CHAPTER

3
COSTING METHODS
 Costing Methods:
There are two basic types of systems that companies can adopt-job costing and process costing
systems.

Job Order Costing:

Job costing relates to a costing system that is required in organizations where each unit or batch
of output of a product or service is unique. This creates the need for the cost of each unit to be
calculated separately. The term ‘job’ thus relates to each unique unit or batch of output.

(Colin Drury Cost & Management Accounting 7th edition, pg: 43)

The special features of production using job costing are:

a) Production is against customer’s orders and not for stocks.

b) Each job has its own characteristics and requires special attention

c) The flow of production is not uniform from one department to another. It is the nature of job
which determines the department through which it is to be processed.

Job costing is applied to such activities as printing work, motor car repair, machine tools, general
engineering, and audit firms.

Process Costing: Process costing relates to those situations where masses of identical units are
produced and it is unnecessary to assign costs to individual units of output. An input of material
passes through a number of processes before it reaches to finished goods store room. The output
of one process may become the input of other process.

(Colin Drury Cost & Management Accounting 7th edition, pg: 43)

Industries where process costing is applied:

 Furniture Industry
 Meat Industry
 Chemical Industry
 Oil refinery
 Steel industries
 Dairy industries
 Brewery
Characteristics of Process Costing:
1. Production of unit cannot be separately identified in process costing whereas in job order or
batch costing the production unit retain its identity. Unit cost has to be based on the average
cost of the process.

2. The completed unit (output) of one process becomes the input of the next process unless it
reaches to final process and then to finished goods.
3. In the course of processing, several different main products (joint products) and by products
may arise.

4. The physical quantity of output of a process may be less than the input of quantity. This can be
due to the nature of process evaporation or reaction etc.

5. For cost purposes, each process constitutes a cost centre and the cost per unit is arrived at by
dividing total cost of the cost centre by the number of units of output.

Comparison of Process Costing and Job order costing:

Point of difference Process Costing Job Order Costing
Products Identical all are same Specific, identified separately
Production Continuous for stock As and when required
Customer General Public Specific
Design, quality Standardised substitutes are According to customer
available specifications and
requirements
Operation Through various processes a Usually site based, work
product moves from one normally remain stationary
department to another
Input / Output Output of one process Job started ,completed and
becomes the input of other handed over to customer
process
Losses Normal loss/abnormal loss Hardly a loss arise
and gains arise
By Products, Joint Different products from the No by or joint products arise
products same process
Work in process A complicated procedure to Easy to determine the value
value the work-in-process of work-in-process
Reports Process account, supported Job Cost Sheet
by production, cost and
evaluation statement
Profit Calculated for the Co. For each job

Operating Costing: Operating costing method is applied in those organizations which provide
services and are not engaged in manufacturing process. The cost of providing a service is termed
as “operating cost”. In many manufacturing companies, operating costing is used in certain
departments which renders services, e.g. internal transport, power house, personnel department
etc.

Industries where process costing is applied:

1. Road transport companies

2. Railways
3. Airways
4. Shipping Companies
5. Electricity companies
6. Steam service
7. Hospitals
8. Cinemas
9. Canteens
10. Hotels
11. School & Colleges
12. Local authority
13. Personnel department in a factory
Characteristics of Operative Costing:

The following characteristics are usually found in industries where operating costing is used:

a) Services rendered to customers are of unique type.

b) A large proportion of the total capital is invested in fixed assets and comparatively less working
capital is required.

c) The distinction between fixed cost and variable cost is of particular importance because the
economies and scale of operations considerably affect the cost per unit of service rendered.
For example, fixed cost per passenger will be lower if buses in a transport company run
capacity packed.

Cost Unit:

The selection of a suitable cost unit (unit of service) may sometimes prove difficult. The cost units
may be of the following two types:

Simple Cost Unit: A few examples are given below:

Undertaking Cost Unit

Transport Per Km; or per passenger; or per ton luggage carried
School or college Per Student
Hospital Per bed
Canteen per cup of tea; per meal
Composite Cost Unit: In this type more than one unit are combined together. Examples are:
Undertaking Cost unit
Transport Per-passenger-km; or Per–ton-km
Hospital Per bed per day
Cinema Per seat per show
Electricity Per kilowatt hour
The costing procedure in some of the undertakings where this method of costing isused is detailed
below:
 TRANSPORT COSTING

Objects:

The main objects of transport costing are:

1. To fix the rates of carriage of goods or passengers on the basis of operating costs
2. To decide the hire charges where vehicles are given on hire
3. To determine what should be charged against departments or others, using a service
4. To compare the cost of using own motor vehicles and that of using alternate forms of transport
5. To compare the cost of maintaining one vehicle with another or one group of vehicles with
another group
Determination of Number of Cost Units
The cost unit in passenger transport is usually a passenger kilometer and in goods transport it is a
ton-kilometer. The calculation of the total number of cost units is illustrated below:

Illustration 2.1 Firstflight Transport Co. runs four lorries between two towns which are 50 kms
Apart. The seating capacity of each bus is 50 passengers and actual passengers carried are 80%
of the seating capacity. All the 4 buses run on 25 days in the month and each bus makes one
round trip per day.

Passengers Kilometers =

No. of Distance Capacity Actual Round trip No. of

Lorries Of each Capacity Days

Lorry Utilized

4 x 50 x 50 x 80% x 2 x 25

= 4,000,000 passenger kilometers

Collection of Data:

Most of the details required for transport costing are obtained from log book. A log book is
maintained for each vehicle to record details of trips, running time, capacity, mileage, etc on daily
basis. These details also enable the management to avoid idleness of vehicles, to prevent waste
of the capacity and to guard against unnecessary duplication of trips.

Compilation of costs:

Costs are classified and accumulated under the following heads:

Standing Charges

Garage rent
License fees and taxes
Insurance
Drivers’ wages
Depreciation
Administrative Costs
Interest on capital
Standing or fixed Charges: These are constant costs and are incurred irrespective of the basis
of mileage run. Such costs, therefore, should not be allocated to specific journeys on the basis of
mileage. Some of these costs are direct or traceable fixed costs and can be allocated to specific
vehicles. Other such costs are suitably apportioned to each vehicle.
Opinions differ as to whether depreciation is to be regarded as a fixed cost or a variable cost. It is
thus sometimes regarded as a variable or running cost and sometimes as a fixed cost. Interest on
capital might also be included in fixed charges.

Running or variable charges: Petrol/diesel oil, lubricating oil, Tyres and tubes, repairs and
maintenance, drivers’ wages. These costs vary more or less in direct proportion to mileage and so
a cost per unit may be computed. Wages of drivers, conductors and cleaners are sometimes
regarded as running or variable costs if payment is based on distance covered or trips made.

Job Order Costing Vs. Process Costing

Job Order Costing Process Costing
• Products identified separately • Products identical
• Production as needed • Production continuous for stock
• Specific Customer • Customer general public
• Design & Quality as per requirement • Standardized substitutes are
• Job started, completed and handed available
over to customer • Output of one process becomes the
• Losses hardly arise input of other
• Normal loss/abnormal loss

Operating Costing

Used in Service oriented organizations like:

• Road transport companies

• Railways
• Airways
• Shipping Companies
• Electricity companies
• Steam service
• Hospitals
• Cinemas
• Canteens
• Hotels
• School & Colleges
• Local authority
• Personnel department in a factory
Operating Costing

Characteristics:

• Unique Services
• Large proportion invested in Fixed assets and comparatively less working capital
• Distinction between fixed cost and variable cost important because economies and scale of
operations affect the cost per unit of service rendered
Operating Costing
The selection of a suitable cost unit (unit of service) may sometimes prove difficult. The cost units
may be of the following two types:

• Simple Cost Unit

• Composite Cost Unit

Operating Costing
Simple Cost Unit
Undertaking Cost Unit
Transport Per Kilometer; or
School or College Per passenger
Hospital Per student
Canteen Per bed
Per cup of tea;
Per meal

Operating Costing
Composite Cost Unit
Undertaking Cost Unit
Transport Per passenger-km
School or College Per-ton-km
Hospital Per bed per day
Canteen Per seat per show

Transport Costing objects:

• Fixing Carriage rates (goods or passengers)

• Deciding the hire charges of vehicle.

Question No. 1

Slater Company manufactures products to customer specifications; a job-order cost system is

used to accumulate costs in the company’s plant. On July 1, 2008 the start of Slater Company’s
fiscal year, inventory balances were as follows:

Rs.
Raw
materials………………………..… 25,000
Work in
process………..……………… 10,000
Finished
goods……………..………….. 40,000

The company applies overhead cost to jobs on the basis of machine-hours of operating time. For
the fiscal year starting July 1, 2008, it was estimated that the plant would operate 45,000 machine-
hours and incur Rs. 270,000 in manufacturing overhead cost. During the year, the following
transactions were completed:

a. Raw materials purchased on account, Rs. 275,000

b. Raw materials requisitioned for use in production, Rs. 280,000 (materials costing Rs.
220,000 were chargeable directly to jobs; the remaining materials were indirect)
c. Costs for employee services were incurred as follows:
Rs.
Direct labor………………….………..… 180,000
Indirect labor………..……………..…… 72,000
Sales commissions……………….…… 63,000
Administrative salaries……………...… 90,000

d. Prepaid insurance expired during the year, Rs. 18,000 (Rs. 13,000 of this amount related
to factory operations, and the remainder to selling and administrative activities).
e. Utility costs incurred in the factory, Rs. 57,000
f. Advertising costs incurred, Rs. 140,000
g. Depreciation recorded on equipment, Rs. 100,000. (Some Rs. 88,000 of this amount was
on equipment used in factory operations; the remaining Rs. 12,000 was on equipment used
in selling and administrative activities).
h. Manufacturing overhead cost was applied to production, Rs. ? . (The company
recorded 50,000 machine-hours of operating time during the year).
i. Goods costing Rs. 675,000 to manufacture were transferred into the finished goods
warehouse.
j. Sales (all on account) to customers during the year totaled Rs. 1,250,000. These goods
had cost Rs. 700,000 to manufacture.
Required:

1. Prepare journal entries to record the transactions for the year.

2. Prepare T-accounts for inventories, Manufacturing Overhead, and Cost of Goods Sold.
Post relevant data from your journal entries to these T-accounts. Compute an ending
balance in each account.
3. Is Manufacturing Overhead underapplied or overapplied for the year? Prepare a journal
entry to close any balance in the Manufacturing Overhead account to Cost of Goods Sold.
4. Prepare an income statement for the year. (Do not prepare a schedule of cost of goods
manufactured; all of the information needed for the income statement is available in the
journal entries and T-accounts you have prepared).

Part-1

General Journal

(a). Raw materials 275,000

Accounts payable 275,000

(b). Work in process 220,000

Manufacturing overhead 60,000

Raw materials 280,000

(c). Work in process 180,000

Manufacturing overhead-indirect labor 72,000

Sales commission 63,000

Administrative salaries 90,000

Salaries& wages payable 405,000

(d). Manufacturing overhead 13,000

Insurance expense 5,000

Prepaid insurance 18,000

(e). Manufacturing overhead 57,000

Accounts payable 57,000

(f). Advertising expense 140,000

Accounts payable 140,000

(g). Manufacturing overhead 88,000

Depreciation expense 12,000

Accumulated depreciation 100,000

(h). Work in process 300,000 (W-1)

Manufacturing overhead 300,000

 (i). Finished goods 675,000

Work in process 675,000

(j). Accounts receivable 1,250,000

Sales 1,250,000

Cost of goods sold 700,000

Finished goods 700,000

Working:

W-1 Manufacturing overhead cost

To find out the manufacturing cost, first we have to determine the amount of
Predetermined Overhead Rate:

Estimated manufacturing overhead 270,000

Estimated machine hours 45,000

Predetermined overhead rate 6 Rs. per M/hr

(Est. manufacturing O/H / Est. machine hrs)

Based on the 50,000 machine hours actually worked during the year, the
company would have applied the overhead cost to production, as follows:

Overhead cost to be applied at production 300,000 Rs.

50000machine hrs*6
Part-2

Accounts Receivable Manufacturing Overhead

(j) 1,250,000 (b) 60,000 (h) 300,000

(c) 72,000
Bal. 1,250,000 (d) 13,000
(e) 57,000
Prepaid Insurance (g) 88,000
(d) 18,000 290,000 300,000
Bal. 10,000
Bal. 18,000

Accumulated Depreciation Commission Expense

(g) 100,000 (c) 63,000

Bal. 100,000 Bal. 63,000

Sales Cost of Goods Sold

(j) 1,250,000 (j) 700,000

Bal. 1,250,000 Bal. 700,000

Administrative Salary Expense Accounts Payable

(c) 90,000 (a) 275,000
(e) 57,000
Bal. 90,000 (f). 140,000
Bal. 472,000
Raw Materials
Bal. 25,000 (b). 280,000 Salaries& Wages Payable
(a). 275000 (c). 405,000
300,000 280,000
Bal. 20,000 Bal. 405,000

Work in Process
Bal. 10,000 (i). 675,000 Advertising Expense
(b). 220,000 (f). 140,000
(c). 180,000
(h). 300,000 Bal. 140,000
710,000 675,000
Bal. 35,000 Insurance Expense
(d). 5,000
Finished Goods
Bal. 40,000 (j) 700,000 Bal. 5,000
(i). 675,000
Bal. 15,000 Depreciation Expense
(g). 12,000

Bal. 12,000
Part-3 Manufacturing overhead is overapplied for the year. The entry to close it out
to Cost of Goods Sold, would be:

Manufacturing Overhead 10,000

Cost of Goods Sold 10,000

Part-4 Slater Company

Income Statement
For the Year ended June 30, 2008
Rs.

Sales 1,250,000
Less: COGS (700,000 - 30,000) 690,000
Gross profit 560,000
Less: selling& admin expenses:

Commission exp. 63,000

Administrative salaries exp. 90,000
Advertising exp. 140,000
Depreciation exp. 12,000
Insurance exp. 5,000 310,000
Net Income 250,000
Question No.2

Tele Tech Corporation manufactures two different fax machines for the business market. Cost
estimates for the two models for the current year are as follows:

Basic Advanced
System System
Direct material…………………………………………….. $400 $800
Direct labor (20hours at $15 per hour)………………….. 300 300
Manufacturing overhead*………………………..……….. 400 400
Total………………………………………………………… $1,100 $1,500
*The predetermined overhead rate is $20 per direct labor hour

Each model of fax machine requires 20 hours of direct labor. The basic system requires 5 hours in
department A and 15 hours in department B. The advanced system requires 15 hours in
department A and 5 hours in department B. The overhead costs budgeted in these two production
departments are as follows:

Department A Department B
Variable $16 per direct- $4 per direct-
cost………………………………………………. labor hour labor hour
Fixed
cost…………………………………………………. $200,000 $200,000

The firm’s management expects to operate at a level of 20,000 direct-labor hours in each
production department during the current year.

Required:

1. Show how the company’s predetermined overhead rate was determined.

2. If the firm prices each model of fax machines at 10 percent over its cost, what will be the
price of each model?
3. Suppose the company were to use departmental predetermined overhead rates. Calculate
the rate for each of the two production departments.
4. Compute the product cost of each model using the departmental overhead rates calculated
in requirement (3).
5. Compute the price to be charged for each model, assuming the company continues to price
each product at 10 percent above cost. Use the revised product costs calculated in
requirement (4).
SOLUTION: 2

(1). Predetermined overhead rate:

Budgeted manufacturing overhead:

Department A: $
Variable (20000*$16) 320,000
Fixed (200000) 200,000
520,000
Department B:
Variable (20000*$4) 80,000
Fixed (200000) 200,000
280,000

Total budgeted M. O/H 800,000

Total budgeted labor hours:

Basic system 20,000
Advance system 20,000
Total budgeted labor hours 40,000

Predetermined overhead rate 20.00 per labor hour

(Total budgeted M.O/H / Total budgeted labor
hrs)

(2). Price of each model: (10% over cost)

Basic Advanced
System System
Total manufacturing costs $1,100 $1,500
Profit margin (10% of cost) 110 150
Price (120% over cost) $1,210 $1,650

Department Department
(3). Departmental rates: A B
Budgeted manufacturing overhead $520,000 $280,000
Budgeted direct labor hours 20,000 20,000
Overhead rates $26.00 $14.00 per direct labor hr.
(O/H / hours)

Basic Advanced
(4). Product cost: System System
Direct material $400 $800
Direct labor 300 300
Manufacturing overhead:
Department A 130 390
Department B 210 70
Product cost $1,040 $1,560
(5). Price of each model: (10% over cost)
Basic Advanced
System System
Total manufacturing costs $1,040 $1,560
Profit margin (10% of cost) 104 156
Price (120% over cost) $1,144 $1,716
Question No. 3

A factory with three departments has a single production overhead absorption rate expressed as a
percentage of direct wages cost. It has been suggested that departmental overhead absorption
rates would result in more accurate job costs. Set out below are in budgeted and actual data for
the previous period, together with the information relating to job No. 657

Machine
Wage Labor time Overhead
Rs. thousands of thousands of Rs.
thousands hours hours thousands
Budget:
Department:
A 25 10 40 120
B 100 50 10 30
C 25 25 - 75
Total 150 85 50 225

Actual:
Department:
A 30 12 45 130
B 80 45 14 23
C 30 30 - 80
Total 140 87 59 233

During this period, job No.657 incurred the actual costs and actual times in the departments shown
below:
Direct Direct Direct Machine
Material wages labor time
Rs. Rs. hours hours
Department:
A 1,200 1,000 20 40
B 600 600 40 10
C 100 100 10 -

After adding production overhead to prime cost, one-third is added to production cost for gross
profit. That assumes that a reasonable profit is earned after deducting administration, selling and
distribution costs.

Required:

(a) Calculate the current overhead absorption rate

(b) Using the rate obtained in (a) above, calculate the production overhead charged to job
number 657 and state the production cost and expected gross profit on this job.
(c) (i). Comment on the suggestion that the departmental overhead absorption rates would
result in more accurate job cost; and
(ii). Compute rates, briefly explaining your reason for each rate.
SOLUTION: 3

(a). Current overhead absorption rate = (Total overhead cost/ Direct wage cost)*100
Current overhead absorption rate = (225000/ 150000)*100
Current overhead absorption rate = 150% of direct wage cost

(b). Production overhead charged to job no. 657 = 150% * Total Direct wage cost
Production overhead charged to job no. 657 = 150% * (1000+600+100)
Production overhead charged to job no. 657 = 2,550 Rs. R

(Rs. in
Production cost: thousands)
Direct material 1,900
(1200 + 600 + 100)
Direct wages 1,700
(1000 + 600 + 100)
Overheads 2,550
Total production cost 6,150
Expected Profit:
1/3rd of Total production cost 2,050
(1/3* 6150)
Expected Profit 2,050

(c). (i) Single overhead absorption rate for every department is not appropriate due to the fact that
each department has its own characteristics, department A may b mechanized while B may be
labor intensive, and overhead incurrence will differ in each department. It is therefore necessary
to use departmental overheads absorption date. This will lead better absorption of overheads
and minimum under or over absorption of overheads.

(ii) The overhead absorption rate for each of the Department, on the basis of direct labor hours, machine
hours and direct wages (whichever is important for the respective department; on the basis of the highest
amount; using budgeted data.

col.1 col.2 col.3 = (col.2/ col.1)

Basis for Respective Budgeted Departmental Overhead
Overhead rate base hours overhead cost Absorption Rates
in thousands in thousands Rs.
Department:
A Machine hours 40 120 3 per machine hour
B Direct labor hours 50 30 0.6 per direct labor hour
C Direct labor hours 25 75 3 per direct labor hour

The overhead rate for Department B and Department C, can also be expressed as a %age of Direct
wage cost, i.e. 60% and 300% of direct wage cost respectively
Question No. 4

Georgia Woods, Inc. manufactures furniture to customers’ specifications and uses a job order cost
system. A predetermined overhead rate is used in applying manufacturing overhead to individual
jobs. In Department One, overhead is applied on the basis of machine-hours, and in Department
Two, on the basis of direct labor hours. At the beginning of the current year, management made
the following budget estimate to assist in determining the overhead application rate:

Department Department
One Two
Direct labor cost…………………………………… $300,000 $225,000
Direct labor hours………………………………… 20,000 15,000
Manufacturing overhead………………………… $420,000 $337,500
Machine-hours……………………………………. 12,000 7,500

Production of a batch of custom furniture ordered by City Furniture (job no. 58) was started early in
the year and completed three weeks later on January 29. The records of this job show the
following cost information:

Department Department
One Two
Job order for City Furniture (job no. 58):

Direct materials cost…………………………………… $300,000 $225,000

Direct labor cost………………………………………… 20,000 15,000
Direct labor hours…………….………………………… $420,000 $337,500
Machine-hours…………………………………………. 12,000 7,500

Selected additional information for January is given below:

Department Department
One Two
Direct labor hours – month of January……….…………. 1,600 1,200
Machine hours – month of January……….………….…. 1,100 600
Manufacturing overhead incurred in January………….. $39,010 $26,540

Required:

(a). Compute the predetermined overhead rate for each department

(b). What is the total cost of the furniture produced for City Furniture?
(c). Prepare the entries required to record the sale (on account) of the furniture to City
Furniture. The sales price of the order was $147,000
(d). Determine the over-or under-applied overhead for each department at the end of January.
SOLUTION: 4

(a). Predetermined overhead rate

Predetermined overhead rate = Estimated manufacturing overhead/ Base hours
Department One - (machine hours)
Rs.
Predetermined overhead rate = 420000/ 12000
Predetermined overhead rate = 35.00 per machine hour

Department Two - (direct labor hours)

Rs.
Predetermined overhead rate = 337500/ 15000
Predetermined overhead rate = 22.5 per machine hour

Department Department
(b). One Two Total
Direct materials cost 10,100 7,600 17,700
Direct labor cost 16,500 11,100 27,600
Prime cost 26,600 18,700 45,300
Manufacturing overhead 26,250 16,650 42,900
Total cost of production 52,850 35,350 88,200

Working:
Manufacturing overhead:
Manufacturing overhead = Predetermined overhead rate*Base hours for Job. 58
Department Department
One Two
Actual M.O/H 26,250 16,650

(c). Journal Entries:

Accounts receivable 147,000

Sales 147,000

Cost of goods sold 88,200

Finished goods inventory 88,200

(d). Over or underapplied overhead:

Department Department
One Two Total
Actual overhead incurred 39,010 26,540 65,550
Applied overhead 38,500 13,500 52,000
(Actual hours*Predetermined rate)
510 13,040 13,550
(U) (O) (U)
Question No. 5

Scholastic Brass Corporation manufactures brass musical instruments for use by high school
students. The company uses a normal costing system, in which manufacturing overhead is applied
on the basis of direct-labor hours. The company’s budget for the current year included the
following predictions.

Budgeted total manufacturing

overhead……………….……………………………… $426,300

Budgeted total direct-labor

hours………………….…………………………………… 20,300

During March, the firm worked on the following two production jobs:

Job number T81, consisting of 76 trombones

Job number C40, consisting of 110 cornets

The events of March are described as follows:

a. One thousand square feet of rolled brass sheet metal was purchased on account for $5,000.
b. Four hundred pounds of brass tubing was purchased on account for $4,000.
c. The following requisitions were submitted on March 5:

Requisition number 112:250 square feet of brass sheet metal at $5 per square foot (for
job number T81)

Requisition number 113:1,000 pounds of brass tubing, at $10 per pound (for job number
C40)

Requisition number 114:10 gallons of valve lubricant, at $10 per gallon

All brass used in production is treated as direct material. Valve lubrication is an indirect
material.

d. An analysis of labor time cards revealed the following labor usage for March.

Direct labor: Job number T81, 800 hours at $20 per hour

Direct labor: Job number C40, 900 hours at $20 per hour

Indirect labor: General factory cleanup, $4,000

Indirect labor: Factory supervisory salaries, $9,000

e. Depreciation of factory building and equipment during March amounted to $12,000.

f. Rent paid in cash for warehouse space used during March was $1,200.
g. Utility costs incurred during March amounted to $2,100. The invoices for these costs were
received, but the bills were not paid in March.
h. March property taxes on the factory were paid in cash, $2,400.
i. The insurance cost covering factory operations for the month of March was $3,100. The
insurance policy had been prepaid.
 j. The costs of salaries and fringe benefits for sales and administrative personnel paid in cash
during March amounted to $8,000.
k. Depreciation on administrative office equipment and space amounted to $4,000.
l. Other selling and administrative expenses paid in cash during March amounted to $1,000.
m. Job number T81 was completed on March 20.
n. Half of the trombones in job number T81 were sold on account during March for $700 each.

The March 1 balances in selected accounts are as follows:

Cash…………………………...……..……………………………………………….. $10,000

Accounts receivable……………...………………..………………………………… 21,000

Prepaid insurance…………………………………..………………………………… 5,000

Raw-material inventory…………………...………………………………………….. 149,000

Manufacturing supplies inventory…………………….……………………………… 500

Work-in-process inventory…………………………………………………………… 91,000

Finished-goods inventory…………………...……………………………………….. 220,000

Accumulated depreciation: buildings& equipment………………………………… 102,000

Accounts payable…………………………………………………………………….. 13,000

Wages payable……………………………………………………………………….. 8,000

Required:

1. Calculate the company’s predetermined overhead rate for the year.

2. Prepare journal entries to record the events of March.
3. Set up T-accounts, and post the journal entries made in requirement (2).
4. Calculate the overapplied or underapplied overhead for March. Prepare a journal entry to
close this balance into Cost of Goods Sold.
5. Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured for March.
6. Prepare a schedule of cost of goods sold for March.
7. Prepare an income statement for March.
SOLUTION: 5

1 Predetermined overhead rate

Estimated manufacturing overhead $426,300

Estimated machine hours 20,300

Predetermined overhead rate $21 per direct labor hour

(Est. manufacturing O/H / Est. machine hrs)

2 General Journal
$
(a). Raw materials 5,000
Accounts payable 5,000
(b). Raw materials 4,000
Accounts payable 4,000
(c). Work in process 11,250
Raw materials W-1 11,250
Manufacturing overhead – supplies inventory 100
Indirect material W-2 100
(d). Work in process-direct labor 34,000
Manufacturing overhead-indirect labor 13,000
Wages payable W-3 47,000
Work in process 35,700
Manufacturing overhead applied 35,700
(applied O/H = 1700hrs * 21 = $35,700)
(e). Manufacturing overhead 12,000
Accumulated depreciation-factory 12,000
(f). Manufacturing overhead-rent exp. 1,200
Cash 1,200
(g). Manufacturing overhead 2,100
Accounts payable 2,100
(h). Manufacturing overhead-tax exp. 2,400
Cash 2,400
(i). Manufacturing overhead-insurance exp. 3,100
Prepaid insurance 3,100
(j). Selling& admin exp. 8,000
Cash 8,000
(k). Selling& admin exp. 4,000
Accumulated depreciation-admin equip 4,000
(l). Selling& admin exp. 1,000
Cash 1,000
(m). Finished goods-Job T81 W-4 34,050
Work in process-Job T81 34,050
(n). Accounts receivable 26,600
Sales - Job T81 W-5 26,600
Cost of goods sold W-6 17,025
Finished goods - Job T81 17,025
Working:
W-1 Direct material cost: $
Brass sheet metal cost 1,250
(250sq-ft*$5)
Brass tubing cost 10,000
(1000pounds*$10)
Total direct material costs 11,250
W-2 In-direct material cost:
Valve lubricant cost 100
(10gallons*$10)
Total in-direct material costs 100

W-3 Wages payable:

Work in process-direct labor 34,000
(800*$20 + 900*$20)
Manufacturing overhead-indirect labor 13,000
(4000+9000)
Wages payable 47,000

W-4 Cost of Job T81:

Direct material - Brass sheet metal cost 1,250
(250sq-ft*$5)
Direct labor – Cost 16,000
(800*$20)
Manufacturing overhead applied on DL hrs 16,800
(800*$21)
Total manufacturing cost of Job T81 34,050
W-5 Sales - JobT81:
Sales units (half of trombones*price per unit) 26,600
(76/2 * $700)

W-6 Cost of goods sold - Job T81:

Cost of goods sold:
Sales units (76/ 2) 38
Cost per unit 17,025
(34050/ 76)*(38)

3 T – Accounts
Cash Accounts receivable
Bal. 10,000 (f). 1,200 Bal. 21,000
(h). 2,400 (n). 26,600
(j). 8,000 Bal. 47,600
(l). 1,000
10,000 12,600
Bal. 2,600 Raw material inventory
Bal. 149,000 (c). 11,250
 Sales

(n). 26,600

Bal. 26,600

Prepaid insurance (a). 5,000

Bal. 5,000 (i). 3,100 (b). 4,000

Bal. 1,900 Bal. 146,750

Manufacturing supplies inventory Work-in-process inventory

Bal. 500 Bal. 91,000 (m). 34,050
100 (c). 11,250
Bal. 600 (d). 34,000
(d). 35,700
Bal. 137,900

Finished-goods inventory Accumulated dep.: Build& equip.

Bal. 220,000 (n). 17,025 Bal. 102,000
(m). 34,050 (e). 12,000
Bal. 237,025 (k). 4,000
Bal. 118,000

Accounts payable Wages payable

Bal. 13,000 Bal. 8,000
(a). 5,000 (d). 47,000
(b). 4,000 Bal. 55,000
(g). 2,100
Bal. 24,100 Selling& admin exp.
(j). 8,000
Manufacturing overhead (k). 4,000
(c). 100 (d). 35,700 (l). 1,000
(d). 13,000 Bal. 13,000
(e). 12,000
(f). 1,200 Cost of goods sold
(g). 2,100 (n). 17,025
(h). 2,400
(i). 3,100 Bal. 17,025
33,900 35,700
Bal. 1,800

4 Overapplied/ Underapplied
Overhead
Manufacturing overhead- actual
(T-account balance) 33,900
Manufacturing overhead - applied
(T-account balance) 35,700
Overapplied manufacturing
overhead 1,800 over-applied
 Manufacturing overhead 1,800
Cost of goods sold 1,800

5 Scholastic Brass Corporation

Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Year ended March 31, xxxx
$
Direct material:
Raw material inventory, March 1 149,000
Add: purchases of raw material 9,000
Raw material available for use 158,000
Less: raw material inventory, March 31 (146,750)
Raw material used during March 11,250
Direct labor 34,000
Manufacturing overhead:
Indirect material 100
Indirect labor 13,000
Accumulated depreciation – factory 12,000
Rent expense 1,200
Utilities 2,100
Property taxes 2,400
Insurance exp. 3,100
Total actual manufacturing overhead 33,900
Add: overapplied overhead 1,800
Overhead applied to work in process 35,700
Total manufacturing costs 80,950
Add: work in process inventory, March 1 91,000
171,950
Less: work in process inventory, March 31 (137,900)
Cost of Goods Manufactured 34,050

6 Scholastic Brass Corporation

Cost of Goods Sold
For the Year ended March 31, xxxx
$
Finished goods inventory, March 1 220,000
Add: cost of goods manufactured 34,050
Goods available for use 254,050
Less: finished goods inventory, March 31 (237,025)
Cost of Goods Sold 17,025

7 Scholastic Brass Corporation

Income Statement
For the Year ended March 31, xxxx
$
Sales 26,600
Less: COGS (17025 - 1800) 15,225
Gross profit 11,375
Less: selling& admin expenses:
Salaries& fringe benefits costs 8,000
Depreciation on admin office equipment 4,000
 Other selling& admin expenses 1,000 (13,000)
Net Income (1,625)

JOB COST RECORD

Job Number T81 Description Trombones
Date Started March 5 Date Completed March 20
Number of Units Completed 76

Direct Material
Requisition
Date Number Quantity Unit Price Cost
5-Mar 112 250 $5.00 $1,250

Direct Labor

Date Time Card Number Hours Rate Cost

3/8 to 3/12 3-08 thorugh 3-12 $800.00 $20.00 $16,000

Manufacturing Overhead
Cost Driver Application
Date (Activity Based) Quantity Rate Cost
3/8 to 3/12 Direct labor hours $800.00 $21.00 $16,800

Cost Summary
Cost Item Amount
Total direct material $1,250
Total direct labor 16,000
Total manufacturing overhead 16,800

Total cost $34,050

Unit cost $448.03

Shipping Summary
Units Remaining
Date Units Shipped in Inventory Cost Balance
March 38 38 $17,025
Question: 6

The national Oil Company buys crude vegetable oil. The refining of this oil results in four products
A, B, C, which are liquid and D which is Heavy Grease. Joint Costs in 19XX total Rs.97,600 (Rs.
27,600 for crude oil plus Rs. 70,000 conversion costs). The out put Sales of the four products in
19xx were as follows.

PRODUCT OUTPUT SALES SEPARABLE

PROCESSING COSTS
Gallons Rs. Rs.
A 500,000 115,000 30,000
B 10,000 10,000 6,000
C 5,000 4,000 -
D 9,000 30,000 1,000

REQUIRED:

(a) Assume that the estimated net realizable method of allocating joint costs is used. What
is the gross margin for Products A, B, C & D?
(b) The company has been tempted to sell at split of directly to other processors. In this
case sales per gallon would have been: A = Rs. 0.15 B = Rs. 0.50 C = Rs. 0.80. D
= Rs. 3.00. What would the gross Margin have been for each product assuming that
sales value at split off method of allocating joint costs is used.
(c) The company expects to operate at the same level of production and sales in the year.
Could the company increase the gross margin by altering it processing decisions?. If
so, what would be the expected overall gross margin? Which Products should be
further processed and which should be sold at split off? Assume that all costs incurred
after split off are variable.

Solution No. 6
(a)
1 2 3 4 5(2+4) 6(1-5)
Sales Separable NRV Allocation of Total Gross Margin
Processing Cost Joint Cost Cost
A 115,000 30,000 85,000 68,000 98,000 17,000
B 10,000 6,000 4,000 3,200 9,200 800
C 4,000 - 4,000 3,200 3,200 800
D 30,000 1,000 29,000 23,200 24,200 5,800
159,000 37,000 122,000 97,600 134,600 24,400
(b)

Sales Sale at Allocation Separable Total Cost Gross Margin

Split off Of Joint Cost Processing
Cost
A 115,000 75,000 65,946 30,000 95,946 19,054
B 10,000 5,000 4,396 6,000 10,396 (396)
C 4,000 4,000 3,517 - 3,517 483
D 30,000 27,000 23,741 1,000 24,741 5,259
159,000 111,000 97,600 37,000 134,600 24,400

(c)

Separable
Final Split off Differential Incremental Benefit
S.P/Unit S.P/Unit Price Cost / Unit (Loss)
A 0.23 0.15 0.08 0.06 0.02
B 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.60 (0.10)
C 0.80 0.80 - - -
D 3.33 3.00 0.33 0.11 0.22

A & D should be processed further, while B & C should be sold off at split of point.

EXPECTED OVERALL GROSS MARGIN

SALES

A After Process 115,000

B At Split off 5,000
C At Split off 4,000
D After process 30,000 154,000

JOINT COSTS 97,600

PROCESSING COST

A 500,000 Gallons 30,000

B 9,000 Gallons 1,000 128,600
Gross Margin 25,400

Note: In case of product C is selling at split off point. No further Processing

Question No. 7

A vehicle costs Rs. 650,000 and its life is estimated at 5 years, after which its residual value is
estimated at Rs. 200,000. Standing charges per annum are estimated at following figures:
Insurance Rs. 65000, License Rs. 13000, and Administration overheads Rs. 350,000.

Fuel costs Rs. 400 per gallon and based on an estimated kilometers of 30,000 per year the cost of
lubricants is Rs. 12000. The estimated consumption of fuel is 20 miles per gallon. A set of tyre
costs Rs. 26,000 and their expected mileage is 10000. The driver is paid Rs. 5000 per week of 44
hours and is entitled to a fortnight’s paid holiday per annum. The company’s contribution towards
national Insurance Scheme is Rs. 1000 per week. It is estimated that the vehicle will run 250 days
per annum and depreciation is regarded as a running cost. Repairs over the life of the vehicle are
estimated at Rs. 150,000. (a) Compute figures which may be used as a basis for quoting, if the
company adds 10% to the total cost for profit. (b) Prepare a quotation for a journey of 100 Km and
return, assuming no return load and a total time of two days.

Solution: 7

Operating Cost Sheet

Standing Charges per Annum Rs.

Insurance 65,000

License 13,000

Administration Overheads 350,000

Driver's wages, (52+2) weeks

@ Rs.5000 (to include holiday relief) 270,000

Other costs, 52 weeks @ Rs.1000 (Con

tribution to NHIF) 52,000

750,000

Kilometers covered per annum 30,000

(A) Standing charges per km 25

Running Charges per kilometre Rs.

Depreciation 3.00
(650,000-200000)/(5*30,000)

Fuel (400 / 20) 20.00

Tyres (26000 / 10,000) 2.60

Lubricants (12000 / 30,000) 0.40

Repairs (150000)/(5*30000) 1.00

(B) Running Cost per Kilometer 27.00

Total cost per kilometer (A + B) 52.00

Standing charged per day

(750000 / 250) 3,000

Question No. 8

The Murphy Manufacturing Company manufactures a single product that is processed in five
departments. The following cost data is available for Deptt. 3 for the month of July, 2013.

Opening work-in-process inventory:

Rs.
Cost transferred in from Deptt. 219,000
Deptt. 3 labor cost. 3,000
Current cost:
Cost transferred in during July form Deptt. 2 105,000
Deptt. 3 material cost during July 36,680
Deptt. 3 labor cost during July 42,800
Material used in Deptt. 3 are added to the product at the end of the Deptt. 3 process.

Deptt. 3 conversion costs are assumed to be incurred uniformly throughout the Deptt. 3 processes,
manufacturing overhead is applied to product on the basis of 50 percent of labor costs.

The following represents production data for Deptt. 3 for the month of July, 2013.
Work-in-process (July 1) 18000 Units (1/3 completed)
Units transferred in during July from Deptt. 2. 111,000 units
Goods units completed during July 80,000
spoiled units 12,000
Work in process (July 31) 28,000 Units (3/4 completed)

Spoilage is detected by inspection upon completion of the product by Deptt. 3. Normal spoilage is
considered to be 10% of the good output. Normal spoilage is considered a cost of the good units
completed while abnormal spoilage is written off as a loss.

Units lost during processing are considered to be a normal occurrence unless the number of lost
units exceeds. 5 percent of total units accounted for (total units accounted for is equal to the sum
of good units completed plus spoiled units plus units in ending inventory accounted for; company
accountants make no attempt to specifically determine or separately identify the cost of normal lost
units.

Lost units in excess of 5 percent are considered abnormal. The cost of abnormal lost units is
separately identified and written off as a loss. The company accountants follow the policy of
assigning only transferred-in costs to abnormal lost units.

You are required:

Using FIFO method and consistent with the company’s treatment of spoilage and lost units
prepare a cost of Production Report for Deptt. 3.
Solution: 8

Quantity Schedule
Input Output
Opening Balance 18,000 Units transferred output from opening inventory 18,000
Transferred in 111,000 Units transferred out from current production 62,000
Normal spoilage(10% of 80,000) 8,000
Abnormal spoilage (12,000 - 8,000) 4,000
Normal loss (80,000 + 12,000 + 28,000) x 5% 6,000
Abnormal loss (Balancing Figure) 3,000
Closing inventory 28,000
129,000 129,000

Equivalent Production

Transferred % Material $ Labor % Overhead %

in Added
Units transferred out from -- -- 18,000 100 12,000 2/3 12,000 2/3
opening inventory
Units transferred from current 62,000 -- 62,000 100 62,000 100 62,000 100
production
Normal spoilage -- 8,000 100 8,000 100 8,000 100
Abnormal spoilage -- 4,000 100 4,000 100 4,000 100
Normal loss -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Abnormal loss -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Closing inventory -- -- 21,000 ¾ 21,000 3/4
92,000 107,000 107,000

Transferred in Material Labor (Rs.) Overhead Total (Rs.)

(Rs.) added (Rs.) (Rs.)
Transferred in 105,000 -- -- -- 105,000
Costs added -- 36,800 42,800 21,400 101,000
105,000 36,800 42,800 21,400 206,000
Cost Per Unit (W-1) 1.00 0.40 0.40 0.20 2.00

Rs. 105,000
(W-1)= =Rs.1.00 (input 111,000 – normal loss 6,000)
105,000

Rs.36,800
= =Rs.0.40
92,000

Rs. 42,800
= =Rs.0.40
107,000
Rs. 21,400
= =Rs.0.20
107,000
 Cost accounted for Statement

Transferred Material 1 Material Labor Overhead Total

in (units) (Rs.) added (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Units transferred out form -- 7,200 4,800 2,400 14,400
opening inventory
Units transferred from 62,000 24,800 24,800 12,400 124,000
current production
Normal spoilage 8,000 3,200 3,200 1,600 16,000
Abnormal spoilage 4,000 1,600 1,600 800 8,000
Abnormal loss 3,000 3,000
Closing inventory 28,000 28,000 -- 8,400 4,200 40,600
105,000 36,800 42,800 21,400 206,000
Process account

Particulars Units Rs. Particulars Units Rs.

Balance B/F 18,000 23,500 Finished goods 80,000 177,900
Transferred in Material 111,000 105,000 Normal spoilage 8,000 --
Labor 36,800 Abnormal 4,000 8,000
spoilage
Overheads 42,800 Normal loss 6,000 --
21,400 Abnormal loss 3,000 3,000
Balance C/F 28,000 40,600
129,000 229,000 129,000 229,500
Cost of Good output 80,000 units

Rs.
Opening WIP 18,000 Units 23,500
Cost added 14,400
37,900
Current production 62,000 x 2 124,000
Normal spoilage 16,000
177,900
Question No. 9

M Pty produces ‘Biotinct’ in a lengthy distillation and cooling process. Base materials are
introduced at the start of this process, and further chemicals are added when it is 80% complete.
Each kilogram of base materials produces 1 kilogram of Biotinct.

Data for October are:

Opening work in process: 40 kg of base materials, 25%

processed
Cost of opening work in Base materials $1,550
process
Processing $720

Costs incurred in October: Base materials (80 kg) $3,400

Conversion costs $6,864 Further chemicals $7,200

Closing work in process: 50kg of base materials, 90%

processed

Finished output: 65 kg of Biotinct

Under normal conditions there are no losses of base materials in this process. However, in
October 5kg of partially complete Biotinct were spoiled immediately after the further chemicals had
been added. The 5kg of spoiled Biotinct were not processed to finished goods stage and were sold
for a total of $200.

Required:

Using the FIFO method, prepare the process account for October.
Solution: 9

(a) Calculation of equivalent units (EU)

BM = base materials; FC = further chemicals; CC = conversion costs; WIP = work in process

BM FC CC
Opening work in process -40 - -10
Finished 65 65 65
Abnormal loss 5 5 4
Closing work in process 50 50 45
TOTAL 80 120 104

October’s costs $3,400 $7,200 $6,864

Cost per EU $42·50 $60·00 $66·00

Calculation of costs

BM FC CC Total
$ $ $ $
Opening WIP (40kg) 1,550·00 - 720·00
Completion - 2,400·00 1,980·00
Total cost 1,550·00 2,400·00 2,700·00 6,650·00
Started and completed (25kg) 1,062·50 1,500·00 1,650·00 4,212·50
Abnormal loss (5kg) 212·50 300·00 264·00 776·50
Closing WIP (50kg) 2,125·00 3,000·00 2,970·00 8,095·00

TOTAL COST 4,950·00 7,200·00 7,584·00 19,734·00

Process account for October

kg $ kg $
Opening inventory 40 2,270·00 Transfer to finished goods 65 10,862·50
Base materials 80 3,400·00 Abnormal loss 5 776·50
Further chemicals 7,200·00 Closing inventory 50 8,095·00
Conversion costs 6,864·00
120 19,734·00 120 19,734·00
Question No. 10

ZP Plc operator two subsidiaries X and Y, X is component manufacturing subsidiary and Y is an

assembly and final product subsidiary. Both subsidiaries produce one type of output only.
Subsidiary Y needs one component from subsidiary X for every unit of Product W produced.
Subsidiary X transfers to Subsidiary Y all of the components needed to produce Product W.
Subsidiary X also sell components o the external market.

The following budgeted information is available for each subsidiary:

X Y
Market price per component $800
Market price per unit of W $1,200
Production costs per $600
component
Assembly costs per unit of W $400
Non production fixed costs $1-5m $1-3m

External demand 10,000 12,000

units units
Capacity 22,000
units The production cost per
Taxation rates 25% 30% component is 60% variable.
The fixed production costs are absorbed based on budgeted output.

X sets a transfer price at marginal cost plus 70%.

Calculate the post tax profit generated by each subsidiary.

Solution No. 10

X Y
$ $
Sales 88,000,000
10, 000x $800  7,344,000
12,000 x $612 14,400,000
12,000 x $1,200
Cost
22,000 x $1,012 ‐12,144,000
Fixed Costs
Production 22,000 x $240
Non production ‐1,500.00

Profit 644,000 956,000

Tax ‐161,000 ‐286,800
Profit after tax 483,000 669,200

X Y
Question No. 11
JP manufactures two joint products X and Y, and a by-product Z, in a single continuous process.
The following information is available for period 3:

Raw materials input 20,000 litres

Raw material costs $52,000
Conversion costs $56,000

Outputs 10,000 litres of X, selling price $8 per litre

8,000 litres of Y, selling price $6 per litre
2,000 litres of Z, selling price $1 per litre

Process costs are apportioned on a sales value basis. There was no opening and closing
inventory of raw materials. The revenue from the by-product is used to reduce the process costs.

What was the cost per litre of joint product X?

A $5·889
B $6·523
C $6·625
D $6·646

Solution: 11
The answer is C

$52,000 + $56,000 - $2,000 = $106,000

Sales Value Cost
X $80,000 62.50% $66,250
Y $48,000 37.50% $39,750
$128,000 $106,000

$66,250/10,000 = $6·625