI1wat'w1hCl-e:by Ol1Je plmy unldJel1takes to
!pOOlcU:l'!e!to the OIt1her ipl3irtty ;the 'pIOlSlSiets/5Iilolll
,00f,a iSlhiip flOfr a defincirte period,
IlJUbj,eJat !to :payment of la 111eJIlJt.
(2) Thlc ,Cj()II1ibr13JC\t
~mJ!1 he !in W:1iit1llig.
~3) Tine iCiOtI1:tma!cltSihalHhe subject '!o 'vh'e Gi'vill G0If1e am;d the 1Slpe.c.ial Pl1O-
v!ilsiollJls of rt/hii8 COIdie.

A!vt. I.2,7. Prohibition against sub-chm"ter.

The charterer may not s1.1b-charter the shi,p or assIgn his right under
1Jhe a~mefnlt 'U'n!1e.~'8SIO ,aiUlfJhro.riisleRlhy rtlhe olw/nm.

~.AInt. 1128. Duties of the Owner

The owner shall deliver the ship, together with its accessories, in a sea-
woll'tthy iCJOlI1ldlilti!on
and shaH ,fwr.nIiJ!fu :the ,dl(\lcUimelni'tJ;;
U!elC~Si'Ullryfor lIljavi/gal14iono
He rmaiJiJ.exielc:uitle1l'1e,p/awl'IS
Irlcquaa,ed lals ia 111ejSiu!llt
iotf ifiO!lice :m:a~,mlII1e ,00r nlOlr!lllid we.an°
and ooall" Il1csWt.itn,g ,f'r,om ItJlJJe laj~ejeld fl1!8[eiotI Itihre \SiMp.

~t\Jrrt.129. Liability of the Owner.

The iOlWTllJetr
~ia!I:I ;he lIitabl,e ,£011",dJamrug1eisIlle1SiU1111i'llig ,f,rolIll unlSeia/W1ortilili1ess,
unless he cansho'w that such unseBiworthiness was caused by a latent defect
whic.h a p'l"udell11tiO'WnleircoruM 111mrha;ve dmsiCioV1eJ"ed,
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28 MARITIME CODE
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Art. 130. Duties of the Charterer.

The oharterer shall U:3Cthe ship in acconLanee with the specifications
given in the certificate of seaworthiness and in ac(,ol'dance with the terms and
oonditions oontaine,r) in t,he charter party.

Art. 131. Duration of the Charter.

(1) Where the charterer retains possession of the ship after the expiry of
the tel'l1ns agreed upon, the charter shaH not automaticlaHy be renewed
unless expressly so agreed hy the Gwner.
(2) In case of delay ~an8ed .by the charterer in returnint!" the ship to the
owner, the owner m.ay claim an amount of rent dOUJhle that agreed uipon
in respect of the peri'od of time exceeding the a.greed per~od.

Art. 132. Limitation of Rights arising Ollt of thi> Charter.

(1) The rig/hts ari&ing ant of a charter hy {jclnise shall be harmd after one
year from the CXipiry .of the charter, or in the case mentioned in tJhe for<~.
going artide, from the date of the retunl of the ~Ihip to tlhe owner.
(2) In the event of a presiumptive lo.s" of the ~,hip, th.e pf'rIod of time 811a11
run frnm t'hedate on wl1icJh tJhe i'ihip wa's i'trnck nff the Ship'ping Reg-
ister.

Chapter 2. Contract of Affreightment

Section 1. General Provisions
Art. 133. Definitions.
(1) A contratCt of affreightment is a contract wherehy the i'lhipowncr uudel'-
takes, siUlhjeet to. payrment nf freight, to proceed with a particular ship
on one or ULOre voyages (voyage charter) or, during the period agreel}
upon, on the voya,ge required by the charter under vhe tenus of the
contra.ct or as determined by custom (time oharter).
(2) A oontract of carriage is a c.ontract of carriage covered hy a hill of lading
or any similar document of title in.sofar as snoh d.oc:nment relates to the
carriage of goods by sea and 8Iha11 be suhject to. the special provisions
laid down in Section 5 of this Chapter.

Art. 134. Particulars in the Contract.

A oontract of affreightment shall he in writing. The contract, termed a
charter party, shan indicate:
(a) the name~ tonnage and nationality of the Slhip;
(h) the name of the master;
(c) the namCiS and alddres,ses of the shipowner aU>fl charterer, and tl1'eir
status;
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MARITIME CODE 29
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(,d) the nature and {lu:antity 0.£ the cargo so that it may he determined;
(e) the method of ca1cJUlation of freight;
(f) the dUl1ation of the contract or a statement of the voyages to he
undertaken.

Art. 135. Sub-charter.

(1) T.he charterer may not grant a sub.oharter, nor a,slsign the rights ari~illg
out of the contract of affreig.htmcnt in whole or in part, without th~
permi.ssi.on of the shipowner.
(2) In the event of a SlU;h-chartm' or total or partial assig.mnellt of tJhe rigl1ts
a,rising out of tlhe contract, the principal charterer shaJ~ be liahle to t~le
shipowner for obligatioll'9 undertaken by virtue of the contra'ct of
affreigihtment.

Art. 136. Goods shipped by the Shipowner in the Chartered Ship.

The 8hipowner may not, without the permission of the charterer, ship
goods in tJhe chartered ship, or in that part of the ship under charter.

Art. 137. Placing of the ship at the disposal of the Charterer.

T!he IsJhJilpiO'W1nler
,shallil 'pilaice rtal'CSlhilp attt1he dii&polSiallOlf,the ehall1te,~er aft tihe
time and place agreed on.

A,)',1. ] 38. Duties of the Shipowner.

Tlhie ~h~pOlwllller ",hat]} !he ,bo.ullld, hefme ,alnld aft11he helgtillllP.till1!g
of lfJhe voyage,
to eX$ICli:sedlUiC dlil1tiigterooetio:
( a ) ma:k,e tJhe ISlhliip'seJalwolJ.'Itihy;
(})) p!l'!O!Plell11y
main, eqUJ~p alDld sulppJy rthe ,shi'P;
(c) make the hOl1ds, ,r!edil1i'gielnalt~llIg
,alllid ,001O)},c!haIUlibems, ,alllldalJJI 'oitJhter pa.l'itJ8 of
tJhe sihtitp iln mhilCih g~orOlds ame camniied, filt alniN Isai£e fOIl' ,'tJheirr 'l"eCepltiiOfll,
'Ca1l1rID81gJe alliid ipil1eJSeI1WaJtrilou.

Artt. 139. Exemption of the Shipowner from Liability.

(1) T,he shipowner shall incur no liability for loss or damage arising out of.
oil'diuetJo, UlllSelalWrOlrtJhiiml€lSlS, U!llael5lS i&Uidh '1019S 011' ,dialm'8Ige ':r:eslullts f.roil11 ihiil8
failure to carry out his duties under Art. 138 or results from a latent defeet
w1hich ,aplroJdent 'sh-i'PoIWnlel"('J():UlMnot Ill'll/Vie'diilscorv<emed.
(2) The oorden of proof under this Article shall rest with the shipowner or
with alllY ot1her pemon pleading tJhe exemption uJlider this Artidle.

Art. 140. Liability of the Charterer.

The cllarterer s.ha11be liable for damage to the ship or to the good!'! ship-
I
,:
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30 MARITIME CODE
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ped, due to his own fauh or that of his ;;prvant;; or representatives, or due to
a eoncealed defe~t in the good".

Art. 141. Port of Destination.

(1) 'rhe ship shall proceed to the agreed port. If the ",hip is unahle to reaCJh
suoh port, Slhe shall proceed to the port nearest to the place of destination
and the ~hipQiwner ~,halJ hear the expenses of forwarding the goods.
(2) These expenses shaH he horne hy tl1f' charterer '~1here tlhe hind:J:1all:ce
re.~l1Its from force majeure.
(3) W.here the oha1'te1'er has reserved the right to designate the port flf
arrival at a suJJSe(fUent date, aUld he designates a port w:hiicih the s,hip
cannot safe1~T reach, he sihall he Hable for an the conseqnences tlhereo.£.

Art. 142. Ship not placed at the disposal of the Charterer as agreed.
(J) Where tJhe ship is not }Jllaced at the di",pos.al of the c,harterer ,at tihe time
and place agreed npon, the charterer may terminate the contract by
giving notice in wri ting to the other party.
(2) A shipowner shall have the same right when tihe charterer has not
started loading within the agreed period.
(3 ) ~he period of time for loading shan he deemed to expire only after the
lay days have run.

Art. 143. Compensation due to Charterer.

In the eaise provided nnder Art. H2 (1), the c.harterer shall he eut.itJed
to comipensation without lodging any formal claim, uoles;s the shipowner can
show t.hat the delay is not due to his fault.

Art. 144. Termination of the Contract of Affreif!,'htmellt.

(J) A contract of affreightment shall terminate as of ri!!ht and witJhont
payment of compensation hv C'ither party, W'hen~ hefore its perfonnance
hals commenced such performance is prevented hy fOl"ce majeure.
(2) mhere force majeure OCOUI'Sprior to the departure of the sihip but after
per'fonnance has conuneUlce.d, tbe contract shall terminate subject to the
payment of compensation, where appropriate.
(3) Where force majeure tenlipora1'ily prevents tlhe departure of the s/hip,
the contract shall remain in force, without any increase in the freight or
the pa)"lIlent of aniy compensation. The eon tract shall terminate a8 of
rig1ht wthere the delay results in the breaking off of the commel'cial
transaction hy virtue of which eitlwr party or hoth partie,; had entered
into the contraet.
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MARITIME CODE 31
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Art. 145. Sale of the Ship.

(1) The translfer of o,vnel'ship in the ship 8ha1l not result in the termination
of a contra'ct of affreightment entered into prior to 81110htransfer by the
seDer, wlhere tih~ purchaser had notice of such contract.
(2) The pUl'Idhaser shaH he deemed to have had notice of the said contrad
where the seHer had declared its existence at ti11etime of sale.

Art. 146. Limitation of Actions.

(i1) The rights arising out of a contract of affreightment shall ,be barred
after a p'eriod of one year from the date ofde'livery of the g,ood'8, and
in the event of totallos;s from the day wlhen the good!s shou:l,d have been
delivered.
(2) ,Save as is otherwise provided in suh-article (1), the period of limitation
'ShaIl run:
(a) in the case of time charter, from the date of e:x,piration of the con-
tra'ot or the end of t;he las.t voyage, where the voyage is prolonged
under the teJ:'!n1Sof Art. 177;
(ib) in the case of a voyage charter, from the date of terllllination of the
voyage;
(c) wthere tihere 81'e several voyages, from the ,date of termination of
each voyage.
(3) Where a voyage has not commenced or terminated, the period shaJl
l'11n from tJledate on which t;he OCCIurrenlce tookpilace 'wthich resrulted
in impoSISihility of perf.ormance of the contract or continuation of the
voyage. In the event of presumptive losE of the sihi;p,tJhe p,eriod sihall
I'iUn from tJhe date when the ship was strUiClk oU the Shipping Regislter.
(4) In the event of recovery of sums paid hy mistake, the 'period shall run
from the date of payment, aUld in respect of actions hy way of reconrse,
from the date O'f hrin:gin:g the principal action.

Section 2. Freight

Art. 147. Freight Pro rata.

Frei~tslhan not he due in res,peet of goods not delivered to the consignee
or Iliotpilaced at his dis'posal at the port of destination, except in the event of
a stipulation for freig,ht pro rata.
Art. 148. Cases where freight is dzw.
Flreight shailll he dJue:
(1) where fai1ure to deliver is due to the fault of the charterer ~
 32 MARITIME CODE
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(2) where the goods have perished throug'h inherent vice (vice propre):
(3) where dangerous, harmful or prohibited good.., the nature of which ha~
not heen rledared to the ::<hipowner at t;he time of ]oadin~, have hePH
destroyed.

Art. 149. Perishable Goods.

(1) Freight for perishable goods shall be due. even where the goods peri",h
during the voyage due to their nature.
(2) Freight shaH he drne for the carriage of animals which die in transit for
any cause not resulting from the fault of the ('alTier.

Art. 150. Repayment of Advances to Mastt>r.

Where freight is not due, the masterghall repay a,dv,anees made to him
on such freight.

Art. 151. Ship held up during the voyage.

Where the ship is temporarily held up during the voyage due to a cause not
the fault of the shipowner, the agreement shall remain in force and neither
,damag,es nor an increase in the freight may be claimed.

Art. 152. Freight for goods delivered before arrival at Destination.

Where a charterer wishes to take delivery Df gODd,s hefore arrival at their
de)s.tination, he shall pay the whole freight.

Art. 153. Failure to load full and complete cargo.

Where a ctharterer fails to load a full and complete cal1go, he shall p,ay
the whole freight; he shall pay such expensCJs as res.ult to vhe ship therefrom.
He sh.an he entitled to an allowance in respect of any s'Hving to the ship in
exlpenses :and in respect Df three quarters of the freight Df goods loaded by
way of repbcement.

Art. 154. Prohibition against dischar8'e from payment of freight by abandon-

ment of ~oods.
A charterer may not free himse1f from payment of freight hy ahandoning
tJhe goods even where, during the voyage, 8ueh goods bavediminished in value
or quantity, Dr have heen damaged.

Art. 155. Shipowner's Lien.

(1) ~he shiipowner sha!11 have a lien on the goods making up t1he cargo for
a period of fifteen days after delivery, where STlich goods have not passed
to thil'id parties.
(2) 1Jhis lien shall rank after the liens specified in Articles 97 (2), 249 (2 j
and 283.
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Art. 156. Shipowner's Right to detain Cargo.

(1) Where 1Jhe Ireig1ht is nat paid, the 1'Jhipowner may detain the cargo at
tlhe port .of destinatian, unle.5s he is given Sill'chsecurity as is deemed
SlUfficient hy tihe' CDurt having ju6s,dictiDn.
(2) The caurt may .order the sale of the gDods, up ta the amount .of the
c!1aim fDr freight, in aceal'(lallce witJh the pravisians .of the CD,de .of
Civil Procedure.

Art. 157. Goods mixed with uther goads .of the same nature. Upholding .of
the Lien.
The lien seouring payment .of the freight and its aoceslsories shall be
lnaintained, even Wihere the gaods f,Dr which freight is claimed are mixed witlh
.other gDDds of the 8ame nature.

Section 3. Lay Days and Demurrage

Art. 158. Lay Days.
(1) The days fixed fDr the loa,dingand un/loading .of the cargD s!hall be
known as lay days.
(2) The lay days shall be ,determined hy agxeemellt Dr hy custam in the port.
Art. 159. Demurrage.
Time running after the lay days shaH he known a.sdemurrage; sUich time
may not exceed the time aUatted fDr lay days. During tihis time, liquidated
dama,ges against the ,charterer may he claimed as of right hy the s:hipowner.
The amount of liquidated damages shall he fixed hy agreement .or by CiustDm
in port.
Art. 160. Dama.ges for Detention.
Daulages far detentian ",hail1 he due after the expiry of demurrage. During
Siuch time, tJhe liquidated damages under Art. 159 shall he increased hy .one
ha]f, in addition ta any oDmpensatiDn that may he ,due ta the faullt .of the
.
eharterer.
Art. 161. Cakulation of Lay D(lYs.
Lay dayis shall he callcu:lated by day and fram. haul' ta hour.
Art. 162. Time f.or the beginning .of Lay Days. . .
(1) Lay ,days shall run frDm the time when the master ;has given nDtiee that
.
tihe ship ils readl)' ta load and unlDad.
(2) They :shdl be caloulated frDm the time .of the reSiUllnptiDn .of wDrk
fDllowing the time at which the master gave the afDrementioned nDtice.
Art 163. Rights .of the Master at the Expiry of the Lay Days.
After the expiry .of the 1aydays, the master shall have the right ta uniload

3*
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34 MARITIME CODE

1!he cargo at the risk anld COost of theeharterer. The master g,hall take an
necessary steps for the preservation of the cargo.

Art. 164. Averaging lay days.

Lay days for'loa,ding and unloading may not he set off the one against
the other unless ot;herwise agreed.
Art. 165. Suspension of Running of Lay Days.
(1) Lay days shaN not run on hoHdays and other da~50f re>8ltprovided by
the custom in port, unless loading or unloading has actually taken place
on such days.
(2) The running of lay clays shall be sUSopended hy force majeure.
(3) The runnin,g of time for demurrage and forclamages for detention shaH
not he suspended by fo~ce majeure, but the court may reduce the
amount ooe for demurrage w!here tjhe hindrance is prolon.ged.
Art. 166. Bonus for Dispatch.
(1) A charterer who releases the ship before bhe lay da)~s have run ~halJ be
,

entitled to a hODius for ,diSlp,aoohca1culated at the same rate as for lay days.
(2) In calculating such bonus, all the days, shall he taken into account
including days suspending the running .of lay days.
(3) The provisions of sub-art. (1) and (.2) maybe set aside by agreement
between the parties.
Art. 167. Set Off.
Any set off as between demurrage and a hODJursfor ,dispatch in rCSipect .of
loading .or unloading shall be calculated in value and not in time.
Art. 168. Liens and Limitation.
'JIhe liens and the p,eriod of limitation laid down in reSipect of freight
shall apply t.o .demurrage and damages for detention.
Art. 169. Lien for Demurrage and Damages for Detention which have not
been settled.
There is a lien for deimurralgeand damages for detention incurred on
loading uIJJle&s exp,ress.ly excluded in the contract of carriage.

Section 4. Special Provisions Regarding Time Charters

Art. 170. Time Charters.
.A time charter relates to the :whole or to a determined part of the ship.
Art. 171. Duties of the Shipowner.
(1) Tiheshipowner shall carry out the duties 111 connection with the
operation of the ship.
(2) He shall commission, maintain a.o:d provision the s-hip,and shall engage,
board and 'p,ay the crew.
 MARITIME CODE 35
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Art. 172. Duties of the Charterer.

(1) The oharterer shall carry out the dutieii :in connection with the CDm-
mercial management of the ship.
(2) He IBhall supply -fuel, water for the boilers and lubricants. He shall
defray cost of crew's overtime worked on his Dl'Iders, as well as harhour
dues, pilotage, towage and other expenses in cDnnection with the com-
mercial operation of the sJhip.
Art. 173. Debt for Freight.
Freight is due hy the oharterer for the time the ship is at his disposal.
In the event of embargo, seizure, condemnation Dr 108s Df the ship, the freight
is due up to t'he date thereof.
Art. 174. Presumptive Loss.
In the event of pres!umptive loss, freiglht is due up to tihedate of the last
news of the ship, and for one Ihalf of the time which has elapsed since that date
and the ,date on which tlhe voya'ge should have heen aCIComplisi}H~d. .

Art. 175. Delay of the Ship.

(l) Frei~ht is due where the ship is delayed for navigational reasons.
(2) Where the 'Ship isclelayed for a conseCIUtiveperiod Df more fhan forty-
eight hours as a l'eSiuilt of 'her unseaworthines.s Dr embargo or throu~h
the acts of the crew, no frei~~ht shall he clue for the delay.
Art. 176. Rights of an Unpaid Shipowner.
(1) AshipDwner who has notheen paid for freight whicih is dille is entitled
to take over tJhe ship one fu]Iday after delivery of a demand to pay
which has not been com.plied with, in addition to any other d,amages
whioh may :])ecome d_ue.
(2) In this event he shall carry the cargo to its de,stil1ation and may detain -
the cargo on arrival.
Art. 177. Extension of the Contmct by the Charterer.
(1) A oharterer who is unaMe to return the 9hip at the time agreed, the.~hIp
being on voyage, shaH pay the amount of the frei@ht for the ,duration
of the extension of the contract during the fifteen days follDwing the
expiration of the contract, in addition to ,any other dama'ges which may
hecome due for any period of extension exceeding the first fifteen days.
(2) Freight sJhall not he reduced where the ship is returned before th";
expiry oft1he agreed period.
Art. 178. Return of the Ship.
The ship shall be returned to the shipowner, at the expiry of the charter,
at the agreed place.
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Art. 179. Charterer taking over the Commercial and Nautical Operation
of the Ship.
(1) A ship and crew may be handed over by the shipowner to the charterer
far a Sipecifiedp~'riad. The c;harterer shall take aver the commercial anti
nautical operatian of the ship.
(2) The pravisions 0'1£ Articles 173, 174, 175, 176 (l), 177 and 178 shaH
apply to' any snch a.greement.

Section 5. Special Provisions Regarding Contract of Carriage

Supported by a Bill of Lading
Art. 180. Scope.
(1) The pravisians o£ this Section shall only apply to can tract.;; of cal'il"iage
.of gaods sUlplported hy a hill af lading 0'1' any ather docrument of a
s,imilar nature.
(2) They shall not apply t.o charter parties, pro.vided that where there is
.affreightment by charter party any bill of lading .or similar dacument
issued under .or pursuant to' a charter .party shall be subject to' these
prDvisians from the mament at which Siuch bi]l of lading 0'1' simil'lr
document regulates the relatians hetween a carrier and a hDlder af the
same.
(3) Theyehal:l a.pply Dnly during the period fmm the time when tlhe gaods
are lDaded to' the time when they are disoharge,d frDm the ship.
(4) They shall not apply to' the transpart of live animals and gDads as are
being carried on deck under the contract of carriage.
(5) The term ".carrier" includes the owner Df the ship or a persan managing
the ship, or tJne charterer, '\\~ha enters int.o a cantract O'f carriage with <1
shipper.

Art. 181. Issue of Bill af Lctding.

The carrier 0'1' his representative shall, after receiving the goods, issue to
the s!hipper a bill of lading.

Art. 182. Particulars in the Bill of Lading.

The bill of lading shan he dated and signed hy the earrier 0'1"his repre-
sentative. It shall cDntain the following particulars:
(a) t!he name and a.ddress of the carrier;
(b) the name and a,d!dress of the EIhipper;
(c) the name and nationality af the ship;
(d) the place of destination and, where the hi11 af lading is issued to' a
named pelisan, the na,me of the consignee;
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MARITIME CODE
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(e) the goods delivemd to the carn er;

(fl the place and date 0'£ loading;
(g) the amount of freight.

Art. 183. Shipping A{arks.

(l) The hm of lading shall show the shipping markis, the number of
packages, and objects, or the quantity or weight of the goods, in accor.
dance with the particulars given hy the shipper in writing before ship-
ment, and the apparent ol,der and .condition of the g.oods.
(2) The marks shaH be sl110has to identify the goods and shalll be affixed .so
as to be ol'!dinarily legible until delivery.
(3) The carrier or his representative may refuse to enter in tJhe bin. of lading
the partiCiUhrs given by the shipper concerning the markis of goods, or
their quantity, nature or weight, where he has reasonable groUllJds for
suspecting theiraccura,cy or where he has ha.d no reasonable means of
c'hecking theiracCiuracy.
Art. 184. Inaccurate Statement by Shipper.
Where a .shipper has not aecuratelyde:>cribed the marks, nu:mher,
quantity, nature and weight of goods, he shall he liahle to the carrier for aU
10s5, damages, and expenses re8ulting therefrom. An inalCiCUrate s,tatement
has e;ffectolliy a,gainst the shipper.
Art. 185. Voluntary false statements.
Whe.re a shipper has intentionaHy made a fals.e statel1l1ent regarding the
nature, quantity or value of the good,s, the carrier Eihall not he Ha.hile for 108s
of, or da,mage to, sll1!Clh,goods.
Art. 186. Receipt before Shipment.
'f:he receipil .delivered to the Ishipper hefore the .g'oods are ship,pedshall
he proof of the ,deliveryo£ the goO'ds to the carrier. Aiter shipment of the
goO'ds OUihoal'ld, the receipt shall he exchanged against a hill of lading, wlhich
shaLl he proof of the shipment of the goods.
Art. 187. Original of Bill of Lading.
(1) The hm of lading sha.1l he dravm up in two originals, O'f which one shall
be ,delivere,d to the shipper and the other retained hy the carrier.
(2) The original retained hy tJhe carrie~.' 8ha11 he signed by the shipp.er or
his representative and sha11 carry an eXipreSisnotice that it is not trans-
,ferahle.
(3) The originall handed tobhe :ship'per shall be signed by the carrier or
,Bo,me other pel'lson on the carrier's behalf and conifers on a holder in. due
:course tJhe right to procure delivery of the goods and to dispose thereof.
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Art. 188. Bills of Lading drawn in Several Parts.

(1) The original of the bill of lading delivered to the 5lhipper may he drawn
in several identical parts, eadI wiJ:lh a serial number in the text of the
instrument. Each part sha.H show the number of parts in cirou1ation.
(2) Each part sh~H confer the same rights. Where title to one part accrues,
the others shall he of no value.

Art. 189. Forms of Bill of Lading.

A bin of lading shall be ,drawn to a named person, to order or to bearer.

Art. 190. Circulation of Bills of Lading.

(1) A bill of lading to a named person may he assigned, hut is not negotiable.
The carrier may oUlly deliver the goods to the per;;on named.
(2) A bill of Jading to order is negotiahle hy endorsement. 'I'he goods may
only he delivered to the benefwiary 1.mder the endorsement.
(3) A hill of lading to hearer or a 1i.ll of la,ding to order endorsed in blank
is negotiable by simpile delivery. The carrier shaH deliver the goo-ds
against surrender or the bill of lading.

Art. 191. ProhibitiQn against NegotiatiQn.

Prohibition agaiI1Js,t the neg06 ation of a hm of ladinlg shall he clearly
indicated on the hill of lading.

Art. 192. Conflict between holders.

Where adiSipute arises between holders of several negotiable parts of a
single bilI of lading to order, before any delivery of the goods hy the carrier,
preference shall be given to tihe hoMer of t!he part bearing the earliest e'Ilidor~
Se.Dlent.

Art. 193. Delivery of the goods to (l holder in good faith.

Mter delivery .of the goods to a holder in good faith of a negotiable part
of a hill of lading, the holder of another part may he preferred against
such holder in good faith, even under an earlier ellidOrisement.
Art. 194. Conflict between the terms of a Bill of Lading and those of a
Charter Party.
(1) The tel"illS of a hill of 'lading may only he preferred against tlhe terms
of a charter party where it is shown that the parties have so agreed.
(2) The terms ofaaharter party may he set up agaiu8Ita third person holder
.of a bill of lading where 8I1mhthird party holder knew of the exi<steuec
0.£ the Ciharter party.
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MARITIME CODE 39
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Art. 195. Delivery Warrants.

(1) Any person entitled todie.pose of goods by bill of lading may, whero
so stipulated in the contract of carriage, require the .carri,er ,0,1'cOlllJsignee
to hand over delivery
, warrants on the master or consignee, relating to
separate bat!Cihes of the goods represented hy the hill of lading.
(2) Where the carrier issues such delivery warrants, he shall note the fact
on the negotiahle original of the bill of lading, together witJh the parti-
culars of .goodls s.pedfied on the warrauts. The warrants shall be signed
hy the carrier and the claimant. Where the Icargo represen.ted by the
bill of bding is divided between several delivery warrants, the carrier
sihaH take up the negotiable or1ginal of the bin of ladinrg.
(3) Delivery warrants so issued shall confer the rights mentioned in Art.
187 (3). They may be drawn to a named person, to order or to hearer.
Art. 196. Duties of the Carrier.
(1) The carrier shall he bOU1l1dhy the duties set forth in Art. 138.
(2) He shall properlly and carefuJrly load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care
for and dischal"ge the goods carried.
Art. 197. Liability of a Carrier.
(1) Neither the carrier nor thc5lhip shall be res:ponsiihle fo.r 108's or damage
arising or resulting from:
(a) Act, neglect, or default o.f the master, mariner, pilot, or the
servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the man.agement
of the ship;
(h) Fire, unles.s caus,edby thc actual fault or prilVity of the carrier;
(Ie) Perils, dangers, and accidents of the sea 0.1' other navi,gabJe waters;
(d) Act of God;
(e) Act of !War;
(f) Act of puhlic enemies;
(g) Arrest or restraint of princes, rulers, or people, or seizure under
legal process;
(ih) Quarantine restrietions;
(i) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or
representative;
(j) Strikes or lock-outs or stoppage or restraint of lahour from what-
ever caus'e, whetJher partial or general;
(k) Riots and civil commotions;
(1) Saving 001'attempting to save IHe or property at sea;
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40 MARITIME CODE
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(m) Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or dama,ge arIsIng

from inherent defect, quality, Or vice of the goods;
(n) Insufficiencr of packing;
(0) Insufficiencr
, or inadequa.cy of marks;
(p) Latent defects not discoverable hy due diligence;
(q) Anr other cause arising without the actual fault or privitr of the
carrier, or without the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of
the carrier, hut the hurden of Iproof shall he on the person claiming
the henefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault
or privity of the ,carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or
servants of the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.
(2) The shipper shaH not be responsible for 10515or d.a111age sustained hy
the ,carrier or the s;hip arising, or resulting from any cause without the
a'Cit,{auh, or neglect of t,he shipper~ his agents or his servants.
Art. 198. Global Statutory Limitation of Liability.
(1) In respect of loss of or damage to gool1s, the liahility on the carrier sha1l
not exceed one thousand Etlhiopian dol1arii.
(2) The statutory limitation shall be determined hy packa'ge, and in ~e.s:peet
of goods loade.d in hulk, on the ha~is of the unit norma'uy s,erving for
the caloulation of the freight.
(3) The statutory limitation may not be set up against the shi,pper where
the nature and value of the goods have been declared .by the shiplpe<:
hefore ISihipment, and such declaration ha,s heen inserted in the bill of
lading.
Art. 199. Goods not declared or misdeclared.
Where the mas,ter finds on hoard &hi1' goods which have not been
declared or which have heen misdeclared, the master may, without prejudice
to a claim for Lurtherdamages, unload the goods., at the pl1ace of shipmenil or
charge them for freight at the highest rate payable at the same pla>ce for goods
of the sam:ekind.
Art. 200. Dangerolls Goods.
(1) Goods of an inflammable, e~plosive, ordange:rous nature to the ship-
ment whereof the carrier, master or agent of the carrier has not ,consented,
with knowledge .of their nature and charaoter, may at lany time herfore
disloharge he lande.d at any place or destroyed or rendered innocuous by
the carrier, without compensation. The shiplper 'Shall be liable for all
damages, ,and expens,es direct,ly or indirectly arising out of the unloaid.ing
of the goods.
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MARITIME CODE 41
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---~,---

(2) If any such goods shi!pped with :such knowledge and conlsent shall hecome
a danger to the fhip or cargo~ they may in like manner be landed at
any place or destroyed or rendered innocuous hy the carrier without
liability nn th\ part of the carrier except to general average, if any.
Art. 201. Notice to be given to the carrier in the event of loss or dmnage.
(1) In the event of loss of, or damage to, the goods, notice in '\-Titing shall
be given to tJhe carrier or to his agent in the port of unlo?Aing prior to,
or at the time of, the removal of tbe goods into the oustody of the person
entitled to ,de1ivery thereof under the contract of carriage. The goods
shaY be deei111ed to have heen delivered hy the carrier as descrihed in
the bill of hdin,g when notice in writing has not been given.
(2) In the event of losis or damage which is not apparent, notioe may be
given within three days after delivery, holidays bein.g exeJJuded.
(3) The notice in writinig s.hall not he required where the state of the g'oods
has been determined hy joint Sourvey or inspection.

Art. 202. Termination of Contract of Carriage.

The p!rovisions of Artiolcs 144 and 145 shall regulate the termination of
aoontract of carriage of goods under hill of la.ding.
Art. 203. Limitation.
(1) The rights arising out of a contract of carriage shall he barred after one
year from the delivery of the goods and~ .wjhere the go.ods have not been
.d.elivered, from the day when they should have heen delivered.
(2) In the ease of recovery of payment made hy mistake, the period shall
run frOIn the .date of p,ayment and, for prooeeding,s hy way of re.course,
from the date of the introduction of the main action.
Art. 204. Through Bill of Lading.
(1) A person who issues a through hill of lading shall alone exercise the
rights and incur the liabilities arising out of the various stages of transit
lmtil the compJetion of the carriage. He shall he responsi'hJe for the
aiot8 of the suClces!sive oar:rier:8 whom he has appointed in his pJace.
(2) EalClh ca.rrier so appointed sha]l only he liable for damage during the
ti/me that he was respon:si.hle for the goods.
Art. 205. Nullity of Clauses in a Bill of Lading relieving a Carrier from
Liability.
(l) Any clause in a hm of bding or any instrument of maritime carriage
other than a charter party whiahdirectly or indirectly relieves a carrier
from the liahility imposed on such carrier 'hy common law or the pro-
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42 MARITIME CODE
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r. .- --.--- ---" ~~
- ~ - '-

visiDns of this Section~ or any clause reversing the bUl,den Df prDof as

set forth under the laws in fDrce and the prDvisions of this Section, shaH
be null and vDid.
(2) A benefit Df insurance
\ in favDur Df the carrieir or similar clause aha11
be deemed to he a clause relieving the carrier from Hability.

Art. 206. Carrier may increCtse his liability.

(1) A carrier may surrender in whDle or in part al1 Dr any Df his right!s and
immunities, Dr increase any Df his responsibilities and liabilities under
this SectiDn prDvided siU!oh surrender Dr inoreas,e shall he embodied in
the bill Df lading i,ssued to the shipper.
(2) A carrier or a shipper lllay insert in a contract stipulatiDns, conditions,
reservatio.ns Dr immunities cDncerning the obligatiDns and liability Df
the carrier fo.r IDss Df Dr damage to' goods, Dr concerning their custody,
care and handling prior to. shipment aud. after unlDading Df the ship on
which the gDorls are carried.

Art. 207. Specia,l Cases.

NDtwithstanding the p1"'Dvisions 'Df the preceding Artides, in any case
where either the sp,ecial nature of the gDods 0.1' the exceptio.nal cireumstaThCe.,
of the carriage warrant a special agreement, such a'greement s'hall be drawn
up ,by the parties, provided that no. negotiable bill of lading is issued.

Art. 208. Jurisdiction.

Theco.m;.ignee Dr the shipper may bring procee.dings agaiITi'<t the carrier
at the Po.rt of arrival of the goods where such pD!'t is in EthiDpia.

Art. 209. Arbitmtion Clause.

An arbitration alaus,e inserted in a bill of lading may in no event grant
to' the arbitrators the pO'wer to. settle a difference byway Df ,cDmpo.sition.

Chapter 3. Carriage of Passengers

Art. 210. Definitions.
(1) In this Chapter, the tel"lll "carrier" includes any o.f the fDl1Dwing persons
who enters in a cDntract Df carriage, namely the shipowner, the ,charterer
or the Dperator of the ship.

(2) The te,rm "co.ntract of carriage" means a oo.ntraet to. oarry p,a8sengers,
and dDes nDt inCilude a charter party.
 MARITIME CODE 43
~~~ "O~-~
- -- -- U.- - ---~-~

(3) The term "passen.ger" means only the person carried in a ship under a
contract of carriage.
(4) A contract of carriage of passengers shall he in the prescribed form.

'\'rt. 211. Prohibition against Assignment of Ticket.

Where the contract ticket shows the name of the passenger, the passenger
may only assign his right with the consent of the carrier.

Art. 212. Cost of Board.

Unless otherwise agreed, the cost of board for a passenger is included in
the price 0.£ the passage.

Art. 213. Passenger embarking without a ticket.

(1) Where a pa&senger emharks without a ticket, he shan iortwit:h notify
the master or the purser.
(2) Whe1l1e ,the p'russlca:l\ger£ali1s to compily w,rth ,thisoihligatilOtIl he shaH p'ay
tWi1ce,the prioeof ;bhe ip,aSiSlag1e up ,to tJhe 'pOJ:'!lrtJowl1i'ch ihe iis ItJri3JvelliingOil"
i:nwrhioh he 1s d']s.embeJl1kecl.

Art. 214. Passage not undertaken, the passenger not being at fault.
Whel"e ,a paSSltmger is ,unahle ,to U:1lid'elJ:ltJwke ,thep ru3lSlaJ~e
fo.r realSOlns hey,olllid
h!1scOIn'tl'!O'I,
rtihe contl'alct iSihaill~Clrmimutie,wnd tJhe ,oamrier IshalI he .eiIl'tJi'Nedto Olllle
quwl'!ter of i1Jhepa"'Ba:ge mOlney, ,exc.lud1ngt1he eo/sit of hOiaIDd1ngwhooe hoard liS
moIud,ed in lt1h'epJ.,i!ce.

Art. ,215. Passenger failing to Embark.

~rhere a pru&[email protected]:!",toemlbsirk, he il9 Iilruhle :£011'
,the full pa:SSiag,emoney.

Art. 216. Cancellation of the Contract;.

(1) The COlntvwot is OBlllcd1edw111houtam.yco.mpeu,s<tJtiiOin heiThg due by ci,ther
pa<11ty 'wlheretihe ,ship ruspn'J¥erut'ed fir,c,m sruiiJ]nlg£olr 'reWSlOIll1S
orutsi,de ,the
COlllltDO,I
{)if ItheoruflriiJer. T!hecatTl"i'er shaUl'ICipay ,tJhe p'WSlSla1ge
mOlney ,!'\eeeived
110tlhe pla!S,,"eIliger.

(2) Wihel'e 1Ihe 'ship dues :1]o<tsam. Din the ,druy '£IDr~d,by :11he,c:ainf'iler OIrhiis rep['le-
6!el1!tJaiti'\'1e,the ipiIDSlsleillIg,ermay \l'IClqUJilDevhe ,awncel:1wtJ1olll of the contrwcrt,
without Iprejudi,ee to damages.

Art. 2,17. Termination 'Of the Contract due to Hostilities.

The ,p'aJSos'ell'germaYliClquJ\l'e tJhe 1Jel'mill1la1tiIOID
of 1lhe 'CiolI1ltr:lJc.t
wheTe,aft€ir
,tJhe oft1J1Jhlieaik
od hOISIt!il1i'ti,as,
the ship ,jlS1ilaih1e'to caJptu:rearnd ma~ no. Jongor he
cOIlli9j,diOl'leid '3JS free.
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Art. 2118. Termination through cancellation of sailing.

(1) TheCOiutl1aJot 8ha\11 rbe oBIW'uHed ,,~heme itJhe IOaimli,ercru11lce18the Siaililng ruilid
theV'o)'13!ge Icannot theulldemt'aikeillwithin .~ 'riealS!Oil1lruhle
period OIn alnoth€\l'
shiip of am equivalent da8\, iofthe GlaJmeoWPli1e1'1011'oif laill'ollihercmrrier.
'i"
(2) TheCJall110eHaitioll1 0.[ :11he'COlilifirlalet'll1!::UY
,be liequired wihtwe rtihe Cia\r.rie,r ohain-
g;es Ithe ,f:o,ute in a lTI:a,nlIltu'p11ejuc1iloiaJ :lathe 'pru86,etngeJr.
(3) In hath events set fol'th ahove, the passenger is entitled to damages. Where
,oalDloel1a:tJi:nnof ",w:iJLilng GT la ,cjh.alllig1e 'Ol! a'lo<Ult,et1aJkeI5 'pi1aice !fOIl' g1o'o.d reffison,
co:mpensalti:olll mla'Y nOlt ,exceed itwkethe Ialmour!t of 11helJaISiS,3Ig,emo'nley.

Art. 219. Breaking of the Voyage due to Force Majeure.

(1) Where a YQyage h hrokem.al3 ()[ 1101110e
a J:C13iU1ltt ,ma.ieUirle, :the 'p,aSISI8Jg.e
monley
'shaiN <01ll[Y he due ~ll re.3pect of ,tJhalt partOlftjhe jouamey ,a,ctuallly ,a,c,CiOim.
p'11s1hed.
(2) Tihe full amo'uut shalll !be diue w1he,r:e tihe iCialrirliler, wutJhina Il'eal5iQ'llJahl~
pC:l'Ii!Oid, land la't hiso,wneXJp,ellis,e, IClnalhle.s ,the Ip'ai8J&elllg,er,tJo ;pr'olceed on h'ils
vOI)'1a1ge iby a Bhip of rull ,eqUJ:iiViatleIEltIdlm,'S, 'aJI1Idpmo,V'ild,e,s. !tJhe ,p8JSIS,el1lge.r ,dummlg
tJhe i:imlbene:niJl1Jg 'ti'lUewi~tJh hOlal:rdlnn,g ralllJd 1101
t1g nlllg, wtherle lilndU!ded ~1Jl the
pri,ce Oif ,the 'paS8aJg,e.

Art. 220. Passenger obliged to break the voyage for reasons outside his control.
(1) Whreine ,a 'pru8s:eng.m' ~IS ohl~g,ed 110 hi'iCialk ihis V'D~)'1al~e;£0,1' riealSOII1S 01ltlSiide hilS
conlbrro~, ,tJhe Ipa.ss,alg,e :ill'OIIlJey l5Iha~J bred'ue <]n IpirlolplO/rtJiCrIlltIQ !tIDe jDII.Hne:y
aiauuaJl!l y lalccolIl1.'P,li~hetd.

(2) \Viheme i~he voy:ag;e :U8hr:oken ,due '1.:0<tJheIpal.'iserlger~sIOwn ialCi!:!s, slUch pms:SCIll..
g'er shalll he ,1ialhle £011'rtlhecoist :olf tihe il',ejmatia1ldiCr O[ l!he j:olUrlllle:y.
Art. 221. Passenger suffering from an infectious disease.
Whel1c a paiSsleng:cr h slu.£ferillllg fll'olmamiJnlf,eCltJi,()lus,dJ1iseiaisehe ,shaiJJ. he la'lldeld
alt t/he If,ilrElt'i,nlhaJhiJted :p1a,eewJhm'e itihe ,ship tmUlche6.

Art. 2.22. Liability of the Ca.rrier for delay Or failure to carry out the contract.

Tlhe ICiall'lr/i\C1r
,slha,]! he tLilaihl,e f'm ia.nydiaiillaJge ,c;M1Js<edto itJhe palSisien.gelf ,by
~ea:solll .of ,delruy 1011'ta'illUtr'e ItJO,eamr:y Oluitrtlhe leOlnltrlalClt,un/lesis rbhe ealr!l'li,e.r oaln J81holW
'tflu11t 18UJoh ,rleilJa~T 0,1' ~alillUir,e 'W8JS ,due ilJo 'oil'lClUlmstJa/I1!oe'!8 OiUtlSiiJd<e :hi's 'COiI1J1Jl'Iot

Art. 223. Liability in case of death of or injury to Passenger.

(1) The 'oal11rliielrsjhalll he 'li:alhle 1£011'Ithe dal11liatgle ,all'lisilllig IOUIt (}If the ,d.eaIt1) Oi£, ,orr
bOidLl y i'n J'ul'Y toa rpi3lSEI{mmer
~
, w'he:rle SIUlch ,d.rumruge OlclciW11f'edWlhi1st ifjhe
01'
'p:aI8S1em.g;er was ,Oln hOlalfld, £rom :t1he Itli/me (}If em'halrtkalti!Oln untildisemha,rka.
tJiloll1 0\1' ,d:mrillllg emha.rik,ait.i'oln '0'1' (Hs,emihrurtkaltion, unless the ,omrrier cam
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&ho'W tthalt ~uch dealtlh OIl' I:lJJury wrus due to c:UflcumSitJaIl1ices

,o:Ubs,ide Jli8
cOiIlltroJ.
(2) The liability of the carrier for the death of or personal injury to, a pas-
seng'er shalllin UfOCla,seeXiceed E,th. $40,000.
(3) Where damages may be awarded in the form of periodical payments, the
equivrulelllt eap~tail ,,;;hal1lll1otexoeedtJhe ,same Hmalt.
(4) Nevertheless, hy special contract, the carrier and the passenger may agree
to ,a ihig1hetr 1iimjt oJ Halhil~ity.
(5) T,he catr,ri,e:r IElha11nJort he enlti\t],ed 1110,tlhe bellielf,ilt ,o1£itJhe 'Hmitataloill. of liaJJi-
li1tJydJf"iltrEspl'o:veld it'hart itlhed!am;aige ;m~I:~'IlI!1t'ed
1il'OIill,alll 'alC\t011'olmliiSisl~OIll
'O.f,the
carrier d.one with intent to ,cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge
tJhart ,d!allll,a'~e WlolUild ,p'r,oihaIMy iN~"IUi.1t.

Art. 224. Carriage of Baggage.

(I) The pI1oiV'isi:OII1!3

l'egall'cHng rtJhe orur,11ialg;e,0£ go,olds, 'Slhalll ,mpp'!fto rthe oalr.Iii~ge
Wlher,e ItJhebCliggla,geis takenin cUSitOtdyalg1aliill,Slta
,otf ba<gJg1lJ\g,e reoe'1prt.
(2) T~l'e loallTi:er shan IHOit(he 1ialb1c f o:r loS!solf lo!r dalll:IJal~e<to ha/ggalE;1e in respect
'olf whilCih ,lliOreoeip,t ihaiS' heen given aind which '!'iema,i/us i.nthe CUiSitO,dyof
tJhe pa1SSJeII1!g'er,unlelss ftJhe patS/S!enger can sholw thwt /such lOlSi8OIr d:rum'alge was
wue to the [aadt orf rth:e cia/rlri.er 011'hils riCip.r'eislenttattive.
Art. 2125. GratuitOus Carriage.
(1) Tihe pro'ViS:1o!llIS of A!l'itlilcJe\s 22.2, L:23 anld 224 8'hana/plp~y to graltuiltJO'U\8
crall'J"liage.
(2) 1111the case of v.oJuJnlbaITlyciwrlriage, the omrll'i.er :shaH only be '1~aible 'whm:e
1he p:ersOinoalm:iled Clan 'shoiW ,tlhat thedarmalg;e arose 'tlhr'ougih the I~a1]jd
.oil' gl'lOS8 negHge:l1JC!e iOrf'tJhe CalrrJiier or his i'letp'riesenitrutirve.
Art. 22.6. Articles 223 - 225 Always Applicable.
The provisions .of Articles 2,2,3 to 225 shaH ap,ply notwithstanding any
~gveemelllrt Ito theciOinltrairY.

Art. 227. Carrier's Lien on Baggage.

Garr:i:e.r.s sihdl halve a, Lien' Oil} the haiggJ3AgJeof 'P8Jsse~gerr:s 0/11hoa~d for sum,s
due under the COlUtJl1alC't
of Ciaflil'iirug,e.
Art. 228. Limitation of Actions.
(1) Actions arising out of the contract of carriage oJ persons and of baggage
!fOil'whalCh no roceilpt has beengi,,,,elU ehaill Ihe Da,l"rledaftJer Oillie year.
(2) The pelrdo,d :of HmliltaitJion,shaillru:n fmlll 1Jhe dalY when rthe .a,CitCialITlplaJin~d
of took place, or from the date of conclusion of the contract.
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(3) The prlO'Viil9.i:olnsof AI1t. 203~han apply t'O alot-i:ons amisil1g out of a cOInt'ract
of carriage £Dr baggage taken into cnstody against receipt.

TITLE V
MARITIME COLLISIONS, ASSISTANCE AND SALVAGE
Chapter 1. Collisions
Art. 229. Rules Applic([ble to Collisions.
\V.1he:r,e aoolJi61ion DCCu,r.s heltweem sh,~ps, the comp,ellJsPJti.on ,due fOIl' dama'ges
caused to the ships, 0'1' to a:llIY plrJOlp<errtyOIl' Pffi'SOThSoln hoall'd thereof, sha.}] he
se'lJtled dn accordalJ1iOe W1th ;tjhe ;£~ollow!inlg prorWS1.JoIliS.
Art. 230. Accidental Collision.
If tiheooUisiOil1 hm, heeno,cca2liolnedby a fOl,tui,to.us ,a,cci,de!l11t
or if it cannot
hesihoW1l tha'ta:nry OIf thepa)rlti,e.s itS tD hlame, the d:amarge shan r,e6t where
it fal1s.
Art. 231. Collision fault of one ship.
When any damage to ships, goods or persons has been caused by a collision
hetween ships, an done p arty alone is to blame, he shall he liahle for any 10s8
or dama,g,e C31JS,eld1ihen1e]JY.

Art. 232.. Coll~sion fault of two or more ships.

(1) When Jtwo 011'mOl11e '8hips ,all'e t:o hlrume, ead1 p:aiuty.S!haill he Hable £0'1' a
POil"t]OIll'of the d,a!malge in pro'p:oll'11~oln to the fau:1ts C'01m,miitt'Cd on eidler
5~d,e. If ,the ci'l'Cnmls.talnices afford no ba.sli,s :£011'a:n ap.porrtilO,ument in au!)!
defin:iite P'l"O;PO'TItiiOrl1,
tlhe dalJna:ge shaH heshruredeql1aHy.
(2) The daIIU,H!!e6 NFlls.ed. .ei,ther -f:o the @hip's C,T to their C,ail"!!'O,e,sOil' to the
LI I
.Jot <-J

effects 011' ,other p:rlo!p.erlty 01 the erclWS, palss,eruge!f1s 0'1' ortJher p,erSO!IlS (Jill
hOaJrd, aJre horne !by 1:he ~ihi'psi'n bu1tjin th,e aIDove pro pOiflti ons, alI1id
even to thirld paJ11tiesa sibip is not li,ah1e foil' mOll'e tha'Il ,suell proportioiI1
of such d.alIDages.
(3) In l'IClSlpeeJt
ofd:almages cau,~,ed by deamhor PCil,so,nal injumes, t'he ships
at fault are jointly and severaHy liable to third parties, without pre-
judice to the right of the ship which has paid a larger part than
thai! which, i,n 81CicMdmnce w:ilth t/he :pr!oiv'iSliiolnso,fs.ub-article (1), 's,he
sha11 hear to obtain ?contri,hution from the other ship 01' ships at fault.
Art. 233. Collision cUltsed by the fault of a Pilot.
Al"tides 230 to 232 shan alPp']y v'"nell'e N~1Ht'lilo:nis ca!ll1SJedbv thp fa'lllt (l<f
a pHot, even wl1e11"e pillotalge i" CO'1npuleiOll'Y'
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Art. 234. Extent to which damages are made good.

Articles 230.233 shall apply to making good damages which a ship has
can-se,d to atlliother ship, <Oil',to gOioifl~ airld perSiOIUS (JIn howrdeither ,ship, eilther
\
hy the eXiecUlti:Oln .oil" ,11Ioln-execuiti,oI1l ofa mallllO,ffiTVirie0,1' hy ,the llOin-ohs,elrvance
of the .piDClSiCl,ilhedTlegu1ai!:i!O'lllScu!n c,enni,ng pr,eVeIJitiolldfcoHis,iolllS rut \Slea, even
wher,e '1110'CJoiHi:siolll'ha,s i<liken pbce.

Art. 235. Duties of the Masters.

(1) Mt,era :aooli>si!on,,tJhe mrustJer 'OifeadJ ,of ,the ship's illCoHilsion .shall, so fall'
as he can do 80 without serious danger to his ship, her crew and pas-
5fflJlg'el'lS, Ir:elllder 'aJS6:i,sltaiDloeIto rtJhe olther 'sh,ip, hell' Cl'IetW alThd her 'palss'erugem.

(2) He :shal1l a,s ,fall'as p,olSls.ih1e make knoiW!n ,to theolthler ship the name
'of his l'iihiip, the piOIr! to which she hel'O'11ig€aiIl,d the pO'l'1t f!'lollIl which ish'C
comes and to which she is bound.

Art. 236. Procedure.

(1) The T11ght Ita :sue forr ;tihe re.corvery of d,ama.g.es nes'ultJin'g from a 'ClolHlSlh:m
ishaH }]jOlt,depend ntpDII1 the £uMillme:nt {J1fBlny :£olI'!mallity.
(2) TiheJ.'Ie a're DIOJ,egal IpTC'SlULmpltiOillis
olf fall1Iti!n l.'1ef!)all'1d
.to Halhd:l:hy fOlrcol1is.iolll.
Art. 237. Courts having Jurisdiction.
The foHowing COiUlrit:S,shan ha,ve jUim!sidi!Ot'l.ouil'O try a'll alotioill fOil" d'amal):!;e,s
ami"nlllig OI\]Jt'Of 'a ,co.lli s'ilOIn:
(.a) :the court 10d';tjhe pl3Jce ,olf ccllfu,ioln Wlhwe ,tlhe coni'don ilIa'S Oiccu~r,ell wi't'hill1
!the liJm~ts 0:£ a ,p'o~t '0'1''nn te;r,r:i'tDll'!ia~wmlteTIS';Oil'
(b) ,the courrn: where ItJhede£endiHIJ1It !has !hils ,dlO!Ill~dle ~ Oil'
(c) ,tJhecomrtt of the pIa.ce (J,f TegtiL~t.1'Y'Oif ,the :Sjhip ,0:£ :tne sihi'poWiner a:g:aiulSt
rwiholID the 'actJioill l:s, iiDtJ1'odruoed; Oil'
(d) the 00/11I1'to'£,the 'phceW1Dier,e ,vh:e ,slhip ihals iheenarl'l'IeSItJed, ewema,f,te!I' rdeai&e
haJs Ihe,en 10000dwed upon hail olrorthel' 'security.
Art. 238. Limitatz'on.
(1) AotiolThs fOIl' ,dla.malg,e 1Jo pT:O!P'Bl1ty0.1"perliS:Oill8,aJIDiSli'ngOIut of :Ollie oftihe .adt.8
'l'Imwl'ieidto iill _.<\,mtide8230 ltJo234 .slhalll be hal11mdrufrter two y,eaors froon
the dalte of 't.he O:CiCflll'll"!enlc,e:
Pl"ovid,ed :thalt a c1ruim ui]1ld~r Ant. 232 (3) ,shaU he ,hall'l,ed alfter O'llie yea'l'
f!OOIID/fJhediat.e ()If p'aYIllietJ]t.

(2) 'fhe 'p,ooilOid'8:spccHJJed in suh-a'f/1Jicle (I) isihaH IlliOltloon where amrest of the
,defeID,d,antt V1ess,e;},iin the ,t;er'111t:O'l"ra:lw<aJt:efls Oif ,~he Sta,tJe in :which the
,ola/Lmam !hm~ his domicile .011'ip'vi,ucdlpail ,pbce 0If ImSiinie!~18ha,s DIOit been
p08sible.
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Chapter 2. Assistance and salvage at sea

Art. 239. Rules applicable to assistance and salvage.
AiS'sisltJalIliceandsaLkvage ame subjeot to the provis,tolu;; Otf this Chap,tm.
Art. 240. Remuneration.
,E"'eJry a.ot of alss,ii~lt'a'nce 0'1' 5.a.lvaige W1hioh has been sl1coeSis~ul .shall giv'e ,a
right 1110equi'tJaJjle 'rel1iume,rat;Jlolllwhich &hwll ll!o:teX!ceed the value of the pro-
pmlty s:alva<ged.
Art. 241. No remuneration for forced salvage.
No one shall ,be entitled to any salvage reward who forces his salvage ser-
VlLces upon tJh.e ship a,gal1m3lt tbe ex:p-l',el.,S <1lud pl'olper refusail 0;£ the p.er'50n ~n COllll-
roBl1lld.

Art. 242. Assistance of Ships by Shipowners.

Srulva:ge TellllUinC'rIRltJtO'llsibawl he due a.1tho.ug1htJhe sahiing .ship helolllg.g,tJo
the same owner as the salvaged ship.

Art. 243. Exceptional Assistance in TowCtge and Piloting.

If anyone hats undleJfl1:ak,enhy OOlntraimto afi'tSistthe ship hy piloo:iJng, towing
.oIl'the like, .w1lldthe .shilp cmnes i,n di,stJres,s,.he ,shall 11101be ,enJtiitled Itoany 8,a;!-
vage reward unless the assistance thus rendered cannot be held to he covered
by the 0011ltJr,ac.t.
Art. 244. Saving of Life.
(1) No iremu:nleil'a.tioill 5ha,11he due from tJhe pefiS'OllllSwhose liVieJsal11e;saved.
(2) S.alvens of human life who haJ\"c :taken part ~n theslCIrvioe.srendeme,d on the
oJCc~,gio'llof .theg,a,me ,d'aJ11;gefis
alre entitled to a fa!~r s<ha,re101£
,theremun:era-
ti,om. awa:rded to theSlwlvClm of 1;he .slhip,herca'rg)oMIil3Jooeelo,O<I'i1Jes.
Art. 245. Determination of the Ctmount of remuneration.
(1) TlhealmoiUllil of rrCmUlliClf'aJt,ilonshall he fixed hy a'g)reemell1,t ,hetwee!l1 !the
pafItJies,alllId, f.aliJing mgr,elemenit, hy ,the court.
(2) The ipro'pOifltiiOtn in whiCih ,tihe remUlIllClrlajtJio'nitS to be diistTiibutedamOrlllg the
'SlaJlvo'r!s,O'r RimiOug the OfWiI1lel'5,
the Inal~ter rundtJhe orew Olf eaioh \S13Jlviingsh1p
BihaJll he deltermimled in the s,ame malnlllier.
(3) Where ,the g,allv1ng shilp1sa fOflei'gn shiJp,the a:ppo;l"itio!DIlnenrt amongt!he
OWllleI', ffiW51tJeralTIldp.emOilllS ,i,ntJhe Slervke of tiheship shalll he ,determ'ined
in aJocolr.d'a;nce wiilih the uaitiolThall lruw of the .&hip.

Art. 246. Cancellation or Alteration of the Salvage Agreement by the Court.

(1) Any algreementas1)o ClElsil5lt:Ritlic.e
o:r salvage elllitel1ed ilnto rut tJhe mOlillm1it
aJild uI1Idertihe in:Hue!ll!ee ()If dalllige'l" iIuay; 8111the r,equestolf .eti,1:herpalfity; he
ca,nc,eUed Ol" va:r,i'ed hy th e cou:r.t fOIl"~ood l'ClaJ8I0In.
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(2) Wh'el~e ,it jig !shown ,~ha,t ,the CQ'n~letllit<:Iii'OIllieo:f the p'air:tiles iha.s J:H,:>en(},btaJn-
ed by £l~<lJud0,1' eOl11:eealhnent, or where the remunera:tion isdiiJaprotpol'lti'O-
na'le to tlhe !&el'vi!ees TleJndiel11ed,the agr,eement may be c1Iirucelled or ¥wr.1e1d
hy the 'COUl'!talt the Irequels't o.f the prurty ruffeoted.
\

Art. 247. How remuneration determined.

(1) The ,remuneraJt!i,oln .sha,LJ :he £ixod by the COfUJ1't
hWViing l"eg;wl'!dto the follOlW-
.]ng cOlms'~dler:altions :

(a) the measure of success which the salvage operations have had;
(h) tJhecnmp,etJe.nlc'ealllld skill shown by the E'allvalgeSletrv,j'ces,tJhe
tJilme 'Usedwnid tJhe ,exer1:10nlSulalde in them;
(c) the danger to which the salvaged ship, her passengers, crew or
/!,1OIO,d,s
hatV'e heenexpoJ81ed;
(d) ,tJhedall1ig:eJr ,to wihiJch the s'alvel's O;r thei'r p'l"operty have heen
eXlp.o.sed ;
(e) the l"ilSik,11Uill.by Ithes.alvo;l1s o-f wny HaihiiHty !j,ndwma\~e.s to ,thi'l1d
,pa<l'Itiles 011' .of ,alJ:}jy oOitther :1088;

(f) the 1o&'! o()lf}~£e, 'p!er'8lo1l1Ja.1

injull"Y or the dan113jge ItO pll'lOlperty iSlllf-
£e~ed :hy theSialViolns,t:heexpenses tihey :halve ,]fi!cul'II'ICid.~tlnd :the
10lSlsCls'SU:sit:ffi]l1ied,
ifUirither tihe value of ,tJhea,p,pHwl1ioes uaeid in the
'Siall¥alge OipiCll'\altJiloJJis;

(g) :tJhe £fficittJhalt ,the .sh~p lt~ed hy vbe I5lallVlolr's

hais hc,etnSlpeeilaJJy
fitted for salvage operations;
(h) the value .of the property salvaged.
(2) The Count m'alY r,edfll!Ce ,Olrl'i£~£UJseto 'gl1ail1lt'l'iemu!tllemwion, whel'le i!ta:ppeans
tlhat the !salVioll'is,haiV,e tby th<eiir fallllt 'rClnd'Clr'ed It-he swlywge Oil' als:sistance
neceSiS:wry, .0,1' ha,ye heen guiJlty olf -rhett, ireceiviiIllg'stoleng'ood,s, or other
.
acts of fraud.
(3) The considerations set out in sub-article (1) shall be taken into
consild'Cll"altion when ,dete'l,mini'Dig an alpportionment lUndeI' Art. 245 (2).
Art. 248. Asszstance compulsory in respect of persons found at sea in danger
of being lost.
(1) The maoster shaH, e;.o £alr as he c,a:n do ,s.o ,without SiWI'OU!Sd,alJ1,ger to his
:sIhip, her ,m~ew aind ip'alglSeUige!l'IS,
:flenlder a~SiiI8'tallice to an.y p,e:I1SiOnfound
alt sea in dalIllger ,01£he1.lllig 10ist.
(2) No -duties .oil' li'alhiilities .a'l"IC,illlllpiOLSiedon, Oil' inlClnn'ed by, the o/wner of
the Sihip und,ar thi,s Alrttlide.

4*
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50 MARITI1\'IE CODE
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Art. 249. Claims for payment of assistance or salvage remuneration.

(1) Claims of the payment" of a,s,~iis.hm('t' or ,q:dvai~f" remuneration ."han he
ha,rred aifter two yealliS
~.
from the ,aay~ on w~hichas.sisitain:ce ors,alva,O'e~ has
he en co'mpl,ted: P'l~O'viaed t,hat this pN:i'o,d .:hal1 Hio,t run where aI!'1rest
of the assistf'd or salva~ed ship within the territorial waters of the State
where 1ihe c1a,imant is domicile,a .o'l" ha,sJli,s pl"in0ipal pla,ce .of ]m.-:inef'1's.
ha'5 not ])N'n pos,s:ilhle.
(2) The claim sha11 ~ive rise to a Hen on the ship and frei~ht in accordance
wi!!h Art. ]5 (3). Tt siha;}}i,nf!i{ldi,t!i011 ?,ive rh,e to a }ie,11 on the
salvaged !!onds.

Art. 250. Application to Government Ships of Rules Regarding Assistance.

The ,rules hi,a flown j,n tMs Ghrtrpte,r ;;],aU aprplv to Goyemment ,shirp'S.
In the ca,,,e of a,gg.i'stallllce lent olr",ailva,~e m,?,I(l,ehy Government shi'Ps. the
Impel~iia] GOiVe],'!Hnen'ts:ha~] ba"re thes,amc rrii,!!hto;a's a T"rlvarte mana'g,i.n~ owner.

TITLE VI
PARTICJP.A.TION IN GENERAL AVERAGE
Art. 251. General Average Act.
There is a ?:eneral avera!!:e act when and onlvwhen. any extraordinary
salcrHi'ee or 'f'x:penfHtuT'f' is ,i'ntentJi:olua!Hv . RlT1id'r:easolnaihlv . mmde 0,1' i!fliCu'roeld -[",l'
the common !'Iafetv for the pnrpose of preservin!.! from periJ die property
involved in n ('cmm on m aiT'il:i(m.e 3lflvenrture.

Art. 252. Sacri.fice and Expenses How Borne.

Gem"'!",nl ::rVf'rla!H' ';:'1'f'I'i,ficf"Sa'TN:1 f'xne!fll"'es ,O~1[1,11 l1f' ha:rne lwfhe rHfff"r'e'l1lt
rontr:i1mtino: if'terf'sts 0n the nasis lH'rein'lfter provirled.

Art. 253. Only Lo.c;ses, etc. direct cong(~'lu(>nce of Act allowed.

Only "nrh ]n;"",('):;. .i!am:ail>1f',:; ,orr f':"(pern'~'{';o wihi'rih 211'r- tlH' di~N~t ('o'n"'em}e~H"e
f1<f the i!f'ITIf'r p,l 'C!V'erf"g;f~ 1]('t slu1111 lH' ,a~'lmVf'iff :1" ?"f'rTw.1'1JlfI~eTa~f'.

Art. 254. Loss or Damage not Allowed.

1,(1Is" or i!ail'1nl f)'1>~Uio>t.~:d,npd bv 'tihf':s11~Jn
O!}'(':J'J1.Q:f1t'hr<Ollfrih t1eh,v. ,vlle,tih('r
on t1he YOY2',,:'(' o'1"~,uhs!eq'!rern!tlCtT /"UC}" 31" d'emlH'It"g''T,e. arn,rl Rny indirect 10,1>'<;
wbatr>cof'ver. sneIl Pi" Joss of market. sha11 not Of' ac1mitterl '1." !!f'neral averflg:e.

Art. 255. Result of Fault of One Party.

Rig:hts to contrioutions in g-eneral averare shall not he affecterL tnoll!';h
the event which ~f1V(, rise to the sacrifiee or expenditure may nave nee11 duf>,
 MARITIl\-IE CODE 5-1
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to the faUilt oJ Olne 01£the pat,tiies to the wdrventul"e; huttlhi,s shaillnot pr'e,jud.j~e
L1I!1:y
remedies Wlhi'cih malY 'he op'en 3!ga,jrlli5IttJnalt p3lr<tJy fOIl' .such fault.

Art. 256. Onus of Proof.

The onrna o>fprioot ,i,s npOiIl the pa~ty ola,irmi,ng in ge:nerralarveTiaige to slhow
tnait the losisor expensle clalimed is pWlperIy allIQIWIRlble 318generla.J arveraige.

Art. 257. Extra Expenses.

AIlIY metra ex:pensle i'llicurred in pla;ce of an01Jherexpens:e whi,ch would

h arv,e he,en al11owaih.le 'alS g!eneflall average .shan be d'eemed t,o he g,eneraJ a'V'eDage
alDldw vHclWe,d wi~lhoU't l'eg 3IfidtJo thes aMi,ug,ifalflJY, toO'tJh-eft"h:i,t:eres!tS, bllt
nnly up to the mmOi1.1rll1of the gerueml a'VeralgeeXi])ienS,e wVQ;id'eid.

Art. 258. Adjustment of Loss and Contribution.

1) Generallarverarge 8haH he aldjus,tedalS ,:r;egwrdJ;;hOlth 101818and contribution
up'on the ha,sis 0.£ V'allues alt t!he t,ime arl1idpbce w'h~n aind where tfh~
B!rlvell'tuil~e er.rud,s.
.'t. '.
2) TMs All'It,ide "..hml1 no,t affect .the d,etel'minatITOIn of the place at which
t:he 3V1e1l'lR,?;e
'sltlaltem,ellJ.ltis to he ma,d!e up.

Art. 259. Jettison of Cargo.

No je1t~.slO,n 0'£ cargo shaH he nmd,e go.old as .gleTIier-al]arv'e:raig'e, unleJSIs ~ueth

ca:r:~o ils eail"l"ii'ed in Rlc,colrdalniCe with the rlecolgnia'!led 'C'UiSltOIU1
of the tJ"ald'e.

Art. 260. Damage by Jettison and Sacrifice for the Common Safety.
DaJl11'ag~dO:l1ieto a ship and C3Ir!go, orr .eiifher of ,them, by '0)1'in consequence
of a Isa:cdfic,e mald.e fOIl' <the common s'afiety, .a!l1ld hy wartlerwh,i.ch goes, dowu
a ship's hatches opened or other opening made for the purpose ofm~kjng
a jretti'son f:orr the co.mmOiH Isalfietl)",EhallJ he ma,de gooid ,alS gene,ralaJVIe.T'a,ge.

Art. 261. Extinguishing Fire on Shipboard.

Damra.ge done to a tShipa,ud CWl'go, OIl'eitiher of Itfhem, hy,va;toc or 6thef~
wiise, i'l11crludJirngdamag:eby l)eJaJcihing Oil"s'cutlt1i,n'g a \buT:nd,nlgE!hip, in extingui.sih.
j'nga :fi'l'Ie0111hOia!J"d,the ISihiIP,g;hailJ he malde gOlolda,s genera,l aJv:eraJge;!e~c'~pt.
'1)h wtTIiGCrolmp~nSaltiO!l15h a1:1 he mald'e £oir damalgeto snoh pOl'ltions Qif
-the!$bip-
e,nld hulk eaiq:?:o, 0,1' to such sepall"iaife paeka:gels Hif -cwl'Igo.-as hHive beer,n on fir~.

Art.- 262.Cu-tting Away Wreck.

.Lo:Ols or da,m,arge o8fUi&ed by cutting WW1WY the WTr,eok or 'r€lma,iu!\ of .s.paIl'6,

0'1' ofo,ther things W'},i0h ha.ve provioltBl'Ybeen c,al:r:r,i,edalWay' hy sea~pefi1, shan
oot -he 'm a,d~g:ol()l(las gOOiffl"8rl arvf'r!!.lge. '
 "
52 MARITIME Com;

Art. 263. Voluntary Stranding.

When ,a I&hip .is inltenltJ~onaHy l'Uin nln IEiholr,e,alllid the Ci!liCnmBltJanoesalre
such that if that course were not adopted she w.ould inevitably drive on shore
or ,on !1'!Oicks,11110106,/3'ordalmalge 'Ca'll13C1d't!o the ,shilP, 'Clall"'goalnd fDei,ght 'Olr 'alI1Jy
ol them hy a:noh iiluten.tion.al :DunJI1Jilllig
lOin ishoire sh aU he ma,d'e g,OIO
d a,s gOllierad
average, hut loss or damage incurred in refloating such a ship shall be allowed
OJS~e;l"Iail aV'e'I1aig.e.
In aU oither ,cases wfheil,eashilp ;i~ crnlte:nrtio'IlJaHymn lOinrSholJ'lef,or the co.m-
mon .saf,ety, 'tJhe iOolllls.e,qlU'eIIl!t
10:ss ()Ir da'maig.e siha,ll :he a.1lowed asg.eneral avera,ge.

Art. 264. Carrying Press of Sail - Damage to or Loss of Sails.

Darma'ge ,to 'Oil",101330\£ l~la[t1sall1ld .spa/lis, o,r ,eiither ofthean,cautSed hy fOl'd:ng a
ship o.ff theg,ooiUlllid Ofr 'by ,dnh'1i,ug Iher hilgher up ,tlhe grolllnd tor ,tJhecommoiI1
eafe,t'y,Shaill ~)le madegooJ as g.ellleirlala'V'eva,ge; but whel"'e a .shilP :1s annart, lJliO
loss ,oil'".daJm1alg,e'CiaJUiSleid
to ,tJhe ,ghilp, toalr:go a,md firdlght, o/ralny OIf them, hy oar-
rying ,a plI1e81S,of Isaiill, iSha1lbe made g,olo,d a<3g'e:llie.ralla!VeiDa~e.

Art. 265. Damage to Machinery and Boilers.

DaJIDIaige c'alUlSed itO machinery aillid hOiiiJ,e!l'Isojfa !Ship whiloh itS alSohore ,and in
a p.QIsi<tdJOln
,0/£ !peri:l, ,in ,ellid.eaV{)UiJ'l~llig:t1Ol1efIoalt, .shall heaUow:ed !i'n gener,aJ
a'¥erla~ ~hen .shown ,to ha!\'le alIiisCilli,f'1'Iolmalll latCltJUlrul
illlltel1'ltio'll 10 float thesh..ip
£Oil"theoo:mmon Sia,fety lait the J.'Ii,sik,of iSiUichdruID'atge, bUit w1he1'le ,a ship is alflo,at
no loss or damage .caused by working the machinery and boilers, including
loss or damage due tocompouding of engines or such measures, shall in
any oircum8ltallltces he Imla,de good ,a!s gene'fa,} aJVe'M~.

Art. 266. Lightening a Ship when AshO'r~, and Consequent Damage.

When .3 ,s:h.i,p lilSlae!hOll1e'aJllId,calrgo aind sihip',s frud and Btoras or a,ny of them
a're diSlCihalr@ed lalS a gelUteil"aJ.a!Venalgealct :the ,ex1:'f.acosft of 1i.ghtellii:ng, lighter hire
alDld iI"'e..shi,p'p'ing (.if i'll'CtUirJ'led), almd \the 11088,0'1' damage ISUi&tadne:d,therehy, 'SihaJl
he a,d,mitted as ,gjellielfall 'aN1e.I1a{p;e.

Art. 267. Ship's Materials and Stores Burnt for Fuel.

Shi~p's !matter.iaill9 alnd !Stolr!m" oralllY 0.£ them neoe5s'alriily !bfUjl1ntfo.r fuel f,or
the cOI111'molnsa.£etJy ata time of Ip€,,\<li'l,,s;hai11 he ,a,dmirfjted as genc'l1aJ ,average,
when ,and only when an ample sup,ply of fuel has been provided, hut the esti.
mated qmllnltJifty lOa Iue.ItJhalt 'W1OUI1dhaViebeleu. 'C;O/ll'5U1med,ical1cu~ruted ,aft <the price
current at the ship's last rport of departure at the date of her leaving, shall he
cl'Iedirted >to We ,gener:a,laJVel'lalgie.

Art. 268. Expenses at Port of Refuge, etc.

(1) W.h.enash.ip ,s.haJ1l h.aJV,e entered ,a 'p'Olrt Oil'"plaIce of ,refuge, 0[" shall have
--

MARITIME CODE 53
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returned to her port or place of loading in consequence of accident,

sWCIDif!lceolr o,tlher extrwolrld~na,ry ,c,ireuID.stMJ'ceJS, wMc:h x:e'rud,er 1!h<lJt IlJecelS-
8a,uy for the ,cummo'n swf,ety, theex'pe.n.ses of ,en\teIlinlg \Siuch poot or place
shall hea;dmiltJted ,a,s ,~ene.ral ave/ra,ge; ,alI1id whensihe shall have ,sailed
,thence W1i,th ;her o,r,~gJiJ1),a.l
ea:llgo, or P'ClJIitof it,tlhe 'c:OJ1re.spondmg expens6'3
of learv,ilng I3lUJcJh
'pOII't o.r 'pla,ce cOI1G,equent upon ~Urch entry 0'1"ifleturn shan
.likewise he 'ClJdJmiltJteda:s geruema,l a'velra:ge.
(2) When a Isih~p is altal111YpOlit Oirplwce of :I'el.fuge and WsJ1Jecesear.iJ.y rem,oved
iOOaill'o:ther ,pOlI1tor p,lwc,e hecwuse Irepa:ir.s 'CClJll!noltibe call'ri,ed owt in the fi.nst
pOJ.'lt :or plruoe, ,tlhe 'PWVi131ioillSiOifthi,s i\Jrtiiolesha!ll he alplpLied to the second
;POTt Oil" p:laoe 'ClJ3,mit lW,ere a P'OIfltolr ,p1woe 10£ 'l'Iefug,e. The pTOvisiolIh3 of
Aiit. 2.69 81luullbe 'a(p'Plied '1;0'the ,p,wJol11grutJion'Of the voy,a'ge o.ooasi.oned by
8u£h r,emolViaJ.
(3) The oost oLE hrurudwg on borurd :Oll",wi&C!hal1ging ca:r.go, fuel ()Ir stOil'es,
whether 'att .a pmtt. Oil"'Pibre of loa;dinlg, caJ.l or \fIefuge, shall he .admitted
,as general a,verage when the handling or discharge 'was necessary for the
common s.arf,ety Oil" to eml1b1e druIDroge ItO 11he ship caused ,by iSlCOOrificeOIf
accident to he repaired, or the repairs were necessary for the safe prose-
,cution iO'fth,e V'Ofy.a.g,e.

(4) WlherueVier IIDe cost 01£ ,ha;ndli.n;g or ,d\i'schrrur.gmg iCla!rglO,fucl or SOOlres ,iIs ad.
miSlswhle rus g,ener.al ,atv.el"ialge,!the ,cost of ,reloatdiirugand is/tJOIWiugis<uch carg.o,
fuel or stores on hoard the ship, together with all st.oragecharges (includ.
ing fire insurance, if incurred), on such cargo, fuel or stores, shall like-
wise he E>oa,wmi'ttJed. .Brult w\hentJhe i&Mp ,rs oOllJd'emned Of docs not proceed
Oill :oor iOIrilgill1ia,1
V1o.y,alg.e,no .stol~ruge ~,ooSie8 ,:iJllJOUiDOOd
la.ftlClr;tJhedrote' of the
Iship's .c.oIl1ldfemna/ti!Oill,Oil"olf the aJha!ll!dol11JmeIlJt.of ,the vOl)'ia.ge shaU be ad.
,mi1lted as generall ,a'V,e~atge. 1n ltIh'e 'e!V'eJI1Itof ,tJhe fClO'n:demniaitiion .of the ship
.or the abandonment of the voyage beforecDmpletion of discharge of
!CIatr~, stoll'age ex!pleThSia-!!aIS,abo,,'e ,shaJ11'oo admitted ,aB gene.f\al ,avera.ge up
ltodartJe of 'completJilolll oJ ,d:i!Sldhall"ge.

(5) Ilfa '8lhilp under a'V'efirugehe m ia porrt OIl"placle ,alt whilch ~t ,iJsprac.ticah1e rtJo
l'e1pMr lher,Sloa:3 Ito ,enalh1e her 11:10
orulll'!YOlll tJhe wihole calligo, ,and 1i1f,iIn OiJ.'lae:r
100,save e:xp,OOJSeS,,dther .s.he is 'towed theiIlto I&OIDie'Otlheoc PQ,r:t tOir p'lace of
lJ:'!eJparur
or to iher d~Il!attJiJoiJJI, i()fl'ttJhe c.ail'ig<o'Ora IpO$otn Qf lit is 1:Irwnshi'PP'eJd
hyalllOftiher lSIhilp, or iOl1:Ihemwis:e1i101liW1a.I1ded,
rtJhoo 't\hle lex.troa, oost .of ~ch ,tJo~
!Wage, transhipment and forwarding, or any .of them up to the amount
of the extfa expense saved shall be payable by the several parties to the
,advoo!tUJre in Iplr.olPorttifOln1\:10;tihe ,e;x:tIi~ll,di!Dary ,expelli&e lS!alVed.
 54 MARITIME CODE
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Art. 269. Wages and Maintenance of Crew and other Expenses. bearing up for
and in a Port of Refuge, etc.
(1) W',a'ges and mainteUianceoJmaster, ofHoera aind crew ~"eals:onaibly incar'l:-eJd
,and fuel and 8tJolr'esoolnIS4Ull1't~jdduriil1lg
the p'w]o,nig,a,tion 'olf the voya;ge OiC-
calsiollied ,by a s:hipOO!teliiillig a p'olr,t 0,1'plaJceof rduge 011',retlmnirng ,to her
PiOII'tOil'place of 1o.rud1ng IS/halllhealdtnl1iitted a.s geawr:al w\-era,ge when the
expenses of entering such ,port or pla-ee are allowable in general average
, :in ,ac({OO'da'llJoe
with Art. 268 (l).
(2) WhenashilP .s:haU :ha\veenter,ed '0t1' heen ,deta,ined inwny pOl'It or plac;e
inconsequence of accident, sacrifice or other extraordinary circnmstances
,which render that necessary for the common safety, 01' to enable damage to
the ship calhSle:d hy .sa,ca:ifi,ce ,Oil' alc.oidel1it to he re!p,ali'l'C1d, if ,the Ll',erp'atirs
wer,e ,llieeessary fOirlthe 8<ai£'e'Pil'iOIi';.ecutilQill
'of the vo'yag,e, the wages alnd mati'n~
. ,. tenance of ,the .mRsitJer, officer,s alndCl~Clw H~ai5lolll1aihlyiUIOU.rlf'OOdlUrilng ,the
e:x:trIa periiod '01£,d'et,el1lt~on iin ,such port o.r pla\c.e HnitH the '8h~!p shaH or
\shOfQ'ld ha'Ve ,hean mald.e 'l,eaidy 10 p:r'OiCieed upon Iher vo>y,alge shaH ,hea,d-
mrtJted. '1;.'0g'ooerall ,alVetliagle. WihenJjhe 'sh~p :i~ cOillid-em:nedoll' dOles il])ot
pireceedg,n her -oiriL~i;nallVIOiY8l~e,itJheex.t;l1a:p,erilo;J oJ deteu.tJiiOill~lhal1 ,be
deem'ed ,nol 'toeXitend :heyoillid ,the .diatleo,! the slh~p'iS cOind!en1Jl1Ja,tJi:Oinor the
alhwnd,oilllmemt ,of ,tJhe v10!)"a@e011',,Hd'i.s>ohail",gJeiO'£'oailigo J,s ilIot then ,()omp;let-
ed, beyond the date DfcDmpletion 'Of discharge.

Fuellaillid stolrlCiS consumed dUil1iillg ,the extr-a .per;iDd ,oJ d'et'cnlion shall
.
hea,dmii<tted a!~ generail iaiVieraige,excep.t sUJohfuroa!ud StlOl11CiSal3 a:reCOll-
8U1med' 'Ln ,edif.ectung ,rlep,arurs lliota:Uowaihle 1n genera:l 8iv,erage.
p,c)l'it. c:hmr:g-es 'LnoUlrrneddUiDung ithe ex:tl~a 'pel'liod O'f detention L5'h.aU
llikewlils.e he ,admultted as g,enlcDal a'YCl'.al1!;,e ,exeept 'SUJoh -ohal1ges aiSa,re ,Ln-
, 'cUlm,ed soilely ,by :reaiSion of l'epa:i!rs ,]]Joot.a:UOiW1aJhlei.n,generalaver,age.
(3-) F.OIrt'he ipiwrp.oSic iof >thisalud the other art ides ,wages shaH ,inclu.de :an pay-
TQ,ents made 'to or fOil"the benefit of t!he ma'Soter, -oif,fic:ens.alllid 'c'rCIW,whether
such payments be imposed .by law upDn the shipowners or he made ~mder
the temns (1,1'M~tide;! of ,cmp}oyment.
(4\ 'WT}ien overtime is ,paid to the master, officers or crew for maintenance of
the lship o!fl'cpair,s, ,IJb.e -cOo,tof whi,ch lilSnot allDlWiahle :in .gener,a,Javerage,
e>l1chovcl1time shaH he a:llowcd iitl gener,al aveTlalg.e only 'Up to the 'saving in
.expensle wihich wO~UIldhalVe hoop' inCiunred B!nd a,dm!i'tted as g,eneral aV~l'\ap;,e.
h~di8i1-1C'h ,0000ertlhne nOlt iheeni:ncUJrood.

Art. 270. Dumage 'W Cargo in Discharging, etc.

.

Dallna'get!o Oil' lo~s of ca11go,f,uel or~tJOllie.s Cia'UlSIBdin theJH:t of h,.and'1ing,

disdharrgln,g, ~,toJ:li!.llig,Tie]{);adi!I1g <a'!}ld,s,towi,ng .s\h,aH he malde :glOnd a,s genera.]
. .
 .MARITIME CODE 55
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averaige, when aJud oni) ",hell the CUtS'loJ lllo,sf: mCa"llil"e", respectively isadrnitteJ
Oldgeneral arvclrage.

Art. 271. Deductions from Cost of Repairs.

In adjustmg clain~8 for general average, repairs to be alloweJ in general
average shall he subject to deductions in respect of "new for old according to
the following rules, where old material or parts are replaced ]JY new.
The deductiuns shaH j)e regulated hy the age of the ship from date of orig-
inal registel' to the date of accident, except for provisions and stores, insulation,
life and similar boats, gyro compass equipment, wireless, direction finding, echo
...orumli,ng 3ndsimilaJralp,p Wl'rutu.s,lllUichine:nyand Doilers for which the deduc-
ti01l1iS'shall he Ir,cgulwted hy the age of tJhepa:r't1tculail' parts Lo which they apply.
No deduction shall be made in respect of provisions, sture8 and gear which
halve illoil hoen in use.
Thedeductaons sha,l1be made from the cos'l of new mal,crial ox parts inc-
luding labour and estahlishment .eharges~ but excluding cost of opening up.
Dry dock and. .sli:p'way due-sand costs 01 shifting the ship shall he allowed :in
full.
No .cleaning and painting of hottom shall be allowed~ if the bottom has not
heen ,p~ill'ted within .six months pT,evi'Ousto the darte oif the accident.
A - Up to 1 yealr old.
All repairs shall he allowed in full, except scaling and cleaning and
painting or coating of bottom, from which one-third is to he deducted;
B - Hetween lan,d 3 yeair,sold.
Deduotion '0;££ sea,Hng, dea'lJingand 'pa,iilltill'g hoUom as aJ)Ove ur!1.eJ
ClafUiSeA.
One-third shall he deducted off sails, rigging, ropes, sheets and hawsers
(oth..er than wke and chain), awni:ng5,co,veri."provisiol1isa.nd S:tOTe6 a,nd
,p ainttiiIlig.

One-sixth shall be deducted off woodwork of hull, including hold ceiling,

w'Oo,den ma.sts, spa'l"'s3nd ho alts, furnituT.e, upholstery. orookery, m.etaJ
an!!! g1a.s,s-ware wir,e. ,'~'O
ri,O"O"iulIT. p es and ,wire ha'Ws,en:, O°;V;l'O COmpai518
OJ wi,r:e rOl
, .,

equilpment, wilrele",s~ dit'eotioill findi'nlg, echo sonndiu'g aUld simibr appa-

,ratulS, c'ha,in cwhlesaln,d co'nncctio'llis, winches and era!nes rundco:nnectioiUS
and el~ctrical machinery and connections other than electrical propelling
ma,dhi'l1'er!"Y'Other :relp.alir:stoh e aHowedin full.
. MeNl.l shealNliUig .for woo,den 011'co:m'po~ite8hipp, shan he dealth with hy
- ,allowi~ig in £-ull. the COtS! of a w0ilght Qf metal &11eatihing stripl1ed coff
 r
56 MARITIME CODE
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minus ,the lp;l~o'cee(1s,of the o,ld meta1..N aj,~, felt and lahuur metaHing aJ'e
subjeot ,to adeduct:iou 'Of oue-thir,d.
C - Between 3 alll'd 6 yeaII..S.
DeduotioUlsa" whD'VeUlndeil' Clause B, excepttJhwt {»ne-thilrd he ,deducted
oH "i\"OIOldWOll,k 'o,f :hullinclud~:Ilig ,hold ceiling, wooden ma€/ts, sp a'r,s arnd
boats, furniture, upholstery, and one-sixth be deducted Dff iron-wDrk of
liatsitS acr1:dspars an,daHmadTiuel'Y (.i.nclu~i've()f boilers and 'their moun--
tings) .
D - Between 6 ,alI1id10 yealI's.
Deductio'llisa:s ahorve urnder ,Clause C, ,eXJcepttJhat tOlue-'thiil'dhed,edUicted
off all rigging, ropes, sheets, and hawsers, iron-work of masts and spars,
gym compass equipment, iwireless, direction finding, echo sounding and
s'imJ.Jrur,alprpwraltus,,i,n.suJ.ati'On,,auxHi,wry :ma,chiJ1Je'ry,,~'eerinlggea'r, wincheB,
cralnCls and ,coillnectiOins a:Il1dall 'Dither malchilnery ('indnsiv,e 'Of boilers and
them- mOll1ntilll~s) .
E - Bet:ween 10 an,d 1.5 ye3iI~S.
One-third to ,be deducted off all rene!wals, except iron-work of hull and
cementing and chain cables, from which one-sixth tD he deducted, and
a\Il;clwliS-,wthich alr:e !aHOWied,hl' ifuH.
F - O'Vetr15 y:eail~S.
One-tJhir,d It,o he ,deducted 1O,£f,allI l',elnmv,a:ls,e~c'ep'tchain cruhles, Jrom
which one-;s,i:xJthto :he ,dedu,crted, and aructho:n;"whi.ch 'aJ!',e,allowed in fun.

Art. 272. Temporary Repairs.

(1) Where temporary repairs are effected to a ship at a port of loading, call
,01'refuge, for the common safety, or Df da'mage caused hy general average
sacrifice, the cost of such r~pah,s shall be admitted as general average.
(:2) Where temporary repair.s of accidental d.amage are effected, merely to
enahle the adiVtmture tobecomple,ted, the cost of such repairs shall he
admitted aB general 3iverage without regard to th~ .saving, if any, tD
other interests, but only up to the saving in expense which would have
ibeen incurred and allo,wed in general average if imch 1"epa'irs had not
heen effected there.
(3) iND deductions "neIW :£01'old" shall he made from the cost Df tempDrary
repairs allowable aB ge,neral ,average.
Art. 273. Loss of Freight.
Loss of freight aris.ing fwm damage >toDr 10s8 of cargo shall be made
lood as general average, either when caused ;by a general average act, Dr when
 MARITIME CODE
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the ,damage to or 10S05of cargo is so made gODd. iDedlaotion shall be made from
the amount of gross freight lost of the ,charges which the owner thereof would
have incurred to earn such freight, but haa, in cone.equence of the sacrifice, no,t
incurred.
\

Art. 274. Amount to be made good for cargo lost or damaged by sacrifice.

(1) The amount to :be mad<e good as general average £.or damage to Dr 10s8
of goods sacrificed shall he the loss which the owner of the good,s has
sustained therehy,based .on the market values at the last day of discharge
of the vessel or at the termination of the 'adventure where this ends at a
place other than the original destination.

(2) Where g,oods cO d,a.maged are sold and ,the amount of the damag,e has
no,t heen otherlwi.se agreed, the 1056 to be made go,od in general average
shall he the difference between the net proceeds of sale and the net sound
value at 'the la~t day oi disohalige of the vessel or at the termina,tion of
the adlventure where tMs ends at a pla,ce other than the original
destination.

Art. 275. Contributory Value8.

(1) The contrihwtion to a general average shall be made upon the actual net
values oI the property at the termin.3'tion of the adventure, to whi.ch
values shall be added the amount made goo,d as general average for
property sacrificed, if not already included, deduction being made from
the .shipowner's freight and passage money a<t risk, of such ch,argeB and
crew's wages as would not have been incurred in earning the freight, had
the ship and cargo been totaUy 10Bt at the d'ate of the general aiVerage
act, and have not ,been allowed as general average;deduction being also
made from 'the value of the property of all charges incurred in respect
thereoJ suhsequently to the general average act, except such charges as
are allowed in general average.

(2) Passengers' luggage and personal effects not shipped under hill of lading
.shall not cont.ri,bute in general average.

(3) The amount to be aUOiwed as general average for damage or lOBs to the
.ship, her machinery and/or gear when repaired or replaced ,shall ibe
the actual reasonable cost of repairing ,or r~placing such damage or lo.:ls,
subject to ,deduction in accordance with Art. 271. When not repaired,
reasonable depreciation shall be allowed, not exceeding the estimated
cost of repairs.
 58 lVlARfrIME CODE

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Art. 276. Vantage to Ship.
I
..t. ,
I,
Where there io an aClual or constructive totall06s of the ship the amOunt
"I
to be alloweda.s general average for damage or 10s13to the ship caused hy a
general average Vict shall be the estimated sound value Df the ship after
deducting therefrom the estimated cost of repairing damage which is not
general average and the proceeds of sale, if any.

Art. 277. Undeclared or Wrongfully Declared Cargo.

ll) Damage or los6 caused to goode loaded without the knowledge of the
.shipownel' or his agent or to goods wilhilly mi,g,described at time o,f ship-
ment shall not be allowed as general average, but such goods shall remain
liable to contribute, if saved.
l2) Dama,ge .or 1086 caus,ed to goods which-have been wrongfully declared on
shipment at a value which is lower th-an their real value shall be contri-
huted £'01' at the declared value, but .such goods shaH contribute- -LIpOn
their actual value.
Art. 278. Provision of Funds.
(1) A commission of 2 per cent on general average disbursements, other than
the wages and maintenance of master, officer.s and crew and fuel' arid
atoras not replaced during thevoyage, shall be all.owed in g,eneral average,
-but whe~ the funds are not provided 'by any of the contributing inter-ests,
the necessary cost of obtaining the funds requiredhv means of a hot-
tomry ,bond Or otherwise, or the loss "ustained hyowner;;; of goods oold
for thepurpo.se, shall he allowed in general average.
(2) The cost of insuring money advanced to pay for general average disbur-
s'ements shall a180 he allowed in general average.
Art. 279. Interest on Losses made good in General Average.
Interest shall be allowed on expenditure, sacrifices and allowances charged
to general average at the rate of 5 per cent. l}er annum, until the datepf the
general average statement, due allowance being made for any interim reimhur-
sement fr.omthe contributory interests or from the general average deposit
fund.
Art. 280. Treatment of Cash Deposits.
-
-
(l) Where cash deposits have heencollected in respect of cargo's lia1;>ility
for general average, salvage Otr specialcharg.e~, ",neh llepoBit.s s}la,l1 be
paid :without any delay into a sped aI-account -jn _the joint na,:rnes of a
- representative nominated onbeha1f of the CLepo.sitors in a hank to he
. apprQved Ihy both.
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(2) The SlUll so deposited, together with accriled interest, if any, shalibe
held as security for payment to the parties entitled thereto of the gener-
al average, .sa.lvage or special charges .payablehy cargo in respe.ct to
which the deposits have been collected. Payments on account or refund.s
\.
{)f deposits may he made if certiIied to in writing by the average ad.
ju.ster. Such depos1t.s and payment". or reful1ch3 ",.hall be without prejudice
to the ultimate liahility {)f the parties.

Axt. 281. General Average borne in Due Course.

General average loss shall be shared rateably by the ship, freight, passage
money, cargo and all property, as specified in Art. 275~ directly at risk at the
time of the general average act.

Art. 282. Inadmissibility of a Demand jQ'r, Contributwn.

A demand for cOlltdbution in general avemge <shall he inadmis.sible where
Lhedamage has not been the subject of a reservation in writing made JJy the
master or against him within three clayo from the ,delivery Qf the goods, holi-
day,s not included.

Art. 283. Lien in res~ct of Claims in General Average.

(1) ,Claims in general average shall he secured :by lien on the prolperty
salvaged up to the amount of the contribution due in respect of such item.
(2) Liens in r,espect of ships. .shall he .subject to the rules set forth in this Code.
(3) The property to whioh the lien attache.s maybe detained by the carrier
at the port of arrival, unless the carrier is given such sufficient and
proper security as will ensure eventual.payment of the contribution.
The 'Court ma'y order the attachement of the property including the sale
thereof, up to the amount of the provisional contribution determined.
in accordance with the procedure hid down in the Code of Civil
Procedure.
(4) Where there are several claims in general average they shall rank in the
inverse order of the dates on which they came into being.
Art. 284. General Average Statement.

The general average statement shall he drawn up for each interest;

hoth in r'espect of the estimation of ]o~,~!esadmitted in general average and
in ire.s,pect of the contribution, on the hasisof the valuation at the time the
voya'ge ended and, unless otherwis,e stipulated, at the place determined for the
conclusion of the voyage and with e£fect from atrival in such place.
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Art. 285. Average Adjusters.

(1) The general averag,e .statement shall he drawn up by one or several
average adjusters. Failing agreement hetween the parties, the adjusters
.shall he appointed by the Court having jurisdi~tion. The adju.sterB may
appoint experts to assi.st them.
(2) Failing agreement between all the parties, the general average statement
shall be submitted to the Court for ratification by any 'party, the other
parties heing g,crved.

Art. 286. Costs and Honoraria.

Costs and honoraria incurred in the average statement shall be borne by
the contributory value05, as a prior charge.

Art. 287. Limitation of Proceedings for Claiming Contribution.

(1) Claims Ifor contribution shaH be barred after tJwo year~ from the arrival
of the ship at her ,d!eotination or froOm the da,y when '3hf' was the to arrive.
(i2) The period of limitation shall be suspended by the appointment of one
Oil'several average adju.sters under Art. 285. A :further p'eriod of two years
t3hall ,run from the date on which the adjueters have declared that they
ar,e unaibl'c to fulfil their tark

TITLE VIJ
INSURANCE
Chapter. 1. Contract of Insurance
Art. 288. Extent of Application of Rules.
Any policy of insurance ihaving as its principal object to guarantee ,a
maritime risk, including collateral risks, shall be i3'ubject tt) theprovi.sions 0.£
this Title.

Art. 289. Form of the Policy.

(I) The policy of insurance shall he in writing.
(2) Additions to., and modifications of, the original policy of insurance shall
also ibe in ,writing.

Art. 290. Cover-notes.

A COVer-note shall bind the parties.
Art. 291. Particulars in the Policy of Insurance.
(1) The policy 01 insurance shan specify:
a) the plae,e where the insurance is entered into;
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b) the date and time of conc1u.siol1 of the polic'Y;

c) the names and domiciles ,of the parties, showing where appr.opriate
that the a.s.sm"ed is acting on behalf of a third person;
d) the subjt\Ct matter int3ured and the riok insured against;
e) ,the voyage or period of time or .both, as the case maybe, c.overed
by the insurance;
,f ) the sum or sums insured;
g) the am.ount of premium;
h) the clau.g,e to oraer or to beare,r, where agreed .on.
(.2) The ,poHcy .of insurance shall be @igned 'by the underwriter .or his rep-
re5entative. The parties IiIhallbe entitled, at their own expens'e, to a true
copy of thepoIicy.

Art. 292. Subject matter which may be insured.

(1) Anything which ,can he valued in money's worth and which is exposed
to maritime ris.k for lawful purpose may 'be in8lUred.
(2) No pers.on may claim under the policy unletSlShe ha.s ~uff.ered damage as
a result of the ca.malty.

Art. 293. Reinsurance.

An underwriter may reinsure the risks which he has agreed to cover.

Art. 294. Insurance' Qf a Ship under Construction.

A ship under construction may ,he the subject of marine insurance as !Soon
as !She iB laid down.
Art. 295. Commencement of Risk for the Ship.
(1) With reg,ard to the ship, the ,risks of the voyage shall run from the time
when the shipment of carg.ocommences until the termination of unloading.
Provided that the durati.on .of risk may not exceed a period of fifteen days
Rifter arrival at the d03tination, nor go Ibeyond the time when goods are
shiplped at the destination for further voyage.
(.2) Wher,e the s.hip is in ballaat, the ,d."k.s of the voyage shall run from the
time when she has cast off or shipped anchor, and shall terminate when
.she anchors or moors at the place of de.stination.

Art. 296. Ship under Voyage.

(1) IIn the case of insurance of a s,hip taken out tor a limited period where
the IShip itSunder voyage at the date fixed for the commencement or ter-
mination .of the ri&k3,~the !risks shall run as from the end of the voyage
or shall he extended until the end of the voyage.

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(2) In the first case the premium shall be refunded in proportion to the
period not having run. In the secondca,se the premium s,ha11 be caIleeted
in proportion to the addition al duration ()Ifthe risks.

Art. 297. Determi1tation of the V ulue of Goods.

n) Where the value of ,S!DOCl.,
i~ not fixed hy the contract, it shall be deter-
mined on thehasis of the pnrcha.s.e price .or on the haais oJ: the price
current at the date and place of loading and on the basis of charges paid
and costa incurred up to the time of loading, freight pro rata, the cost .of
the insurance and; where appropriate, the anticipated profits.
(2) The vaLue .sha1l he the value at the destination on the date of arrival, or
where the goods do not arrive. on the date when they should have arriv-
ed, when such value itS greater than that indicateil above.

Art. 298. Commencement of Risk in respect of Goods.

In respe'ct of good.s,the risk shaH 'run from the date when they are deli-
vered to the carrier at the place of departure Ifor the vovage insured. The
ri~k shall terminate at the time when the goods are delivered to the consignee
at the la.st place of a1'1'ival: Provided that delivery ia effected within thi'rty
days of unloading.

Art. 299. Cancellation of the Contract.

(1) The underwriter may terminatepolicie.s in ,force in the event of the
bankruptcy of the assured.
(2) The und,e:t:writer hag the ,g.ame right, where a premium due is not .paid
and where he has .served notice on the assured to pay the said premium
within a period of twenty.four hours.
(3) Cancellation and the notice to pay may he b'Y registered letter or cable.
(4) Cancellation shaN re.mIt in the refund of ,the p,remium in proportion to
the risks which bave not rnn, without prejudice to other claims.
(5) Cancellation s,ha11 he of no effect as regards third partie,s in good faith
nnd,er a transfer prio<r to an.y caauaIty and to notice of cancellation, pro-
vided that such third partie.. have paid the premium where it has not
been paid by the as,sured.
(6) In the event of tbebankruptcy of the underwriter, the a.ssur,ed haa the
same rights.

Art. 300. Non-disclosure and ltlisrepresentation.

(1) Any concealment or mis,reprelS,entation on the part of the assured, thy
which the risk iusurerl has heen underestimated, shall ~esult in the cancel-
latlOfi of the policy, even in the absence of fraud.
.

(2) The policy shan he cancened notwithstanding that the concealment or

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misrepresentation noes not relate to the damage to or loss of the thin!!

ineJured.
(3) The underwriter cOhal1 he entitled to the whole of the premium in the
event of £1'30(1 ;ll1d to ,half thf' prf'mium in the aJEence thereDf.

Art. 301. Increase of Risk.

(1) Any increase of the r1&k 111conme of insurance .shall result in the canMI.
1ation of the puliey, where such increase was not notified to the under-
writer at the time it hecame known to the assured.
(2) 'Vhere the underwriter is notified of an increase of the risk, due to the
3cte of the assured, he may either cancel the policy and claim for the pre-
mium or require an increaee in the pr,emium. If the increa.se is other-
wise cansed, th(' poHcy shan remain in force, subject to an increase in
th e premium.

Art. 302. Cancellation by the Assured.

The as..,ured may cancel the insurance policy £01' eo Jong a5 the risk hall!
not started to 1"an. 'X'here the a6t5lUed canuot 5h0'1" force majeure, he shaH pay
to the underwriter, as compensation, one haH Df the premium fixed in th~
poHcy.

Chapter 2. Rights and Obligations

.
of the Assured
And the Underwriter
Art. 303. Damage and Loss aJtthe Risk of the Underwriter.
Damage to, and IOQ'3of, the things insured resulting from storm, Bhipwreck.
stranding, collision, jettison, fire, explosion and in g:eneral arising out of all
perils of tne ,.ea and force majeure, are at the rii"k of the underwriter.

Art. 304. Thin!.'s insured "Kuinst General Average.

The underwriter !.h8.11 be responsible for the contribution of the thin!!~
in.sured in ,!!;eneral :.fvera?:e. unle.s the ~eneral avera~e contrihution ari.ses out
of a risk excluded from . jnsurance. .

Art. 305. Policy Shall remain in Force in the event of Obligatory Deviation.
(l)The :ri,sk"insured !s:hal1l)e covered in the 'event of an ohligatory deviation,
or change of voyage or of ship. us wen as in the event of the fault of
the master or the crew.
(2) Where.thehull of the ship is insured, the underwriter shall not he liable
for the con.s.equences of faults of the master hv way 'of. fraud or. wilful
 64 MARITIME CODE
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misrepresentatio.n, where the master was chasen by the shipo.wner.

Art. 306. Cases CO'nsidered as ObligatO'ry DeviatiO'n.

Deviatio.ns o.r change~ which are decided an by the ma.ster witho.ut co.n-
sulting the shipo.lwner 0.1'the assured and deviatio.ns 0.1' changes having as their
o.hject tD rend'er al'Ssistance Dr salvage services to. a ship Dr vesl'Slelin danger or
to.perwn.s and thinge an bo.ard su.ch ehip Dr vessel, .shall be co.ne,ider.ed' as
obligatory deiViatio.ns, Dr changes in vo.yage Dr of ship.

Art. .307. Sharteninp; O'f V ayage.

(I) Where the voyage is sho.rtened there is no. change in voyage, provide,d
that the new part o.f departure 0.1' o.f anival be a Po.rt of call referred to.
in the po.licy.

(2) In the ,event .of a vo.luntary .change in vo.yage 0.1' a deviation, the und'er-
writer \Shan ,be liable in res.pect .ofcasualtie.s pro.ved to. have o.ccurred in
the course o.f the agreed raute.

Art. 308. Other DevMtion Dr Changes Df Ship.

Any other deviatio.n .or change o.f voyage or ship .shall discharge the und,er-
writer, the ;premium vesting as so.o.n as the risk begins to. run.

Art. 309. Underwriter nat Liable far the results af Faults af the Assured.
(1) iSave as ilS o.therwise provided in Art. 305 the underwriter shall not be
Hable far the acts Dr faults o.l the assured, 0.1' o.f the servants and agents
of, o.r personB claiming thro.ugh, the aS8ured.
(~) Any agreement to. the contrary may no.t .set up a guarantee against fraud
or wilful misrepr,esentatio.n.

Art. 310. Inherent Vice af the Thing Insured.

(1) [J)amag,e and lasS' resulting from the nature or inherent vice o.f the thing
insured, including wastage and loss in transit shall not be bo.rne by tbe
underwdter, unlesoS such 10.86o.r damage results from a latent defect in the
I'Shi,pwhich a prudent shipowner could not have fo.reseen.

('2) Where the hull of the ship is, in.sured, the absence o.f .certificates of ins.
pection shall give rise to. a presumptio.n of the existence of a latent ,defect
in the ~hip.

(3) Insufficiency in the conditio.ning o.f the goode g,hall be considered to h~

an i'nherent vice.
 MARITIM E CODE
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Art. 311. Damage to other g'oods caused by the Property Insured.

Unless otherwisc agreed, the underwriter shaH 11e;t he liable for darnag:e to
goods and to per.sons caused hy the propc'l'ty insured.

Art. 312. Exclusion " War Risks.

of
(1) Ri.sks arising out of cjvil or foreign war .-hall not he borne by the
und e.rwri tel'.
(2) If otherwise agreed, the underwriter shall be liable for all damage and
le/st3 caused to the property insured hy hostilities, reprisab, capture.
arrest, deten&ion, emhargo ard molestations 'hy any government or autho-
rity whatsoever, hy explosion of engines of war and. in general, by all
fortune of war ae weH ashy piracy.
Art. 313. Contract Concluded for an Amount exceeding the value of the Things
Insured.
(1) A contract oJ insurance concluded fm' an amount exceeding the value ,of
the things may he cancelled on the dem,and of the nndcrwriterwhere it is
proved that there has been fraud or wilful mi,;:reprc,;:entation, and the
premium .shan not ,he refunded.
(2) Where there has heen neither fraud nor wilful mi~representation the
contract i'3 valid up to the amount of the value of the things imured and
the under,writer has a right to half the premium for the aminmt of the
exce,stS valuation.
Art. 314. Full Value Not Insured.
Where the fun value is not insured, the aSISured ."hall remam hiB own
insurer in respect of the difference and shall hear loss and damage rateably.
Art. 315. Same Risk Covered by Several Underwriters.
Where the same ri.s,k i6 covered hy ..evera! undenvriten, each ,'llch under-
writer shall <Jnly he Jia'hle in proportion to the amount for which he ha1\
gIVen cover. without being jointly and severally lial)le with the other under-
writers.
Art. 316. Exercise by the Assured of His Rights against the Several Under-
writers.
(1) Where, in the ah.sence of wilful misrepre.;entation on the part of the
aBlSured, the same risk i,s the s!11.hject of several immrance.s, and provided
that the total amount 8-0 insured does not exceed the value of the thing
insured the assured mav exercise hi.s rights again,:;t the !Several under-
..'
writers, ' in whatever order he seJeets,'-. III '--proportion the capital

. value insured hy each and within the limits of the damage incurred.

5*
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66 MARITIME CODE
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(2) The assured shall declare to the underwriter Ihf' "even, I policies which
have been contracted.
(3) Where there 16 wilful mi~represcl1tatioJ1 on the part uf the assured, each
contract may.be cancelled at the demand of the 'anderwriter.
(4) In no case ,shall an underwriter who ha- [[cterl in ~ood faith refund the
premium.

Art. 317. Contract Concluded After the Loss or Arrival of the Thing Insured.
(1) A contract of insurance concluded after the 1'D';;'301' arrival of the things
insured shall be of no effect if the news of the loss or arrival waa avai1.
ahleeither at the place where the a~oSured was present before taking out
the insurance, or at the place where the contract W,l-' si(!ned but ]Jefore
the underrwriter had affixed his signature.
(2) Where the SUlbject matter is insured "lo.sl or not lost," the contract may
not be cancelled unless it is proved that the assured wa,.personally aware
of the loss, or the unde!\writer of the arriva1.
(3) A party ~hown to have acted in bad fairth .shaH pay to the other party
t.wice the amount of the agreed premium as compensation.
(4) The insurance shall he of no ,effect ,\'~here the as.sared, being aware of the
lo&s after ha'V'ing requelsted the insurance, ha;5 failed to give the nece.ssary
inS!truclions within as short a time :1'5pm~sible for the caneeUation of his
request prio'! to ,;ignature.

Art. 318. Casualties occurring before Signature of the Contract.

The under,writer ",hall not llc Hable for eRsllalties occuring befor.e .signature
of the contract unles,s the a.s,sured did not have preimmptive or material kinow-
led,ge thereotf.

Art. 319. Premium nQt to be Refunded After Risks Begin to Run.

No refund shall ,be made by the underwriter after the risks ]Jegin to run.

Art. 320. Notice to be given to Underwriter.

In the case of oocurrences likely ,to give rise to claims againBt the under-
~iter, the a&sured ~hall give notice to the underwriterwi!hin three wOr'king
days of his becoming aware of such occurrences.

Art. 321. ConservatQry Measures Talren by the Assured.

The aSBur.ed shall,W'it110ut prejudice to hi.s right to abandonment, take
an meal8ures of p,!p~ervation, arrange for or proceed to t,he salvage of the
property immred am} re<::ervf' aU ri~]lt~ thf'Tf' may }Jf' again",t thhd parties.
.
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MARITIME CODE
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The underwriter may himself take sUich meaL'lures, .which 8h all not be deemed
an acknorwlewg:ment 'Of liability 0,1' aiI1 act of olWnership.

Art. 322. Liability of the Assured for failure to fulfil his Obligations.
\,
The ag!5ured shall Ihe liable where he \fails to comply with the provisions
of Articles 320 and 321.

Artj. 323. Subrogation.

An uudeI'IWriter who hae paid losses 'Or damag,e Siha.}}be subrogated t'O the
rights and action's of 'the aoS8ured against third parties liable or c'Oncer,n ed' in
generala,verage.

Art. 324. Floating Policies.

(1) lIn the case of insurance npon goods subscribed by "fJoating" P'Olicies or
"as intereSit ma,y ari.se," the a&sured shaH decolare in interest, and the
undemvriter 'shall acoopt, during the p,eriodi 'that the policy ie in f'Orce
and MfaI' as they alie applicable, all good,s. ,con.signed 'On behalf 'Of the
assured 'Or on ~eha1f 00 third' parties who have requ~red dIe insurance
'Of thegoo'd;s. proviaed that 8uchpartie,s, lra'Ve an Interest in the consign-
ment.
(2) 'Corndgnment's made on hehdf '0.£ the as'sured arecov:ered from the time
that the risk in.snredbegins to run, even ,in ,I\e.spect t'O casual'ties of rwMch
tihe assured is aware before the declarafion of initerest, rpr'Ovid'ed that
sltch .declarati()n wa's madeWlithin eight dla,y.sfrom receipt by him of the
nMiicels concer.ning the contdgnmernt. This period ~han no:texceed three
d:ays f'Or voyages between Ethiopian ports.
(3) Where the dec~a.ration is made after the expiry of this period and in
all cases where :the c'OD5ignmenit i.s made on behalf of a third person, the
insurance shaH take effect 100nlyfrom the date oif the declaration, subject
to the prOlVisionls of Arts. 3:17 and 318 which are applicable both to the
as.mred and to the third party.

Art. 3,25. Failure to Make the Declaration of Interest.

(1) Where the assured ha.sl failed to' make the declaration 0':£interest within
the periold provided' in Art. 324, he shall 'Play to' the underwriter, in
additio,n to the premium, c'Ompem!lation equivalent thereto ,foT' the con.
signment not declared.
(2) Where the extent of tIle failure to make vhe declaratiDn Dr the repetitio,n
thereof show.s that ..neh failure wale intentiO'nal, the policy Bhall be
£'JanccUed at the requ~t of fhe underwriter. The undierwdter may also,
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I!, I~i
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I
hy way 'Of a,dd'itional compeIEatiol1, claim back payment" made in re.spect
II.-
~ JI of ,casualties relating to cun~ip]mf'nh' ma(1r aftel" the first failure- to
,:~ declare.
I,'
\1' Art. 326. Collision or the Rendering of Assistallc(J ur Salv'lfl,l' Serrices Beft{"f!{'f!
or by or to Ships belonging to the same Owner,
(1) In the event ofcolliBion or the rendetinl! of a~;,;j5tanee or ,salvage service:,
between or J)y or to the insured ship <Uld anoihersh ip helongin~ to the
assured, the ,reJ:ation05between the partie,..haJI he the same H!'ijf the tiWO
ships belong,ed to different shipowners.
(2} The same shan apply where the damage result" from tlH' execation or
.non-execution of a manoeuvre or hy the non-,dJservance of the regula-
tions, even if no collision hat' talo:en place, a'3 alw in the calSe of a
conision hetween the ship and a fixed or movi!1~ object bf'lon~'in)!: to the
a8Bur.ed.
(3) The same shall also apply where the ~c;odrS are the property of the
shipowner whocarrie05 them or who is the {Jwncr of the "hip which har"
conided with, Dr rendered assistance to, the ship carrying the goods.

Chapter 3. Settlement of damage

I,
~.
Section 1. General Provisions
~
f Art. 327. Extent of the Liability of the Underwriter to pay Compensation.
I
The underwriter shaH in 11'0case he liahle topay Cam1H~ll'3ation exceeding
the amount insured. He Bhall net he Hrh1c to repair or replaN' the property
insured.
Art. 3,28. Proof to be Furnished by the Assured.
(1) Th.e as;sured shaN prove that the risk has nm and prove In,ss or damag'l".
or the existence of cir,eumstancf'r3 givj'lIl! ri<3c to alnndo<nment.
(2) :LOiSSand damage or the circumstance,s giving rhe to :, right of abandon-
ment shan, in the 'alEence nf pro.of to the contrary, be IHemmed to have
arisen dllrill,g the 'period of insurance and within it,s territorial Ecope.
(3)fu order to difi,charge himself the underwriter shall prove that the Ios...
or damage or circnmsta,nces do not fall within the ri'sks covered.
(4) Where the insurance covers certain defined rigks, the ~Rsured shall proyc
that the Ca61la1ty resulted from weh a risk
Art. 329. Period of Time for Payment of Compensation.
(1) Insu~ancecompensation is pa~Tahle thirty d3YS foUolwing the production
to the unde~wri.ter d the c1aimtogcther wit-h do.cumentary evidence, and
where ap,propriate, the act of ahandDnment. No prnceedings may he
.Jnought agMD8t the umterwriterfhuini! ,this period.
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(2) \Vhere ,no agreement ha" been reacher} durin!! thi" period. the documenh
.,hall he rpstored hy the unrlcrwritf'L

Section 2. Settlen1ent in Average

Art. 330. Cases
"
where there is Settlement in Average.
(1} All damage and los", which j" not the ,mhject of an ahandonment shall be
"ettled in average.
~2i For so long as abanrlonnwnt
i" not acccpinl or adjudged prope.r the a~
.sured has the choice be'L\veen ahandonment awl a settlement in average.
(3) The right of ahal;d{JI1ment does not create a right to a settlement in
average. Settlement in avera,ge i'3 o:,ly permiuedwhere it ilS in confo,r-
mity with the nature of the casualty and the actual t"tipulations in the
contract.

Art. 331. Limitation of the Liability of the Un(Z,.>rwriter to Damage Directly

affecting the thing insured.

The underwriter shall only he liable for damage or loss directly affecting
the thing insured. He shall not he liahle for per'30nal 1085 ~uch as laying off,
delay, difference in quctations, or an ohstacle to the commercial transaction of
the assured.

Art. 332. Deduction new for old.

The cost of repairs to the ,;;hip or i!c;;11CCe,,,301'1C,,
"hall he subject todeduc-
tion "new for old."

Art. 333. Exclusion of Wages rind Profits of the Crew.

The underwriter shall no l be liable for wag,es, proffit3 and other remun~-
ration of the crew, as well as their upkeep, nor for the costs of repatriation and
all other eXpeJ1t8e8 concerninp: t1H' crew.

Art. 334. Means of Settling Damage to Goods.

Where good.s are damaged the difference hetv,'cen the value of the damag-
ed goods and their value immediately -before damage shall he ascertained. The
amount >to he paid sha11 he theirinmrancc value le5-'! the r1Hference rSD as'cer-
tained.

Art. 335. Contribution in General Avera15'e borne by the Underwriter.

ContributiOll.s in general average 6ha1:1 he borne by the underwriter in
proportion ,to the value which he has insured, ,mbject to deduction of parti-
cular average which may have heen home hy him, provided that the total
amount sha11 not exceed the .sums paid hy the as,:.ured.
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Section 3. Abandonment
Art. 336. Limits oj Abandonment.
Unless othel'wiseegreed, the thing iIlBured ~hall not he abandoned except
in itheca.ses set forth in the following artic1eo.

Art. 337. Cases where there is abandonment of the ship.

Abandonment of the ship shall occur :
(1) where the ship is a total loss;
(2) where the .ship ,cannot in any event he repaired;
(3) where the ship cannot he repaired in ,the aibsence of repairbcilitieb and
she cannot be moved elsewhere for repair;
(4) where the total cost of repairi,ng the damage to the i\hip would amount
to nOlt Je.ss than three quarters of her value. In calculating the damage
account shaH be taken of the difference "new for old" and the value oJ
the old materials. Experu;,e.s not directly related to the repair of Ihe
damage rep'O,rted .shall n'Ot he included.

Art. 338. Abandonment of Gooek.

(1) Ahandonment 'Of go'Ods shall occur:
(a) where ,the g{)ods are lost or totally destroyed;
(b) wher,e, in the event that the ship is unaea:worthy, the forwarding of
the ,goods by some meaThS has nQlt been undertaken within a period
'OJ four ;month.s. This period r3hall run .from ,the notification of the
unseaworthiness hy the as€ured to the underwriter; where the un~
seaw'Orthiness hatS 'Occurred at a pla,ce with which ,communicati'Ons
haveheen interrup'ted, the period of time shall he .suspended during
such interruption;
(c) where, during a voyage, the go,od.3 have been order,ed to be s'Old as a
result of material damage;
(d) where, apart from any CXlpense.s, the 10tSSor material depreciation
of the goods amounts to not leslS than three quarters of their value,
the caI.culation being made in the manner provided in Art. 334.

(2) ,In the cases 'provided in sub-articlcs (a), (b) and (d) and where the in-
surance is limited to 10s8 and damage resulting from specific cause.s, aban-
donment is 'Only pos.sible where ifhe casualty results from Buch a cauee.

Art. 339. Abandonment of Freight.

In the ,case provided in Art. 338 (1) (b), the shipowner may give notice
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of a,bandonJ.Ucll't of freight not dne pro rata, provided that he shows due dili-
gence in f'orwarding the goods.

Art. 340. Abandonment in the absence of lie/liS.

U) Ahandonment "of the .ship, good.s and freight shall ooeur where there is
no news of the "hip within four months from the date of receipt of the
laBt news.

(2) In the event .of iUlterrnption of cOlllll1nuications, the period shall he sus-
pended during Bueh interruption.

(3) The ass'ured shall ",how that the .ship was at .sea at th~ time of the last
news and that .she has not arrived at !theplace where she ,was due to touch.

(4) The ship Bhall be deemed to he lost on the date to which the last neWi
refel'8. -: )..
:.it.:;.:_;:::--~ "

(5) The court may, taking into account the cir,CUll1J3ta.ncesand the probabi-
lities, attrihute the loss to the perils of the sea or to fortune of war, or
dis.trihute the eharge.s betJween these two ri,sk.s in the proportion determin-
ed .hy the court.

Art. 341. Abandonment in the ca~e of insurance of war risks.

(1) Where war risk.s have heen insured, ahandonment of the ship or goods
sh all occur where the property insured has heen captured, 'arrested: or de-
tained by the order of a power, or has heen captured by pirates, and has
not heen re<3tored to the as"ured within {OlU month@.

(2) This period of time .shall run ,from the notification of the occurrence hy
the a.s,sured to the underwriter.
(3) Freighit insured against war risks may he ahandoned where it has not
TIeen pog,sihle to ,eoUeet it within four month!'! a.s a result ,of one of the
oecurr,encm ,set forth in this Article and which has affected the goode.

Art. 342. Cases where abandonment is not admissible.

In the caseo provided in Articlm 338 (1) (Ib), 339, 340 and 341, the for-
warding 'Of the cargo, the receipt of new,; of the ship, or the re.storation to the
assured of property captured, arre.sted or detained, even after tbe e~piry of
the periods of time ,fixed for the said articles, shall not justify 'abandonmeI!~,
where weh ads take place before the expiry o,f the period fixed in Art. 339.
AJbandonment !Shall ~)e a d.mi s.sihle where these ac.t... tatkeplaee after Ithe expiry
of that period.
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MARITIME CODE i
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Art. 343. Non-admission by the Underwrite'r of Expiry.

Where an underwriter alleges tha,t the per,iDd pmvided in Articles 338 (1\
(b), 339, 340 or 34,,1 had no,t eX!piredat the time of llatice of abandonment, he
shall lodge his Dbjection\, within six months .from the notice.

Art. 344. Special Insurance of Fr~ght.

In the case3 provided in Articles 338 (1) (h), 340 and 341 andw.here the
freight at ri~ik in respect oft:he gODd,~h:::3 heen the .subject of a special insu-
rance, the assured who has paid such fr.eight may claimc.ompem;ation thereIor
at the expiry of the periods fixed in the ~aid Articles,sUlhje(>Itto the provisior!13
of Articles 342 and 343.

Art. 345. Nature of Abandonment.

Abandonment may not he partial or condiltional.

Art. 346. Duty of the Assured to declare all I nsumnces taken Out).
(1) In ,giving notice o,f abandonment, the assured shaH declare all in8Uf'anC~

iha,t he has taken out.

(2) An assured who hat&made an in.correct declaration in had faith, s'hall ,not
have the henefit of the insurance.

Art. 347. Effect of Abandonment.

(1) An ahandonmentwhich itS ac.cep,ted or ad:judged pro-per i'hall 4transier to
the undel'1writer the property in the thingr3 intmred. The undeIiWriter ~hall
he required to pay the amount ins~ured.

(2) As heibween undeIiWfi.ter and assured, ahand!onment date!'i from the day 'Of
the 'Occurrence which gave ri"e to aihandDnment.

Chapter 4. Limitation
Art. 348. Limitation of Actions arising out of an Insurance Contract.
All actions ari~Iing o-ut 0'£ an immrance policy shall be barr-ed after tw'O
years.

Art. 349. Action for payment of premium.

Foraction.s fDr payment of the 'pre,mium, the peri'Od 'Of li~itation shall run
.from the date 'Of the aoceptaillce of Ithe policy of insurance.

Art. 350. Action in Abandonment.

The period of limitation of actions in ahandonment shall run :
(1) In .thecase.s provided in Arlticles 338 (1) (h), 33'9,340 and 341 from the
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MABlTIlVIE CODE 73
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expiry of the periQdc; of time ~elt forth therein, subject to deduction of

time having run <between the date when the lli3sured ,became aware of the
uIlISeaworthiness, captu.re, arrest or detenltion and the date of notification
thereof to theundcrwriter;
(2) In the case pocovided in Art. 338 (1 j (c I from the date of sale.
Art. 351. Action in Average.
The periQd of limitation of actions in average shall run:
(1) Where such action is based on an acti,on 'brought by another person for a
cause such as assistance, ,cQntribution in average, extraordinary expenses,
rorutractual or tortious liahility, from the date when such person ha~
brought the action or from the date when he has been compensated by the
aS6ured;
(2) In the case provided in Art. 344, as specified in Art. 350 (1).
Art. 352. Date from which period runs with respect to the ship and freight at
risk for the ship~
With respect to the ship and to freight at ri5.k for the ship, tlte period of
limitation' of aetions in a;handonment and actions in average shall run, unles.s
otherwise expressly provided, from the date of theoc'Curl'ence giving rise to
a'handomuent or to an adion in average.
Art:. 353. Date from which period runs with respect to goods and freight at
risk for the goods.
W-ith respect to good,s and to freigh,t at risk for the goods hein.g theeub-
jeet of a special insuran.ce, the period of limitation of actions in ahaudon-
memt and actioD's in average .shall run, 'Unles.s otherwi"e express.ly provided,
from .the arrirval of the ~hip at her de~tination ,o.r from the date when she
should have arrived or, :where the occurrence g~ving rise to ahandonment or to
an action in a.verage i.s subsequent thereto, from the date of such occurrence.
Art. 354. Limit.atwn of Actions for repayntent of sums paid by mistake.
As regards adions for repayment of any sums paid .by mista'ke, the period
of limitation of two yeartS shall run from the date of the pay.ment.
Art. 355. Limitation runs against persons legally incapable.
In an cases under thi.s Chapter~ limitation shall run against minors, per-
,sons under judicial di.sa,hililty or otherl\vise legally incapahle.
Art:. 356. Suspension of LimitfatioN-.
In addition to the ordinary .cause.s of tSU3pension, the period of limitation
shall Ibe !Suspended by ~he delivery of ithe documents esJtalbliming a claim under
Art. 329. The period shan begin ,to run again upon the expiry of the period of
thirty day,s Iprovided in the s.aid Article or from the dalte .of return of the docu-
ments by the underwriter, where such date of return is later.
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TITLE VIII
PENAL PROVISIONS
Art. 357. Injuring owner by causing survey without good reason.
Who.soever with the intention of injuring the owner of a ship prevents
,the sailing of a .ship hy Calli'iing the ship to J)e surveyed without good reason
shall he guilty of an offence all d shall be liable on ,conviction to a fine not ex-
ceedingEth. $2000.

Art. 358. Misconduct endangering life or ship.

If a maiSter or .seaman belonging Ito an Ethiopian ship by ,wilful breach of
duty or by neglect of duty or by reason of drunkenneo.s,
(a) does any act tending to the immediate loss, de.structio.u, or serious da-
mage of the ,ship, or ,tending immediately to endanger the life or limb
of a 'person to or on board the .ship; or
(h) refuses or omits to do any lawful act proper and requi,site to he done hy
him for pre.serving the ship from immediate 108s~ des,trnction, or serious
damage, or for preserving any per,son belonging to or on board the .ship
from immediate danger to life or limb,
he shall he guilty of an offence and ,$ha11 on conviction he liable to a fine not
exceeding Eth. $2000 or to 6imple impri60nment not exceeding two years.
Art. 359. General Offences.
If a seaman lawfully engaged commvts any of the following offences, he
shall he lia,ble on ,conviction to be punished a.s follow.s, that i,s to say,
(a) if he assaults the ma.ster or any mate or certified engineer of the .shiV,
he shall he liahle on ,conviction to simple imprisonment not exceeding six
Imouths;
(b) if he combines with any of the crew to di050hey lawful command.s or to
neglect duty, or to impede the na;vigatiol1 of the ship or the progres8 of
;the voyage, he .shall he liaihle on conviction to simple imprisonment not
exceedin.g six month.s;
(c) if he wilfully damage.s hi,s "hip, or steals or wilfully damages any of her
stores or cargo" he shallihe liahleon conviction to fine or simple impri-
sonment not ex.ceeding six month".

Art. 360. Depriving Master of Command of Preventing his exercise unlawfully

thereof.
Whosoever !being on an Ethiopian ship unlawfully usurps the
command of such ship from the master or other lawful officer in command
thereof or deprives him of authority and command on board or resists or pre-
vents him in the free and lawful exerciBe thereof ,shall be guility of an offence
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MARITIME CODE 75
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and ISlhall he liable on conviation to rigorous impri.sonment not ex.ceeding ten

years.

Art. 361. Abandoning ship without proper cause.

(1) Any master w'ho without proper cause abandol15 hitS ship in time~ of dis-
trelS,s 13hall be guilty d an of,fence and shall be Iia ble on conviotion to
~imple impris,onment not exceeding one y~ar.
(2) Any member of the ,crew who without proper ,cause abandon~ his .ship in
times .of diatress shaH he guilty of an offence and shall he liable on COll-
viction to simple imprisonment not exceeding six months.

Art. 362. Offences in connection with ship's documents.

Any master or engineer who:
(a) makes OrcauseB to he made an untrue entry, or
(h) iknolWingly omits or causerS to be omitted an entry, or
(c) without go 0,£1reason a1ters or causes to ,be altered an entry in the Log
book or in any other ship's documents required to he kept hy law,
ghall .be guilty of an offence and shall be lia:ble on conviction to a fine not
exceeding Eth.$500 or to ",jmple im:prig,onmen!t not exceeding two year".

Art. 363. Failure to give information after CoUision.

Any master who aftercoUision with another .ship ;fails to give to Ithe master
of the ves6el with which he came into collision any of the fonowing particular,s,
namely:
(a) the name of his ship;
(h) the port of regi6tration
(c) the port of destination and la,st call,
..hall be guilty of an offenf':e al1dshallbe liable on conviction to a fine not
exceeding Eth. $1000.

Art. 364. Master or Shipowner failing to ensure seaworthiness of Ship.

Any master oTshipowner who fails to carry out the requirements of law
in respect of ,any of the fol1o:w:ing matters, namely:
(a) ensuring the .sea:worthine~s OIf hi" "hip, or
(h) safeguarding the crew, ,passengers or ether persons on hoard the ship,
shall he ,guilty of an offence and ,ghall ,he liahle on conviction to a fine not
exceeding Ed1. $ 2000.
Art. 365. Failure of Master to carry out certain responsibilities.
Any malSiter of an Ethbpian ship who:
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76 MARITIME CODE

( a) refusf's withont good cause to take on hoard his .;hip any penson for
whose voyage home the Ethiopian authoritie,s are responsihle, or
(b) fails to comply ,vith the deci,sion.s givenhy competent authorities in
relSpect of di.sputeswhich han' arisen between him and his subordinates,
."
shall he guilty of an offence and ,.hall he liable on conviction to a fine not
exceeding Eth. $ 500.

Art. 366. Acting as ~llaster. ilJate etc. without proper qualifications.

(1) Any person who cause,s hiIllielf to he appoinit'd as master or lllate or
engineer without having the qualifications prescribed by law shall he
guiLty of an offence and shall he liable on con.viction to a .fine not exceed.
ing Eth. $ 1000 or to simple impdsonment for a pedod not exceeding six
months.
(2) Any ma.ter or shipowner wbo knowingly employs on a .ship any per/3on
who has not the qualifications prescribed hy law shall be guilty of an
offence and shall he liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding Eth.$.lOOO.

Art. 367. Offences against Discipline.

Offence... agaimt diecipJine ",11<:1111
he as prescrihed.

Art. 368. Penalties.

Any person wh-o contravenes the prnvi,iOllS of this Code or any regulation~
made thereunder for which no .special pena1ty is provided shall he liable on
conviction toa fine not exceeding Eth. $. 1000 or to simple imprisonment not
exceed:ing .six months.

Art. 369. Saving of other powers.

Not!hing in this Code .,haU prevent a prasecuti-on under any other Jaw, hut
so that a person shaH not he punic,hed twice for the same offence.

TITLE IX
MISCELLANEOUS
Art. 370. Interpretation.
For the :purpose.s of thi~ Code, the following words and expression.s sha]]
have the following meaning... :
"Empire" means the Empire of Ethiopia.
"Minister" means the Minister of National Defence.
"Prescrihed" means prescrihed hy Regulation,;; under thi" Code.
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MARITIME CODE 77

Art. 371. Regulation Making Power.

(11 The Minis,ter on the recommendation of the Department of Marine may
make regulations for earning this Code into effect.
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(21 In particular, and without prejudice to the ~enerality of the foregoinl!
pcwer, cmch regulation," may pre,-.crihe :
(a) anything which hy this Code may or ii' to he prescribed;
(hI the forms to he u15ed;
( c) the fee.., and dues to he paid;

(dl any matlers re1atinl! to the seaworthines,s of shipL' and the control
thereof;
(e) the procedure to he adopted and the conditions to he ob.served in
connection with the registration o.f ships;
(f) the procedure to he adopted and the condition" to he o,hserved in
connection w.ith the licensing of pilot", deck officem, en.gineers and
",ea'men;
(g) the terms al1dconJ.itions of service of ,sea,men;
(h) any maHers relating to navigation and stearing;
(i) the procedure to he adopted and the conditions to he ohserved in
connection with the carrying of dangerous cargo;
(j) the procedure to he oh.served in connection with the measurement
of .shiptS;
(k) the conditions to be oh.sel"ved for pre,servjng the safe:ty of life at sea;
(J) any matters in connection with the regulations of harbours and
harbour services;
(ml any matters relating to lights and beacons;
(n) the penaltie.s ,to he imposed for breaches of regulations.
(3 ) The Minister may hy order published in the Negarit Gazeta vary the
amounts specified in Articles 86 and 223.

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