PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITY

For any real numbers a, b, and c: For any real numbers a , b , and c:
A,Closure A. Trichotomy: Either a = b, a < b , or a > b.
I. For addition: a + b is a real number B. Transitive: If a < band b < c, then a < c; also, if a> band b > c, th e n a > c.
2. For 1l1ultiplication: a • b is a real number C.Addition Property: If a < b, then a + c < b + c; also, ira> b, the n a + c > b + c
B, Commutative Property for any value of e.
I. For addition : a + b = b +a
D. Multiplication Property: If c > 0 and a < b, then ae < bc . If C > II and a > b, then ae > be.
2. For multiplication: ab = ba
Ifc <()and a < b, then ac> be.lfc <0 and a > b, then ae < be. Ife = (), then ac = bc =O.
C Associative Property
I. For addition: a + (b + c) = (a + b) + C
2. For multiplication: a(bc) = (ab)c
D. Identity Property OPERATIONS OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
I. For addition: a + 0 = a and 0 + a = a A. Like or similar terms are terms with the same variables having the samc exponent values.
2. For multiplication: a· 1 = a and I • a = a ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS
E. I nverse Property
ax + bx = (a + b)x or ax - bx = (a - b)x; if the variables and ex ponent s arc the sa me.
I. For addition: a + (-a) = 0 and (-a) + a = 0
add or subtract the numbers in front (coctficients) without changi ng the va ri able .
2. For multiplication: a· t = I and t . a = I ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL

F. Distributive Property EXPRESSIONS (FRACTIONS)

a(b + c) = ab + ac; a(b - e) = ab - ac; and ab + ac = a(b + c); ab - ac = a(b - c)

G. Multiplication Property of Zero
a b
I. x ± x =
a+b·
---x--;.
If the denol11111ators arc the sa me, add th e numerators on ly.
o • a = 0 and a • 0 = 0 a
2 . x b ay bx ay ± bx " ·1 I ' I
± y = .xy ± yx = -----xy; It t lC (enomillators a rc not t l C same,
H. Double Negative Property
-(-a) = a or -1(-1· a) = a multiply each fraction by one in the required form, then add the nu merators . If
the denominators arc polynomial, then factorin g the m fi r t w i II he lp determ ine
the least common denominator.
MULTIPLICATION RULES
I. x· x • x ..... x = x" when the number of x va ri able s = n
2. xO = 1 when x .. 0
Ixl = x if x ,,() and -x if x < O. It is always a positive numerical value. 3. Xl = x
Ixl = I-xl 4. xm. x" = xm + " ; also ax lll • bx" = a bx'" + " ; multiply coeffi cients an d variables .
3. Ixl" 0 S. (Xlll)" = x m"; also (Xmyl')" = X"H'yP"; powers of powers of monom ials can be
4. Ix - y l = Iy - xl done by mu Itip lying exponents.
B. Addition: If the signs of the numbers are the same, add. Ifthe signs of the numbers 6. (Yx)'" = ym
X 11\

are different, subtract. In both ca ses, the answer has the sign of the number with
7. II' a" = a V , then 1/ = v.
the larger absolute value.
C Subtraction: Change subtraction to add ition of the opposite number, then follow 8. I f a" = b" for a .. 0, then a = b.
the addition rules. DISTRI BUTIONS
D. Multiplication: Multiply the numbers, then detcrmine the sign of the answer. I. Type I: a(x + y) = ax + ay; a(x - y) = ax - ay
Re me mber: negative· negative = positive; positive· positive = positive; 2. Type 2:
negative· positive = negative; positive· negative = negative; if the signs are the a. (a + b)(x + y) = a(x + y) + b(x + y) = ax + ay + b x + by
b. This type, 2 terms times 2 terms, ca n also be cione us ing the FO I L rul e:
sam e, the answer is positive; if signs are different, the answer is negative .
First term times first tcrm , Outer term timcs o ute r term, In ner te rm times
E. Divisio n: Divide the numbers, then determine the sign of the answer using the same
inner term, Last term timcs last term, (a + b)(x + y).
sign rules that apply to multiplication.
3. Type 3: (a + b)(x + Y + z) = a(x + y + z) + b(x + Y + z) = ax + ay + az + bx + by + bz
4. Thc Binomial Theorcm: The expansion of( x+y)", where n is a coun ting number,
is a.x" + a 2 x n- 1y + a)xn-Zy2+.•. + an_txyn-I + anyn when: a l " a 2• 3 y '0', an arc
OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS found in Pascal's triangle:
A. Definition: a ± bi where a,b E Real numbers and i = FI I I
2

B. Addition: (a ± bi) + (c ± di) = (a + c) + (b ± d)i ,

C Subtraction: (a ± bi) - (e ± di) = (a - c) ± (b =+= d)i 3 3

D. Multiplication: (a ± bi)(c ± dt) = (ac =+= bd) ± (ad ± bc)i 4 6 4

E. Division: 5 10 10 5 I and so on ...

a±bi a±bi c =+= di (ac=+=bd) ± (ad±bc)i . .
S. The BII101111al Formula: (x+y)" = x" + T II x"- Iy + n(n-I)
I, 2
"
x"--y- + ... +
c±di = c±di' c=+=dj = c'±d '
n(n-1)(n ­ 2) ... (n - r+ I) nor r II

I ' 2 ' 3... r x y + ... + Y

6. The Binomial C oefficient: [II]r = I(

r. n
I~ r.) ,
A. Reflexive: a = a 7. Othcr special types of distributions arc li sted und er the Factors section.
B. Sym m etric: If a = b, then b = a.
RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
C Tran sitive: I f a = band b = e, then a = e.
a c ac
D. Additio n Prope rty: If a = b, then a + e = b + C for any value of c. I. 11'ct=bd
E. Multiplication Prope rty: If a = b, then ac = bc for any value of c. 2. polynomial polyno m i a l . .
a = ct'
F. P ro por t'IOn Proper t y: It' 11 c t hen a d = bc; Ca = ct;
b a b = c c
d: a d I . I l11 ust have all 01 the nUlllcrators a nd dc nOlllllluto rS
11 polynomial po yno lllla
a+b c±d a-b c-d factored so identical factors (one in a numerator und the othe r in a deno mi nator)
t;­ -d-; a + b c +d can be cancelled before l11ultirlyin g.

1
 DIVISION FIRST DEGREE WITH ONE VARIABLE· STEPS
x± Y
I. -'xx = .
I and x ± y = I ; whenever the numerator and denoml11ator are the same
1. Simplify the left side of the equals s ign.
2. Simplify the right side ofthc cquals sign.
and not zero, the fraction equals on e .
3. Apply inverse operations until the vari a bl e is iso lated.
2. ay
ax x

= )7; common factors cancel to equal one. 4. Note: If the statcment is an inequality and multipli cati on or d ivis io n by a negat ive
number was used to distribute throughout the entire inequality, the n the inequa lity
x III _ .111-11 . , X III _ 1 ., symbol must be reversed to keep the state ment true and the soluti on correct.
3. -II - x II 111 > nand -----n - ~ 11 m < It
X X x
SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
4. ba ~ dc=a
b d
• = ad c
he; I·1'· any 0 t' tIle numerators or d '
enol1lmators are po Iyno­ I. A consistent system has one o r more solutions.
2 2. An inconsistent system has no solution.
mials, like ax 2 ± b, ± e. they mu st first be factored so identical factors can 3. Methods of solution
dx ± ex ± f
a. Linear combination or elimination
be cancelled as indicated in the Multiplication Rules section on page I.

I )Put both equations in standard form (alphaheti ca l o rder wi th the constant

a

on the right s ide of th e equa ls sign).

5. b = ba
C -7
d : comp Iex f"ractlons a re In
de = ba • c . d·Icate d d',vIsion.
..

2)Distribute through one or both cquati ons so th e coe lTic ic nts (nul11bers in
d front of th e variables ) of on e of the va riables in both equa tions arc
a e ad eb ad ± eb opposite va lues (same di g its with o ppos ite s ig ns) .
b ±d =bd±bd ~ ad ± eb . eh ± gf ad ± eb I'h
6. eh ±gr =~~--f-h-=~' eh ±gr 3)Add the two equations (the result wi ll be o ne equ ation w ith o ne variable ).

e g eh gl'

T±ll fil ± Tt1 - r- h­ 4)Sol ve the res ulting cquation for the rema ining varia bl e.

5)Put the nume ri cal value for that variable back in to one of the orig ina l

I'h (ad ± eb)

equations and solve for the other va riabl e .

bd (eh ± gf)

b. Substitution
NEGATIVE EXPONENTS
J. X-III = -k and -h
X x
= xln
I)Solve one of the eq uation s lo r on c of the vari a bl e s.
2)Put the rcs ultin g statement into th e other equation in place o f the varia ble
(the resulting equation will have only one va ri abl e) .
2. (x ± yr m =. I '" and '" = (x ± y)"' 3)Solve the equation fo r the num c ri cal value of the va ria ble.
(x ± y) (x ± y)
FRACTION EXPONENTS/RADICAL EXPRESSIONS 4)Put this numerical value inro e ithe r of the two begi nni ng equa tions a nd
solve for the second variabl e numeri ca l va lue.
I. a ~ = rVaW and IVaW = a* c. Graphing

I
2. 'V;; = a /I where b" = a; i r n is even and a < 0, 'V;; is not a real number, I )(jraph each equation on the coorc!i na t pl a ne.

2) Fi nd and label th e poi nt( s) of int ersec ti on, if there arc any.

'V;;
3.
and if n is even and a " 0 ,

'Va" =
is the nonnegative number b.

a; (a" )+. = a * = a' =a ifn is ml and a ifn is even, and ( a+' I I r = a *=a' =a
d. Cramer's Rul e
I )Put both equation s in standa rd form (all habe t ica l o rde r with the constant
on the right side of the equals s ig n): ax + by = c a nd dx + ey = f.
2)bke the coefficients (numbe rs in fi'ont of the va riables ) a nd make a deter­
4. (ax)7--= ·V(ax) lH= nja ll1 Xlll = rv;m. ' R;a nd ,v;m. 'R= IVa III xlll=(ax)*
minate of the system of equati ons. J) = ,~ ~ ,.
5. (ax)~ = 1(ax)+']", = ,~ ; and 'V(ax)'" = l(ax)+'1'" = (ax)~ 3 )Tilke the dete rminate of rhe syste m th at was j ust created a nd re pl ace
the coe fficients of one varia ble with th e const an ts of th system ( this
6. (ax ± by) ~ = 'V(ax ± by)'" BUT it docs NOT equal 'v(ax)'" ± 'V(by)'" is the determinate of that variab le ), D , = , ~: ~ , .
7. (XII')' ) +' =
y
,,~
Vy
=
I'
'-':; = x:: BUT if the exp ress ion is to be written in
It' Y P YII
4)Take the ori g inal determinate of th e syste l1l a nd re p lace the coe ffic ients
of the other va riable with th e consta nt s of the system (th is is the de ter­

I ~ ~I·
simplest form, a radical expression cannot be len in the denominator.
minate of the other variabl e ), J) , =
S. 'R =" ~ = (~
.,,,)·," 5 )So lvc each deterl11inate hy findin g th ~ di lTe rcnce 01' the cross product.
IV? V? \ yP
9. '~=llrl~
FACTORS
, ~ ~ I = ad-eb.
I. Linear Factor Theorem: A polynomial of degree /I " I can be written as the

product of /I linear l~lctors, P(x) = a(x - I",)(x - 1"2)"'(X - r ll ) .

6)The solutions are x = ~' a nd y = ~.
2. Greatest common factor: ax ± ay = a(x ± y)
3. Quadratic trinomials: MATRICES & LINEAR SYSTEMS
a. Xl ± bx ± c = (x + h)(x + k) where h • k = c and h + k = b ; hand k can be
I. A matrix is a rectangular a rray of rea l numbe rs, call ed en tries o r clements.
either positive or negative numbers.
b. ax l ± bx ± c = (mx + h)(nx + k) where a " I and m· n = a , h • k = c, al l a l2 al II
m • k + h • n = b; m . n, h , and k can be pos itive or negative numbers. a 21 a l II
4. Perfect square: Xl ± 2xy + yl = (x ± y)(x ± y) = (X ± y)l enclosed within brackets; A , where /I = n um ber of
5. Perfect cube: x 3 ± 3xly + 3xyl ± y3 = (x ± y)3
6. Diffe rence of two squares: Xl - yi = Xl + xy - xy = (x + y)(x - y) -;...i a mi a 1112 i..lrnn
7. Sum of two squares: Xl + yl = (x + YI)(x - YI), where;", / - I and is an imaginary number columns and 11/ = numbe r of rows.
8. Difference of two cubes: x.1 - Y" = (x - Y)(XI + + yl) '1 2. T he dimension is " 11/ by /I "
9. Sum of two cubes: x 3 + y.1 = (x + Y)(XI - xy + y )
10. Grouping 3. A coefficient m atrix is formed by the coe ffici ent s of one varia bl e of a system
a.2 - 2 grouping: ax ± ay ± bx ± by = a(x ± y) ± b(x ± y) = (a ± b)(x ± y) of linea r cquations forming each column of the matrix .
b.3 - 1 grouping: Xl ± 2cx + c l - yi= (x ± C)l - yl = (x ± c + y)(x ± C - y) 4. An augmented matrix includes the constants of a sys tem of linca r equatio ns
c. I - 3 groupin g : yl - Xl ± 2ex - c l = yl - (x ± C)l = (y + x ± c)(y - x + c) separated by a verti ca l dashed li ne in the matri x.
I I. Partial-fraction decomposition rules 5. Row operations that transfo rm an a ugl11 c ntcc!lllatrix into an equi vale nt system:
a. Lin ear factors : For each distinct factor of the form (ax + h)1II in the denom­ a. Interchange any twO roWS .
inator Q(x), introduce the sum of 11/ partial fractions. A+I b + A2 b. Multiply every clcmcnt of any row by a con sta nt, C, w here c " o.
ax (ax + b)2 c. Replace every c le ment of a ny row by the slim of itse lf a nd a corre­
sponding clement of any ot her row.
+... + (ax A+ liib )'" w Ilere A I' A I' ... , A m are constants.
d. Gauss-Jordan elimination applies the row operat ions to a n augmented
b. Quadratic factors: For each distinct factor of the form (uxl + hx + C)III in the matrix until all clements of the matrix, xccpt the constants. are zeros and
ones, with the ones I(Jrllling a diagonal from up per-l fl to lower- rig ht. The
denominator Q(x), introd uce the sum of m partial fractions A IX + BI +
ax 2 + bx + e solutions of the system arc then the consta nts that co rrespond to the coefficient
Azx+B 2 + + A",x+B", h A A A
(ax 2 +bx+c ) 2 ... (ax2+bx+c)lI1were I' 2' ••• ' man
dB B
l' 2'
I ()
values that arc the ones; so, [ () I
0:0: e l j mean, x = cpJi = c
C1 and ~ = c J .
2'
..., Bn, are constants. () () I ,' CJ

2
 I) Equal matrices have the same dimensions and equal corresponding A. The x-axis is horizontal; the y-axis is vertical.
clements. B. Each poin t is named by an orde "cd pai r, (x, y) .
2)The sum of two matrices is found by adding the corresponding elemcnts C. The dista nce between two po ints is d = j';x- -_. --x-,)-'-+-(-y-,-- -y-,-)' .
of the matrices.
D. The midpoint of a line segme nt with e nd points (x " Y,) and (x z' Yz) is P(.>:, y) where
3 )Scalar multiplication is accomplished by multiplying every element of
X,+X2 d Y' +Y2
the matrix by the scalar c. x= - -
2- an y = --2-'
4 )Thc diffe rence of two matrices is obtained by subtracting every corre­ E. A relation is a set of ordered pa irs.

sponding element of the matri ces . ~~ A functi on is a relation that has no x-values that are the same.

S)The product of two matri ces can be found only if the number of columns I. j(x) is read "fofx " or "the fll l/ctiol/ (jrx"
of one matrix equals the number of rows of the other, and the number of
2. (r + g)(-.:) = f(x) + g (x)
3. if - g) (.'1;) =I(x) - g(...:)
rows of one equals the number of columns of the other; then, the elements
4. (rg)(x) = /(.>.:) • g(.!;)
of each row of one are multiplied by the elements of the columns of the S. (r /g)(!;) = j(x) / g (...:)
other matrix, and thesc products are added to result in one number that is 6. g /j(x)/ = g 'if.f(x)
one element in the product matrix. C. Vertical line tes t of a funct ion: A g raph represents a function if and only if no
6)/\ determinant is a number c a lculated Ii·om a square matrix (matrix with vertical line intersects the graph in mo re than one point.
H. A on e-to-one funct ion is a fun ct ion that has no y -valucs that are thc sal1lc.
the sa mc number of rows and columns), like I~ ~ I = ad - bc.
7)The cofactor of the element a i; is the minor of the clcment I'ij multiplied
POLYNOMIALS
I. Form : .f(x) = anx n + an_lxn-t+.. . + a tx+a o for rea l numbers; a, w ith an '" O.
by (_ l)i+j.
2. Restri c tio ns on th e coordi nate values may bc nccessary for the polynol1lial to be
8)Expansion by cofactors is evaluating a determinate by forming the sum
a functi o n.
of the products obtained by multiplying each element of any row or any 3. Intermediate Val ue Theore m: Ira < b andf(x) is a polynom ial function such that
column by its eofilctOr.
.f(a) "'j(h) , then f takes every va lue bctwccnf(a) and.f(b) in the interval la, b J.
9)Cramcr 's Rulc is discussed on page 2 in Systems of Equations.
4. The graph of a po lynomia l fun c tion of degree l/ has at most l/ - I tu rni ng
SECOND DEGREE·QUADRATIC &
p oints.
S. Inverse func ti ons, f -' (...:) , are found by cxchangi ng the x and the)' variables in
POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

I. One variable the equa tion;f-'/J(x)j = x for eve ry x in t he do main, and jlf -' ()~ / = y for every
a. Methods
y in the ra nge .
I )Factoring
6. Rem ai nder Theorem: If th e po lynomial P(...:) is divided by x - ,', the remainder
i. Usc inverse operations to set the equation equal to zero is Per) .
ii. Factor
7. Factor Theo rem : The poly nomi al P(...:) has a facto r x - ,. if and only if P(r ) = 0
iii .Set cach I~lctor equal to ze ro
and r is a root.
jv. So lve each resulting cquation

2)Quadratic Formula
I. Usc inverse operations to set the equation equal to zero.

-b + /b ' - 4ac
integers a nd *
~. If the coe ffic ients o f th e po ly nomial P(x) = an x" + an _1x"-'+... +a1x+a o arc

is a rational root in lowest terms, then p is a factor of the

constant term a o' and if is a fac tor of the leading coefficient all.
ii . Apply the quadratic formula, x = - 2a ' where tl , b,
and c arc numbers found in the cquation that you just set equal to
9. Th e g raph o f the ra ti o na l fun etion j?:..:) = ~ ~:; has a hori70ntnl asymptote if the

zero, a x z + b x + c = 0; notice that the a is the coeO'icient o f the degree o f P(x) " the degree of Q(x), and it has a vertical asympto te at x = I; i r
squared term , h is the co tficient of the first-degre e term, and (' is r is a rea l root of Q(x) but not of Pix) .
the constant without a variablc. 10. The tests for sy mmet ry of graphs symmetric with respect to the .
2. Polynomials a. x -axi s i f repl aci ng y in t he eq uation with -)I results in an equiva lent equation.
b.y -ax is if replacing x in the equat ion with -x results in an cquiHtient equation.
a . Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: Every polynomial of degree II " I has
c. o rigi n if rcp lae ing both x with -x andy w ith -)' in the equation rcsults in an
at least one root among the complex numbers ; it has exactly II roots among
equiva lent equati on .
the complex numbers when a root that is repeated k times is counted k times.
b. Conjugate Roots Theorem: If II + hi, b", 0, is a root of a polynomial of
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
I. Fonn:j(x) = a", where a > 0, II '" I.
degree II " I with rcal coetTicients. then a - bi is also a root. 2. Inverses o f e xponenti al funct io ns arc logarithmic functions .
c. Descartes's Rule of Signs: If P(x) is a polynomial with real coefficients, then:
I )The number of positive roots either is equal to the number of variations
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
I. For all pos itive num bcrs a, where a'" 1, )1 = log,,!; ifand only if x =lf".
in sign of P(x) or is less than the number of variations in sign by an even
2. The common logarithm, log x , has a base of 10. so II = 10 in the definition of log.
number. a nd 3. T he natu ral logarithm, 11/ x, has a base equal to the number e; a = e - 2. 71828,
2)The number ofncgative roots ei ther is equal to the number of variations in sign in the definiti o n of log .
of PC-x»~ or is less than the number of variations in sign by an even number. 4. Properties with II > 0 a nd II '" I
3. Rational Equations a. aloga x = x
a. S implify the rational exp ress ions on both sides· of the equals signs by getting b. log.a' = x
I1·k e d ·
enOllllnators aileI a((lIlg
II· I a + bI = CI + dI ~ c. log"a = I
d .log,, 1 = 0
bad e b+a d+c
becomcs ab + ab = cd + cd' then ~ = Cd· e. If logau = log"v, then u = v.
b. Multiply the cntire equation by the common denominators to eliminate f. If log"u = logbu a nd u " I , then a = b.
them . getting cd(b + a) = ab(d + c).
g.log"xy = logax + log,,)"
c. Solve the res ulting equation.
4. Radical Equations h.log a (f )~ log"x - logaY
a. Isolate the radical expression on one s ide of the equation, if possible (if not
possible, put the radical expressions on two opposite sides of the equals sign). i. log" (+)~-Iogax
b. Square, cubc, or raise both entire sides of the equation to the needed power
j. logax" = n(log" x), where n is a real number
(thc power that matches the index of the radical).
k.Chan ge of base rul e: If a > 0, a '" I, b > 0, b '" I , a nd x > 0, then
c. Repeat steps I and 2 as needcd until all radical expressions arc gone.
( log . x)
d. Solve the resulting equation. logb x = ( log . b) .
c. Check the solution(s) back in the original equation because there is a possibility
( l og x)
of extraneous roots (solutions that do not make the original equation true). I. In x = ( log e )

3
 CONIC SECTIONS
The general limn of the equation ofa conic section with axes parallel to the coordinate
3. :t e = ne where c is a constant
,,= I
axes is Ax2 + B.W + CJl + Dx + Ey + F = 0, where A and C are not both zero, 4. The /lth term of an arithmetic sequence is a" = a l + (n-I)d where" is the
1. Lines common difJerence.
, Y I ~Y2 Lly rise
a. Slope = III = X I ~ X 2 = ~ = riiIl 5. Arithmetic Series: The sum of the first II terms of an arithmetic sequcncc with
b. Point-slope form 01' a linea~ equation: y - y / = III(X - x I)' a / as the first term and" as the common difference is the III" partial sum:
e. Slope-intercept form of a linear equation: y = IIIX + b, where 111 is the slope
Sn
=.!l
2(a1+n
a ) or S n=.!l
2 12a I+(n - 1)dl .
of the line and b is the y-intercept (point where the line crosses the y-axis).
d. Standard form of a linear equation: ax + by = c, where a, b, and c are integers. 6. The IIlh term of a geometric sequence with a/as the first term and r as thc
e. Vertical lines have the equation x = a, where a is the x-value where the line common ratio is an = alr"-I.
crosses the x-axis. 7. The terms between the first and the last terms or a geometric sequence are
/'. Horizontal lines have thc equation y = a, where a is the ,v-value where the called the geometric means.
line crosses the y-axis. 8. Geometric Series: The sum of the first II terms of a geometric scqucncc with a/ as
g. Two lines arc parallel ifand only if their slopes are equal ; m l = m 2.
the first term and r as the common ratio and r '" I is the IIlh partia l sum:
h. Two lines are perpellllicular if and onl1' if their slopes are negative recip­
rocals, and m 2 = - nil and m l = - m,' . [al(l-r")]
i. If III > 0, the line is increasing. 5,,= (. 1- r ) .
j. If 111 < 0, the line is decreasing.
9. The sum or the terms of an infinite geomctri c scquence with a l as the first
k. If 111 = 0, the line is horizontal.
1. If III is undefined, the line is vertical. II
term and r as the common ratio, where r ~ I is I ~ r ; when r < I. II
2. Parabolas
a. General equation: y = a(x - h;2 + k (opens up/down), or x = a(I' - k)2 + h
II
because if r > I or r I I= I. the sum docs not exi s t.
(opens lelilright)
10. The rlh term of the binomial cxpansion of (x + V)" is
n! xI1-(r-l) r-I .

b. Standard form: (x - h)2 = 4p(y - k) (opens up/down), or (y - k)2 = 4p(x - h) In-(r-I)]!(r-I)! y

(opens Icft/ right)
c. Where (h. k) is the vertcx. (h. k ± p) or (h ± P. k) is the vertex with p = 41a'
y = k ±p or x = h ±p is the directrix. andx = h or y = k is the line ofsymmctry.
3. Circles
PROBLEM SOLVING
a. General equation: (x - h)1 + (y - k)1 =,2 ODD NUMBERS, EVEN NUMBERS, MULTIPLES
b. Where (I!. k) is the center of the circle and r is the radius. 1. First number = x
4. Ellipses . (x _ h)' (y _ k) ' 2. Second number = x + d
a. General equation: - - , - + - - , - = I 3. Third number = x + 2d, etc .. where d is the common di flcrcnee betwee n a ny two
b. Where (h. k) is the cel~ter, a is the ~orizontal movement left and right trom consecutive numbers in the set.
the center to points on the ellipse. and b is the vertical movement up and MONEY, PURCHASES
,down from the center to points on the ellipse. I. V is currency value or purchase price.
e. Additionally, when a > b, then major axis is horizontal and foci are (h ± c. 2. C is the number of coins. bills. or purchased items.
k); where c 2 = {/1 - b 2 and where a < b, then major axis is vertical and foci 3. Formula: VIC I +V 2C 2 + ... +V"C" =Vlnlal
are (It. k ± c), where ("1 = b 2 _ a 2 MIXTURE, SOLUTIONS
5. Hyperbolas " I. V is the volume
. (x - h) (y - k) l ' I f ' h) 2. P is the percent solution or mixture
a. G enera I equatIOn: - - , - - - - , - = (opens et-ng t
b. Where (It. k) is the cente~ of the rectaRglc that contains no points of the hyperbola, 3. Formula: VIP I + V 2P 2 + ... + V,llI = Vn"al v"lu.Pfinal valuc
a is the horizontal movement left and right ll'Om the center to the points on the WORK
rectangle, b is the vertical movement up and down /Tom the center to points on the I. W is the ratio of time to complete the job together by a team of people or machi nes
rectangle, and y -k= ± ~ (x - h) is the equation of the asymptotes. compared to the time to complete the job alone by one person or onc machinc.
. (y'~k)' (x-h)' 2. One, t , represents the whole job.
c . General equation: - -,- - - - , - = 1 (opens up-down) 3. Formula: WI +W2 +",+W n = I
. a b ..
d. Where (It. k) IS the center of the rectangle that contams no pomts of the hyperbola, DISTANCE
b is the horizontal movement left and right from the center to the points on the I. d is distance
rectangle, a is the vertical movement up and down Irom the center to points on 2. r is rate or speed
the rectangle, andy -k= ± %(x - h) is the equation oCthe asymptotes. 3. t is time as indicated in the rate; for example. miles per hour or mete rs per second
4. Formula: d = rt
5. These relationships can be used depending on the situation descri bed in the problem:
a. d lo = d...,lurning
SEQUENCES & SERIES b. d l + d 2 = dllll"1
A. An infinite sequence is a function with a domain that is a set of positive integers; PROPORTIONS & VARIATIONS
written as a I' a 2' a3' ••• , ai' ... , with each a i representing a term. 1. (I. b. c. and d are quantities specified in the problem.
B. A finite sequence is a function with a domain that is a set or only II positive 2. k", 0
integers; written as U ,'"r "3' ... , (I,,_i' a/,. 3. Formulas:
C. Summation: fa, = a l + a 2 + ... + am_I + am where k is the index of the summation.
l "" I
a. Proportion: ba = {f;
c cross-multiply to get lid = cb
b. Direct varialion: y = kx
D.lllh partial sum: S" = :t a, = a l + a 2 + ... + a"'1 + a"
. . k
=
c. I nverse vanat,on: y = x
k~x; y
l 1
E. An arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression is a sequence in which each d. Combined variation:)I = varies directly as x a nd inve rse ly as :.
term difJers from the preceding term by a constant amount called the COl1/11/01/
difference; a" = a".1 + d where d is the common difference.
f. A geometric sequence or geometric progression is a sequence in which each term ISBN-13: 978-157222721-7
" lite: I)u..: III ils ", )[1J~· n ..cd Il'm n:ll. usc IhJ~ QUickStudy .
..: han ;1:;. <I gujJc. hu! no! ;'" a rcplacmcnl I\)f lhlgtlo!J das,\.lo\)rl
is a constant multiple of the preceding term ; an = ran_I where r is the constant ISBN-1D: 157222721-4

911~111,1ll l ~IIIIIIllIIIJllllllllllllillllli I
.\U ril: hh r~f l"\ td. "'(, ~lIn h t Ih" f"Jh1It.lh.'" ,a,n ht ~rd
multiple is called the common ratio, and r = ~ . '" Ir~n,,"lH1..:d If! 1111'0' h·m,. (If ~ ~,,\ II'\.:..J'" ,Irtln.n..
"I .111 m'<lnn~lI"n
Of"

Uk - I rm:d\aIU"'.lI. "l\:ludll', flh(>tQo,'('fI\ ...... '..,j,ll'

""','lte dn,J ""r,..:\~ 1 '~"'tm. ",Iho"" "WI,m pnTll" ,.lll Ir~1In lilt
G. II! or " II factorial" = 11(11 - /)(11 - 2)(11 - 3) ... (3)(2)(/); note: O! = t put-ll_her C2002. 2005. BarC h8r1a, Inc, 0401

PROPERTIES OF SUMS, SEQUENCES & SERIES:

I. :t(a,
+ b.) = ± :tal :tb, fr~~~gr~akO~fntfes at
L. = I l = 1 1. = I qUlcKsluay.com
2. feal c:tal where c is a constant

=
u.s. $4.95 CAN. $7.50
l = I= l I

Author: S. Kizlik

Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522 6

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