VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
NUMBERING
SYSTEM
UNDERSTAND NUMBERING SYSTEM
DEFINE NUMBERING SYSTEM: DECIMAL, BINARY, OCTAL
AND HEXADECIMAL.
Base-10. Decimal number consisting 10 numbers we use in
DECIMAL
everyday life (0-9)
Base-2. Binary describes a numbering scheme in which there
BINARY
are only two possible values for each digit: 0 and 1.
OCTAL Base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7.
Base-16. Number system that uses 16 unique symbols to
HEXADECIMAL
represent a particular value. Those symbols are 0-9 and A-F.
CONVERT BINARY TO DECIMAL AND DECIMAL TO BINARY
NOTES
BINARY TO DECIMAL
Since binary is a base-2 system, each digit represents an increasing power of 2, with the
rightmost digit representing 20, the next representing 21, then 22, and so on. To determine
the decimal representation of a binary number simply take the sum of the products of the
binary digits and the powers of 2 which they represent.
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 1
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
EXAMPLES
1. Convert 1011002 to base-10.
2. Convert 011102 to base-10.
LET’S TRY!
1. Convert 1100102 to base-10.
2. Convert 0111012 to base-10.
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 2
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
DECIMAL TO BINARY
NOTES
Write the decimal number as the dividend inside an upside-down "long division" symbol.
Write the base of the destination system (in our case, "2" for binary) as the divisor
outside the curve of the division symbol.
EXAMPLES
1. Convert 15610 to base-2.
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 3
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
2. Convert 3310 to base-2.
LET’S TRY!
1. Convert 9710 to binary 2. Convert 1610 to binary
number. number.
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 4
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
DEFINE DATA ORGANIZATION
BITS
o A single numerical unit in the binary number system.
o the basic and physical unit of information in computing and
digital communications
o Bit is short form for BInary digit.
o Computer communicate in binary language which is denoted by 0s and 1s
o can also be interpreted as logical values (true/false, yes/no), algebraic signs (+/−),
or activation states (on/off).
o The symbol for binary digit is either simply bit or lowercase b
NIBBLES
o Four bits in series, or half an 8-bit byte.
o A nibble is used to represent hexadecimal in binary.
BYTE/OCTET
o A series of eight bits.
o Since a byte is not eight bits in all computer systems, octet provides a
nonambiguous term.
o 1 character occupies 8 bits of memory.
o can represent a character or a special symbol in a character code.
o The unit symbol for the byte was designated as the upper-case letter B
WORDS
o A defined and specific number of digits grouped together.
o A collection of characters which is 16 bits in size.
DOUBLE WORDS
o Twice the length of a single computer word.
o A double word is typically 32 bits long.
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 5
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
EXAMPLES WRITE THE FOLLOWING DATA
IN TERMS OF NIBBLES.
1. 12 bits
12
=
4
1 nibble = 4 bits
= 3 nibbles
2. 2 words
2×16
= 1 word = 16 bits
4
1 nibble = 4 bits
= 8 nibbles
LET’S TRY!
1. Express 4 words in term
of byte
2. Express 34 bytes in term
of bit
3. Express 16 bits in term of
word
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 6
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
UNDERSTAND OCTAL NUMBERING SYSTEM
CONVERT OCTAL TO DECIMAL AND DECIMAL TO OCTAL
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERT THE FOLLOWINGS
EXAMPLES OCTAL NUMBER TO DECIMAL
NUMBER.
1. 278
2. 125708
4. John offers to give you 478 cookies, and Jane offers to give you
4310 cookies. Whose offer do you take? If you want, go ahead and
generate the graphic for 478 graphic with the first tool.
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 7
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
CONVERT THE FOLLOWINGS
EXAMPLES DECIMAL NUMBER TO OCTAL
NUMBER.
1. 15010
2. 5910
3. 241810
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 8
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
LET’S TRY!
1. Convert the followings octal number to decimal number.
i. 278 ii. 3338 iii. 14148
2. Convert the followings decimal number to octal number.
i. 2710 ii. 33310 iii. 191410
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 9
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
CONVERT OCTAL TO BINARY AND BINARY TO OCTAL
BINARY TO OCTAL
EXAMPLES CONVERT 001100011002 TO
OCTAL NUMBER.
METHOD 1
Step 1:
Consider any binary number. A binary number consists of only 0's and 1's.
e.g 00110001100
Step 2:
Group all the bits in the binary number, as a set of 3 bits. Start from the right
(back)!!!
If any bit remains ungrouped in a set of 3 bits then you can add a leading '0' to it
on the left, to make it a perfect set.
000 110 001 100
Step 3:
Separate each digit and multiply with the rightmost digit representing 20, the
next representing 21, then 22, and so on.
000 110 001 100
0x22 0x21 0x20 1x22 1x21 0x20 0x22 0x21 1x20 1x22 0x21 0x20
Step 4:
Replace each 3-bit binary number set to its equivalent octal number.
000 110 001 100
0+0+0 4+2+0 0+0+1 4+0+0
0 6 1 4
Step 5:
Hence the number obtained after replacing is the equivalent octal number, OR
6148.
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 10
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
METHOD 2
Step 1: Convert binary to decimal
00110001100
Step 2: Convert decimal to octal
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 11
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
OCTAL TO BINARY
EXAMPLES CONVERT 348 TO OCTAL
NUMBER.
FIRST METHOD (but you have to MEMORIZE the binary table)
Now the binary equivalent of 3 is 011 and 4 is 100. So the desired binary equivalent
of the octal number is 111002
SECOND METHOD
Convert octal to decimal, and then convert decimal to binary.
Step 1: Convert octal to decimal
Step 2: Convert decimal to binary
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 12
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
LET’S TRY!
1. Convert the followings binary number to octal number.
i. 100112 ii. 11102 iii. 001101102
2. Convert the followings octal number to binary number.
i. 278 ii. 3338 iii. 04148
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 13
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
UNDERSTAND HEXADECIMAL NUMBERING SYSTEM
Hexadecimal numbers uses digits from 0-15. Since we are working with base-16, we
have 16 digits. We've run out of digits, but we still need six more. Perhaps we could use
something like a circled 10?
CONVERT HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL AND DECIMAL TO
HEXADECIMAL
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
.
EXAMPLES Convert 19FDE16 to decimal number
Hexadecimal No. Decimal Number
19FDE16
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 14
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
SOLUTION EXAMPLES CONVERT 313210 TO
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER.
LET’S TRY!
1. Convert the followings hexadecimal number to decimal number.
i. 9E5C16 ii. 07A116 iii. BB16
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 15
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
2. Convert the followings decimal number to hexadecimal number.
i. 9910 ii. 126510 iii. 1818510
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 16
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
1.3.2 CONVERT HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY AND BINARY TO
HEXADECIMAL
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
FIRST METHOD (but you have to remember the binary table!)
i. (1E3)16 = (1(14)3)16 = (0001 1110 0011)2
ii. (0A2B)16 = (0(10)2(11))16 = (0000 1010 0010 1011)2
iii. (7E0C)16 = (7(14)0(12))16 = (0111 1110 0000 1100)2
SECOND METHOD
EXAMPLE: Convert 5216 to a binary number.
Step 1: Convert 5216 to decimal
Step 2: Convert decimal to binary
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 17
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
FIRST METHOD (but you have to remember the binary table!)
i. (1110)2 = E16
ii. (111001)2 = (0011 1001)2 =3916
iii. (10011100)2 = (1001 1100)2 =9C16
SECOND METHOD
Separate numbers into 4-digits in a group from the back.
If any bit remains ungrouped in a set of 3 bits then you can add a
leading '0' to it on the left, to make it a perfect set.
EXAMPLE: Convert 010101112 to a hexadecimal number
Step 1: Separate each digit and multiply with the rightmost digit representing
20, the next representing 21, then 22, and so on.
0101 0111
0x23 1x22 0x21 1x20 0x23 1x22 1x21 1x20
Step 2: Replace each 4-bits binary number set to its equivalent octal number.
0101 0111
5 7
The answer is 5716
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 18
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
THIRD METHOD
Convert binary to decimal, and then convert decimal to hexadecimal.
EXAMPLE: Convert 5716 to a binary number.
Step 1:
Step 2: Convert decimal to binary
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 19
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
LET’S TRY!
1. Convert the followings hexadecimal number to binary number.
i. 1CC16 ii. D116 iii. 39B16
2. Convert the followings binary number to hexadecimal number.
i. 10012 ii. 110102 iii. 1010012
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 20
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
CONVERT HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL AND OCTAL TO
HEXADECIMAL
Hexadecimal and octal cannot be converted directly into each another. You have
to convert each into DECIMAL before proceed to covert to the next one.
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
The easiest way is to convert Octal to decimal and then convert the decimal to
hexadecimal.
EXAMPLES
CONVERT 5018 TO
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER.
Step 1:
Convert decimal (multiply by 8)
Step 2:
Convert to hexadecimal (divide decimal number by 16)
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 21
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
The easiest way is to convert hexadecimal to decimal and then convert the decimal to
Octal.
EXAMPLES CONVERT 2B7116 TO OCTAL
NUMBER.
Step 1:
Convert to Decimal (multiply by 16)
Step 2:
Convert to Octal (divide decimal number by 8)
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 22
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
LET’S TRY!
1. Convert the followings octal number to hexadecimal number.
i. 248 ii. 1368 iii. 35718
2. Convert the followings hexadecimal number to octal number.
i. 1CC16 ii. 107D116 iii. 39B16
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 23
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
DEFINE BINARY ARITHMETIC
UNDERSTAND BINARY ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS:
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION AND MULTIPLICATION
Rules of Binary Addition
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0, and carry 1 to the next more significant bit
1 + 1 + 1 = 1, and carry 1 to the next more significant bit
EXAMPLES SOLVE THE FOLLOWINGS:
i. 00011010 + 00001100
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
+ 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
i. 00011010 + 00001100
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
+ 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
i. 1110110 + 1010111
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
+ 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 24
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
LET’S TRY!
Solve the followings:
i. 110010 + 00111
ii. 011100101 + 11000111
iii. 1110111 + 0100001
iv. 10011 + 11001
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 25
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
Rules of Binary Subtraction
0-0=0
0 - 1 = 1, and borrow 1 from the next more significant bit
1-0=1
1-1=0 REMINDER: 10 – 1 = 1
EXAMPLES SOLVE THE FOLLOWINGS:
i. 00100101 - 00010001
00100101
- 00010001
00010100
ii. 00110011 – 00010110
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
- 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
iii. 1110110 – 1010111
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
- 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 26
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
LET’S TRY!
Solve the followings:
i. 110010 - 00111
ii. 11100101 - 01000111
iii. 1110111 - 0100001
iv. 11111 - 11001
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 27
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
Rules of Binary Multiplication
0x0=0
0x1=0
1x0=0
1 x 1 = 1, and no carry or borrow bits
EXAMPLES SOLVE THE FOLLOWINGS:
i. 00101001 × 00000110
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
x 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
ii. 00010111 × 00000011
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
x 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 28
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
LET’S TRY!
Solve the followings:
i. 1010 x 0011
ii. 11011 x 101
iii. 100101 x 000101
iv. 1110111 x 000100
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 29
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
EXERCISES
ANSWER
1. Convert the followings binary number to decimal number:
a) 112
b) 1012 a) 310
b) 510
c) 0010012 c) 910
d) 1000112 d) 3510
2. Convert the followings octal number to decimal number:
a) 7138
b) 15618 a) 45910
c) 021048 b) 88110
d) 128 c) 109210
d) 1010
3. Convert the followings hexadecimal number to decimal
number:
a) 11E 16 a) 28616
b) 15A116 b) 553710
c) 1126810
c) 02C0416 d) 479510
d) 12BB16
4. Convert the followings decimal number:
a) 5910 to binary number a) 1110112
b) 1610 to binary number b) 100002
c) 77510 to octal number c) 14078
d) 20208
d) 104010 to octal number e) 3CE316
e) 1558710 to hexadecimal number f) F409F16
f) 99958310 to hexadecimal number
5. Convert the followings:
a) 92 to octal number a) 118
b) 752 to hexadecimal number b) 1316
c) 158 to binary number c) 11012
d) 1008 to hexadecimal number d) 100000016
e) 24728
e) 53A16 to octal number f) 1110011002
f) 1CC16 to binary number
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 30
VOLUME 1 [NUMBERING SYSTEM]
CONCLUSION
TYPES CHANGE TO METHOD EXAMPLE
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
DECIMAL OTHER TYPES DIVIDED BY THEIR BASE
DIVIDE BY 8
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
OTHER TYPES DECIMAL MULTIPLIED BY THEIR BASE
MULTIPLY BY 8
CONVERT TO DECIMAL
BINARY OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
ANY OTHER TYPES FIRST AND THEN CONVERT
OCTAL OCTAL TO DECIMAL
EXCEPT DECIMAL DECIMAL TO THE TYPES
HEXADECIMAL DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
NEEDED
YOU CAN USE CALCULATOR TO CHECK YOUR ANSWER BY CLICKING>>>>>
MODE MODE BASE CHOOSE TYPES OF TYPE YOUR NUMBER = CHOOSE TYPES OF
NUMBER (GREEN COLOUR) NUMBER THAT YOU WANT
TO CONVERT (GREEN
COLOUR)
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 31
