Naveed Anwar, PhD Progression of Structural Design Approaches

Naveed Anwar, AIT Solutions

 Academics Research The Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) promotes
technological advancement and sustainable
development in the Asia-Pacific region through its four
key strengths

Professional Education Integrated Solutions

“To contribute towards the technological

development of the region through deeper and
expanded engagement and delivery of AIT’s
research, knowledge and expertise”

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 Enable greater
engagement of AIT to
Focus on solutions
be more beneficial to
development
the institute as well as to
society as a whole

Build on the strengths, Strengthen and deepen

vision & mission, and work IP protection and
resources of AIT as incubation of ideas

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 Milestones

2011 2013 2015

ACECOMS joined Organized the first-ever Repositioning

AITC AIT Technology event & Rebranding

2010 2016

AIT Consulting AIT Solutions

Increase in tall buildings,
bridges, and special structures Habitech and AITS jointly
projects work together

2012 2014

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 Solutions

Disaster Risk Reduction and IT and Software

Management

Affordable Housing Environment

Resilient Structures Skill and Capability

Enhancement

Project Reviews Knowledge Sharing

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 Habitech Center – Devilment of Building Technologies

AIT, through Habitech Center, has been instrumental in contributing

significantly in developing

Sustainable and Social Eco-friendly

cost-effective infrastructure building materials,
housing buildings for technologies that
communities not only sustain
life but also
conserves our
environment

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 Habitech Building System

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 Why this Seminar?
And why are these topics important

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Demand and Complexity is Increasing
for the Built Environment
Naveed Anwar, AIT Solutions 10
 (www.un.org)

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 Population Growth is in Developing World

Less Developed
Countries will
need more Low
Cost Housing
and
infrastructure
for nearly

2 Billon more
people

Source: www.prb.org, volume no. 66, July, 2011.

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 • Definition used by McKinsey Report

50 %
• Household (not individual) Household
Having
• 30% of income for housing More
Median Income
• Household having 80% of median income should
be able to afford the housing
80% Median Income 50%
• This needs to be tackled worldwide! Household
Having Less

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Japan, 4000m Dubai City Tower, 2400 m Sky Mile Tower, 1700 m Japan One Dubai Tower,
1008 m

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 Source: CTBU Report, 2015

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 The Twisting Turning Towers Trend

Source: CTBU Report, 2015

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 Needs Innovations in Structural
Design Approaches

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 Is my Structure safe?

(What level of Richter earthquake my structure sustain?

Or what tornado level can it withstand,
or is it safe for explosions or
How long can it withstand the fire?)

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 How long do we have
before the building will
collapse in this fire?

- Asks the Fire Chief from the structural

engineer
1974

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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FagbC09BO2o

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 Ancient masterpieces were built before the modern approaches
Master builders had freedom to dream and to realize them

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 -

Intuitive
Design

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 What a Structural Engineer said !

Hardy Cross, 1885-1959

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 -

Code
Intuitive Based
Design Design

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 Main
Challenges !

Wind
Earthquake
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 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Stability Strength Deformation Drift Ductility Energy Motion
Dissipation Perception

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 •
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Spirit of the code is

Compliance to
to help ensure Public Safety and
letter of the code is
provide formal/legal basis for design indented to meet the spirit
decisions

Naveed Anwar, AIT Solutions

 “Rebuilding In 1908 , a
In 1680 AD, In USA, the The Internat
of London In 1904, a formal
“The Laws of London City ional European
Act” after the Handbook of building
the Building Act of of Baltimore Building Union,
“Great Fire of the Baltimore code was
Indies” Spani 1844. first building Code (IBC) the Eurocodes.
London” in City drafted and
sh Crown code in 1859. by (ICC).
1666 AD. adopted.

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 ACI, PCI, CRSI,
ASCE, AISI, British, CP and China, USSR,
UBC, IBC Euro-codes
BS Japan
AASHTO

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 • Traditional codes govern design of general, normal buildings
 Over 95% buildings are covered, which are less than about 50 m
• Not specifically developed for tall buildings > 50 m tall
• Prescriptive in nature, no explicit check on outcome
• Permit a limited number of structural systems
• Do not include framing systems appropriate for high-rise
• Based on elastic methods of analysis
• Enforce uniform detailing rules on all members
• Enforce unreasonable demand distribution rules
• Do not take advantage of recent computing tools

Naveed Anwar, AIT Solutions

 Traditional
Design
approach for
Wind and
Earthquake is
different and is
often
in-consistent
and opposing

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 Wind Load Seismic Load

Depend on Depend on
• Wind speed •focus of earthquake
• terrain •Shaking intesity
• topography of the location •ground conditions
• Force increases with height •Mass and stiffness
• Geometry and exposed area distribution

v üg

A m

 Excitation is an applied pressure or  Excitation is an applied displacement

force on the facade at the base

 force will act mainly on exterior  force will be distributed along interior
frames then transferred to floor and exterior lateral load resisting
diaphragms elements

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 Design for Wind Load Design for Seismic Effects

 For most buildings, dynamic wind response may  Structures are designed to respond inelastically
be neglected under factored loads

 Gust factor approach  predict dynamic  it is not economically feasible to design structures
response of buildings with reasonable accuracy to respond elastically to earthquake ground
motion
 Structures are designed to respond elastically
under factored loads

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 -

Performance
Code Based
Based
Design Design
Intuitive
Design

Wind

Earthquake
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 • Lack of explicit performance in design codes is
primary motivation for performance based
design

• Performance based methods require the

designer to assess how a building is likely
perform extreme events and their correct
application will help to identify unsafe designs.

• Enables arbitrary restrictions to be lifted and

provides scope for the development of
innovative, safer and more cost-effective
solutions

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 Based on FEMA 451 B

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 sta
Re nt
ura

Resta
urant
Loading Severity

Consequences

Resta
Hazard

urant

Vulnerability Structural Displacement

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 Performance based design investigates at least two performance objectives explicitly

Service-level Code’s arbitrary Collapse-level

“Design Level” Assessment
Assessment

Negligible damage with Collapse prevention under

frequent hazards extreme hazards
(Earthquake having a return (the largest earthquake with a
period of about 50) return period of 2500 years)

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 -

Performance
Based
Code Based Design
Design
Intuitive
Design

Wind

Earthquake
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 Is this acceptable?
Even though it satisfies CBD and PBD

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 -

Consequence
and Risk
Performance Based Design
Based Design
Code Based
Design
Intuitive
Design

Wind

Earthquake
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 •
Code based was implicit, with
not confirmation of response

• PBD is explicit, can help to

confirm the response and
performance level
•

Naveed Anwar, AIT Solutions

 • For public and society, the performance criteria still does reduce the effects of the
events, but it can reduce the risk level

• The non structural damage is not acceptable in modern buildings

• The disruption and loss goes much beyond the building

• Insurance companies want to have greater reliability of assessment of risk and

damages

Naveed Anwar, AIT Solutions

 The trigger of an event is not important,
the consequences of an event are

•
•

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 Safety Studies Design
Risk Safety Critical Structure
(Probability and Accidental
Quantification Element Design
Consequence Analysis) Load

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 Resilience
Consequence Based
s and Risk Design
Performance Based Design
Based Design
Code Based
Design
Intuitive
Design

Wind

Earthquake
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 Green Buildings Resilient Buildings

Main authors : Arup

Supported by USRC and many others
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 Extreme Events
should be Earthquakes, Wind, Blast,
handled
Consistently
Progressive Collapse, Impact

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 •

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 Technical Robustness
4 Dimensions of 4 Properties of
Resilience Resilience

Organizational Rapiditty

Social Redundancy

Economic Resourcefulness

RESILIENCE

Lower
More Reliability
Consequences

3 Results of Resilience Faster

Recovery

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 •

Economic Loses

Loss of Loss of
•
Quality of Community
Life and Culture

Go Beyond Life Safety

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 Restaurant Restaurant nt
ura
sta
Re

Operational (O) Immediate Occupancy (IO) Life Safety (LS) Collapse Prevention (CP)

0% Damage or Loss 99 %

Lowest Casualties Highest

Lowest Downtime for Rehab Highest
Lowest Rehab Cost to Restore after event Highest

Highest Retrofit Cost to Minimize Consequences Lowest

Lowest Impact on Sustainability of Community Highets

Ref: FEMA 451 B

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 ARUP

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Tools: How to design efficiently?
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 • Initially, computers were used to
program the procedure we had

• Now, we develop procedures that

are suited for computing

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 Integrated 3D Bridge Design Software

Integrated Software for Structural Analysis and Design

Integrated Analysis, Design and Drafting of Building Systems

Integrated Design of Flat Slabs, Foundation Mats and Spread Footings

Nonlinear Analysis and Performance Assessment for 3D Structures

Design of Simple and Complex Reinforced Concrete Columns

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Thank you