Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 2011, 3, 165-171 165

doi:10.4236/jemaa.2011.35027 Published Online May 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jemaa)

Effects of Low-Power Microwave Fields on Seed

Germination and Growth Rate
Lakshmappa Ragha1, Seema Mishra2, V. Ramachandran2, Manmohan Singh Bhatia3
1
Electronics and Telecommunication Department, SIES Graduate School of Technology, Nerul, Navi-Mumbai, India; 2Bio Technol-
ogy Department, SIES Indian Institute of Environment Management, Nerul, Navi-Mumbai, India; 3Laser and Plasma Technology Di-
vison, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Received January 2nd, 2011; revised March 14th, 2011; accepted April 22nd, 2011.

ABSTRACT
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of low power microwave radiation on germination and growth
rate in seeds. In the present paper, the bioeffects of low power (non-thermal intensity) microwave modulated with 1
KHz square wave have been studied. Experiments were performed in X-band frequencies using klystron based micro-
wave test bench. Microwave parameters like frequency, power, exposure time and power density were varied while ir-
radiating seed samples to study their influence on germination. The seed samples used for the experiment included
wheat (Triticum aestivum), bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), green gram (Vigna radiate) and moth bean (Vigna Aconiti-
folia). Seed germination %, plant height, root length and dry matter % (biomass %) were recorded and compared with
control seeds. The effects of different treatments were found to be stimulating the germination and seedling vigour of
plants especially in power and exposure time treatments while increase in frequency and power density has reduced the
seed germination and seedling vigour. The effect also varied with the nature of seeds.

Keywords: Irradiated Seeds, Seed Germination %, Low Power Microwave Effects, Exposure Time, Power,
Power Density, X-Band Frequencies, Microwave Test Bench

1. Introduction being used in mobile phones. They are well below the
permitted international safety standards for the general
Widespread use of wireless telecommunication devices public. Since experiments on humans with microwaves
increased the exposure to radio and microwave frequency are difficult, plants would be a better choice to study the
fields. These fields can cause damage depending on the overall effect on growth, productivity, biochemical and
power level, frequency, exposure duration, pulsed or physiological parameters. Studies on plants do not need
continuous wave and the properties of exposed tissue special facilities and have no statutory obligations. Hence,
(dielectric constants) etc. The unprecedented impact of we have selected popular crops for our study. The ger-
mobile communications has given a strong motive for the mination of seeds and the growth rate are important fea-
present study in achieving a quantitative understanding tures for maximizing the productivity that need a close
of the relationships between the biological effects of mi- observation.
crowaves and the physical variables. Internal effects There is some evidence that microwaves (300 MHz to
from microwave exposure, especially low-level exposure, 300 GHz) produces changes in the cell membrane’s per-
are not immediately noticeable. Recent research has meability and cell growth rate as well as interference
suggested that microwaves may cause other, long-term with ions and organic molecules, like proteins [2]. Plants
health effects [1]. The general populace in India just re- are essential components of a healthy ecosystem and
cently began to use wireless communication technologies have important role in the living world as main primary
in so dense a way and the consequences of such a pro- producers of food and oxygen; therefore it would be
gress are not known. Hence, there is a need to understand beneficial to investigate their interaction with today’s
the impact of wireless technology. increased exposure to radio and microwave frequency
It is interesting to note that microwave power levels fields.
used for this study are comparable to the power levels Microwaves are non ionizing radiations and are part of

Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEMAA

166 Effects of Low-Power Microwave Fields on Seed Germination and Growth Rate

electromagnetic (EM) spectrum [3]. The characteristic of extensively available. Plants are the appropriate envi-
EM field is mainly described by its energy content, ronmental signals and plant studies raise less emotional
which is related to its frequency by E  hf , where concern than studies on humans or animals [7,8]. Studies
E  Electric field, E  plank constant and f  fre- related to the microwave bioeffects are a new and dy-
quency. All EM wave consists of electrical E and mag- namic area of scientific research, involving both biotech-
netic H field components vibrating in phase and per- nology and microwave engineering. Microwave bioef-
pendicular to direction of propagation. EM waves differ fects can be broadly classified into thermal and non
depending upon frequency or wavelength. Frequency or thermal. It is well known that microwave fields have
corresponding wavelength defines the characteristics of adverse biological effects at high power levels. But, bio-
EM wave. Frequency  f  and wavelength    are effects at low power levels have not been fully under-
connected by the following equation: stood. Radiations are known to induce physiological and
 c f (1) genetic modifications viz. production of various epider-
mal meristems in the hypocotyl, modifications of the pro-
where c = 3 × 108 m/s is the speed of EM wave in vac- teome etc [9-12].
uum. All the waves can be described mathematically by In view of this our study envisages the comparative
the following equation [4]: effects of low power microwaves on seed germination
  x,t   cos  2t T  2x   0  (2) and seedling vigour of different seeds of commercial
crops. This study is an effort towards contribution to in-
where A is the amplitude of the wave, T its time pe- terdisciplinary research which has societal benefits also.
riod,  is its spatial wavelength and 0 is a reference
phase. The existence of electromagnetic wave, presumes 2. Materials and Methods
time varying electric and magnetic fields connected in a 2.1. Setup for Microwave Exposure
way such that one creates other in a degree proportional
to the rate of variation. The Maxwell’s equation relates Low power microwave signal was modulated with 1
the electric and magnetic fields in different conditions. KHz square wave. Seed samples were exposed to mi-
A common way to describe the absorption of EM field crowave radiations at X-band frequencies. The total
in matter is to calculate the specific absorption rate numbers of seeds were divided into two groups - control
(SAR). SAR is the measure of the absorption of and irradiated. The study included ten seed samples each
non-ionizing EM radiation by living tissue. Mathemati- of wheat, bengal gram, green gram and moth bean both
cally it is defined as irradiated and control. Microwave components used in
the experimental set up consist of: 1) X-band Klystron
SAR   E 2  W/Kg (3) Power supply; 2) 2K25 Klystron tube with mount; 3)
Where  is the specific conductivity (S/m) of the Isolator; 4) Frequency meter; 5) 20 db Attenuator; 6)
body, E is the Electric field intensity within the body E-plane bend; 7) Microwave power meter; 8) Horn an-
(v/m) and  is the density of the living tissue (kg/m3) tenna; 9) Microwave absorber; 10) Seed samples and 11)
[5]. Sample container. Other instruments used for the study
The idea of controlling and influencing biological ob- included electronic balance, stop watch, string, scale,
jects with the help of electromagnetic waves was stated growing chamber for seed germination, permanent mar-
by Devyatkov and Golant in early 60 s [6]. It was the ker, zip-lock plastic baggies, water dropper and petri
beginning of intensive theoretical and experimental in- plates.
vestigation in this direction. On the basis of scientific Microwave source parameters were varied one at a
literature following regularities were formulated: time by keeping remaining three parameters constant
1) The effect of microwave frequency essentially de- (Tables 1-4).Experimental set-up for low power micro-
pends on resonance character of the object. wave exposure was as shown in Plate 1. Power was con-
2) Observed effects are not critical with regard to the trolled by attenuator and power density was varied by
incident energy density. This shows interaction between varying distance between horn antenna and seed samples.
electromagnetic field and biological objects were non- Plate 2 shows picture of germination and growth of irra-
linear. At the same time there was not strong complete diated and control (non irradiated) seeds.
theory concerning these observing phenomena and the 2.2. Exposure of Seeds to Low Power Microwave
lack of the explanation of the resonance mechanisms.
Environmental conditions that effecting plant growth By introducing the seed (dielectric) in the electromag-
such as light, moisture, temperature etc are well docu- netic field, a part of the energy of the field dissipates in
mented and research papers based on these studies are the material. The energy dissipated in the material, under

Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEMAA

 Effects of Low-Power Microwave Fields on Seed Germination and Growth Rate 167

Table 1. Variation of Frequency.

Gap between Power fed Exposure

Frequency
sample andAntenna to Antenna Time
(GHz)
(cm) (dbm) (Minutes)
f1 = 8.5 1.0 5 30
f2 = 8.7 1.0 5 30
f3 = 8.9 1.0 5 30
f4 = 9.1 1.0 5 30
f5 = 9.3 1.0 5 30
f6 = 10.27 1.0 5 30

Table 2. Variation of Microwave Power.

Gap between Exposure Plate 1. Experimental set up for microwave exposure using
Power fed to Frequency
sample and Time Klystron based microwave test bench.
Antenna (dbm) (GHz)
Antenna (cm) (Minutes)

–1.0 0.8 9.6 30

0.5 0.8 9.6 30
1.5 0.8 9.6 30
2.5 0.8 9.6 30
3.5 0.8 9.6 30

Table 3. Variation of Exposure Time.

Exposure Gap between Power fed

Frequency
Time, Minute sample and to Antenna
(GHz)
(T) Antenna (cm) (dbm)

T1 = 12 0.8 5 9.6
T2 = 16 0.8 5 9.6 Plate 2. Germination and growth of irradiated and control
T3 = 20 0.8 5 9.6 (non irradiated) seeds.
T4 = 24 0.8 5 9.6
experiment is held over a period of 7 days and also be-
T5 = 28 0.8 5 9.6
cause of high protein content.
Table 4. Variation of Power density. Seeds were processed in different regimes (frequency,
power, power density and exposition time varied) (Ta-
Gap between bles 1-4). Non irradiated seeds were used as a control.
Power fed to Exposure Time
sample and Frequency (GHz) Both microwave irradiated and control seeds (ten each)
Antenna (dbm) (Minutes)
Antenna (cm)
were put on cotton in separate sterilized petri plates for
d1 = 1.5 9.605 5 30 germination in a growth chamber as shown in Plate 2.
d2 = 2.5 9.605 5 30 Petri dishes, environmental conditions being kept under
d3 = 3.5 9.605 5 30 peer control, temperature and moisture levels, being 23˚C
d4 = 4.5 9.605 5 30 and 98% humidity respectively. After germination the
d5 = 5.5 9.605 5 30 young plantlets development was conducted in the same
controlled laboratory conditions (t = 22 ± 0.5˚C, illumi-
the influence of the electromagnetic field, constitutes the nation—10 h: 14 h light/dark cycle and 90% humidity)
dielectric losses. The measures   and   depend on and all plant samples were supplied only with deionized
the frequency, moisture and temperature [13]. Following water during the experiment—about 15 ml daily per petri
paragraphs explain research methodology chosen with an dish. Plant length of the 7 days old plantlets was meas-
appropriate rationale. ured. The average lengths of three replicates were calcu-
This study focuses on the influence of X-band micro- lated for each batch of seeds. After taking fresh weight of
wave fields on wheat, bengal gram, green gram and moth three plants, plants were kept for drying at 60˚C upto
bean seed germination. These species were chosen be- constant weight. Dry matter percentage was calculated as
cause the period of germination is relatively low, the per the Equation (4) [14].

Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEMAA

168 Effects of Low-Power Microwave Fields on Seed Germination and Growth Rate

Dry matter (DM) % = (weight of dry sample/weight of

fresh sample) ×100 (4)
3. Results and Discussion
The results discussed in this section are the effects of
various parameters like exposure time, power, power
density and frequency on seed germination and growth
rate. Analysis is based on the results shown in Figures
1-4, Table 5 and Table 6.
In case of wheat sample with increase in microwave
frequency germination is seem to improve upto 60%
whereas no germination observed at lower frequencies Figure 1. Seed germination Vs Frequency.
including control. High frequency stimulates seed ger-
mination for wheat. Similar but more pronounced effect
noticed in the case of bengal gram. Seed germination is
seem to improve even at lower frequencies as compared
to control. With increase in frequency seed germination
increases as compared to control. The extent of im-
provement is marginal and not as pronounced as in the
case of wheat and bengal gram. Similar trend is noticed
in the case of moth bean.
In case of wheat sample higher power intensely affects
germination. With increase in microwave power germi-
nation is hampered and steadily decreases. Similar trend
is noticed in case of green gram and moth bean. In case
of bengal gram with increase in microwave power ger- Figure 2. Seed germination Vs Power.
mination on the other hand improves. But at the highest
power used no germination observed.
Decrease in seed germination is observed in all seed
samples with increase in exposure time from 12 minute
to 28 minute as compared to control group (Table 3).
Decrease in seed germination is observed in almost all
seed samples with decrease in power density from d1-d5
(Table 4) as compared to control group. But variation in
power density has less influence on germination in case
of green gram sample.
3.1. Effect of Microwave Frequency on Plant
Height, Root Length and Biomass % (DM %)
Figure 3. Seed germination Vs Exposure time.
In the case of wheat, with increase in frequency from 8.5
GHz to 9.3 GHz (Table 1) no seedling growth is ob-
served as in the case of control also. When the frequency
of microwave increased further to 10.27 GHz seedling
growth was observed indicating stimulating effect.
In the case of bengal gram, the stimulating effect of
microwave radiation is observed in a more pronounced
manner as compared to wheat. There was no seedling in
the control whereas seedling observed even at frequencies
as low as 8.5 GHz. With increase in frequency the plant
height and root length is observed to decrease where as
biomass % (DM %) is increased significantly. It could be
due to accumulation of the nutrients in the plants in view
of induced stress. It is also corroborated by [15]. Figure 4. Seed germination Vs Power density.

Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEMAA

 Effects of Low-Power Microwave Fields on Seed Germination and Growth Rate 169

Table 5. Variation of Plant growth with frequency and Power treatment.

Effect of Frequency
t wheat bengal gram green gram moth bean
r
e
a
t Plant Root Plant Root Plant Root Plant Root
DM DM DM
m Height Length Height Length Height Length Height Length DM %
% % %
e (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
n
t
f1 No Seedling Growth 3.17 10.1 16.7 10.7 2.3 08.5 06.7 3.2 18.18
f2 No Seedling Growth 1.80 6.87 15.5 12.6 2.9 10.0 09.8 4.0 15.39
f3 No Seedling Growth 1.86 3.70 11.1 11.7 3.0 12.0 07.2 2.8 18.18
f4 No Seedling Growth 1.53 3.23 12.5 12.2 5.7 15.8 10.9 3.2 15.39
f5 No Seedling Growth 1.19 2.33 21.3 09.7 6.7 13.6 No Seedling Growth
f6 1.5 0.43 2.5 1.19 2.50 20.0 08.4 2.5 01.0 09.1 2.8 16.67
# No Seedling Growth No Seedling Growth 10.7 4.3 12.1 07.9 3.3 15.39
Effect of Power
P1 3.77 21.50 17.8 9.3 04.40 16.2 15.8 05.8 9.74 10.8 08.5 39.54
P2 3.53 21.53 16.7 7.7 11.97 13.9 13.3 05.2 12.6 06.8 08.5 30.61
P3 2.17 19.00 14.0 9.97 13.23 09.9 12.2 03.5 7.43 06.1 04.2 13.53
P4 3.45 20.25 11.1 9.27 16.33 10.7 07.3 05.4 8.33 07.5 07.1 13.33
P5 1.30 17.00 12.2 No Seedling Growth 03.4 10.5 6.92 No Seedling Growth
# 4.37 23.06 12.8 6.53 10.23 07.8 16.4 07.6 10.0 11.8 10.4 43.90

Table 6. Variation of Plant growth with Power Density and Exposure Time treatment.
t wheat bengal gram green gram moth bean
r
e
a
t Plant Root Plant Root Plant Root Plant Root
DM DM DM
m Height Length Height Length Height Length Height Length DM %
% % %
e (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
n
t
Effect of Power Density
d1 4.0 9.2 24.6 10.33 10.67 30.7 18.06 7.17 20.0 09.8 9.00 61.54
d2 3.8 6.0 23.9 9.93 12.67 20.6 19.77 6.23 08.6 10.3 4.60 11.76
d3 3.2 3.8 24.5 9.86 09.10 17.7 19.23 6.70 10.0 06.0 3.73 63.64
d4 1.2 3.2 44.4 6.07 05.70 19.5 14.47 3.93 08.0 07.9 6.35 64.29
d5 No Seedling Growth 4.05 03.75 17.7 16.66 3.17 06.7 07.9 5.85 66.67
# 4.1 6.3 50.0 11.83 11.63 29.1 19.33 6.07 21.9 11.6 8.33 43.08
Effect of Exposure Time
T1 4.1 8.4 72.5 6.5 08.7 20.4 11.4 6.4 26.9 6.17 13 66.66
T2 2.8 8.9 106 5.5 06.8 23.3 11.6 5.9 32.0 5.97 5.7 53.33
T3 2.2 8.9 134 6.9 05.6 11.6 10.3 3.4 12.0 3.35 3.2 37.04
T4 2.6 9.0 44.8 5.3 06.2 52.9 05.3 1.7 9.52 4.25 2.5 52.50
T5 No Seedling Growth 5.2 08.7 05.5 01.8 1.1 20.0 No Seedling Growth
# 3.4 8.5 6.9 7.6 10.1 20.9 12.9 4.7 24.8 7.40 6.1 69.23

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170 Effects of Low-Power Microwave Fields on Seed Germination and Growth Rate

More plant height would have better photosynthetic that is 28 minutes indicating threshold value.
rate that may have maximum biomass also. Better root In case of bengal gram, plant height, root length de-
length could help in absorbing more nutrients and water creased with increase in exposure time as compare to
from deeper inside the soil. This approach would be control. Biomass % observed is 53% at 24 minute expo-
beneficial in water scarce areas. sure time as compare to 21% of control indicating that
In the case of green gram, the seedling is marginally bengal gram is more sensitive to this exposure time.
improved with increase in frequency. The plant height, There is no significant change in biomass % for other
root length and biomass %, all have improved. This in- exposure times as compared to control.
dicates that green gram is more responsive to increase in In case of green gram, decrease in trend is observed
microwave frequency. Similar observations are seen in for plant height, root length and biomass % with increase
case of moth bean. in exposure time as compared to control.
In case of moth bean, plant height, root length and
3.2. Effect of Microwave Power on Plant Height,
biomass % is decreased with increase in exposure time as
Root Length and Biomass % (DM %) compared to control. No seedling growth is observed at
In the case of wheat, with increase in power from –1 dbm highest exposure time used that is 28 minutes.
to 3.5 dbm decrease in seedling growth is observed as
3.4. Effect of Microwave Power Density on Plant
compared to control (Table 2). The plant height, root
Height, Root Length and Biomass (DM %)
length and biomass %, all have decreased. This indicates
that wheat is most affected due to increase in microwave In this study gap between the sample and antenna (radi-
power. ating source) is varied from 1.5 cm to 5.5 cm in steps of
In the case of bengal gram, with increase in power 1 cm while other microwave parameters like power, fre-
from –1 dbm to 2.5 dbm there is increase in seedling quency and exposure time are kept constant (Table 4).
growth as compared to control. Whereas higher biomass This variation indicates variation in power density.
% is observed as compared to control but biomass % Power density decreased as we increase the gap between
decreased with increase in power. No seedling growth is the sample and antenna.
observed at 3.5 dbm indicating pronounced effect for In case of wheat, less seedling growth is observed as
higher power. compared to control at all the power densities used in the
In case of green gram, root length and biomass % de- study. There is reduction in plant height, root length and
creased with increase in microwave power as compared to biomass % as compared to control with corresponding
control indicating effect on seedling growth. But higher reduction in power density from d1 - d4 indicating better
root length is observed compared to control at highest seedling growth at higher power densities. No seedling
power level used (3.5 dbm). This effect will be useful for growth was observed at lowest power density, d5.
plants in water scarce areas as longer roots will be helpful In case of bengal gram, there is reduction in plant
in extracting more water and nutrients from soil. height, root length and biomass % as compared to control
In case of moth bean plant height, root length and bio- with corresponding reduction in power density from d1 -
mass % has decreased with increase in microwave power d5 indicating better seedling growth at higher power
as compared to control. densities. Higher root length is observed at higher power
densities as compared to control.
3.3. Effect of Microwave Exposure Time on Plant In case of green gram, root length and biomass % is
Height, Root Length and Biomass (DM %) decreased with decrease in power density indicating bet-
In this study exposure time is varied from 12 minutes to ter seedling growth at higher power densities. There is no
28 minutes in steps of 4 minutes while other microwave significant variation in plant height with decrease in
parameters like power, frequency, power density are kept power density as compared to control.
constant (Table 3). In case of moth bean, seedling growth is less as com-
In case of wheat, plant height decreased and no sig- pared to control for all the power densities used. There is
nificant change in root length observed with increase in upto 23% increase in biomass % as compared to control
exposure time from 12 minutes to 24 minutes as compare for all the power densities used except d2 indicating that
to control. But huge increase in biomass % is observed moth beans are more responsive to higher power densities.
with increase in exposure time from 12 minutes to 20
4. Conclusions
minutes as compared to control. However, decrease in
seedling growth observed at 24 minutes exposure time Seeds were processed in different regimes to study their
and no seedling growth at highest exposure time used influence on germination and growth rate. The effects of

Copyright © 2011 SciRes. JEMAA

 Effects of Low-Power Microwave Fields on Seed Germination and Growth Rate 171

different treatments were found to be stimulating the No: 3, 2009, pp. 051-057.
germination and seedling vigour of plants especially in [6] V. A. Karpovich, V. N. Rodionova and G. Ya. Lepyan,
power and exposure time treatments. Decrease in trend is “Application of Microwave Energy in Modern Biotech-
observed for seed germination, seedling vigour, plant nologies,” MSMw’2001 Symposium Proceedings, Khar-
height, root length and biomass % for most of the sam- kov, 4-9 June 2001, pp. 909-910.
ples used with increase in microwave power and expo- [7] M. C. Verdus, M. Thellier and C. Ripoll, “Storage of
sure time as compared to control. Similar observation is Environmental Signals in Flax: Their Morphogenetic Ef-
fect as Enabled by a Transient Depletion of Calcium,”
made but with decrease in power density indicating bet- The Plant Journal, Vol. 12, No. 6, December 1997, pp.
ter seedling growth at higher power densities. High fre- 1399-1410. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1997.12061399.x
quency stimulates seed germination for most of the sam- [8] A. Vian, C. Henry-Vian and E. Davies, “Rapid and Sys-
ples as compared to control. Only biomass % observed is temic Accumulation of Chloroplast mRNA Binding Pro-
significant with increase in frequency for most of the tein Transcripts after Flame Stimulus in Tomato,” Plant
samples used as compared to control. The effect also Physiology, Vol. 121, No. 2, 1999, pp. 517-524.
varied with the nature of seeds. Since this study indicates doi:10.1104/pp.121.2.517
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rate it must be affecting the humans who are using mo- Flaman and C. Ripoll, “Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis
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to Cold Shock,” Electrophoresis, Vol. 23, No. 15, August
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2002, pp. 2534-2540.
this direction needs to be conducted for scientific claim. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200208)23:15<2534::AID-ELPS
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5. Acknowledgements tem Production Induced in Flax by Cold Shock or Radia-
The authors would like to thank higher authorities of tion from a GSM Telephone,” Journal of Trace and Mi-
croprobe Techniques, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2002, pp. 611-623.
SIES, Mumbai for providing necessary facilities to carry doi:10.1081/TMA-120015622
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