ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN LAB (REC-752)

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

On

(DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CLAP SWITCH)

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted By

Ojjaswi Nirmal-1619231079

Deptt. of Electronics and Communication Engineering

G. L. BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Plot no. 2, Knowledge Park III, Gr. Noida
Session: 2019-20

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 Deptt. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
G. L. BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
[Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India & Affiliated to A.K.T.U (Formerly U.P.T.U), Lucknow]

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Ojjaswi Nirmal and Rajat Kumar have carried out the project
work presented in this report entitled “Design and Development of Clap
Switch” for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering during the Academic session 2019-20 from Dr.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (Formerly U.P.T.U), Lucknow. The
project embodies result of the work and studies carried out by Student himself and
the contents of the report do not form the basis for the award of any other degree
to the candidate or to anybody else.

Mr. Dharmender Nishad

(Lab Coordinator)
(Assistant Professor)
Deptt.of ECE

(Dr. Satyendra Sharma)

H. O. D., Deptt. of ECE

Date: 21/11/2019

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and regards to my guide Mr. Dharmender
Nishad for his exemplary guidance , monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course
of this thesis . The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way
in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Satyendra Sharma , H.O.D of
department of Electronic and communication and tcp cell in GL Bajaj institute of management and
technology for cordial support ,valuable information and guidance , which helped me in completing
this task through various stages.

I am obliged to staff members of GL Bajaj department of Electronic and communication , for the
valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation
during the period of my training.

Lastly, I thank almighty ,my parents and teachers for their constant encouragement without which
this assignment would not be possible. Despite the best efforts put in by me, it is possible that some
unintentional errors might have cluded me. I shall acknowledge with any such errors if pointed out.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number
Title

 Bonafide Certificate ii
 Acknowledgement iii
 Table of contents iv
 Abstract vi
 List of figures vii

Chapter 1- Clap Switch Basics 1-4

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Principle
1.3 Description of Block Diagram
1.1.1 Audio Amplifier
1.1.2 Flip flop
1.1.3 Circuit Amplifier
Chapter 2- Methodology 5-20
2.1 Problem Definition
2.2 Planning And Approach
2.2.1 Approach
2.2.2 Project Design
2.3 IC 555 Timer
2.4 Modes of 555 Timer
2.4.1 Monostable
2.4.2 Bistable
2.4.3 Decade Counter
2.5 Description of Components Used
2.5.1 Condenser Microphone
2.5.2 Resistor
2.5.3 Capacitor
Chapter 3- Circuit Components 21-25
3.1 Resistors

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3.2 Condensers
3.3 Battery
3.4 Transistors
3.5 Relay
Chapter 4- Circuit Diagram 26
Chapter 5- Working of a circuit 27-29
5.1 Working
5.2 Circuit Components
5.2.1 Transformer
5.2.2 Microphone
5.2.3 Flip flop arrangement
5.2.4 Relay
Chapter 6- Scope of Clap Switch 30
6.1 Advantages
6.2 Disadvantage
Chapter 7- Applications of Clap Switch 31
7.1 Uses of Clap switch
Chapter 8- Results and Discussions 32-40
8.1 Results
8.2 Conclusion
8.3 Applications or daily usage of switch
8.4 Future Scope

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 ABSTRACT

Clap Switch is a switch which can switch on/off any electrical circuit by the

sound of the clap. The basic idea of clap switch is that the electric microphone

picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that book knocked

off the table. It produces a small electrical signal which is amplified by the

succeeding transistor stage. Two transistors cross connected as a bi-stable multi-

vibrator change state at each signal. One of these transistors drives a heavier

transistor which controls a lamp. This circuit is constructed using basic

electronic components like resistors, transistors, relay, transformer, capacitors.

This circuit turns „ON‟ light for the first clap. The light turns ON till the next

clap. For the next clap the light turns OFF. This circuit works with 12V voltage

.Therefore a step-down transformer 12V/300mA is employed . The primary

application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person . It is generally used

for a light, television, radio, or similar electronic device that the person will

want to turn on/off from bed. The major disadvantage is that, it is generally

cumbersome to have to clap one's hands to turn something ON or OFF and it's

generally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light switch.

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 List of Figures

Fig No. Title Page

1.1 Block Diagram of circuit 1

2.1 Design of Circuit 3

2.2 Condenser Microphone 3

2.3 IC 555 Timer 4

2.4 Pinout Diagram 4

2.5 Pin diagram of monostable mode 6

2.6 Pin diagram of CD4017IC 7

2.7 Timing Diagram 8

2.8 Resistive Network 9

2.9 Capacitive Network 10

2.10 Symbol of a diode 10

2.11 PNP transistor Circuit Symbol 11

3.1 Resistors 13

3.2 Capacitors 14

3.3 Battery 15

3.4 Transistor 22

3.5 Relay 24

4.0 Circuit Diagram of a switch 25

8.1 When battery is connected 27

8.2 When battery is not connected 30

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This is a project on Clap Switch which can switch on/off any electrical circuit by the sound of

a clap. The operation of the circuit is simple. If we clap the lamp turns on and to switch it off

clap again. The condenser microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the

sound of that book knocked off the table. It produces a small electrical signal which is

amplified by the succeeding transistor stage. Two transistors cross connected as a bi-stable

multi vibrator change state at each signal. One of these transistors drives a heavier transistor

which controls a lamp. This circuit can switch on and off a light, a fan or a radio etc by the

sound of a clap.

This circuit is constructed using basic electronic components like resistors, transistors, relay,
transformer, capacitors. This circuit turns „ON‟ light for the first clap. The light turns ON till
the next clap. For the next clap the light turns OFF. This circuit works with 12V voltage.

Therefore a step-down transformer 12V/300mA is employed. This working of this circuit is

based on amplifying nature of the transistor, switching nature of transistor, relay as an
electronic switch. Basically, this is a Sound operated switch.

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1.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE

The basic principle of this clap switch circuit is that it converts sound signal into electrical

energy. The input component is a transducer that receives clap sound as input and converts it

to electrical pulse. The basic idea of clap switch is that the electric microphone picks up the

sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that book knocked off the table. It produces a

small electrical signal which is amplified by the succeeding transistor stage. Two transistors

cross connected as a bi-stable multi vibrator change state at each signal. One of these

transistors drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp.

This circuit is constructed using basic electronic components like resistors, transistors, relay,

transformer, capacitors. This circuit turns „ON‟ light for the first clap. The light turns ON till

the next clap. For the next clap the light turns OFF. This circuit works with 12V voltage.

Therefore a step-down transformer 12V/300mA is employed.

This working of this circuit is based on amplifying nature of the transistor, switching nature

of transistor, relay as an electronic switch .Basically, this is a Sound operated switch.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of a simple clap circuit

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:

1.3.1 AUDIO AMPLIFIER:

When we clap our hands , the sound is received by by AUDIO AMPLIFIER. Here the

given sound signal is converted into electrical signal and then amplified by using

transistors.

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4
1.3.2 FLIP FLOP CIRCUIT:

After amplifying the given input signal (sound of a clap),it is fed to flip flop circuit. It

consists of two transistors, one for the on position and the other for the off position. For this

reason it is also known as bi-stable multi vibrator.

1.3.3 CIRCUIT AMPLIFIER:

The signal after this process the outcome electric signal becomes very weak. So, it

is amplified using another transistor and given to relay, it acts as a mechanical switch.

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 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION:

Our objective is to develop a switch which will recognize two intense sounds within
an interval of 3 seconds.

2.2 PLANNING AND APPROACH:

First we take a condenser microphone that senses the sound of the clapping. Next is the

amplifying stage that will amplify the sound received from the microphone. Two ICs

have been used. The first one senses the first clap and the output of which gives power

to the second IC. The second IC is activated by the second clapping sound and its

output is fed to the relay which switches on the load when output from the second IC is

received.

Figure 2.1 Block Diagram

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2.2.1 APPROACH

 The condenser microphone will capture the sound and convert it into an electric

signal.

 Hand claps are typically within the 2200 to 2800 hertz range.

 The 2nd stage amplifier will enlarge the signal which will help the 1st 555 timer to
recognize the 1st clap.

 Now, if a 2nd clap is recognized by the 2nd 555 timer within an interval of 3 secs.
Then the switch will trigger the device and move to ON state.

 The decade counter is there to check if the two claps are generated within 3 seconds.

2.2.2 PROJECT DESIGN

Fig 2.2: Condenser Microphone

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The sound of your claps is picked up using a condenser microphone. This microphone has a
stage of amplification built in. The power for this built in amplifier is supplied by connecting
a resistor to a positive source of voltage, and the changes in current get reflected as changes
in voltage across this resistor according to the familiar relation
V = I*R.

A larger resistor will give you a larger voltage, but then, the current into the device gets
reduced which brings down the gain. The value of 5600 ohms (usually abbreviated to 5.6K,
and written down in schematics as 5K6) seems to work all right.

Amplifier Stage:

A transistor stage, biased near cut-off amplifies the signal from the microphone. The output
of the microphone is coupled to the base of the transistor using an electrolytic capacitor (note:
using a better capacitor here will not work). The first time the microphone output goes
positive, however, (because somebody clapped) this change gets coupled to the base entirely
due to the action of the capacitor. This causes the current through the transistor to increase,
and this increase in current causes the voltage at the collector, which was sitting near the
supply voltage, to fall to nearly zero. This is not a high fidelity audio amplifier. Its function is
to produce no output for small sounds and large output for (slightly) bigger sounds, so the
customary biasing network can be omitted.

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Bistable Multivibrator Stage:

Two cross connected transistors in a bistable multivibrator arrangement make up a circuit that

remembers. You can set it to one of two possible states, and it will stay in that state until the

end of time. When one transistor conducts, its collector is near ground, and a resistor from

this collector feeds the base of the other. Since this resistor sees ground at the collector end

the base at the other end receives no current, so that transistor is off. Since this transistor is

off, its collector is near supply potential and a resistor connects from this to the base of the

other transistor. Since this resistor sees voltage, it supplies the base with current, ensuring

that the transistor remains on. Thus this state is stable. By symmetry, the other state is, too.

e.g IC555

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2.3 IC 555 TIMER

Fig 2.3: IC-555 Timer

The 8-pin 555 timer must be one of the most useful ICs ever made and it is used in many
projects. With just a few external components it can be used to build many circuits, not all of
them involve timing. A popular version is the NE555 and this is suitable in most cases where
'555 timer' is specified. Low power versions of the 555 are made, such as the ICM7555, but
these should only be used when specified (to increase battery life) because their maximum
output current of about 20mA (with a 9V supply) is too low for many standard 555 circuits.
The ICM7555 has the same pin arrangement as a standard 555.The circuit symbol for a 555 is
a box with the pins arranged to suit the circuit diagram: for example 555 pin 8 at the top for
the +Vs supply, 555 pin 3 output on the right. Usually just the pin numbers are used and they
are not labeled with their function. The 555 can be used with a supply voltage (Vs) in the
range 4.5 to 15V (18V absolute maximum).Standard555 ICs create a significant 'glitch' on the
supply when their output changes state. This is rarely a problem in simple circuits with no
other ICs, but in more complex circuits a capacitor (eg. 100μF) should be connected across
the +Vs and 0V supply near the 555.

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 Fig 2.4: Pinout Diagram

Trigger input

When <1/ 3 Vs ('active low') this makes the output high (+Vs). It monitors the discharging of
the timing capacitor in an a stable circuit. It has a high input impedance > 2M.

Threshold input

When >2 / 3 Vs ('active high') this makes the output low (0V). It monitors the charging of the
timing capacitor in a stable and monostable circuits. It has a high input impedance >
10Mproviding the trigger input is >1 / 3 Vs, otherwise the trigger input will override the
threshold input and hold the output high (+Vs).

Reset input

When less than about 0.7V ('active low') this makes the output low (0V), overriding other
inputs. When not required it should be connected to +Vs. It has an input impedance of about
10k.

Control input

This can be used to adjust the threshold voltage which is set internally to be 2 / 3 Vs. Usually
this function is not required and the control input is connected to 0V with a0.01μF capacitor
to eliminate electrical noise. It can be left unconnected if noise is not a problem.

2.4 MODES OF 555 TIMER

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 Figure 2.5 : Schematic of a 555 in monostable mode

The relationships of the trigger signal, the voltage on C and the pulse width in monostable
mode.
In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a “one-shot” pulse generator. The pulse begins
when the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls below a third of the voltage
supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network,
which consists of a capacitor(C) and a resistor(R). The output pulse ends when the voltage on
the capacitor equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or
shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of Rand C. The
output pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply
voltage, is given by
t=RCln(3)=1.1RC (approx.)

where t is in seconds, R is in ohms and C is In farads.. While using the timer IC as a

monostable, the main disadvantage is that the time span between the two triggering pulses
must be greater than the RC time constant.

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2.4.2 BISTABLE

In bistable mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop. The trigger and reset inputs (pins
2and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via Pull-up resistors while the threshold input
(pin6) is simply grounded.

Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the
output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state). Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and
transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No capacitors are required in a bistable
configuration. Pin 5 (control) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01
to 0.1 uF); pin 7 (discharge) is left floating.

2.4.3 Decade Counter (CD4017IC):

4017 IC is a common useful digital IC. [ From input pin (14 nodes)]. This is called divided
by10 counter because it produces one tenth of square wave frequency provided from input
pin(pin 14) to output pin (on pin 12).Counter circuit is a digital circuit. Generally, counter is
the circuit that counts the number of the square wave entered to the circuit. In CD 4017 IC
means the symbol of the company that produces the IC. There are IC, with other letters, this
IC is called 4017 IC is the form of 14 pin DIP which includes 16 pins. Block diagram of IC
pin and the application of IC are shown in Figure (a) and (b) respectively. The function of
each pin is shown in the following:

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 Fig 2.6 : Pinout Diagram of CD4017 IC

INPUT PINS
CLK-clock input (pin 14) Pin 14 is input which is connected with the square wave. If
10V is supplied to IC, the frequency of the input square wave must be below 5MHz.
En- clock Enable input (pin13) Pin 13 is grounded to alternate the high-state of the output pin
(Qo - Q9) of 4017 ICregularly.

If pin 13 is connected to positive supply, the counter will stop. R- Reset input (pin 15) Pin 15
is grounded to alternate the high-state of the output pin (Qo - Q9). In practice, pin15 is
connected to the positive supply and time directly reconnected to the ground to reset it.

VDD, VSS Supply pins (pin 16 and pin 18) Pin 16 is connected to the positive supply and
illustrated with VDD. Pin18 is the pin to be connected to the ground is described with VSS.

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CD 4017 IC Specification

Supplied voltage 3V–15V

Max: out current 10mA Max

Power absorbed by each pin 100 Mw

4017 IC can work very well with supplied voltage 3V to 5V. Although the

maximum supplied voltage is 15V, practically only 12V usually used.

The counting action of the 4017 can be understood from the graph below:

Figure 2.7 : Timing Diagram

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Transistor BC 548/549:

As a representative of the large family of bipolar transistors the BC548 provides a "stepping
off point" to the use of more esoteric, higher voltage, current or frequency devices for
beginners. If theTO-92package is held in front of one's face with the flat side facing toward
you and the leads downward, (see picture) the order of the leads, from left to right is
collector, base, emitter.

The BC548/549 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547transistor is a

general-purpose transistor in a small plastic package. It is used
in general-purpose switching and amplification BC548/BC549 series 45 V, 100 mA

NPN general-purpose transistors.

The BC548/549 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which the letters "N" and "P" refer
to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor. Most bipolar
transistors used today are NPN, because electron mobility is higher than hole mobility in
semiconductors, allowing greater currents and faster operation. NPN transistors consist of a
layer of P-doped semiconductor (the "base") between two N-doped layers. A small current
entering the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms,
an NPN transistor is "on" when its base is pulled high relative to the emitter.

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The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the
conventional current flow when the device is in forward active mode. An NPN transistor can
be considered as two diodes with a shared anode region. In typical operation, the emitter base
junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse biased.

In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base emitter
junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field
of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject
into the base region. These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region
of high concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the
collector. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-
type which would make holes the majority carrier in the base.

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2.5 A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENT USED

2.5.1 Condenser Microphone

A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an
electrical signal. The condenser microphone, invented at Bell Labs in 1916 by E. C. Wente
is also called a capacitor microphone or electrostatic microphone. Here, the diaphragm
acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations produce changes in the distance between
the plates. The voltage maintained across the capacitor plates changes with the vibrations in
the air, according to the capacitance equation (C = Q / V), where Q = charge in coulombs, C
= capacitance in farads and V = potential difference in volts. The capacitance of the plates is
inversely proportional to the distance between them for a parallel-plate capacitor.

2.5.2 Resistor (R)

A component is used for its resistance. In the past, most resistors were manufactured from
carbon composition, a baked mixture of graphite and clay. These have been almost
completely superseded by carbon or metal film resistor. Wire-wound resistors are used for
comparatively low values of resistance where precise value is important, or for high
dissipation. They are unsuitable for RF use because of their reactance.

Figure 2.8 : Resistive Network

2.5.3. Capacitor (C)

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 A passive circuit component is a capacitance. A capacitor is formed from a pair of
conducting surfaces separated by a layer of insulator. A capacitor made from a pair of
parallel conducting plates of area S separated by a distance d, with the gap between the
plates filled by a dielectric of relative permittivity E, will have a capacitance C given by

where εo is the permittivity of free space.

Figure 2.9: Capacitive Network

Diode can be made of either two of semiconductor materials, silicon and germanium. Power
diodes are usually constructed using silicon and germanium. Silicon diode can operate at
higher current and at higher junction temperature, and they have greater reverse resistance.
The structure of a semiconductor diode and it symbol are shown in Figure. The diode has two
terminals, an anode, A terminal (P junction ) and a cathode K terminal ( N junction ).

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When the anode voltage is more positive than the cathode, the diode is said to be forward
biased and it conducts current readily with a relatively low voltage drop. When the cathode
voltage is more positive than the anode, the diode is said to be reverse biased, and it blocks
current flow. The arrow on the diode symbol shows the direction of convection current flow
when the diode conducts.

Figure 2.10 : Symbol of a diode

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A multi electrode semiconductor device in which the current flowing between two specified
electrons is controlled or modulated by the voltage applied at third (control) electrodes. The
term transistor was originally derived from the phase transfer resistor, as the resistance of the
output electrode was controlled by the input circuit.
Transistors fall into two major classes: the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and the field-
effect transistor (FET).We used bipolar junction transistor (BJT). Bipolar junction transistor
consists of:

a) pnp transistors
b) npn transistors

Figure 2.11: pnp transistor circuit symbol

Relays are one of the oldest, simplest, and yet, easiest and most useful devices. Before the
advent of the mass produced transistor, computers were made from either relays or vacuum
tubes, or both. A relay, quite simply, is a small machine consisting of an electromagnet (coil),
a switch, and a spring. The spring holds the switch in one position, until a current is passed
through the coil. The coil generates a magnetic field which moves the switch. It's that simple.
You can use a very small amount of current to activate a relay, and the switch can often
handle a lot of current. The relay we are going to look at is the Bosch 5 pin relay. Bosch is a

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 CHAPTER 3

CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

3.1 RESISTORS

Resistors are the most common passive electronic component (one that does not require

power to operate). They are used to control voltages and currents. While a resistor is a

very basic component, there are many ways to manufacture them. Each style has its own

characteristics that make it desirable in certain types of applications. Choosing the right

type of resistor is important to making high-performance or precision circuits work well.

This bonus chapter covers the resistor types and helps with picking the right one for

your project.

Fig 3.1: Resistors

All resistors are basically just a piece of conducting material with a specific value of resistance.

For that piece of conducting material to be made into a practical resistor,

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a pair of electrodes and leads are attached so current can flow. The resistor is then coated with

an insulating material to protect the conducting material from the surrounding environment and

vice versa. There are several different resistor construction methods and body styles (or

packages) that are designed for a certain range of applied voltage, power dissipation, or other

considerations. The construction of the resistor can affect its performance at high frequencies

where it may act like a small inductor or capacitor has been added, called parasitic inductance

or capacitance.

3.2 CAPACITORS

Capacitor has ability to store charge and release them at a later time. Capacitance is the

measure of the amount of charge that a capacitor can store for a given applied voltage. The unit

of capacitance is the farad (F) or microfarad. The capacitors used in the circuit are electrolytic-

capacitor. In the circuit the electrolytic capacitor is used as a bypass capacitor. Any noise

variation in the circuit is removed by the capacitor.

Fig 3.2 : Capacitors

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3.3 BATTERY

In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that

convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.

Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and

especially since the technically improved Daniel cell in 1836, batteries have become a

common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005

estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with

6% annual growth.

Figure 3.3: Battery Cell

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 There are two types of batteries:

 primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded

 secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries),which are designed to be recharged and used

multiple times.

Batteries come in many sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wrist
watches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone
exchanges and computer data centers.

3.4 TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and

electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for

connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's

terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the

controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can

amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are

found embedded in integrated circuits.

Figure 3.4: Transistor

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3.5 RELAY

Figure 3.5 : Relay diagram

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays

are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several

circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were used extensively in telephone

exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric

motor or other loads is called a contactor . Solid-state relays control power circuits with

no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with

calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to

protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these

functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

26
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 4: Circuit Diagram

27
 CHAPTER 5

5.1 WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

Clap switch is a circuit that can switch ON & OFF a light, fan, radio etc. by the sound of clap.

The sound of clap is received by a small microphone that is shown biased by resistor R 1 in the

circuit. The microphone changes sound wave in to electrical wave which is further amplified by

Q1.Transistor Q1 is used as common emitter circuit to amplify weak signals received by the

microphone. Amplified output from the collector of transistor Q1 is then feed to the bi-stable

multi vibrator circuit also known as flip-flop. Flip-flop circuit is made by using two Transistors,

in our circuit Q2 and Q3.

In a flip-flop circuit, at a time only one transistor conduct and other cut off and when it gets a

trigger pulse from outside source then first transistor is cut off and 2nd transistor conducts. Thus

output of transistor is either logic-0 or logic-1 and it remains in one state 0 or 1 until it gets

trigger pulse from outer source. The pulse of clap which is a trigger for flip-flop which makes

changes to the output which is complementary (reverse).Output of flip-flop which is in the low

current form is unable to drive relay directly so we have used a current amplifier circuit by using

Q4 which is a common emitter circuit. Output of Q4 is connected to a Relay (Electromagnetic

switch), works like a mechanical switch. With the help of a relay it is easy for connecting other

electrical appliance. The relay contact is connected to the power line and hence turns on/off any

electrical appliance connected all the way through relay.

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5.2 WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

5.2.1 TRANSFORMER

230 V ac is converted to 12 V ac by transformer and this ac current is converted to dc by diode.

5.2.2 MICROPHONE

Sound energy received by microphone is converted to electrical signals. Microphones are types

of transducers, they convert acoustic energy i.e. sound signal. Basically, a microphone is made

up of a diaphragm, which is a thin piece of material that vibrates when it is struck by sound

wave. This causes other components in the microphone to vibrate leading to variations in some

electrical quantities thereby causing electrical current to be generated. The current generated in

the microphone is the electrical pulse. The current generated by a microphone is very small and

this current is referred to as mic level and typically measured in milli-volts. Before it is usable,

the signal must be amplified, usually to line level, with typical value within (0.5 – 2) volts,

which is stronger .So the signal produced by microphone is amplified by transistor Q1.

The basic action of this transistor Q1 is to receive an input signal from the input transducer

(microphone), control the amount of power that the amplifier takes from power source (Vs) and

converts it into power needed to energize the load.

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5.2.3 FLIP-FLOP ARRANGEMENT

The transistors Q2,Q3 arranged like flip flop acts as counter and produces a single output pulse

when triggered .So, it is also known as the triggered pulse producer .If it doesn‟t receives 2

claps within 3 minutes the diode D4 doesn‟t receives any signal from flip flop arrangement and

the bulb B1 doesn‟t glow and in the other case diode D4 acts as switch and allows electric

signals .

5.2.4 RELAY

The relay is an electrically operated switch. It is also called as mechanical switch . If a small

voltage is applied to its input terminal, it activates an electromagnet and closes its contacts.

These contacts can then switch on larger amounts of current and voltage safely. But a low

power transistor is also needed to switch the current for the relay‟s coil. Here the transistor Q 4

is a low power transistor. As a result the bulb B1 glows.

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 CHAPTER 6

6.1 ADVANTAGES

1. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person.

2. We can turn something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any location in the room (e.g.

while lying in the bed) simply by clapping our hands.

3. Low cost and reliable circuit.

4. Complete elimination of man power.

5. Energy efficient.

6.2 DISADVANTAGES

1. It is generally cumbersome to have to clap one‟s hands to turn something on or off and it

is generally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light switch.

2. Unless we use a filter in the circuit , it is not that advantageous. So that circuit activates

only for clap of particular frequencies and then it becomes accurate.

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 CHAPTER 7

7.1 APPLICATIONS

1. Clap activated switch device will serve well in different phono-controlled applications.

2. Clap switch is generally used for a light, television, radio or similar electronic device that

the person will want to turn on/off from bed.

3. This circuit functions on using the sound energy provided by the clap which is

converted into electrical energy by condenser microphone . Using this converted

electrical energy which is used to turn on relay (an electronic switch).

4. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person.

5. The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can turn something (e.g. a lamp)

on and off from any location in the room (e.g. while lying in bed) simply by

clapping your hands.

6. The major disadvantage is that it's generally cumbersome to have to clap one's

hands to turn something on or off and it's generally seen as simpler for most use

cases to use a traditional light switch.

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 CHAPTER 8

8.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The clap activated switching device function properly by responding to both hand claps at

about three to four meter away and finger tap sound at very close range, since both are low

frequency sounds and produce the same pulse wave features. The resulting device is realizable,

has good reliability and it‟s relatively inexpensive. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose

PCB and enclose it in a suitable box. This circuit is very useful in field of electronic circuits.

By using some modification it area of application can be extended in various fields. It can be

used to raised alarm in security system with a noise ,and also used at the place where silence

needed.

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 8.1.1 RESULT

Figure 8.1: When the battery is not connected

Figure 8.2: When the battery is connected

During the practical implementation of the project, some of the values or components had to
be changed in order to get more accurate result. The circuit was first performed on bread
board and only after successful implementation and satisfied output, it was built on a vero
board.

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 1. In the output, a bulb is used instead of an LED.

A red LED is used to indicate the first clap. When the first NE 555 timer generates
the output, the LED glows.

2. A 12 volts power supply has been used instead of the 9 volts power supply to get
satisfied results.

3. The relay can drive any common home electrical appliance like fan, light,

television etc.

The time period of the pulse applied as the power supply of the IC 2(second NE 555
timer) is calculated by the formula:

T = 1.1 x R7 x C3

According to the theoretical values, the time period should be:

T = 1.1 x 270k x 10u

=2.97

But the practical value of T in this circuit is 3.20 seconds which is slightly greater than
the calculated theoretical output. This is due to the tolerance of the components used in
the circuit.

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8.2 CONCLUSION

Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable box. This circuit is

very useful in field of electronic circuits. By using some modification it area of application can

be extended in various fields. It can be used to raised alarm in security system with a noise, and

also used at the place where silence needed.

This project gives us a great deal of knowledge about the 555 timer chips, working of clocks

and the relay. This type of device provides us with the working of NE555 timer chips and the

relay. The relay is a type of switch which provides a conducting path only when current flows

it. In this project as soon as the 2nd timer triggers the relay a conducting path is established

between terminals of the load and hence the device is turned on. The time interval between the

claps is judged with the time constant established with the RC configuration which is

T=1.1R7*C3.

This switch is very low cost and is very useful to the elderly and physically challenged people.

But the major disadvantage of this switch is false triggering. The switch can be triggered by

any two sounds similar to that of hands clapping. So care has to be taken to avoid this kind of

false triggering and the switch should not be used in very sensible applications. It is only for

home uses.

But nevertheless it is an excellent example of electronics evolution and how engineering and

electronics have made our life easier.

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8.3 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS:

8.3.1 ADVANTAGES:
1. Energy efficient
2. Low cost and reliable circuit
3. Complete elimination of manpower
4. High Accuracy

8.3.2 APPLICATIONS:

The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can turn something (e.g a lamp) on and off
from any location in the room (e.g while lying in bed) simply by clapping your hands.

The primary application involves an elderly or mobility- impaired person. A clap switch is
generally used for a light, television, radio or similar electronic device that the person will
want to turn on/off from bed.

8.3.3 DISADVANTAGE
The major disadvantage is that it is generally cumbersome to have to clap one‟s hands to
turn something on or off and it is generally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a
traditional light switch.

There is a further scope of work on this project. This circuit can be made more accurate and more
sensible to suit the practical use in our daily live

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8.4 FUTURE SCOPE

No filter has been used here so the switch will respond to more or less every two sounds similar

to clapping that comes with a gap of in between 3 seconds. But if a simple bandpass filter is

used then this problem could be avoided. The frequency range of hand clapping is in between

2200 and 2800 Hertz.

Here the signal from the condenser mic is beta times amplified by the amplifier stage. To add

more sensitivity to the switch, the amplification factor may be increased.

1. We can increase the range of this equipment by using better Mic.

2. We can use this as Remote Controller.

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REFERENCES

1. www.scribd.com

2. www.electronicschematics.in

3. www.circuiteasy.com

4. www.kpsec.com

5. www.buildcircuit.com

6. www.electronicsforu.com

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Edward Hughes, Hughes electrical technology. Addition Wesley Longman

(Singapore) plc ltd, India, seventh edition, (pp 395-399). (2001).

2.Paul Horonitz and Weinbeild hill, the art of electronics, second addition,

Cambridge university ulc. (1995).

3.Ray Marston, relay output circuits, electronics now magazine, July 1994.

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