BUILDING SCIENCE 2A

BUILDING SCIENCE 2A

Lecture 4: Electrical & Lighting Control

Systems

Lawrence Ogunsanya
RECAP: BENEFITS OF DAYLIGHTING
& SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
ELECTRICITY
SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
GENERATION
IN SOUTH AFRICA
SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
GENERATION
IN USA & NORWAY
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
IN SOUTH AFRICA
BUILDING SCIENCE 2A
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN A
BUILDING
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN A
BUILDING
DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION IN A
BUILDING

• Electricity is supplied to the building through the main distribution

board.
• Which is then connected to a circuit breaker/fuse box.
 TYPES OF WIRING SYSTEMS IN
BUILDINGS
• Cleat Wiring
• In this system of wiring, PVC Insulated wires are held to the walls
and ceiling by means of porcelain/wooden cleats.
• It is a temporary wiring system, therefore making it unsuitable for
domestic premises. Moreover, cleat wiring system is rarely being
used these days.
 TYPES OF WIRING SYSTEMS IN
BUILDINGS
• Wooden Casing , Capping Wire
• The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures,
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where the casing was made of a strip of wood with parallel

grooves cut lengthwise for accommodating the cables.
• This type of wiring is considered obsolete.
 TYPES OF WIRING SYSTEMS IN
BUILDINGS
• Lead Casing Wire
• The cables are covered with an outer sheath of lead aluminium
alloy which contains about 95% lead.
• The metal sheath gives protection to cables from mechanical
damage, moisture and atmospheric corrosion.
 TYPES OF WIRING SYSTEMS IN
BUILDINGS

• Conduit Wiring
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• There are two types of conduit wiring

• Surface Conduit Wiring: PVC conduits installed on walls or roof, it
is known as surface conduit wiring.
• The conduits are attached to the walls with a 2-hole strap and
base clip at regular distances. Electrical wires are laid inside the
conduits.
• Concealed Conduit Wiring: the conduits are hidden inside the wall
slots or chiselled brick wall, it is called concealed conduit wiring.
• Electrical wires are laid inside the conduits. This is popular since
it is stronger and more aesthetically appealing.
 TYPES OF WIRING SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Surface Conduit Wiring Concealed Conduit Wiring
BASIC ELECTRICAL LAYOUT
BUILDING SCIENCE 2A BASIC ELECTRICAL LAYOUT SYMBOLS
 LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM:
DEFINITION
•A lighting control system consists of a device that controls
electric lighting and devices, alone or as part of a daylight
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harvesting system,

•for a public, commercial, or residential building or property, or

the theatre.

•Lighting control systems are used for working, aesthetic, and

security illumination for interior, exterior, and landscape
lighting, and theatre stage lighting productions.

•They are often part of sustainable architecture and lighting

design for integrated green building energy conservation
programs.
 LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM:
DEFINITION
• Lighting control systems, usually include one or more portable or
mounted keypad or touchscreen console interfaces, and can
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include mobile phone operation.

• These control interfaces allow users the ability to remotely toggle
(on-off) power to individual or groups of lights (and ceiling fans
and other devices), operate dimmers, and pre-program space
lighting levels.
 LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM: ADVANTAGES

• A major advantage of a lighting control system over conventional

individual switching is the ability to control any light, group of
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lights, or all lights in a building from a single user interface device.

• Any light or device can be controlled from any location. This
ability to control multiple light sources from a user device allows
complex "light scenes" to be created.
• A room may have multiple scenes available, each one created for
different activities in the room.
• A lighting scene can create dramatic changes in atmosphere, for
a residence or the stage, by a simple button press.
• In landscape design, in addition to lighting the environment,
fountain pumps, water spa heating, swimming pool covers,
motorized gates, and outdoor fireplace ignition; can be remotely
or automatically controlled.
 LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM: ADVANTAGES

• Other benefits include reduced energy consumption, and power

costs through more efficient usage,
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• longer bulb life from dimming, and reduced emission carbon

footprints.
• Newer, wireless lighting control systems provide additional benefits
including reduced installation costs and increased flexibility in
where switches and sensors can be placed
• With a light control system, you can pre-design as series of lighting
concepts and toggle between them in seconds. For example: a
relaxing evening, a late night party, a holiday dinner
• light controls provide a comfortable and productive visual
environment. Enhancing the comfort levels of a space leads to
increases in productivity
 LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM: BENEFITS
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 CONTROLLING CATEGORIES
• Chronological time (time of day): a specific time of day as pre-set
timers use
• Astronomical time (sunrise/sunset): a specific day of the week or
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days in a month or year

• Room or outdoor space occupancy: motion sensors
• Presence of daylight: lighting costs and energy conservation, and
daylight harvesting.
• Mobile phone: operated controls can turn on a basic group of
circulation, safety fixtures serving exterior, interior locations on
approach, or to preheat a "water spa" in advance of returning.
• Events: include special fixtures for social occasions and holiday
lighting, or overall brightness for cleaning
• Alarm conditions: include doors opening and motion detected in a
protected area, or manual "panic buttons-all lights on" for occupants
sensing a possible intrusion
• Program logic (any combination of events):
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
• The basic design process for a lighting control project includes:
• 1. Identify application needs
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• 2. Determine proper control strategies

• 3. Select appropriate product(s) for the application
• 4. Layout, specify and document the lighting controls
• 5. Install and commission the lighting controls
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
1. IDENTIFY APPLICATION NEEDS
• Energy code compliance requirements
• With energy code compliance becoming mandatory nationwide,
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this may often be the primary driver behind the need for lighting
control.
• Energy savings
• Many building owners and facility managers want to reduce
operating costs by minimizing energy expenses as much as
possible while ensuring the comfort and safety of facility
occupants.
• Satisfying sustainability initiatives
• Building owners may have criteria for efficient design, or wish to
pursue sustainability initiatives such as LEED certification.
• Occupant convenience and preference
• Ensuring occupants have convenient and accessible personal
control over local lighting
• enhances occupant satisfaction and productivity.
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
1. IDENTIFY APPLICATION NEEDS
• Safety and security
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• Ensure that facility lighting always serves the paramount concern

of the safety and security of occupants and visitors.
• Maintenance and administration
• Providing the facilities management staff with the necessary
controls and tools to effectively manage the facility.

2. DETERMINE PROPER CONTROL STRATEGIES

• Automated shutoff
• A basic requirement for lighting energy efficiency and energy code
compliance, turning lighting off when it is not needed is a primary
control strategy
• Individual space control
• This involves ON/OFF lighting control in individual spaces, and
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
2. DETERMINE PROPER CONTROL STRATEGIES
• Reduced level lighting control (also referred to as bi-level
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switching)
• This can be accomplished by turning off individual lamps within a
luminaire, turning off alternating luminaires, or dimming all
luminaires to reduced levels.
• Exterior lighting control
• Ensuring lighting is on whenever it is dark outside and off when
there is sufficient daylight or the area is no longer
• Day lighting control
• Reducing or eliminating electric lighting when there is an
• adequate contribution of daylight within a space.
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
3. SELECT APPROPRIATE PRODUCT(S) FOR THE APPLICATION
• Appropriate products for implementing the automated shut off or on
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strategy are occupancy sensors, relay panel-based time clocks,

and time switches.
• Occupancy sensors
• Detects space vacancy for automated shutoff.
• Used in: Private offices, conference rooms, restrooms, break
rooms, some open offices
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
3. SELECT APPROPRIATE PRODUCT(S) FOR THE APPLICATION
• Lighting control panel with time clock
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• From a lighting control relay panel, the time clock turns lighting off
or on according to a programmed schedule.
• Used in: Lobbies, corridors, public spaces, retail sales floor,
security lights some open offices.
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
3. SELECT APPROPRIATE PRODUCT(S) FOR THE APPLICATION
• Time switch
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• Wall switches turn on manually and then turn off automatically after
a pre-set interval.
• Used in: Store rooms, mechanical and electrical rooms, supply
closets, janitorial spaces.
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
3. SELECT APPROPRIATE PRODUCT(S) FOR THE APPLICATION
• Dimming controls
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• A low voltage switch signals a dimming controller (LC-100) or a line

voltage dimmer (WD dimming occupancy sensor) to reduce
lighting.
• Used in all interior building spaces excepting corridors, restrooms
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
3. SELECT APPROPRIATE PRODUCT(S) FOR THE APPLICATION
• Daylight Dimming controls
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• A photocell component measures daylight levels, transmits the

data to the control component, which then switches or dims
lighting.
• Used in Interior building spaces with architectural design elements
(i.e., windows, skylights, that permit adequate daylight.)
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
4. LAYOUT, SPECIFY AND DOCUMENT THE LIGHTING CONTROLS
• Once the product selection is complete, the designer will lay out the
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control devices on the general lighting plan drawings.

• Different lighting control products require specific design details.
• For instance, with occupancy sensors, plans should include
placement location of individual sensors as well as the coverage
area of each.
• For switches, plans should indicate location and control assignment.
For day lighting controls, plans should include photocell placement
as well as the desired foot candle (light intensity) settings for each
covered area.
• When lighting control panels are used, designers should prepare
riser diagrams, fixtures and control schedules.
• This documentation will assist the designer in preparing a
specification that unifies the entire plan.
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM: ELECTRICAL LAYOUT PLAN
 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT, LEGEND,
SCHEDULE AND RISER DIAGRAM
 DESIGNING A LIGHTING CONTROL
SYSTEM
5. INSTALL AND COMMISSION THE LIGHTING CONTROLS
• During the installation and commissioning phase of a lighting control
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project, designers should provide installation notes and details on

drawings.
• The success of any project can depend in large part on the
commissioning.
• This is a process by which the electrical lighting equipment installed,
is tested to verify if it functions according to its design objectives or
specifications.
• When the equipment has been deemed to be functioning well, a
certificate is issued by the electrician or specialist who installed the
system.
BUILDING SCIENCE 2A

Questions