General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

Contents
LAB REPORT 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 3
LAB REPORT 2: ........................................................................................................................................ 11
LAB REPORT 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 19
LAB REPORT 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 23
LAB REPORT 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 28
LAB REPORT 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 34
LAB REPORT 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 38
LAB REPORT 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 41

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

LAB REPORT 1
Ohm’s law

Date of Experiment: .................................................

Date of Report: .........................................................
Members:
1. .............................................................................

2. .............................................................................

3. .............................................................................

4. .............................................................................

5. .............................................................................

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

1.1 Circuits Experiment Board

1. Use the wires to make connections between the springs on one light bulb to the springs
on the D-cell in such a way that the light will glow, sketch the wires connections, use the
symbols from the first page of this lab guide.
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2. Reverse the two wires at the light. Does this have any effect on the operation? Reverse
the two wires at the cell. Does this have any effect on the operation? Explain.
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1.2 Lights in Circuits
PART A
3. Connect the second light bulbs into the circuit in such a way that both of them are lighted.
Draw your circuit diagram. Is your original light the same brightness, or was it brighter or
dimmer than it was during step 1? Can you explain any differences in the brightness, or
why it is the same?
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

4. Design a circuit that will allow you to light all three lights, with each one being equally
bright. Draw the circuit diagram. If you could characterize the circuit as being a series or
parallel circuit, which would it be? What happens if you unscrew one of the bulbs?
Explain.
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5. Devise a circuit which will light two bulbs at the same intensity, but the third at a
different intensity. Draw the circuit diagram. What happens if you unscrew one of the
bulbs? Explain.
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PART B

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

6. Connect the two D-cells into the circuit as shown in a). What is the effect on the
brightness of the light compared to only one D-cells case?
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7. Connect the second D-cell as in b). What is the effect on the brightness?
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8. Connect the second D-cell as in c). What is the effect on the brightness?
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

9. Determine the nature of the connections between the D-cells you made in question 6-8.
Which of these was most useful in making the light brighter? Which was least
useful? Can you determine a reason why each behaved as it did?
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PART C

10. Connect the circuit shown in the figure above. What is the effect of rotating the knob on
the device that is identified as a “Potentiometer?”
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

1.3 Ohm’s Law

Resistance, ohm
Current, Voltage, Voltage/
No Average value The tolerance %Error
amp volt Resistance
of R limit of R
1
2
3
4
5

11. Construct a graph of Current (vertical axis) vs. Resistance

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12. From your graph, what is the mathematical relationship between Current and Resistance?
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13. Ohm’s Law states that current is given by the ratio of voltage/resistance. Does your data
concur with this? Use your data to prove your conclusion
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

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14. What were possible sources of experimental error in this lab? Would you expect each to
make your results larger or to make them smaller?
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

LAB REPORT 2:
Resistances – Voltages – Currents
in Circuits

Date of Experiment: .................................................

Date of Report: .........................................................
Members:
1. .............................................................................

2. .............................................................................

3. .............................................................................

4. .............................................................................

5. .............................................................................

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

A. SAME RESISTORS
Experimental data:
Colors Coded Measured % Error Tolerance
1st 2nd 3rd 4th Resistance Resistance

#1

#2

#3

1. Resistances in Circuits
Circuits Values

R12= ____________
R23= ____________
R123= ____________

Series

R12= ____________
R23= ____________
R123= ____________

Parallel

R1= ____________
R23= ____________
R123= ____________

Combination

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

Questions:
1. How does the % error compare to the coded tolerance for your resistors?
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2. What is the apparent rule for combining equal resistances in series circuits? In parallel
circuits? In combination circuits? Cite evidence from your data to support your conclusions.
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2. Voltages in Circuits

Circuits Values
Series

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

Parallel

Combination

3. Currents in Circuits

Circuits Values

Series

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

Parallel

Combination

B. DIFFERENT RESISTORS

Colors Coded Measured % Error Tolerance

st nd
1 2 3rd 4th
Resistance Resistance
A
B
C

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4. Resistances in Circuits

Circuits Values

RAB= ____________
RBC= ____________
RABC= ____________

Series

RAB= ____________
RBC= ____________
RABC= ____________

Parallel

RA= ____________
RBC= ____________
RABC= ____________

Combination
3. What is the apparent rule for combining unequal resistances in series circuits? In
parallel circuits? In combination circuits? Cite evidence from your data to support your
conclusions.
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

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5. Voltages in Circuits

Circuits Values
Series

Parallel

Combination

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

6. Currents in Circuits
Circuits Values

Series

Parallel

Combination

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

LAB REPORT 3
LRC Circuits

Date of Experiment: .................................................

Date of Report: .........................................................
Members:
1. .............................................................................

2. .............................................................................

3. .............................................................................

4. .............................................................................

5. .............................................................................

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

1. LC Oscillations
Theoretical values:
Inductance: ....................................................................................................................................
Capacitance: .................................................................................................................................
Angular frequency (theory): .........................................................................................................
Experimental data:
Time at max/min current: .............................................................................................................
Time at next max/min current: .....................................................................................................
Time difference: ...........................................................................................................................
Period: ..........................................................................................................................................
Linear frequency: .........................................................................................................................
Angular frequency (experiment): .................................................................................................
Compare the angular frequencies between theory and experiment:..............................................
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2. Resistive Circuit
Resistance: ....................................................................................................................................
Period of the AC voltage: .............................................................................................................
Time at max/min current: .............................................................................................................
Time at max/min voltage: .............................................................................................................
Time difference: ...........................................................................................................................
Phase difference: ..........................................................................................................................
Compare the phase difference with the value predicted by theory: .............................................
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

3. Capacitive Circuit
Capacitance: .................................................................................................................................
Period of the AC voltage: .............................................................................................................
Time at max/min current: .............................................................................................................
Time at max/min voltage: .............................................................................................................
Time difference: ...........................................................................................................................
Phase difference: ..........................................................................................................................
Compare the phase difference with the value predicted by theory: .............................................
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4. Inductive Circuit
Inductance: ...................................................................................................................................
Period of the AC voltage: .............................................................................................................
Time at max/min current: .............................................................................................................
Time at max/min voltage: .............................................................................................................
Time difference: ...........................................................................................................................
Phase difference: ..........................................................................................................................
Compare the phase difference with the value predicted by theory: .............................................
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5. LRC Circuit
a. Inductance: ...................................................................................................................................
Resistance: ....................................................................................................................................
Capacitance: .................................................................................................................................
Frequency at which current reaches its max: ...............................................................................

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

b. Inductance: ...................................................................................................................................
Resistance: ....................................................................................................................................
Capacitance: .................................................................................................................................
Frequency at which current reaches its max: ...............................................................................
Compare the angular frequency in LRC circuit with the one in LC Oscillations. Does the
frequency change when the resistance changes?
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Does the resistance affect the high of the peak? If yes, show your experimental data and
explain.
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

LAB REPORT 4
Kirchhoff’s Laws

Date of Experiment: ...........................................

Date of Report: ...................................................
Members:
1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

Experimental Data:
Table 4.1
Resistance (Ω) Voltage (V) Current (mA)
R1 3218 V1 248.9 I1 0.07
R2 58.3 V2 248.5 I2 4.24
R3 102.4 V3 0.452 I3 4.32
R4 987 V4 0.809 I4 0.79
R5 219.9 V5 0.809 I5 3.54
RTotal 337.6 VTotal 1.512 ITotal 4.33
Using the schematic of the circuit, calculate the total resistance of the circuit. Record the value
in the Table. 4.1. Based on the calculated resistance and the voltage across A and B, calculate
the theoretical value of the current using Ohm’s Law.
Current (theoretical) = __________ A
Calculate the percent difference between the theoretical current and the measured current:
theoretical-measured
%diff= ×100%
theoretical
Write down the Kirchhoff’s current law at the junctions A, B, C, and D into the table below.
Use the experimental data above to find the net current flowing into (or out of) the junctions.
Junction Kirchhoff’s current law Current (mA, Current (mA,
calculation) measure)
A I_total = I1 + I2 ITotal 4.24+0.07=4.31ITotal 4.33
B I_total = I4 + I5 ITotal 3.54+0.79 = 4.33
ITotal 4.33
C I1+I2 = I_total I1 4.33-4.24 = 0.09I1 0.07

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

D I3=I4+I5 I3 3.54+0.79=4.33 I3 4.33

Compare the currents calculated from Kirchhoff’s current law and those measured from
experiment. Does the Kirchhoff’s current law hold true in the experiment?
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Write down the Kirchhoff’s voltage law for 4 different loops. For each loop, use the
experimental data above to find the potential difference between a chosen component.
Loop Kirchhoff’s voltage law Voltage (V, Voltage (V,
calculation) measure)
VR1R3R4 V1+V3+V4 - V_total=0 V1 251 V1 248.9
VR2R3R5 V2+V3+V5- V_total=0 V3 0.4545 V3 0.452
VR1R3R5 V1+V3+V5-V_total = 0 V1 251 V1 248.9
VR2R3R4 V2+V3+V4-V_total = 0 V2 251 V2 248.5
Compare the voltages calculated and those measured from experiment. Does the Kirchhoff’s
voltage law hold true in the experiment?
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Experimental Data:
Resistance (Ω) Voltage (V) Current (mA)
R1 3218 V1 1.519 I1 0.47
R2 58.3 V2 27.3 I2 0.47
R3 102.4 V3 68.7 I3 0.69
R4 987 V4 1.161 I4 1.16
R5 219.9 V5 256.5 I5 1.16
V01 1.512 I01 0.48
V02 1.492 I02 1.16
Write down the Kirchhoff’s current law at the junctions A and B into the table below. Use
the experimental data above to find the net current flowing into (or out of) the junctions.
Junctio Kirchhoff’s current law Current (mA, Current (mA,
n calculation) measure)
A I2+I3=I4 I2 1.16-0.69=0.47 I2 0.47
B I5 = I01+I3 I5 0.48+0.69=1.17 I5 1.16
Compare the currents calculated from Kirchhoff’s current law and those measured from
experiment. Does the Kirchhoff’s current law hold true in the experiment?
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

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Write down the Kirchhoff’s voltage law for 3 different loops. For each loop, use the
experimental data above to find the potential difference between a chosen component.
Loop Kirchhoff’s voltage law Voltage (V, Voltage (V,
calculation) measure)
V1R1R2R3 V1+V2-V3-V01=0 V1 1.5534 V1 1.519
V2R5R3R4 V5+V3+V4-V02=0 V3 74.5 V3 68.7
V1R1R2R4V2 V1+V2+V4+V5-V02-V01=0 V4 1.2012 V4 1.161
R5
Compare the voltages calculated and those measured from experiment. Does the Kirchhoff’s
voltage law hold true in the experiment?
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

LAB REPORT 5
RC Circuit

Date of Experiment: ...........................................

Date of Report: ...................................................
Members:
1. ........................................................................
2. ........................................................................
3. ........................................................................
4. ........................................................................
5. ........................................................................

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

PROCEDURE A:
Charging the Capacitor

Theoretical Experimental Determinations of the Time Constant

1 2 3
 exp t1 / 2  exp t full tfull
 exp 
R C  theo t1 / 2 9
(time to (time to 
63% Vmax) 50% ln 2
Vmax)
Case
1

%
errors:

Case
2

%
errors:

Case
3

%
errors:

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

PROCEDURE B:
Discharging the Capacitor

Theoretical Discharging Half Time Time

Process Life constant
constant
t1 / 2  exp
 exp
Started 50% 37% t50%  to t37%  to
R C   RC at t o max max 
t1 / 2
t50% t37% ln 2

Case
1
%
Errors:
f 

Case
2

%
Errors:
f 

Case
3

%
Errors:
f 

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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

QUESTIONS PROCEDURE A:
Charging the Capacitor
1. Compare the time constants of the three circuits: When was  exp longer, when R was
high or when R was low?
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2. Compare the times to fully charge. When was t full longer, when  exp was long or when
 exp was short?

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3. Given that q  CV , what was the maximum current stored in the capacitor in each case?
Show the calculations here:
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

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4. What are some factors that could account for the difference between the theoretical and
experimental values? Which experimental value of time constant, if any, has the largest
uncertainty? Explain.
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QUESTIONS PROCEDURE B:
Discharging the Capacitor
1. Was the half-life for charging the same as the half-life for discharging?
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2. Which circuit discharges faster, the one with higher  or the one with lower  ?
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

LAB REPORT 6
LR Circuit

Date of Experiment: ...........................................

Date of Report: ...................................................
Members:
1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................

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Experimental data:
a.
Item Value
Inductor resistance
Resistor resistance
Total resistance
Time at peak voltage
Time at half-maximum voltage
Time to reach half-maximum

  tln1 / 22
  RL
b.
Item Value
Inductor resistance
Resistor resistance
Total resistance
Time at peak voltage
Time at half-maximum voltage
Time to reach half-maximum

  tln1 / 22
  RL
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

Questions:
1. How does the inductive time constant found in this experiment compare to the theoretical
value given by   L
R ? (Remember that R is the total resistance of the circuit and
therefore must include the resistance of the coil as well as the resistance of the resistor.)
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2. Does Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule hold at all times? Use the graphs to check it for at least three
different times. Does the sum of the voltages across the resistor and the inductor equal the
source voltage at any given time?
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3. How does the value of the resistor effect to the inductive time constant τ?
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Extension

Item Value
Time at peak voltage
Time at half-maximum voltage
Time to reach half-maximum

  tln1 / 22

From the table above, calculate the new value of inductance. How does the iron core affect to
the value of the inductance?
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

LAB REPORT 7
Magnetic Fields of Coils

Date of Experiment: ...........................................

Date of Report: ...................................................
Members:
1. ........................................................................

2. ........................................................................

3. ........................................................................

4. ........................................................................

5. ........................................................................

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1. What is the purpose of the experiment?

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2. Briefly describe the experiment in your own words?
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3. Magnetic fields of a single coil (attach the graph describing the magnetic field strength
along the axis perpendicular to the coil plane and through the center of the coil in the report):
Base on your graph, does the theoretical line fit the experimental data everywhere? Explain.
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4. Magnetic fields of two coils (attach the graphs describing the magnetic field strength along
the axis perpendicular to the coil planes and through the center of the coils in three cases
d  5.25cm , d  10.5cm , and d  15.75cm in the report): Base on your graphs,
do the theoretical lines fit the experimental data everywhere? Explain.
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5. Magnetic fields of a solenoid (attach the graph describing the magnetic field strength as a
function of location in the report): Calculate the magnetic field strength inside the solenoid.
Compare with the value found from your experimental data.
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

LAB REPORT 8
The e/m Experiment

Date of Experiment: .................................................

Date of Report: .........................................................
Members:
1. .............................................................................

2. .............................................................................

3. .............................................................................

4. .............................................................................

5. .............................................................................

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1. What is the purpose of the experiment?

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2. Describe briefly in your own words how the electron’s charge to mass ratio is determined.
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3. Base on your experimental results, how does the radius of electron’s path change when
a. the accelerating potential increase/decrease? Explain.
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

b. the current in the Helmholtz coils increase/decrease? Explain.

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4. Base on your experimental data, calculate the average e/m ratio.
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 General Physics 2/Physics 3 Laboratory 2017

5. Compare your average e/m ratio with the standard value? Explain factors in the experiment
that can affect the result.
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